This document provides guidance on writing a research report. It discusses the various sections of a research report including the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. It emphasizes that the report should be concise, unambiguous, and presented in a simple and direct manner. References and bibliographies are important components and there are standardized styles that should be followed. The entire research process from conducting the study to publishing papers is outlined. Key steps like revising the manuscript thoroughly and responding constructively to reviewer comments are also highlighted.
A research report is a precise presentation of the work done by a researcher while investigating a particular problem and whether the study is conducted by an individual researcher or by an institution.
The topic of the British thesis combines academic theories with th.docxwsusan1
The topic of the British thesis combines academic theories with the topics to be studied, and goes to Google Scholar. This is the most basic search.
It is also a prerequisite to ensure that you can write smoothly in the future. At least look at the academic materials. This blog post continues to send you a report on the opening of the so-called proposal. The UK dissertation format is basically the same, especially in business. Don't choose topics that are empty, don't choose topics that are not in academic concepts.
No matter what field of research you are, no matter what research method you choose, all research plans must address the following questions: 1. What are you going to achieve; 2. Why do you want to do this; 3. You will How to do this; the research plan should have enough concentration to convince the teacher, if you have an important research idea, or if you have a good idea of the relevant literature and major issues, then your research The original idea of the plan was successful. The quality of your research plan does not depend on the quality of your ideas, because a good research project may be rejected for the simple reason that the copy supporting the project is not well written, so your writing is a large part. 1. What needs to be written in the research plan? The research plan has a basic writing structure. You can refer to the structure and adjust it according to your own research theme. 1. Title Page The cover page writes the title and author, which is easy to understand. You need to know what you want to say from the Title. 2.Astract summary is about 200 words, this part is a brief summary of research topics, goals, and research methods. It is important to write out the general questions of research questions, research reasons, etc. in this part. About 300 words or so. 3.Table of Contents Contents 4.Introduction Introduction This section can state your research background, research questions, research purposes and meaning (focus), including: 1) research purposes 2) provide context (references) to highlight the importance of research Sex 3) Provide the theoretical basis of the research and explain why it is worth doing this research 4) Briefly introduce the main problems and sub-questions to be solved in your research 5) Explain your hypothesis (if necessary) 5.Background(Literature Review) This part of the research background can also be used as a part of the literature review to present your research questions, reviewing previous studies for comment and analysis. Therefore, you need to read the relevant subject literature, and sort through and analyze the previous research by searching, reading, and analyzing the literature. This requires a certain amount of retrieval ability and a certain number of papers and books to be summarized and summarized into a literature review, which is a relatively long time. 6. Mainbody (Hypothesis, Methodology, Research Design) The main part of RP can describe your research hypothe.
SPE ESUT TECHNICAL SERIES (ACADEMIC PROJECT WRITING AND PRESENTATION) BY ENGR...SPEESUTChapter
This slide (article) will give you a comprehensive understanding of how to structure and present your findings professionally, ensuring your research reports are impactful and engaging.
You'll learn about what a research report is, how to create one, where to find research topics, the importance of citations and various citation styles, how to select the right citation style, the key parts of a research report, and how to put them all together effectively.
Having a well-researched project, with proper citations, a good topic, and complete reports, will attract more people and help you do well in your studies and research.
A research report is a precise presentation of the work done by a researcher while investigating a particular problem and whether the study is conducted by an individual researcher or by an institution.
The topic of the British thesis combines academic theories with th.docxwsusan1
The topic of the British thesis combines academic theories with the topics to be studied, and goes to Google Scholar. This is the most basic search.
It is also a prerequisite to ensure that you can write smoothly in the future. At least look at the academic materials. This blog post continues to send you a report on the opening of the so-called proposal. The UK dissertation format is basically the same, especially in business. Don't choose topics that are empty, don't choose topics that are not in academic concepts.
No matter what field of research you are, no matter what research method you choose, all research plans must address the following questions: 1. What are you going to achieve; 2. Why do you want to do this; 3. You will How to do this; the research plan should have enough concentration to convince the teacher, if you have an important research idea, or if you have a good idea of the relevant literature and major issues, then your research The original idea of the plan was successful. The quality of your research plan does not depend on the quality of your ideas, because a good research project may be rejected for the simple reason that the copy supporting the project is not well written, so your writing is a large part. 1. What needs to be written in the research plan? The research plan has a basic writing structure. You can refer to the structure and adjust it according to your own research theme. 1. Title Page The cover page writes the title and author, which is easy to understand. You need to know what you want to say from the Title. 2.Astract summary is about 200 words, this part is a brief summary of research topics, goals, and research methods. It is important to write out the general questions of research questions, research reasons, etc. in this part. About 300 words or so. 3.Table of Contents Contents 4.Introduction Introduction This section can state your research background, research questions, research purposes and meaning (focus), including: 1) research purposes 2) provide context (references) to highlight the importance of research Sex 3) Provide the theoretical basis of the research and explain why it is worth doing this research 4) Briefly introduce the main problems and sub-questions to be solved in your research 5) Explain your hypothesis (if necessary) 5.Background(Literature Review) This part of the research background can also be used as a part of the literature review to present your research questions, reviewing previous studies for comment and analysis. Therefore, you need to read the relevant subject literature, and sort through and analyze the previous research by searching, reading, and analyzing the literature. This requires a certain amount of retrieval ability and a certain number of papers and books to be summarized and summarized into a literature review, which is a relatively long time. 6. Mainbody (Hypothesis, Methodology, Research Design) The main part of RP can describe your research hypothe.
SPE ESUT TECHNICAL SERIES (ACADEMIC PROJECT WRITING AND PRESENTATION) BY ENGR...SPEESUTChapter
This slide (article) will give you a comprehensive understanding of how to structure and present your findings professionally, ensuring your research reports are impactful and engaging.
You'll learn about what a research report is, how to create one, where to find research topics, the importance of citations and various citation styles, how to select the right citation style, the key parts of a research report, and how to put them all together effectively.
Having a well-researched project, with proper citations, a good topic, and complete reports, will attract more people and help you do well in your studies and research.
MMC 6950_Fall B 2018 Professor Heather Radi-Bermudez S.docxpauline234567
MMC 6950_Fall B 2018 Professor Heather Radi-Bermudez
Structuring a Scholarly Research Paper (Project B) – GSC Program
A Master’s Project B combines both primary and secondary research. Primary
research means you are conducting your own study, experiment, or investigation. The
information you are gaining is original with you. Secondary research means you are
studying the works of others. The information comes from published books, articles, and
other sources. In Project B, your secondary research is your literature review, and your
primary research is described in your methods and your results.
PARTS OF A RESEARCH PAPER
1. Title Page
2. Abstract
3. Introduction
4. Literature Review
5. Methods
6. Results
7. Discussion
8. References
9. Appendices (if applicable)
1. Title Page (APA Style)
Select an academic-style title that previews the content of the paper. Readers use such
academic titles to select articles and to get a quick sense of what an article is about.
Academic titles can state the research question, summarize the thesis or purpose, or be
written as a two-part title with a colon. The title page should contain the title of the
paper, the author's name, and the institutional affiliation. Include the page header flush
left with the page number flush right at the top of the page. Please note that on the title
page, your page header should look like this-> Running head: TITLE OF YOUR
PAPER. Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the
page. APA recommends that your title be no more than 12 words in length and that it
should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Your title may take up
one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-
spaced. Beneath the title, type the author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and last
name. Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate
the location where the author(s) conducted the research. Please look online for samples
of APA style title pages.
