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Current Affairs for Civil Services and other state level exams. for more query please contact us: 9454721860
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Current Affairs for Civil Services and other state level exams. for more query please contact us: 9454721860
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The document discusses human rights issues in India. It provides an overview of the complex human rights situation in India due to its large size and diversity. It notes that Dalits have faced substantial discrimination. It also establishes the National Human Rights Commission of India in 1993 to protect and promote human rights, giving it powers like a civil court to conduct investigations and make recommendations.
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Current Affairs for Civil Services and other state level exams. for more query please contact us: 9454721860
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and follow for more on instagram and facebook
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Current Affairs for Civil Services and other state level exams. for more query please contact us: 9454721860
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Current Affairs for Civil Services and other state level exams. for more query please contact us: 9454721860
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and follow for more on instagram and facebook
The document discusses human rights issues in India. It provides an overview of the complex human rights situation in India due to its large size and diversity. It notes that Dalits have faced substantial discrimination. It also establishes the National Human Rights Commission of India in 1993 to protect and promote human rights, giving it powers like a civil court to conduct investigations and make recommendations.
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Current Affairs for Civil Services and other state level exams. for more query please contact us: 9454721860
and also visit our website : www.iasnext.com
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The document discusses the need for electoral reforms in India to reduce the influence of money and muscle power in politics. It outlines several issues with the current system such as rampant criminalization of politics and vote-buying. Various organizations like the Election Commission and Association for Democratic Reforms have proposed reforms such as banning candidates with criminal charges, regulating campaign financing and introducing a 'none of the above' option. The document also summarizes the Supreme Court's recent decision to remove protection for convicted politicians. Overall, the document argues that substantial electoral reforms are needed to strengthen democracy and empower citizens in India.
Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 15 May 2014DonbassFullAccess
The present report is based on the findings of the United Nations (UN) Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine (HRMMU)1 covering the period of 2 April - 6 May 2014. It follows the first report on the human rights situation in Ukraine released by the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) on 15 April 2014.
An illegal referendum was held in Crimea on March 16th that resulted in the region's annexation by Russia. The referendum asked residents to choose between rejoining Russia or restoring Crimea's status within Ukraine from 1992. However, the referendum was deemed illegitimate by several international organizations and countries. While Russia recognized the results, international observers from organizations like the EU and OSCE did not participate or monitor the process. Reforms are continuing in Ukraine to combat corruption within the government.
RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT 2005 right to informationhlo951790
The document summarizes the Right to Information Act 2005 in India. It was enacted by Parliament to provide citizens access to information from public authorities in order to promote transparency and accountability. Under the Act, citizens can request information and public authorities must provide responses within 30 days. The Act also established Central and State Information Commissions to oversee its implementation and hear appeals.
The Election Commission of India has frozen the election symbol of the Lok Janshakti Party (LJP) due to a split in the party. The EC decides on party symbols and has the power to determine which faction can use a symbol when a recognized party splits. It allotts symbols to parties from a list of reserved symbols for national and state parties or free symbols for unrecognized regional parties. When a recognized party splits, the EC can decide which faction is considered the original party based on Paragraph 15 of the Symbols Order.
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1. Nimaben Acharya was unanimously elected as the first woman Speaker of the Gujarat Assembly. Speakers and deputy speakers are elected by legislators and usually come from the ruling party.
2. The Supreme Court ruled that government aid to institutions is a matter of policy, not a fundamental right, and institutions cannot decline conditions on aid.
3. The Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission was launched to provide Indians with digital health IDs and records to enable access to healthcare. It will create a national digital health ecosystem.
This document proposes a work plan to address three issues in Burma: 1) the 2008 constitution, 2) elections in 2010, and 3) the issue of impunity. For the constitution, it recommends pressuring the UN to declare it null/void or revising impunity provisions and military power. For elections, it recommends promoting freedoms and democratic standards if the constitution remains. For impunity, it recommends an international inquiry commission and national reforms to provide accountability, reparations, and end the culture of impunity in Burma. Detailed strategies and plans are outlined for lobbying the UN/international bodies and raising awareness on these issues.
The document summarizes the key aspects of fundamental rights as outlined in the Indian constitution. It discusses that fundamental rights are incorporated in Part III of the constitution from Articles 12-35. It also describes the six categories of fundamental rights - right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, and right to constitutional remedies. Additionally, it provides details on the composition and functions of the National Human Rights Commission of India.
The Chief Justice heard arguments from the State regarding a public interest litigation concerning banners placed in Lucknow with personal details of over 50 individuals accused of vandalism.
The State argued the Court did not have jurisdiction and the banners served the public interest of deterring unlawful behavior. However, the Court found no law permitted disclosing personal details and this violated privacy rights under Article 21 of the Constitution.
While the State can maintain law and order, it cannot violate fundamental rights. The banners interfered with privacy without statutory backing. Privacy is a fundamental right in India, recognized globally and integral to human dignity. Therefore, the Court ruled the banners must be removed.
