This document is the project report submitted by Nursitihazlin Binti Ahmad Termida to fulfill the requirements for a Master's Degree in Highway and Transport Engineering at Universiti Putra Malaysia. The report investigates the fatality index of public transport (express buses) in Malaysia. It finds that the fatality index is 0.000009 per billion passenger kilometers traveled, significantly lower than the index of 0.4 for the United Kingdom. This suggests that express bus transportation in Malaysia is much safer than in the UK.
This guide provides an introduction to using SPSS 14. It includes instructions on starting SPSS, defining variables, entering data, computing new variables, selecting data subsets, and running basic statistical procedures such as frequencies, descriptives, and exploring normality. Key steps covered are creating variables in the Variable View window, entering data in the Data View window, using the Compute function to calculate a new "age" variable, selecting cases where age is less than 30, and analyzing the normality of a variable distribution through histograms, normal Q-Q plots, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests of normality.
This document provides a report on firefighter training trends and hazards from the U.S. Fire Administration. It details several training incidents that resulted in injuries or near misses. It also summarizes training casualty data and discusses common hazards in training such as live fire exercises, physical stress, and unsafe practices. The report emphasizes the importance of following standards from the National Fire Protection Association and having proper safety protocols, qualified instructors, appropriate facilities, and medical support to reduce risks during firefighter training activities.
Poster on Psychosocial risk factors and musculoskeletal symptoms among nursesSiti Mastura
Nurses are at high risk of developing musculoskeletal symptoms due to the physical demands of their work including lifting, awkward postures, and transferring patients. This study examined the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms and relationship to psychosocial risk factors among nurses at Sultanah Bahiyah Hospital in Kedah, Malaysia. The results showed the highest prevalence of symptoms was in the upper back (70.6%), lower back (58%), and shoulders (55.9%). Most nurses reported high decision latitude, high job demands, good social support, high job insecurity, and job dissatisfaction. Social support and job insecurity were significantly associated with musculoskeletal symptoms. The findings suggest improving social support through team building and addressing job insecurity to help minimize
PSYCHOSOCIAL RISK FACTORS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL SYMPTOMS AMONG NURSESSiti Mastura
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
valuation of toxicological implications of inhalationexposure to kerosene fum...Siti Mastura
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the toxic effects of inhaling kerosene and petrol fumes in rats. The rats were exposed to the fumes for 4 hours per day over 2 weeks. Blood tests and liver tissue analysis were then used to assess liver damage. The study found that rats exposed to the fumes had significantly higher levels of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) and lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides) compared to unexposed rats, indicating liver dysfunction. Examination of liver tissues also revealed degenerative changes, supporting the biochemical results. The findings suggest that frequent exposure to kerosene and petrol fumes may be highly damaging to liver cells.
This document discusses principles of hazard tree risk management for wildland firefighters. It notes that falling trees remain a persistent threat and one of the leading causes of firefighter fatalities. The risk is determined by both the likelihood of a hazard occurring and the severity of potential consequences. Strategies are outlined for conducting strategic and tactical risk assessments to rate risk levels and implement appropriate mitigation measures to reduce risk to moderate or low levels where possible. Emergency response plans should also be in place to effectively respond if injuries do occur from hazard trees.
This document outlines the key elements of a model emergency preparedness plan for mining operations. It discusses the responsibilities of the mining company and the importance of engaging local communities, emergency response teams, and governments. The 10 steps of the UNEP APELL process for emergency planning are described. Case studies are referenced that illustrate how to effectively apply these principles of community involvement, hazard identification, emergency response training, and continuous improvement of emergency plans.
This guide provides an introduction to using SPSS 14. It includes instructions on starting SPSS, defining variables, entering data, computing new variables, selecting data subsets, and running basic statistical procedures such as frequencies, descriptives, and exploring normality. Key steps covered are creating variables in the Variable View window, entering data in the Data View window, using the Compute function to calculate a new "age" variable, selecting cases where age is less than 30, and analyzing the normality of a variable distribution through histograms, normal Q-Q plots, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests of normality.
This document provides a report on firefighter training trends and hazards from the U.S. Fire Administration. It details several training incidents that resulted in injuries or near misses. It also summarizes training casualty data and discusses common hazards in training such as live fire exercises, physical stress, and unsafe practices. The report emphasizes the importance of following standards from the National Fire Protection Association and having proper safety protocols, qualified instructors, appropriate facilities, and medical support to reduce risks during firefighter training activities.
Poster on Psychosocial risk factors and musculoskeletal symptoms among nursesSiti Mastura
Nurses are at high risk of developing musculoskeletal symptoms due to the physical demands of their work including lifting, awkward postures, and transferring patients. This study examined the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms and relationship to psychosocial risk factors among nurses at Sultanah Bahiyah Hospital in Kedah, Malaysia. The results showed the highest prevalence of symptoms was in the upper back (70.6%), lower back (58%), and shoulders (55.9%). Most nurses reported high decision latitude, high job demands, good social support, high job insecurity, and job dissatisfaction. Social support and job insecurity were significantly associated with musculoskeletal symptoms. The findings suggest improving social support through team building and addressing job insecurity to help minimize
PSYCHOSOCIAL RISK FACTORS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL SYMPTOMS AMONG NURSESSiti Mastura
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
valuation of toxicological implications of inhalationexposure to kerosene fum...Siti Mastura
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the toxic effects of inhaling kerosene and petrol fumes in rats. The rats were exposed to the fumes for 4 hours per day over 2 weeks. Blood tests and liver tissue analysis were then used to assess liver damage. The study found that rats exposed to the fumes had significantly higher levels of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) and lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides) compared to unexposed rats, indicating liver dysfunction. Examination of liver tissues also revealed degenerative changes, supporting the biochemical results. The findings suggest that frequent exposure to kerosene and petrol fumes may be highly damaging to liver cells.