2. Abstract
This is a brief (75-120 words) comprehensive summary of the paper, which allows the
reader to survey the contents of the paper quickly. The abstract should address the
background, purpose of study (i.e. the research questions or hypotheses), methods
used, results and conclusion. Model the abstract of your paper after the abstracts of the
research articles you have read in peer reviewed journals.
3. Introduction
All documents must be able to stand on their own by including an introduction to orient
MMC 6950_Fall B 2018 Professor Heather Radi-Bermudez
the reader. The purpose of the introduction is to establish a context (general
background information), preview the content of the paper, and frame the significance of
the research. You may tell why this problem has been a problem or why you think this
particular slant or angle to the .
257Speaking of researchGuidelines for evaluating reseabartholomeocoombs
257
Speaking of research
Guidelines for evaluating research articles
Phillip Rumrill∗, Shawn Fitzgerald and
Megen Ware
Kent State University, Department of Educational
Foundations and Special Services Center for
Disability Studies, 405 White Hall, P.O. Box 5190,
Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA
The article describes the components and composition of
journal articles that report empirical research findings in the
field of rehabilitation. The authors delineate technical writing
strategies and discuss the contents of research manuscripts,
including the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results,
Discussion, and References. The article concludes with a
scale that practitioners, manuscript reviewers, educators, and
students can use in critically analyzing the content and scien-
tific merits of published rehabilitation research.
Keywords: Evaluation, research articles, guidelines for cri-
tique
1. Introduction
The purpose of this article is to examine the com-
ponents of a research article and provide guidelines
for conducting critical analyses of published works.
Distilled from the American Psychological Associa-
tion’s [1] Publication Manual and related descriptions
in several research design texts [4,8,9,12,15], descrip-
tions of how authors in rehabilitation and disability
studies address each section of a research article are
featured. The article concludes with a framework that
rehabilitation educators, graduate students, practition-
ers, and other Work readers can use in critiquing re-
search articles on the basis of their scientific merits and
practical utility.
∗Corresponding author: Tel.: +1 330 672 2294; Fax: +1 330 672
2512; E-mail: [email protected]
2. Anatomy of a research article
For nearly 50 years, the American Psychological As-
sociation has presented guidelines for authors to follow
in composing manuscripts for publication in profes-
sional journals [1]. Most journals in disability studies
and rehabilitation adhere to those style and formatting
guidelines. In the paragraphs to follow, descriptions
of each section of a standard research article are pre-
sented: Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results,
Discussion, and References.
2.1. Title
As with other kinds of literature, the title of a scien-
tific or scholarly journal article is a very important fea-
ture. At the risk of contravening the age-old adage “You
can’t judge a book by its cover,” Bellini and Rumrill [4]
speculated that most articles in rehabilitation journals
are either read or not read based upon the prospective
reader’s perusal of the title. Therefore, developing a
clear, concise title that conveys the article’s key con-
cepts, hypotheses, methods, and variables under study
is critical for researchers wishing to share their findings
with a large, professional audience. A standard-length
title for a journal article in the social sciences is 12–15
words, including a sub-title if appropriate. Because so-
cial science and medical indexing systems rely hea ...
257Speaking of researchGuidelines for evaluating resea.docxnovabroom
257
Speaking of research
Guidelines for evaluating research articles
Phillip Rumrill∗, Shawn Fitzgerald and
Megen Ware
Kent State University, Department of Educational
Foundations and Special Services Center for
Disability Studies, 405 White Hall, P.O. Box 5190,
Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA
The article describes the components and composition of
journal articles that report empirical research findings in the
field of rehabilitation. The authors delineate technical writing
strategies and discuss the contents of research manuscripts,
including the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results,
Discussion, and References. The article concludes with a
scale that practitioners, manuscript reviewers, educators, and
students can use in critically analyzing the content and scien-
tific merits of published rehabilitation research.
Keywords: Evaluation, research articles, guidelines for cri-
tique
1. Introduction
The purpose of this article is to examine the com-
ponents of a research article and provide guidelines
for conducting critical analyses of published works.
Distilled from the American Psychological Associa-
tion’s [1] Publication Manual and related descriptions
in several research design texts [4,8,9,12,15], descrip-
tions of how authors in rehabilitation and disability
studies address each section of a research article are
featured. The article concludes with a framework that
rehabilitation educators, graduate students, practition-
ers, and other Work readers can use in critiquing re-
search articles on the basis of their scientific merits and
practical utility.
∗Corresponding author: Tel.: +1 330 672 2294; Fax: +1 330 672
2512; E-mail: [email protected]
2. Anatomy of a research article
For nearly 50 years, the American Psychological As-
sociation has presented guidelines for authors to follow
in composing manuscripts for publication in profes-
sional journals [1]. Most journals in disability studies
and rehabilitation adhere to those style and formatting
guidelines. In the paragraphs to follow, descriptions
of each section of a standard research article are pre-
sented: Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results,
Discussion, and References.
2.1. Title
As with other kinds of literature, the title of a scien-
tific or scholarly journal article is a very important fea-
ture. At the risk of contravening the age-old adage “You
can’t judge a book by its cover,” Bellini and Rumrill [4]
speculated that most articles in rehabilitation journals
are either read or not read based upon the prospective
reader’s perusal of the title. Therefore, developing a
clear, concise title that conveys the article’s key con-
cepts, hypotheses, methods, and variables under study
is critical for researchers wishing to share their findings
with a large, professional audience. A standard-length
title for a journal article in the social sciences is 12–15
words, including a sub-title if appropriate. Because so-
cial science and medical indexing systems rely hea.
How to write a Research Paper1. Discussion (How to write a Resea.docxpooleavelina
How to write a Research Paper
1. Discussion (How to write a Research Paper) begins during Residency 10/12 – 10/14
2. Research Paper + Assignment Paper #2 Due 10/21/2018
Research papers are intended to demonstrate a student’s academic knowledge of a subject. When studying at higher levels of school and throughout college, you will likely be asked to prepare research papers. A research paper can be used for exploring and identifying scientific, technical and social issues. If it's your first time writing a research paper, it may seem daunting, but with good organization and focus of mind, you can make the process easier on yourself. Writing a research paper involves four main stages: choosing a topic, researching your topic, making an outline, and doing the actual writing. The paper won't write itself, but by planning and preparing well, the writing practically falls into place. Also, try to avoid plagiarism.
· Abstract - An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose.
· Background of the Problem - Background information identifies and describes the history and nature of a well-defined research problem with reference to the existing literature. The background information should indicate the root of the problem being studied, appropriate context of the problem in relation to theory, research, and/or practice, its scope, and the extent to which previous studies have successfully investigated the problem, noting, in particular, where gaps exist that your study attempts to address.
· Problem Statement - A problem statement is a clear concise description of the issue(s) that need(s) to be addressed by a problem-solving team. It is used to center and focus the team at the beginning, keep the team on track during the effort, and is used to validate that the effort delivered an outcome that solves the problem statement
· Purpose Statement - A purpose statement is a declarative sentence which summarizes the specific topic and goals of a document. It is typically included in the introduction to give the reader an accurate, concrete understanding what the document will cover and what he/she can gain from reading it. To be effective, a statement of purpose should be:
· Nature of the Study - In modern science, all findings are usually required by the research community to be backed up by sound statistical evidence. The target audience... The nature of a study in social sciences research may refer to the statistical design of the study
· Research Question - A research question is the fundamental core of a research project, study, or review of literature. It focuses the study, determines the methodology, and guides all stages of inquiry, analysis, and reporting
· Interview Questions
· Assumptions, Limitations, and Delimitations –
· Limitations are influences that the researcher cannot con ...