This document is a Supreme Court of India judgment regarding a writ petition filed by the Indian Social Action Forum challenging certain provisions of the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010. The High Court had dismissed the writ petition. The Supreme Court discusses the arguments made by both parties regarding whether the challenged provisions relating to declaring organizations as being of a political nature violate constitutional rights. It also discusses the statutory framework and objectives of the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act.
The Sri Lankan Law is based on the Common Law System. Despite having a sound legal system, it is common notion how certain people exploit the loopholes of it and go above and beyond the law to escape the harsh punishment. This article, looks on how the legal system in Sri Lanka can be approved for a better society and a better tomorrow to combat the rising crime rate in Sri Lanla
This document outlines proposed articles of law and reforms for the sovereign country of Ukraine. It establishes a democratic government with elected representatives and guarantees freedoms and rights to its citizens. It divides the country into nine districts each governed by a governor and two lieutenant governors. It establishes provisions for education, healthcare, social services, military benefits, protests, criminal justice processes, property rights, and decentralizing the government to prevent corruption. It also outlines the roles and responsibilities of federal, district, and local governments and establishes provisions for funding, emergency response, business investment, salaries, and taxes.
1. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the petitioner Lok Prahari in establishing mechanisms to monitor the financial affairs of legislators and determine if there has been any undue accumulation of assets.
2. The Court held that undue accumulation of assets by legislators undermines democracy and ordered the government to enact subordinate legislation defining undue accumulation as grounds for disqualification.
3. It also allowed the establishment of a body to regularly monitor legislators' financial records and assets, and mandated the disclosure of sources of income by candidates in nomination forms as per citizens' right to information.
The National Human Rights Commission of India (NHRC) was established in 1993 to protect human rights and implement international human rights standards. It was created based on the Paris Principles developed by the UN. NHRC is an independent statutory body that investigates human rights violations and makes recommendations to remedy such violations. It handles complaints related to issues like custodial torture, discrimination, and violations of rights to life, liberty, equality, and dignity as defined in the Indian Constitution and international covenants. NHRC has investigated major cases of human rights abuse in India and works to promote awareness of human rights.
The National Human Rights Commission of India (NHRC) was established in 1993 to protect human rights and investigate human rights violations. It was created based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Paris Principles. NHRC is an autonomous body with divisions for training, law, administration, research, and investigations. It handles complaints of human rights violations, conducts research, spreads awareness, and engages with NGOs. Some issues NHRC addresses are custodial torture, labor rights, and discrimination. While NHRC has been effective in some cases, it faces limitations from its lack of enforcement powers and bureaucratic functioning.
Towards a new state in Myanmar
UPLOADED BY
Michael Lidauer-VIEWS-222
https://www.academia.edu/8144441/Towards_a_new_state_in_Myanmar
Towards a new state in Myanmar
UPLOADED BY
Michael Lidauer-VIEWS-222
kontakt@wahlbeobachtung.org
http://www.wahlbeobachtung.org/
Introduction
The state in Myanmar has gone through several incarnations since pre-colonial times.
1
After decades of military rule (1958–60, 1962–74, 1988–2010) and/or one-party-regime (1974–88), the 2008 Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar establishes the basis for new gov-ernmental institutions and new modes of governance. This constitution – the third for the country following those from 1947 and 1974
2
– has been heavily criticized by democracy activists and opposition parties inside the country and by the international community for not meeting basic international standards for democratic governance. The strong role of the military, in particular the provision for reserved seats in the legislature, has been especially criticized. In fact, the question whether to accept the new constitution as a preliminary framework – that could provide a transitional pathway, opening a window of opportunity for opposition forces to re-engage in politics – was a question of principle for political parties prior to the 2010 elections. These elections were held on the basis of the new constitution. Several parties split over this question, some deciding on a boycott while splinter groups or newly founded parties decided to contest the polls
Legal Aid Services in Criminal Justice System.pptxHabibZafar7
National Legal Service Authority has introduced Legal Aid Defense Counsel System mostly all over Districts in India. This presentation represents the need for having this system and impact it can have on defense mechanism.
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The document discusses the need for electoral reforms in India to reduce the influence of money and muscle power in politics. It outlines several issues with the current system such as rampant criminalization of politics and vote-buying. Various organizations like the Election Commission and Association for Democratic Reforms have proposed reforms such as banning candidates with criminal charges, regulating campaign financing and introducing a 'none of the above' option. The document also summarizes the Supreme Court's recent decision to remove protection for convicted politicians. Overall, the document argues that substantial electoral reforms are needed to strengthen democracy and empower citizens in India.
Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 15 May 2014DonbassFullAccess
The present report is based on the findings of the United Nations (UN) Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine (HRMMU)1 covering the period of 2 April - 6 May 2014. It follows the first report on the human rights situation in Ukraine released by the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) on 15 April 2014.
An illegal referendum was held in Crimea on March 16th that resulted in the region's annexation by Russia. The referendum asked residents to choose between rejoining Russia or restoring Crimea's status within Ukraine from 1992. However, the referendum was deemed illegitimate by several international organizations and countries. While Russia recognized the results, international observers from organizations like the EU and OSCE did not participate or monitor the process. Reforms are continuing in Ukraine to combat corruption within the government.
RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT 2005 right to informationhlo951790
The document summarizes the Right to Information Act 2005 in India. It was enacted by Parliament to provide citizens access to information from public authorities in order to promote transparency and accountability. Under the Act, citizens can request information and public authorities must provide responses within 30 days. The Act also established Central and State Information Commissions to oversee its implementation and hear appeals.
The Election Commission of India has frozen the election symbol of the Lok Janshakti Party (LJP) due to a split in the party. The EC decides on party symbols and has the power to determine which faction can use a symbol when a recognized party splits. It allotts symbols to parties from a list of reserved symbols for national and state parties or free symbols for unrecognized regional parties. When a recognized party splits, the EC can decide which faction is considered the original party based on Paragraph 15 of the Symbols Order.
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1. Nimaben Acharya was unanimously elected as the first woman Speaker of the Gujarat Assembly. Speakers and deputy speakers are elected by legislators and usually come from the ruling party.
2. The Supreme Court ruled that government aid to institutions is a matter of policy, not a fundamental right, and institutions cannot decline conditions on aid.
3. The Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission was launched to provide Indians with digital health IDs and records to enable access to healthcare. It will create a national digital health ecosystem.
This document proposes a work plan to address three issues in Burma: 1) the 2008 constitution, 2) elections in 2010, and 3) the issue of impunity. For the constitution, it recommends pressuring the UN to declare it null/void or revising impunity provisions and military power. For elections, it recommends promoting freedoms and democratic standards if the constitution remains. For impunity, it recommends an international inquiry commission and national reforms to provide accountability, reparations, and end the culture of impunity in Burma. Detailed strategies and plans are outlined for lobbying the UN/international bodies and raising awareness on these issues.
The document summarizes the key aspects of fundamental rights as outlined in the Indian constitution. It discusses that fundamental rights are incorporated in Part III of the constitution from Articles 12-35. It also describes the six categories of fundamental rights - right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, and right to constitutional remedies. Additionally, it provides details on the composition and functions of the National Human Rights Commission of India.
The Chief Justice heard arguments from the State regarding a public interest litigation concerning banners placed in Lucknow with personal details of over 50 individuals accused of vandalism.
The State argued the Court did not have jurisdiction and the banners served the public interest of deterring unlawful behavior. However, the Court found no law permitted disclosing personal details and this violated privacy rights under Article 21 of the Constitution.
While the State can maintain law and order, it cannot violate fundamental rights. The banners interfered with privacy without statutory backing. Privacy is a fundamental right in India, recognized globally and integral to human dignity. Therefore, the Court ruled the banners must be removed.
This document is a Supreme Court of India judgment regarding a writ petition filed by the Indian Social Action Forum challenging certain provisions of the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010. The High Court had dismissed the writ petition. The Supreme Court discusses the arguments made by both parties regarding whether the challenged provisions relating to declaring organizations as being of a political nature violate constitutional rights. It also discusses the statutory framework and objectives of the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act.
The Sri Lankan Law is based on the Common Law System. Despite having a sound legal system, it is common notion how certain people exploit the loopholes of it and go above and beyond the law to escape the harsh punishment. This article, looks on how the legal system in Sri Lanka can be approved for a better society and a better tomorrow to combat the rising crime rate in Sri Lanla
This document outlines proposed articles of law and reforms for the sovereign country of Ukraine. It establishes a democratic government with elected representatives and guarantees freedoms and rights to its citizens. It divides the country into nine districts each governed by a governor and two lieutenant governors. It establishes provisions for education, healthcare, social services, military benefits, protests, criminal justice processes, property rights, and decentralizing the government to prevent corruption. It also outlines the roles and responsibilities of federal, district, and local governments and establishes provisions for funding, emergency response, business investment, salaries, and taxes.
1. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the petitioner Lok Prahari in establishing mechanisms to monitor the financial affairs of legislators and determine if there has been any undue accumulation of assets.
2. The Court held that undue accumulation of assets by legislators undermines democracy and ordered the government to enact subordinate legislation defining undue accumulation as grounds for disqualification.
3. It also allowed the establishment of a body to regularly monitor legislators' financial records and assets, and mandated the disclosure of sources of income by candidates in nomination forms as per citizens' right to information.