Running head ABBREVIATED TITLE OF YOUR PAPER1ABBREVIATED TITLE.docxtoddr4
Running head: ABBREVIATED TITLE OF YOUR PAPER 1
ABBREVIATED TITLE OF YOUR PAPER 13Full Title of Your PaperLearner’s Full Name (no credentials)Capella UniversityAbstract
It is necessary to complete the abstract after the entire project has been developed. The abstract contains an abbreviated overview of the entire project. This overview will reference the following elements of the project:
The Research Question_________________________________
The Research Problem: _____________________________________
The Significance of the Study: _______________________________
Theory or theories that apply to the concepts associated with the RQ: ________________
A Narrative describing the quantitative approach planned, implications for stakeholders, significance to the scientific community, and a description of expected results. The abstract is one concise paragraph.
Keywords: [Add keywords here.]
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Problem 1
Statement of the Problem 1
Purpose of the Study 1
Significance of the Study 1
Research Questions 1
Definition of Terms 1
Research Design 1
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 1
Theoretical Orientation for the Study 1
Review of the Literature 1
Synthesis of the Research Findings 1
Critique of Previous Research Methods 1
CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY 1
Purpose of the Study 1
Research Question and Hypotheses 1
Research Design 1
Target Population and Sample 1
Procedures 1
Ethical Considerations 1
CHAPTER 4. EXPECTED FINDINGS/RESULTS 1
CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION 1
Implications 1
Methodological Strengths and Weaknesses 1
Suggestions for Future Research 1
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
[Note, the Final draft of Chapter 1 is typically written after the entire project has been completed and just prior to the Abstract. It is important to understand that the project is iterative. You will work on, change and refine all elements of the project. In your initial submission, begin to provide an evidence-based rationale for each of the sections listed below.]
Background of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Significance of the Study
Research Questions
Definition of Terms
Research Design
[Note, under the Research Design, make mention of the relevant APA Code of Ethics, but not how you intend to address them. How you will address the codes and ensure they are adhered to will be covered in Chapter 3.]
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Note, this is typically the entry point for beginning the project. It is important to understand that the project is iterative. You will work on, change and refine all elements of the project. You will begin by understanding and synthesizing what is known so far in the Literature Review, (Chapter 2). Theoretical Orientation for the Study
The Literature Review provides detailed information about theory that applies to the research topic, theory that applies to the research method, population(s) studied and key concepts under review. Seminal and current sources are analyzed and eva.
Format for Research Papers California State Universit.docxshericehewat
Format for Research Papers
California State University, Bakersfield
Department of Biology
A scientific research report is a form of
communication in which the investigator
succinctly presents and interprets data collected in
an investigation. Writing such reports is similar to
the writing in other scientific disciplines except
that the format will differ as will the criteria for
grading.
Writing the Report
The questions and hypotheses that initiate
an investigation, the resultant data gathered, and
the background information obtained by reading
the literature will lead to conclusions. Your
research report presents these conclusions and the
appropriate evidence (data and relevant literature).
Before writing the report, construct an
outline that logically presents the information to
support your conclusions. Organize the data into
tables and figures to present the evidence in a
logical order. Many authors prefer to construct a
draft by rapidly putting down ideas with little
regard to sentence structure, and to make
corrections later. Others prefer to make revisions
as they proceed. Write the report with a target
audience of other students with experience in
biology equivalent to that of the class for which
the report is written.
Proper use of English is considered
paramount in grading. Your major responsibility
is to make the reader understand exactly what you
mean by using words with precision, clarity, and
economy. Every sentence should be exact and say
something of importance (no "padding").
Economy and accuracy require using
straightforward English sentences (subject, verb,
and object). Follow a consistent pattern of tenses.
Write in the active voice unless you have good
reason to use the passive voice. The active is the
natural voice, the one in which people commonly
speak and write.
Quotations are to be avoided. All
sentences should be based on your understanding
of source material that you then write as your own
original sentences. When discussing the works of
others, do not include extraneous information,
such as first names or scientific affiliations. In
scientific writing, the major idea of a paragraph (or
sentence) is placed first. Evidence for the idea,
modifications, exceptions, etc., then follow. This
allows readers to quickly skim research reports by
reading the first sentence in each paragraph.
After finishing a draft, review it to see if
the paragraphs and sentences follow a logical
sequence. Examine the arrangement of paragraphs
within a section; some may belong in another
section. Make sure that the transitions from one
idea to another are clear. Study each sentence to
see if it can be clarified, shortened, or omitted.
Rewrite as necessary to achieve clarity. This type
of review and rewriting is best done after not
looking at the manuscript for a few days. Then,
you should ...
MMC 6950_Fall B 2018 Professor Heather Radi-Bermudez S.docxpauline234567
MMC 6950_Fall B 2018 Professor Heather Radi-Bermudez
Structuring a Scholarly Research Paper (Project B) – GSC Program
A Master’s Project B combines both primary and secondary research. Primary
research means you are conducting your own study, experiment, or investigation. The
information you are gaining is original with you. Secondary research means you are
studying the works of others. The information comes from published books, articles, and
other sources. In Project B, your secondary research is your literature review, and your
primary research is described in your methods and your results.
PARTS OF A RESEARCH PAPER
1. Title Page
2. Abstract
3. Introduction
4. Literature Review
5. Methods
6. Results
7. Discussion
8. References
9. Appendices (if applicable)
1. Title Page (APA Style)
Select an academic-style title that previews the content of the paper. Readers use such
academic titles to select articles and to get a quick sense of what an article is about.
Academic titles can state the research question, summarize the thesis or purpose, or be
written as a two-part title with a colon. The title page should contain the title of the
paper, the author's name, and the institutional affiliation. Include the page header flush
left with the page number flush right at the top of the page. Please note that on the title
page, your page header should look like this-> Running head: TITLE OF YOUR
PAPER. Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the
page. APA recommends that your title be no more than 12 words in length and that it
should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Your title may take up
one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-
spaced. Beneath the title, type the author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and last
name. Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate
the location where the author(s) conducted the research. Please look online for samples
of APA style title pages.
2. Abstract
This is a brief (75-120 words) comprehensive summary of the paper, which allows the
reader to survey the contents of the paper quickly. The abstract should address the
background, purpose of study (i.e. the research questions or hypotheses), methods
used, results and conclusion. Model the abstract of your paper after the abstracts of the
research articles you have read in peer reviewed journals.
3. Introduction
All documents must be able to stand on their own by including an introduction to orient
MMC 6950_Fall B 2018 Professor Heather Radi-Bermudez
the reader. The purpose of the introduction is to establish a context (general
background information), preview the content of the paper, and frame the significance of
the research. You may tell why this problem has been a problem or why you think this
particular slant or angle to the .