The National Human Rights Commission of India (NHRC) was established in 1993 to protect human rights and implement international human rights standards. It was created based on the Paris Principles developed by the UN. NHRC is an independent statutory body that investigates human rights violations and makes recommendations to remedy such violations. It handles complaints related to issues like custodial torture, discrimination, and violations of rights to life, liberty, equality, and dignity as defined in the Indian Constitution and international covenants. NHRC has investigated major cases of human rights abuse in India and works to promote awareness of human rights.
The National Human Rights Commission of India (NHRC) was established in 1993 to protect human rights and investigate human rights violations. It was created based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Paris Principles. NHRC is an autonomous body with divisions for training, law, administration, research, and investigations. It handles complaints of human rights violations, conducts research, spreads awareness, and engages with NGOs. Some issues NHRC addresses are custodial torture, labor rights, and discrimination. While NHRC has been effective in some cases, it faces limitations from its lack of enforcement powers and bureaucratic functioning.
Towards a new state in Myanmar
UPLOADED BY
Michael Lidauer-VIEWS-222
https://www.academia.edu/8144441/Towards_a_new_state_in_Myanmar
Towards a new state in Myanmar
UPLOADED BY
Michael Lidauer-VIEWS-222
kontakt@wahlbeobachtung.org
http://www.wahlbeobachtung.org/
Introduction
The state in Myanmar has gone through several incarnations since pre-colonial times.
1
After decades of military rule (1958–60, 1962–74, 1988–2010) and/or one-party-regime (1974–88), the 2008 Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar establishes the basis for new gov-ernmental institutions and new modes of governance. This constitution – the third for the country following those from 1947 and 1974
2
– has been heavily criticized by democracy activists and opposition parties inside the country and by the international community for not meeting basic international standards for democratic governance. The strong role of the military, in particular the provision for reserved seats in the legislature, has been especially criticized. In fact, the question whether to accept the new constitution as a preliminary framework – that could provide a transitional pathway, opening a window of opportunity for opposition forces to re-engage in politics – was a question of principle for political parties prior to the 2010 elections. These elections were held on the basis of the new constitution. Several parties split over this question, some deciding on a boycott while splinter groups or newly founded parties decided to contest the polls
Legal Aid Services in Criminal Justice System.pptxHabibZafar7
National Legal Service Authority has introduced Legal Aid Defense Counsel System mostly all over Districts in India. This presentation represents the need for having this system and impact it can have on defense mechanism.
we are here to help you in the duration of your preparation
feel free to contact us for any query regarding your exam
contact us at : 9454721860, 0522-4241011
or log on to our website : www.iasnext.com
we are here to help you in the duration of your preparation
feel free to contact us for any query regarding your exam
contact us at : 9454721860, 0522-4241011
or log on to our website : www.iasnext.com
we are here to help you in the duration of your preparation
feel free to contact us for any query regarding your exam
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we are here to help you in the duration of your preparation
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or log on to our website : www.iasnext.com
The document provides information about various topics:
1. It summarizes the key details about Geetanjali Shree becoming the first Indian author to win the International Booker Prize for her novel "Tomb of Sand" which was originally written in Hindi.
2. It outlines the background and issues related to the Katchatheevu island disputed between India and Sri Lanka.
3. It describes the contributions and philosophy of social reformer Sree Narayana Guru who fought against the oppressive caste system in India.
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we are here to help you in the duration of your preparation
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The Quad nations are planning a maritime surveillance initiative to track illegal fishing in the Indo-Pacific region and push back against Chinese overfishing. The initiative will utilize existing surveillance centers in Singapore, India, and the Pacific and bring them together under a single tracking system. It is aimed especially at massive fishing by Chinese trawlers, which are responsible for 80-95% of illegal fishing in the region. The initiative will likely use India's Information Fusion Centre-Indian Ocean Region, located in Gurugram, which already coordinates with countries on maritime issues and acts as a repository for maritime data.
Mozambique has reported its first case of wild poliovirus in 30 years after a child contracted the disease. This is the country's first case since 1992 and the second imported case in Southern Africa this year, with an earlier outbreak reported in Malawi. Wild poliovirus is now only endemic in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Reserve Bank of India will transfer Rs 30,307 crore as surplus to the government for the fiscal year ended March 2022, down 69% from the previous year due to increased interest paid to banks. A glitch in Voyager 1's attitude control system is causing the spacecraft to send strange data, puzzling engineers over 45 years since its launch on a mission to explore the outer planets that
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The document discusses several topics:
1. The construction of a bridge by China near the Pangong Lake in Ladakh raises concerns as it will reduce travel time for the PLA between two sectors from 12 hours to 3-4 hours.
2. The Pangong Lake is disputed territory along the LAC with India and China having differing views on where the line passes.
3. China appears to be trying to keep India restricted in the region by gaining strategic advantage along the lake.
4. The document also discusses the urban heat island effect where cities experience higher temperatures than rural areas due to heat absorption by concrete and lack of greenery.