257Speaking of researchGuidelines for evaluating reseabartholomeocoombs
257
Speaking of research
Guidelines for evaluating research articles
Phillip Rumrill∗, Shawn Fitzgerald and
Megen Ware
Kent State University, Department of Educational
Foundations and Special Services Center for
Disability Studies, 405 White Hall, P.O. Box 5190,
Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA
The article describes the components and composition of
journal articles that report empirical research findings in the
field of rehabilitation. The authors delineate technical writing
strategies and discuss the contents of research manuscripts,
including the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results,
Discussion, and References. The article concludes with a
scale that practitioners, manuscript reviewers, educators, and
students can use in critically analyzing the content and scien-
tific merits of published rehabilitation research.
Keywords: Evaluation, research articles, guidelines for cri-
tique
1. Introduction
The purpose of this article is to examine the com-
ponents of a research article and provide guidelines
for conducting critical analyses of published works.
Distilled from the American Psychological Associa-
tion’s [1] Publication Manual and related descriptions
in several research design texts [4,8,9,12,15], descrip-
tions of how authors in rehabilitation and disability
studies address each section of a research article are
featured. The article concludes with a framework that
rehabilitation educators, graduate students, practition-
ers, and other Work readers can use in critiquing re-
search articles on the basis of their scientific merits and
practical utility.
∗Corresponding author: Tel.: +1 330 672 2294; Fax: +1 330 672
2512; E-mail: [email protected]
2. Anatomy of a research article
For nearly 50 years, the American Psychological As-
sociation has presented guidelines for authors to follow
in composing manuscripts for publication in profes-
sional journals [1]. Most journals in disability studies
and rehabilitation adhere to those style and formatting
guidelines. In the paragraphs to follow, descriptions
of each section of a standard research article are pre-
sented: Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results,
Discussion, and References.
2.1. Title
As with other kinds of literature, the title of a scien-
tific or scholarly journal article is a very important fea-
ture. At the risk of contravening the age-old adage “You
can’t judge a book by its cover,” Bellini and Rumrill [4]
speculated that most articles in rehabilitation journals
are either read or not read based upon the prospective
reader’s perusal of the title. Therefore, developing a
clear, concise title that conveys the article’s key con-
cepts, hypotheses, methods, and variables under study
is critical for researchers wishing to share their findings
with a large, professional audience. A standard-length
title for a journal article in the social sciences is 12–15
words, including a sub-title if appropriate. Because so-
cial science and medical indexing systems rely hea ...
257Speaking of researchGuidelines for evaluating resea.docxnovabroom
257
Speaking of research
Guidelines for evaluating research articles
Phillip Rumrill∗, Shawn Fitzgerald and
Megen Ware
Kent State University, Department of Educational
Foundations and Special Services Center for
Disability Studies, 405 White Hall, P.O. Box 5190,
Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA
The article describes the components and composition of
journal articles that report empirical research findings in the
field of rehabilitation. The authors delineate technical writing
strategies and discuss the contents of research manuscripts,
including the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results,
Discussion, and References. The article concludes with a
scale that practitioners, manuscript reviewers, educators, and
students can use in critically analyzing the content and scien-
tific merits of published rehabilitation research.
Keywords: Evaluation, research articles, guidelines for cri-
tique
1. Introduction
The purpose of this article is to examine the com-
ponents of a research article and provide guidelines
for conducting critical analyses of published works.
Distilled from the American Psychological Associa-
tion’s [1] Publication Manual and related descriptions
in several research design texts [4,8,9,12,15], descrip-
tions of how authors in rehabilitation and disability
studies address each section of a research article are
featured. The article concludes with a framework that
rehabilitation educators, graduate students, practition-
ers, and other Work readers can use in critiquing re-
search articles on the basis of their scientific merits and
practical utility.
∗Corresponding author: Tel.: +1 330 672 2294; Fax: +1 330 672
2512; E-mail: [email protected]
2. Anatomy of a research article
For nearly 50 years, the American Psychological As-
sociation has presented guidelines for authors to follow
in composing manuscripts for publication in profes-
sional journals [1]. Most journals in disability studies
and rehabilitation adhere to those style and formatting
guidelines. In the paragraphs to follow, descriptions
of each section of a standard research article are pre-
sented: Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results,
Discussion, and References.
2.1. Title
As with other kinds of literature, the title of a scien-
tific or scholarly journal article is a very important fea-
ture. At the risk of contravening the age-old adage “You
can’t judge a book by its cover,” Bellini and Rumrill [4]
speculated that most articles in rehabilitation journals
are either read or not read based upon the prospective
reader’s perusal of the title. Therefore, developing a
clear, concise title that conveys the article’s key con-
cepts, hypotheses, methods, and variables under study
is critical for researchers wishing to share their findings
with a large, professional audience. A standard-length
title for a journal article in the social sciences is 12–15
words, including a sub-title if appropriate. Because so-
cial science and medical indexing systems rely hea.
How to write a Research Paper1. Discussion (How to write a Resea.docxpooleavelina
How to write a Research Paper
1. Discussion (How to write a Research Paper) begins during Residency 10/12 – 10/14
2. Research Paper + Assignment Paper #2 Due 10/21/2018
Research papers are intended to demonstrate a student’s academic knowledge of a subject. When studying at higher levels of school and throughout college, you will likely be asked to prepare research papers. A research paper can be used for exploring and identifying scientific, technical and social issues. If it's your first time writing a research paper, it may seem daunting, but with good organization and focus of mind, you can make the process easier on yourself. Writing a research paper involves four main stages: choosing a topic, researching your topic, making an outline, and doing the actual writing. The paper won't write itself, but by planning and preparing well, the writing practically falls into place. Also, try to avoid plagiarism.
· Abstract - An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose.
· Background of the Problem - Background information identifies and describes the history and nature of a well-defined research problem with reference to the existing literature. The background information should indicate the root of the problem being studied, appropriate context of the problem in relation to theory, research, and/or practice, its scope, and the extent to which previous studies have successfully investigated the problem, noting, in particular, where gaps exist that your study attempts to address.
· Problem Statement - A problem statement is a clear concise description of the issue(s) that need(s) to be addressed by a problem-solving team. It is used to center and focus the team at the beginning, keep the team on track during the effort, and is used to validate that the effort delivered an outcome that solves the problem statement
· Purpose Statement - A purpose statement is a declarative sentence which summarizes the specific topic and goals of a document. It is typically included in the introduction to give the reader an accurate, concrete understanding what the document will cover and what he/she can gain from reading it. To be effective, a statement of purpose should be:
· Nature of the Study - In modern science, all findings are usually required by the research community to be backed up by sound statistical evidence. The target audience... The nature of a study in social sciences research may refer to the statistical design of the study
· Research Question - A research question is the fundamental core of a research project, study, or review of literature. It focuses the study, determines the methodology, and guides all stages of inquiry, analysis, and reporting
· Interview Questions
· Assumptions, Limitations, and Delimitations –
· Limitations are influences that the researcher cannot con ...
Running head ABBREVIATED TITLE OF YOUR PAPER1ABBREVIATED TITLE.docxtoddr4
Running head: ABBREVIATED TITLE OF YOUR PAPER 1
ABBREVIATED TITLE OF YOUR PAPER 13Full Title of Your PaperLearner’s Full Name (no credentials)Capella UniversityAbstract
It is necessary to complete the abstract after the entire project has been developed. The abstract contains an abbreviated overview of the entire project. This overview will reference the following elements of the project:
The Research Question_________________________________
The Research Problem: _____________________________________
The Significance of the Study: _______________________________
Theory or theories that apply to the concepts associated with the RQ: ________________
A Narrative describing the quantitative approach planned, implications for stakeholders, significance to the scientific community, and a description of expected results. The abstract is one concise paragraph.