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The document discusses the Member of Parliament Local Area Development (MPLAD) scheme. Some key points:
1. MPLADS allows MPs to recommend developmental works in their constituencies based on local needs. Each MP receives Rs. 5 crore annually for this.
2. Funds are released to district authorities who implement projects. MPs have a recommendatory role while districts oversee execution.
3. The Parliamentary Committee has asked the government to release Rs. 5 crore meant for 2023-24 this fiscal to complete unfinished MPLADS projects impacted by COVID suspensions.
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This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
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2. Recognition/derecognition of political parties:
Reference News:-
A petition has been filed in the Supreme Court
seeking a direction to the Election
Commission of India (ECI) to seize the
election symbol or de-register a political
party that promises or distributes “irrational
freebies” from public funds before elections.
It said there should be a total ban on such populist measures to gain undue political
favours from the voters as they violate the Constitution and the ECI should take
suitable deterrent measures.
Need for:
The plea urged the court to declare that the promise of irrational freebies from
public funds before elections unduly influences the voters, disturbs the level
playing field and vitiates the purity of the poll process.
This unethical practice is just like giving bribes to the electorate at the cost of the
exchequer to stay in power and must be avoided to preserve democratic principles
and practices.
Registration of political parties:
Registration of Political parties is governed by the provisions of Section 29A of the
Representation of the People Act, 1951.
A party seeking registration under the said Section with the Election Commission
has to submit an application to the Commission within a period of 30 days
following the date of its formation as per guidelines prescribed by the Election
Commission of India in exercise of the powers conferred by Article 324 of the
Commission of India and Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
To be eligible for a ‘National Political Party of India:
1. It secures at least six percent of the valid votes polled in any four or more states, at
a general election to the House of the People or, to the State Legislative Assembly.
2. In addition, it wins at least four seats in the House of the People from any State or
States.
3. It wins at least two percent seats in the House of the People (i.e., 11 seats in the
existing House having 543 members), and these members are elected from at least
three different States.
To be eligible for a ‘State Political Party:
1. It secures at least six percent of the valid votes polled in the State at a general
election, either to the House of the People or to the Legislative Assembly of the
State concerned.
3. 2. In addition, it wins at least two seats in the Legislative Assembly of the State
concerned.
3. It wins at least three percent (3%) of the total number of seats in the Legislative
Assembly of the State, or at least three seats in the Assembly, whichever is more.
Benefits:
1. If a party is recognised as a State Party’, it is entitled for exclusive allotment of its
reserved symbol to the candidates set up by it in the State in which it is so
recognised, and if a party is recognised as a `National Party’ it is entitled for
exclusive allotment of its reserved symbol to the candidates set up by it throughout
India.
2. Recognised `State’ and `National’ parties need only one proposer for filing the
nomination and are also entitled for two sets of electoral rolls free of cost at the
time of revision of rolls and their candidates get one copy of electoral roll free of
cost during General Elections.
3. They also get broadcast/telecast facilities over Akashvani/Doordarshan during
general elections.
4. The travel expenses of star campaigners are not to be accounted for in the election
expense accounts of candidates of their party.
Criminal justice reforms:
Reference News:-
Experts have expressed “serious concerns over
the slow pace of reforms in the criminal justice
system to ensure speedy justice”.
Current concerns/challenges:
1. The delay in disposal of cases was leading
to human rights violations of the under-
trials and convicts.
2. Despite the Supreme Court’s directions on police reforms, there had been hardly
any changes on the ground.
3. Court orders convicting a person are also taking years to implement.
Suggested Reforms:
Special laws and fast-track courts could replace certain offences under the Indian
Penal Code in order to reduce the piling up of cases at every police station.
Digitisation of documents would help in speeding up investigations and trials.
The construction of new offences and reworking of the existing classification of
offences must be guided by the principles of criminal jurisprudence which have
substantially altered in the past four decades.
4. The classification of offences must be done in a manner conducive to management
of crimes in the future.
The discretion of judges in deciding the quantum and nature of sentence differently
for crimes of the same nature should be based on principles of judicial precedent.
Criminal law in India:
The Criminal law in India is contained in a number of sources – The Indian Penal Code of
1860, the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 and the
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989.
Criminal Justice System can impose penalties on those who violate the established
laws.
The criminal law and criminal procedure are in the concurrent list of the seventh
schedule of the constitution.
Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay is said to be the chief architect of codifications of
criminal laws in India.
Need for reforms:
1. Colonial era laws.
2. ineffectiveness.
3. Pendency of cases.
4. Huge undertrials.
Committee For Reform In Criminal Law:
The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has constituted a national level committee for
reform in criminal law.
The committee has been constituted under Ranbir Singh and several other
members.
The committee would be gathering opinions online by consulting with experts and
collating material for their report to the government.
Previous committees:
Madhav Menon Committee: It submitted
its report in 2007, suggesting various
recommendations on reforms in the
Criminal Justice System of India (CJSI).
Malimath Committee Report: It submitted
its report in 2003 on the Criminal Justice
System of India (CJSI).
5. Amid Ukraine crisis, NATO sends planes,
ships to eastern Europe:
Reference News:-
Amid the rising tensions over Russia’s
military buildup around Ukraine, NATO
allies have put forces on standby and sent
ships and fighter jets to bolster Europe’s
eastern defences.
What is the conflict all about?
Tensions between Ukraine and Russia, both former Soviet states, escalated in late 2013
over a landmark political and trade deal with the European Union. After the pro-Russian
then-President, Viktor Yanukovych, suspended the talks, weeks of protests in Kiev
erupted into violence.
Then, in March 2014, Russia annexed Crimea, an autonomous peninsula in
southern Ukraine with strong Russian loyalties, on the pretext that it was
defending its interests and those of Russian-speaking citizens.
Shortly afterwards, pro-Russian separatists in Ukraine’s Donetsk and Luhansk
regions declared their independence from Kiev, prompting months of heavy
fighting. Despite Kiev and Moscow signing a peace deal in Minsk in 2015, brokered
by France and Germany, there have been repeated ceasefire violations.
Latest developments:
The United States, NATO and Ukrainian officials have been making statements for nearly
two weeks, referring to what they say are unusual Russian troop movements in the
proximity of Ukraine.
Russia has stationed more than 1,00,000 troops at its border with aspiring NATO
member Ukraine.
What’s the issue? What are the demands by Russia?
Russia stated that only if NATO withdraws their forces from all countries in Europe
that joined the alliance after May 1997, would they de-escalate the military build-
up.
This would effectively mean that NATO cannot operate in any of the Baltic nations
that border Russia (Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania), central European states such as
Poland, Hungary, and the Czech republic, and Balkan states such as Croatia and
Slovenia.
Russia also wants NATO to drop plans of any further ‘enlargement’, which means
committing to not accepting Ukraine and Georgia as members. Another demand is
that NATO must not hold drills in eastern Europe, Ukraine and Georgia without
prior approval from Russia.
6. Need for international attention:
Fourteen thousand people have died in the battle between Kiev and pro-Russia rebels in
the east of the country. Out of these, 3,393 deaths were of civilians, according to the UN
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights’s October 2021 report.
About North Atlantic Treaty Organization:
It is an intergovernmental military alliance.
Established by Washington treaty.
Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949.
Headquarters — Brussels, Belgium.
Headquarters of Allied Command Operations — Mons, Belgium.
Composition:
Since its founding, the admission of new member states has increased the alliance
from the original 12 countries to 30. The most recent member state to be added to
NATO was North Macedonia on 27 March 2020.
NATO membership is open to “any other European state in a position to further the
principles of this Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic
area.”
Minsk Agreements:
Minsk I: Ukraine and the Russian-backed separatists agreed a 12-point ceasefire deal in
the capital of Belarus in September 2014.
Its provisions included prisoner exchanges, deliveries of humanitarian aid and the
withdrawal of heavy weapons.
The agreement quickly broke down, with violations by both sides.
Minsk II: In 2015, an open conflict was averted after the ‘Minsk II’ peace agreement was
signed, under the mediation of France and Germany.
It was designed to end the fighting in the rebel regions and hand over the border to
Ukraine’s national troops.
China-Taiwan relations:
Reference News:-
China recently flew 39 warplanes toward Taiwan in its largest such sortie of the new
year, continuing a pattern that the island has answered by scrambling its own jets in
response.
Rationale behind such acts:
China often mounts such missions to express displeasure at something Taiwan has
done or at shows of international support for the democratically ruled island,
especially by the United States, Taiwan’s main arms provider.
7. China has described its activities as necessary to protect the country’s sovereignty
and deal with “collusion” between Taipei and Washington.
Chinese pilots have been flying towards Taiwan on a near-daily basis in the past year and
a half, since Taiwan’s government started publishing the data regularly. The largest sortie
was 56 warplanes on a single day last October.
What’s the issue?
China has ramped up military pressure, including repeated missions by Chinese
warplanes near democratic Taiwan, which Beijing claims as its own and has not ruled out
taking by force.
Latest developments:
The European Parliament’s first official delegation to Taiwan recently come in support of
Taiwan and said that the diplomatically isolated island is not alone. It called for bolder
actions to strengthen EU-Taiwan ties as Taipei faces rising pressure from Beijing.
Taiwan, which does not have formal diplomatic ties with any European nations
except tiny Vatican City, is keen to deepen relations with members of the European
Union.
China- Taiwan relations- Background:
China has claimed Taiwan through its “one China” policy since the Chinese civil war
forced the defeated Kuomintang, or Nationalist, to flee to the island in 1949 and has
vowed to bring it under Beijing’s rule, by force if necessary.
While Taiwan is self-governed and de facto independent, it has never formally
declared independence from the mainland.