Keywords: [Add keywords here.]
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Problem 1
Statement of the Problem 1
Purpose of the Study 1
Significance of the Study 1
Research Questions 1
Definition of Terms 1
Research Design 1
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 1
Theoretical Orientation for the Study 1
Review of the Literature 1
Synthesis of the Research Findings 1
Critique of Previous Research Methods 1
CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY 1
Purpose of the Study 1
Research Question and Hypotheses 1
Research Design 1
Target Population and Sample 1
Procedures 1
Ethical Considerations 1
CHAPTER 4. EXPECTED FINDINGS/RESULTS 1
CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION 1
Implications 1
Methodological Strengths and Weaknesses 1
Suggestions for Future Research 1
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
[Note, the Final draft of Chapter 1 is typically written after the entire project has been completed and just prior to the Abstract. It is important to understand that the project is iterative. You will work on, change and refine all elements of the project. In your initial submission, begin to provide an evidence-based rationale for each of the sections listed below.]
Background of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Significance of the Study
Research Questions
Definition of Terms
Research Design
[Note, under the Research Design, make mention of the relevant APA Code of Ethics, but not how you intend to address them. How you will address the codes and ensure they are adhered to will be covered in Chapter 3.]
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Note, this is typically the entry point for beginning the project. It is important to understand that the project is iterative. You will work on, change and refine all elements of the project. You will begin by understanding and synthesizing what is known so far in the Literature Review, (Chapter 2). Theoretical Orientation for the Study
The Literature Review provides detailed information about theory that applies to the research topic, theory that applies to the research method, population(s) studied and key concepts under review. Seminal and current sources are analyzed and eva.
Format for Research Papers California State Universit.docxshericehewat
Format for Research Papers
California State University, Bakersfield
Department of Biology
A scientific research report is a form of
communication in which the investigator
succinctly presents and interprets data collected in
an investigation. Writing such reports is similar to
the writing in other scientific disciplines except
that the format will differ as will the criteria for
grading.
Writing the Report
The questions and hypotheses that initiate
an investigation, the resultant data gathered, and
the background information obtained by reading
the literature will lead to conclusions. Your
research report presents these conclusions and the
appropriate evidence (data and relevant literature).
Before writing the report, construct an
outline that logically presents the information to
support your conclusions. Organize the data into
tables and figures to present the evidence in a
logical order. Many authors prefer to construct a
draft by rapidly putting down ideas with little
regard to sentence structure, and to make
corrections later. Others prefer to make revisions
as they proceed. Write the report with a target
audience of other students with experience in
biology equivalent to that of the class for which
the report is written.
Proper use of English is considered
paramount in grading. Your major responsibility
is to make the reader understand exactly what you
mean by using words with precision, clarity, and
economy. Every sentence should be exact and say
something of importance (no "padding").
Economy and accuracy require using
straightforward English sentences (subject, verb,
and object). Follow a consistent pattern of tenses.
Write in the active voice unless you have good
reason to use the passive voice. The active is the
natural voice, the one in which people commonly
speak and write.
Quotations are to be avoided. All
sentences should be based on your understanding
of source material that you then write as your own
original sentences. When discussing the works of
others, do not include extraneous information,
such as first names or scientific affiliations. In
scientific writing, the major idea of a paragraph (or
sentence) is placed first. Evidence for the idea,
modifications, exceptions, etc., then follow. This
allows readers to quickly skim research reports by
reading the first sentence in each paragraph.
After finishing a draft, review it to see if
the paragraphs and sentences follow a logical
sequence. Examine the arrangement of paragraphs
within a section; some may belong in another
section. Make sure that the transitions from one
idea to another are clear. Study each sentence to
see if it can be clarified, shortened, or omitted.
Rewrite as necessary to achieve clarity. This type
of review and rewriting is best done after not
looking at the manuscript for a few days. Then,
you should ...
As Europe's leading economic powerhouse and the fourth-largest hashtag#economy globally, Germany stands at the forefront of innovation and industrial might. Renowned for its precision engineering and high-tech sectors, Germany's economic structure is heavily supported by a robust service industry, accounting for approximately 68% of its GDP. This economic clout and strategic geopolitical stance position Germany as a focal point in the global cyber threat landscape.
In the face of escalating global tensions, particularly those emanating from geopolitical disputes with nations like hashtag#Russia and hashtag#China, hashtag#Germany has witnessed a significant uptick in targeted cyber operations. Our analysis indicates a marked increase in hashtag#cyberattack sophistication aimed at critical infrastructure and key industrial sectors. These attacks range from ransomware campaigns to hashtag#AdvancedPersistentThreats (hashtag#APTs), threatening national security and business integrity.
🔑 Key findings include:
🔍 Increased frequency and complexity of cyber threats.
🔍 Escalation of state-sponsored and criminally motivated cyber operations.
🔍 Active dark web exchanges of malicious tools and tactics.
Our comprehensive report delves into these challenges, using a blend of open-source and proprietary data collection techniques. By monitoring activity on critical networks and analyzing attack patterns, our team provides a detailed overview of the threats facing German entities.
This report aims to equip stakeholders across public and private sectors with the knowledge to enhance their defensive strategies, reduce exposure to cyber risks, and reinforce Germany's resilience against cyber threats.
Techniques to optimize the pagerank algorithm usually fall in two categories. One is to try reducing the work per iteration, and the other is to try reducing the number of iterations. These goals are often at odds with one another. Skipping computation on vertices which have already converged has the potential to save iteration time. Skipping in-identical vertices, with the same in-links, helps reduce duplicate computations and thus could help reduce iteration time. Road networks often have chains which can be short-circuited before pagerank computation to improve performance. Final ranks of chain nodes can be easily calculated. This could reduce both the iteration time, and the number of iterations. If a graph has no dangling nodes, pagerank of each strongly connected component can be computed in topological order. This could help reduce the iteration time, no. of iterations, and also enable multi-iteration concurrency in pagerank computation. The combination of all of the above methods is the STICD algorithm. [sticd] For dynamic graphs, unchanged components whose ranks are unaffected can be skipped altogether.
Data Centers - Striving Within A Narrow Range - Research Report - MCG - May 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) expects to see demand and the changing evolution of supply, facilitated through institutional investment rotation out of offices and into work from home (“WFH”), while the ever-expanding need for data storage as global internet usage expands, with experts predicting 5.3 billion users by 2023. These market factors will be underpinned by technological changes, such as progressing cloud services and edge sites, allowing the industry to see strong expected annual growth of 13% over the next 4 years.
Whilst competitive headwinds remain, represented through the recent second bankruptcy filing of Sungard, which blames “COVID-19 and other macroeconomic trends including delayed customer spending decisions, insourcing and reductions in IT spending, energy inflation and reduction in demand for certain services”, the industry has seen key adjustments, where MCG believes that engineering cost management and technological innovation will be paramount to success.
MCG reports that the more favorable market conditions expected over the next few years, helped by the winding down of pandemic restrictions and a hybrid working environment will be driving market momentum forward. The continuous injection of capital by alternative investment firms, as well as the growing infrastructural investment from cloud service providers and social media companies, whose revenues are expected to grow over 3.6x larger by value in 2026, will likely help propel center provision and innovation. These factors paint a promising picture for the industry players that offset rising input costs and adapt to new technologies.