Under the “one country, two systems” formula, Taiwan would have the right to run
its own affairs; a similar arrangement is used in Hong Kong.
Presently, Taiwan is claimed by China, which refuses diplomatic relations with countries
that recognise the region.
Indo- Taiwan relations:
Although they do not
have formal
diplomatic ties,
Taiwan and India have
been cooperating in
various fields.
India has refused to
endorse the “one-
China” policy since
2010.
8. Food fortification:
Reference News:-
The Food Safety and Standards Authority
of India’s (FSSAI’s) Food Fortification
Resource Centre (FFRC) has reported
that over 70% of India’s population
consumes less than half the daily
recommended dietary allowance of
micronutrients.
These deficiencies are prevalent not only in women and children from rural areas
but also affect population groups in urban India.
Key to Addressing Nutrition Gap:
With a section of the populace having limited access to nutritious food, fortification is key
in addressing the nutrition gap.
In a bid to directly address anaemia and micronutrient deficiency in the country,
the Centre recently approved a pilot scheme on “Fortification of Rice & its
Distribution under Public Distribution System”.
The government’s food fortification initiative is already taking shape with several
states, including Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Chhattisgarh,
Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Telangana, Uttarakhand and Madhya Pradesh, starting the
distribution of fortified rice under the pilot programme.
Fortifying staple foods and condiments with key micronutrients is an effective way
of addressing deficiencies.
Timely adoption of food fortification in social and nutrition security programmes
as a part of the fortification initiative will play a crucial role in addressing
undernutrition in India.
Need for Rice fortification:
The country has high levels of malnutrition among women and children.
According to the Food Ministry, every second woman in the country is anaemic and
every third child is stunted.
India ranks 94 out of 107 countries and is in the ‘serious hunger’ category on the
Global Hunger Index (GHI).
Malnutrition and lack of essential nutrients in poor women and poor children
poses major obstacles in their development.
What is food fortification?
Food fortification is defined as the practice of adding vitamins and minerals to commonly
consumed foods during processing to increase their nutritional value.
9. It is a proven, safe and cost-effective strategy for improving diets and for the
prevention and control of micronutrient deficiencies.
The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), defines fortification as
“deliberately increasing the content of essential micronutrients in a food so as to
improve the nutritional quality of food and to provide public health benefit with
minimal risk to health”.
Fortified rice:
According to the Food Ministry, fortification of rice is a cost-effective and complementary
strategy to increase vitamin and mineral content in diets.
According to FSSAI norms, 1 kg fortified rice will contain iron (28 mg-42.5 mg),
folic acid (75-125 microgram) and Vitamin B-12 (0.75-1.25 microgram).
In addition, rice may also be fortified with micronutrients, singly or in combination,
with zinc (10 mg-15 mg), Vitamin A (500-750 microgram RE), Vitamin B1 (1 mg-
1.5 mg), Vitamin B2 (1.25 mg-1.75 mg), Vitamin B3 (12.5 mg-20 mg) and Vitamin
B6 (1.5 mg-2.5 mg) per kg.
What are the benefits of Fortification?
Since the nutrients are added to staple foods that are widely consumed, this is an
excellent method to improve the health of a large section of the population, all at once.
Fortification is a safe method of improving nutrition among people. The addition of
micronutrients to food does not pose a health risk to people.
It does not require any changes in food habits and patterns of people. It is a socio-
culturally acceptable way to deliver nutrients to people.
It does not alter the characteristics of the food—the taste, the feel, the look.
It can be implemented quickly as well as show results in improvement of health in
a relatively short period of time.
This method is cost-effective especially if advantage is taken of the existing
technology and delivery platforms.
Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)
Reference News:-
The details of the recently released
draft environment impact assessment (EIA) report
for the mega development project in the Great
Nicobar Island have raised serious questions.
The questions are related to submission of
incorrect or incomplete information,
scientific inaccuracy and failure to follow
appropriate procedure.
10. A public hearing to discuss the report has been scheduled.
What is the matter related to?
The matter is related to the NITI Aayog-piloted Rs. 72,000-crore integrated project in
Great Nicobar that includes construction of a mega port, an airport complex, a township
spread over 130 sq. km of pristine forest and a solar and gas-based power plant.
Ecologists and researchers have been raising concerns about this project for over a
year.
Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)
It is a process of evaluating the likely environmental impacts of a proposed project
It is statutorily backed by the Environment Protection Act, 1986.
Environment Impact Assessment Notification of 2006 has decentralized the
environmental clearance projects by categorizing the developmental projects in two
categories – Category A (national level appraisal) and Category B (state level appraisal).
o Category A projects – They require mandatory environmental clearance and thus
they do not undergo the screening process.
o Category B Projects– They undergo screening process and they are classified into
two types:
o Category B1 projects (Mandatorily require EIA).
o Category B2 projects (Do not require EIA).