According to M Capital Group: “Specifically, the long-term cost-saving opportunities available from the rise of remote managing will likely aid value growth for the industry. Through margin optimization and further availability of capital for reinvestment, strong players will maintain their competitive foothold, while weaker players exit the market to balance supply and demand.”
1. A research report is a precise
presentation of the work done by a
researcher while investigating a
particular problem and whether the
study is conducted by an individual
researcher or by an Institution.
2. The findings of the study should be reported for
several reasons. These are :-
People learn more about the area of study,
The discipline gets enriched with new
knowledge and theories,
Researcher and practitioners in the field can
apply, test and retest the findings already
arrived it,
Other researchers can refer to the findings and
utilize the findings for further research,
Findings can be utilized and implemented by
the policy makers or those who had sponsored
the project.
3. The entire research report is mainly divided
into three major divisions :-
The Beginning,
The Main Body, and
The End
4. Cover or Title Page
Second Cover
Preface
Acknowledgement
Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
Glossary
List of Abbriviations
5. Introduction
Review of Literature
Design of the Study
Analysis and Interpretation of Data
Main Findings and Conclusion
Summary
7. Title of the Topic,
Relationship of the Report to a Degree, Course,
or Organizational Requirement,
Name of Researcher,
Name of Supervisor,
Name of the Institution where the report is
submitted, and
The Date of Submission
8. Awareness of Urban Couples About Female
Foeticide : A Social Work Intervention Study
Sponsored by:
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
Director
Dr A K Bhartiya
Asst Professor
Department of Social Work
University of Lucknow
December, 2013
9. A Preface should include the reason why the topic
was selected by the researcher. It may explain
the history, scope, methodology and the
researcher’s opinion about the study.
The Preface and acknowledgement can be in
continuation or written separately. This page
follows the inner title page. It records
acknowledgement with sincerity for the
unusual help received form other to conduct
the study. The acknowledgement should be
non-emotional and simple.
10. A table of content indicates the logical division of
the report into various sections and
subsections. In other word, the table of contents
presents in itemized form, the beginning, the
main body and the end of the report. It should
also indicate the page reference for each
chapter or section and sub-section on the right
hand side of the table.
11. Preface i
Acknowledgement ii
Table of Contents iii
Chapter I Introduction 1-11
Chapter II Review of Literature 12-20
Chapter III Research Methodology 21-32
Chapter IV The Profile of Respondents 33-42
i) Social Status 34
ii) Economic Status 37
iii) Educational Status 39
Chapter V Awareness Level of the Urban Couples 42-57
i) Awareness Level among the Females 44
12. ii) Awareness Level among the Males 51
Chapter VI Evaluation of Programmes 58-72
i) The Programmes 59
ii) Opinion of the Beneficiaries 62
Chapter VII Major Findings 73-84
Chapter VIII Conclusion and Suggestions 85-94
Bibliography 95
Appendices
I List of Voluntary Organisation 109
II Interview Schedule for Female 112
III Interview Schedule for Male 114
IV List of Photograph 119
13. Table Title Page
1 Age of respondent 5
2 Level of Education 12
3 Occupation Pattern 15
4 Marital Status of Respondents 19
5 Size of the Family 26
6 Income of the Family 29
7 Opinion of the Respondents 37
14. The Page ‘List of Figures’ comes immediately
after the ‘List of Tables’ page.
Figure Title Page
1 Conceptual Framework 7
2 Network Model 9
3 Communication Network 13
4 Implementation of Schemes 18
5 Organizational Chart 24
6 Staffing Pattern 33
15. A Glossary is a short dictionary, explaining the
technical terms and phrases which are used
with special connotation by the author. Entries
of the technical termed are made in
alphabetical order. A Glossary may appear in
the introductory pages although it usually
comes after the bibliography.
16. To avoid repeating long names again and again,
a researcher uses abbreviation. Since
abbreviations are not universal, it is necessary
to provide the full form of the abbreviations
in the beginning.
Example:
AIR – All India Radio
ASC – Academic Staff College
LU- Lucknow University
17. The report should be very concise, unambiguous, and
creatively presented. The presentation should be
simple, direct and in short sentences.
In the case of citations, only the last name of the author is
used and in all cases academic and allied titles like Dr.,
Prof., Mr., Mrs., etc. should be avoided.
Special care should be taken while using quantitative
terms in a report. No sentences should begin with
numerical like ‘20 students’, instead should start as
“Twenty students’. Commas should be used when
numbers exceed three digits- 10,233 or 468,798.
Language, grammar and usage are very important in
research report.
18. Articles, papers, books, monographs etc. quoted
inside the text should always accompany
relevant references, i.e. the author and the year
of publication e.g. (Bhartiya, 2012). If a few
lines or sentences are actually quoted from a
source, the page number too should be noted
e.g. (Bhartiya, 2012: 46-49)
19. List of some important Abbreviations used in
Footnotes and Bibliography.
20. Research reports present both bibliographies and
references.
A Bibliography is a list of titles- books, research
reports, articles, etc. that may or may not have
been referred to in the text of the research
report.
References include only such studies, books or
papers that have been actually referred to in
the text of the research report.
21. There are mainly two style manuals detailing
general form and style for research reports.
Thee are: -
American Psychological Association,
Publication Manual, 3rd ed. Washington DC:
American Psychological Association, 1983.
The Chicago Manual of Style, 13th rev. ed.,
Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1982.
22. There are mainly two types of referencing:-
Arranging references in alphabetical order
where the researcher has cited the name of
author and year of publication/completion of
the work in the text.
Arranging references in a sequence as they
appear in the text of the research report. In this
case, related statement in the body of the text is
numbered.
23. Verma, K. and Singh, B. (2012), Principles of
Economics, Rawat Publication, Jaipur.
Verma, K. and Singh, B. (2012). Principles of
Economics. Jaipur: Rawat Publication.
Verma, K., Agrawal, M. and Singh, B. (2012).
Principles of Economics. Jaipur: Rawat
Publication.
Verma, K. (ed.). (2012). Principles of Economics.
Jaipur: Rawat Publication.
Verma, K. et. al. (2012). Principles of Economics.
Jaipur: Rawat Publication.
24. Appendices present the raw data, the true copy of
the tools used in the study, important statistical
calculation, photographs and charts not used
inside the text. These are serially like Appendix
1, Appendix 2, Appendix 3, or Appendix I,
Appendix II, Appendix III, or Appendix A,
Appendix B, Appendix C.
25. Why write and publish research
papers?
Ideally –
to share research findings and discoveries
with the hope of improving knowledge base
Practically –
to get funding
to get promoted
to get recognition
for knowledge sharing and achievement
26. Getting a paper published
Competition for space in journals is intense
Cost of publication is high.
Rejection rates vary
Journal X = 50%
Journal Y= 65%
Science, Nature = 90%
27. Tips
1. Know the journal, its editors, and submit the paper
2. Pay close attention to spelling, grammar, and
punctuation
3. Make sure references are comprehensive and accurate
4. Avoid careless mistakes
5. Read and conform to “Instructions for Authors”
28. What constitutes good science?
Novel – new and not resembling something
formerly known or used (can be novel but not
important)
Mechanistic – testing a hypothesis - determining
the fundamental processes involved in or
responsible for an action, reaction, or other natural
phenomenon
Descriptive – describes how things are but does
not test how things work – hypotheses are not
tested.
31. What constitutes a good journal?
Impact factor –
average number of times published papers
are cited up to two years after publication.