Conjugal rights
Reference News:-
The Supreme Court is expected to begin hearing a fresh challenge to the provision allowing
restitution of conjugal rights under Hindu personal laws.
About Conjugal rights
Section 9 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 deals with restitution of conjugal rights.
It recognises one aspect of conjugal rights — the right to consortium and protects it by
allowing a spouse to move court to enforce the right.
Conjugal rights are rights created by marriage, i.e. right of the husband or the wife to
the society of the other spouse.
The law recognises these rights— both in personal laws dealing with marriage, divorce
etc, and in criminal law requiring payment of maintenance and alimony to a spouse.
Conjugal Rights includes:
o Living together: The spouses or the married couple should live together
o Marital intercourse: The spouses or the married couple have rights and duties
together with each other and have physical or sexual relationships.
11. o Comfort to each other: The spouses should give comfort to each other like;
emotional and mental comfort.
o Matrimonial Obligation: The married couple is supposed to share the
responsibility of the households as well.
Why has the law been challenged?
Main ground is that it is violative of the fundamental right to privacy.
It amounted to a “coercive act” on the part of the state, which violates one’s sexual and
decisional autonomy, and right to privacy and dignity.
The provision disproportionately affects women. Women are often called back to
marital homes under the provision, and given that marital rape is not a crime, leaves
them susceptible to such coerced cohabitation.
Also in question is whether the state can have such a compelling interest in protecting
the institution of marriage that it allows a legislation to enforce cohabitation of spouses.
Web3: A vision for the future
Reference News:-
The concept of Web3, also called Web 3.0, used
to describe a potential next phase of the
internet, created quite a buzz in 2021.
The model, a decentralised internet to be
run on blockchain technology, would be
different from the versions in use, Web
1.0 and Web 2.0.
In web3, users will have ownership stakes in platforms and applications unlike now
where tech
What do we need to know of versions in use?
To understand web3, we should start with Web 1.0 and Web 2.0.
Web 1.0 is the world wide web or the internet that was invented in 1989. It became
popular from 1993.
The internet in the Web 1.0 days was mostly static web pages where users would go
to a website and then read and interact with the static information.
Even though there were e-commerce websites in the initial days it was still a closed
environment and the users themselves could not create any content or post reviews on
the internet.
Web 1.0 lasted until 1999. Web 2.0 started in some form in the late 1990s itself though
2004 was when most of its features were fully available. It is still the age of Web 2.0
now.
12. The differentiating characteristic of Web 2.0 compared to Web1.0 is that users can
create content. They can interact and contribute in the form of comments, registering
likes, sharing and uploading their photos or videos and perform other such activities.
Primarily, a social media kind of interaction is the differentiating trait of Web 2.0.
What are some of the concerns?
In Web 2.0, most of the data in the internet and the internet traffic are owned or
handled by very few large companies.
This has created issues related to data privacy, data security and abuse of such
data.
There is a sense of disappointment that the original purpose of the internet has been
distorted. It is in this context that the buzz around Web3 is significant.
Over the past few years, owing to the popularity of crypto-currency, more discussions
happened on Web3.
What is Web3 and how will it address the problems of data monopoly?
As per the Web3 foundation, Web3 will deliver “decentralized and fair internet where
users control their own data”.
Currently if a seller has to make a business to the buyer, both the buyer and seller need
to be registered on a “shop” or “platform” like Amazon or any such e-commerce portal.
What this “platform” currently does is that it authenticates that the buyer and seller are
genuine parties for the transaction.
Web3 tries to remove the role of the “platform”.
For the buyer to be authenticated, the usual proofs aided by block chain
technology will be used. The same goes for the seller.
With block chain, the time and place of transaction are recorded permanently.
Thus, Web3 enables peer to peer (seller to buyer) transaction by eliminating the role of
the intermediary. This concept can be extended to other transactions also.
Consider a social media application where one wants to share pictures with their
followers. It could be a broadcast operation from the person, aided by blockchain and
there is no need of social media accounts for all the participants to be able to perform
this.
The spirit of Web3 is Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) which is that
all the business rules and governing rules in any transaction are transparently available
for anyone to see and software will be written conforming to these rules.
With DAO, there is no need for a central authority to authenticate or validate. Crypto-
currency and block chain are technologies that follow the DAO principle.
Will it take off?
There is much scepticism from top tech brains in the industry and the academic
community that Web3 does not solve the problems it purports to solve.
Elon Musk and Jack Dorsey (founder of Twitter), for example, are a couple of tech
entrepreneurs who do not foresee a future for Web3.
13. From a technology perspective, Web3 will require deviation from the current
architecture where there is a front-end, middle layer and back-end.
Web3’s architecture will need backend solutions for handling block chain, persisting
and indexing data in block chain, peer to peer communications and so forth.
Similarly, the middle layer, also called the business rules layer, will need to include
handling block chain-based backend.
It is not know yet if Web3 will become the dominant mode of handling the internet but
the questions it raises are relevant.