Immediacy Index –
average number of times published papers
are cited during year of publication.
Lead time or incubation time-
average time taken for paper from
receipt to publication
ISSN- ISBN
possessing international standard serial
(or book) number, meaning recognized.
32. Journal citation report
Journal Impact Factor Immediacy Index
Nature 30.979 06.679
Science 29.162 05.589
Hypertens 05.630 00.838
AJ P Heart 03.658 00.675
Physiol Rev 36.831 03.727
Am J Math 00.962 00.122
Ann Math 01.505 00.564
AM J MATH 0002-9327 002353 00.962 00.122
AM J MATH 0002-9327 002353 00.962 00.122
33. Things to consider before writing
1. Time to write the paper?
- has a significant advancement been made?
- is the hypothesis straightforward?
- did the experiments test the hypothesis?
- are the controls appropriate and sufficient?
- can you describe the study in 1 or 2 minutes?
- can the key message be written in 1 or 2 sentences?
“Those who have the
most to say usually say
it with the fewest words”
34. Things to consider before writing
1. Time to write the paper?
- has a significant advancement been made?
- is the hypothesis straightforward?
- did the experiments test the hypothesis?
- are the controls appropriate and sufficient?
- can you describe the study in 1 or 2 minutes?
- can the key message be written in 1 or 2 sentences?
2. Tables and figures
- must be clear and concise
- should be self-explanatory
3. Read references
- will help in choosing journal
- better insight into possible reviewers
35. Things to consider before writing
4. Choose journal
- study “instructions to authors”
- think about possible reviewers
- quality of journal “impact factor”
5. Tentative title and summary
6. Has considerable work been done to
warrant a publication ?
7. Aim and scope of the journal. Does it go
with your definition?
37. Types of journal papers
• Letters to the editor/Commentary
• Science and technology articles
• Short communication
• Technical note/case study
• Original paper/research paper !
• Review Opinion, Brief notes.
• paper , Book Reviews.
• Monographs and Books.
• STP papers, Theme papers in special issues !
• Online journal paper articles.
38. Parts of an original research paper
Title
Abstract and
keywords
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
39. Write in what order?
Title
Abstract and Keywords
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
40. Theoretical Considerations
• Sometimes you need this section !
• Build a theory or buy a theory [Refer] !
• Give relevant formulae
• Give relevant equations with symbols defined
• Number them all in sequence
• Discuss parameters to be evaluated
• Justify your choices
• This should precede your experimental details
or methods section !
41. Materials and methods
Best to begin writing when experiments lead somewhere.
Should be detailed enough so results can be reproduced by others.
Reference published methods where appropriate.
Include regulated use approval information ( like toxic substances).
Use descriptive subheadings
Starting materials
Synthesis
Materials characterization
42. Results
Images and equations with continuity can be effective
( representative descriptions)
Tables and figures must be straight forward and
concise
Present main findings referring to tables/figures.
Do not repeat results in the paper but they must be
repeatable (by you) and reproducible ( by others).
Error bars, statistical details
43. Introduction
Build case for why study is important/necessary
Provide brief background
State hypothesis / central question or theme
Give a paragraph about what the investigation
proposes to do
44. Discussion
First answer questions posed in introduction
Discuss the possible mechanisms
Discuss weaknesses and discrepancies
Explain what is new without exaggerating
Do not repeat discussion or speculate too much
46. References
Relevant references
Be selective based on credibility
Read the references before referring
Do not misquote
Use correct style and format for journal
Cite patents carefully, don’t misquote (IP rights)
47. Abstract
Critical part of the paper
State main objective
Summarize most important results
State major conclusions and significance
Avoid acronyms
Write and rewrite until flawless
Provide the right keywords for indexing
48. Title
Will determine whether paper gets read
Avoid long titles (see journal rules)
Avoid abbreviations
Title format:
“The effects of heat on ice”
“Heat melts ice”
“The role of heat in melting ice”
49. Acknowledgements
Grant funding.
People who read the paper or
contributed to discussion and/or
ideas. People who gave tools e.g.
probes
Technical and secretarial
assistance
50. Revise, Revise and Revise
All authors should participate, only one is the
corresponding author.
Review order of data presentation
Polish the writing style
Double check references
Look for typos
Double check spelling ( UK ?, American ? )
51. WHATEVER TENSE IS USED, BE
CONSISTENT AND
DON’T SWITCH BACK AND FORTH
IN THE SAME
PARAGRAPH !!!
What you did can be in past tense
but what you found out ( eternal
truths ) must be in present tense !
Avoid long passive voices in
technical writing!
52. Develop a good writing style
•Read well written articles
•Try to get good writers to review
•Learn from editing changes
•Learn editing and correcting symbols
•Learn proof reading and correcting
•Good copy-editing and formatting according to
journal requirement !
•Avoid plagiarism ( copying other papers)
54. Journal Paper Formats
• American Chemical Society, Siva (1994),
Alphabetical order…..
• Psychological Society Format, ( Closer to Am.
Ch.Soc format)
• Modern Language Association, Purdue University’s
OWL ( On-line Writing Lab) format.
• American Ceramic Society [ Ref. Nos. in square
brackets ]. Very popular !
• Vancouver Format, ( Issue, Vol:, pp, Year )
• Nature journals , Ref .Nos. in superscripts
.
55. Submission
1. Read instructions carefully
2. Fill out all necessary forms ( Some times before
acceptance )
Copyright transfer
Conflict of interest
3. Write covering letter (suggest reviewers if
possible)
4. Confirm receipt , follow up communication,
acknowledge
56. Process of a Research Paper !
Completion of research
Preparation of manuscript
Submission of manuscript
Assignment and review
Decision
Revision
Resubmission
Acceptance
Publication
Rejection
57. Responding to Reviewers
1. Carefully prepare your responses
Each comment should be addressed
Each change should be stated/highlighted
Be enthusiastic
2. Reviewer may be wrong
3. Be tactful – thank the reviewers
4. Do not respond to reviewers while upset
5. Get help from other authors
6. Address the corrections to the chief editor
59. Conference Papers
• International conference papers appearing in a
special issue of a journal (reviewed)
• International conference papers in conference
proceedings ( reviewed), CD or hardcopy
• National conference papers (reviewed)
• International/national seminar papers
• International/national workshop papers
• Symposium papers
• Review meeting/Society AGM presentations …..
61. Research Proposal
• A research proposal is a document that provides a
detailed description of the intended program.
• It is like an outline of the entire research process that
gives a reader a summary of the information discussed
Sreeraj S R
gives a reader a summary of the information discussed
in a project.
• The objective in writing a proposal is to describe what
you will do, why it should be done, how you will do it and
what you expect will result.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_proposal
https://www2.hawaii.edu/~matt/proposal.html
62. Basic Components
1. Title
2. Abstract
3. Introduction
7. Methodology
8. Plan for Analysis of
Results
Sreeraj S R
3. Introduction
4. Review of Literature
5. Aims
6. Objectives
7. Questions and/ or
hypotheses
9. Bibliographic
References
10. Gantt chart/Timetable
11. Budget
12. Annexes
Al-Riyami A. How to prepare a Research Proposal. Oman Medical Journal 2008, 23 (2): 66-69
http://patthomson.net/2014/06/09/aims-and-objectives-whats-the-difference
63. Title of the Research
• It should be concise, descriptive informative and catchy.
• Titles should clearly indicate the independent and
dependent variables.
• The title provides the "key words" for the classification
Sreeraj S R
• The title provides the "key words" for the classification
and indexing of the project.
• It is important to specify what population or universe will
be investigated
http://www.slideshare.net/soharashed/writing-a-health-research-proposal
64. Good and bad Titles
• Preoperative Anxiety (too brief)
• The effects of a counselling program by
nurses on preoperative anxiety in children
Sreeraj S R
nurses on preoperative anxiety in children
undergoing tonsillectomy. (concise but
gives sufficient information)
http://www.slideshare.net/soharashed/writing-a-health-research-proposal
65. Abstract
• It is a brief summary of approximately 300
words.
• It should summarize all the central elements of
Sreeraj S R
• It should summarize all the central elements of
the protocol, for example the rationale,
objectives, methods, populations, time frame,
and expected outcomes.
http://www.slideshare.net/soharashed/writing-a-health-research-proposal
66. Introduction
• The introduction provides the readers with
the background information.
• It should have;
Sreeraj S R
• It should have;
• Topic area
• Research question
• Significance to knowledge
Al-Riyami A. How to prepare a Research Proposal. Oman Medical Journal 2008, 23 (2): 66-69
https://www2.hawaii.edu/~matt/proposal.html
67. Review of Literature
• In this section what is already known about the topic is written including the
lacunae.
• You do not need to report on every published study in the area of your
research topic.
Sreeraj S R
http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/henrichsenl/ResearchMethods/RM_3_03.html
http://uq.edu.au/student-services/pdf/learning/lit-reviews-for-rx-students-v7.pdf
• Choose those studies which are most relevant and most important.
• Reviews of the literature are not summaries, they are arguments (that there
is a gap that needs filling; that you have sound reasons for believing your
hypotheses are likely to be true; that your methods have been well thought
through in relation to your research goals)
68. Review of Literature
• A Literature Review should;
1. convince the reader that the research area is significant / important /
interesting
2. convince the reader that we shouldn’t be (completely) satisfied with the
existing literature on the topic
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existing literature on the topic
3. convince the reader that your research will fill some important or interesting
gap or address some important limitation or deficiency
4. explain and justify your research hypotheses / ideas
5. convince the reader that your research methods are well thought through
http://uq.edu.au/student-services/pdf/learning/lit-reviews-for-rx-students-v7.pdf
69. Aim
• The aim is about what you hope to do,
your overall intention in the project.
• It’s what you want to know.
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• It’s what you want to know.
• An aim is therefore generally broad.
http://patthomson.net/2014/06/09/aims-and-objectives-whats-the-difference/
70. Objectives
• The objectives are the specific steps you will take to achieve your aim.
• The Aim is the WHAT of the research, and the objective is
the HOW.
• Research objectives are the goals to be achieved by conducting the
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research.
Objectives should be:
• Logical and coherent
• Feasible
• Realistic, considering local conditions
• Defined in operational terms that can be measured
• Phrased to clearly meet the purpose of the study (relevant)
http://patthomson.net/2014/06/09/aims-and-objectives-whats-the-difference/
http://www.slideshare.net/soharashed/writing-a-health-research-proposal
71. Objectives
• How should objectives be stated?
• Objectives should be stated using “action verbs” that are
specific enough to be measured:
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specific enough to be measured:
e.g. To determine …, To compare…, To verify…, To
calculate…, To describe…, etc.
• Do not use vague non-action verbs such as: To
appreciate … To understand… To believe
http://www.slideshare.net/soharashed/writing-a-health-research-proposal
72. General and Specific Objectives
• The general objective of the research is what is
to be accomplished by the research project
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• The specific objectives relate to the specific
research questions the investigator wants to
answer through the proposed study and may be
presented as primary and secondary objectives
http://www.slideshare.net/soharashed/writing-a-health-research-proposal
Al-Riyami A. How to prepare a Research Proposal. Oman Medical Journal 2008, 23 (2): 66-69
73. Example
• Title: "Humanitarian Assistance for Populations Affected by Floods and Malnutrition in the Atlantic
Coast of Nicaragua."
General objective:
To evaluate changes in the food, nutritional and sanitation conditions in populations highly
affected by floods in the North area of the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua.
Specific objectives:
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Specific objectives:
1. To assess the food and nutritional conditions of the participating families in the project and the
impact of environmental elements on the deterioration, of conditions.
2. To identify the benefits obtained from the sowing and harvest of crops
3. To judge and evaluate the existing conditions in the communities and families with respect to
hygiene promotion, supply and use of water filters.
4. To identify strategic lines that help to define future interventions, both in terms of emergencies or
linked to processes of long-term development.
74. Questions and/or hypotheses
• A hypothesis can be defined as a tentative
prediction or explanation of the
relationship between two or more
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relationship between two or more
variables.
• Unambiguous prediction of expected
outcomes.
Al-Riyami A. How to prepare a Research Proposal. Oman Medical Journal 2008, 23 (2): 66-69
75. Methodology
• The methodology explains the procedures that will be used to achieve the
objectives.
It covers;
1.Approach to the question 6. Controls or comparison groups
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2.Research design
3.Research subjects
4.Inclusion or exclusion criteria
5.Sampling procedure
Al-Riyami A. How to prepare a Research Proposal. Oman Medical Journal 2008, 23 (2): 66-69
https://www2.hawaii.edu/~matt/proposal.html
http://www.slideshare.net/soharashed/writing-a-health-research-proposal
7. Data needs
8. Analytic techniques
9. Plan for interpreting results
10. Ethical issues
76. Methodology
• Overview of approach
• Data Collection
• Data Analysis
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• Data Analysis
• Interpretation
https://www2.hawaii.edu/~matt/proposal.html
77. Gantt chart/Timetable
• A Gantt chart is an overview of tasks/proposed
activities and a time frame for the same.
• You put weeks, days or months at one side, and
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• You put weeks, days or months at one side, and
the tasks at the other.
• You draw fat lines to indicate the period the task
will be performed to give a timeline for your
research study
Al-Riyami A. How to prepare a Research Proposal. Oman Medical Journal 2008, 23 (2): 66-69
78. Budget
• The budget translates project activities into
monetary terms
• A proposal budget is with item wise/activity
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• A proposal budget is with item wise/activity
wise breakdown and justification for the
same.
• Indicate how will the study be financed.
https://www2.hawaii.edu/~matt/proposal.html
79. Bibliographic References
• References should be written in Vancouver style.
Citing References:
• Number references consecutively throughout the body of
the text in the order in which they are first mentioned.
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• Identify references in text, tables and legends by
numerals in parenthesis e.g. (1), (2,3) or (3-6).
• Some journals require references to be indicated in
superscript which makes typing more difficult.
• DO NOT include references in your abstract.
•http://www.slideshare.net/soharashed/writing-a-health-research-proposal
80. Annexes
• Include the appropriate appendixes in the proposal. For example:
1. Interview protocols,
2. sample of informed consent forms,
3. cover letters sent to appropriate stakeholders,
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3. cover letters sent to appropriate stakeholders,
4. official letters for permission to conduct research.
5. Original scales or questionnaires
• if the instrument is copyrighted then permission in writing to
reproduce the instrument from the copyright holder or proof of
purchase of the instrument must be submitted.
Al-Riyami A. How to prepare a Research Proposal. Oman Medical Journal 2008, 23 (2): 66-69