This document discusses principles of hazard tree risk management for wildland firefighters. It notes that falling trees remain a persistent threat and one of the leading causes of firefighter fatalities. The risk is determined by both the likelihood of a hazard occurring and the severity of potential consequences. Strategies are outlined for conducting strategic and tactical risk assessments to rate risk levels and implement appropriate mitigation measures to reduce risk to moderate or low levels where possible. Emergency response plans should also be in place to effectively respond if injuries do occur from hazard trees.
This document outlines the key elements of a model emergency preparedness plan for mining operations. It discusses the responsibilities of the mining company and the importance of engaging local communities, emergency response teams, and governments. The 10 steps of the UNEP APELL process for emergency planning are described. Case studies are referenced that illustrate how to effectively apply these principles of community involvement, hazard identification, emergency response training, and continuous improvement of emergency plans.
Study of Traffic Volume and Level of Service of Panjab University, ChandigarhIJERA Editor
The document summarizes a study of traffic volume and level of service at Panjab University in Chandigarh, India. Traffic volume studies were conducted at two main entry gates to the university over a period of 6 days. The peak traffic hours were found to be 9-10am on Thursday when 1,749 vehicles entered and 1,655 vehicles exited. Based on the volume studies, the peak hour traffic and level of service were calculated for the two gates. The level of service during peak hours was determined to evaluate the existing traffic conditions on the university roads.
Integral university prospectus 2016 17 educationiconnect.com 786200478600007123
We provide university prospectus student can check all prospectus in any slide Integral university prospectus 2016 17 educationiconnect.com 7862004786 Integral university
The document summarizes the development of the Indian Highway Capacity Manual (Indo-HCM). It describes how the need for an Indian HCM was recognized and the CSIR-CRRI led a project to develop it in collaboration with seven academic institutes across India. The project was completed on time through regular monitoring. The Indo-HCM provides procedures to estimate capacity and level of service for various road types and intersections in India, and will help transportation planning and project evaluation.
This document describes a design thesis submitted to Gujarat Technological University for a multi-modal transit hub located at Gandhigram, Ahmedabad. The thesis was submitted by Nausheen Chhipa in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Architecture degree. It includes a certificate signed by the thesis committee members, an acknowledgment of those who assisted in the project, and an abstract providing an overview of the proposed transit hub and its integration of various transportation modes in Ahmedabad.
This document summarizes a workshop on rail research collaboration in Europe. It discusses several organizations involved in coordinating rail research, including RRUK in the UK, UIC's research coordination strategy, and ERRAC and its roadmap project. ERRAC has working groups focused on specific research priorities. The evaluation working group aims to identify factors to consider in European rail research and ensure market uptake of the research. Overall the document outlines existing structures for collaborative rail research across European countries and organizations.
This document provides an overview of the I-Corps program at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It discusses the goals of the program, which are to help scientists move ideas out of the lab and into the marketplace by teaching entrepreneurial skills like customer development. The summary discusses that over 57 teams have conducted over 6,300 customer interviews through the program. It also provides an example of a team that was able to pivot their focus based on customer feedback during I-Corps.
This project examines the impact of overland transport on logistics chain performance in Nigeria. It identifies the main modes of overland transport in Nigeria as road, rail, inland waterways and pipelines. It examines the factors contributing to the decline of railway transport and the problems affecting road transport and pipelines. The study recommends that infrastructure, vehicles and operations of all overland transport modes need to be improved to enhance logistics performance. An integrated multimodal transport system is needed along with development of rural transport.
This document summarizes presentations from an international workshop on roadside safety design and devices held in Milan, Italy. The workshop included sessions on assessment practices and safe systems approaches. In the first session, presenters discussed differences and similarities between various international test standards, including MASH, EN 1317, and British assessment processes. The second session introduced the safe systems approach, which aims to forgive human errors, and discussed real-world implications and guidelines for more forgiving roadside designs.
This document provides a summary of key factors to consider in the design and construction of bridge approaches. It discusses investigating foundation soil behavior, designing embankments and abutments, sequencing construction to minimize post-construction settlement, using approach slabs, and maintaining bridge approaches. The successful design requires collaboration among geotechnical, pavement, bridge, construction, and maintenance engineers. Foundation soil compressibility is a major cause of settlement that must be addressed through soil improvement or load transfer. Reinforced embankments and retaining walls can provide benefits over conventional earthfill. Abutment design considers structural loads, movements, and construction impacts. Approach slabs accommodate transitions between components.
This thesis compares the implementation effects of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) in Beijing and Shenzhen, China from 2010 to 2014 using a Pressure-States-Response evaluation framework. Quantitative data from national statistics are analyzed to evaluate indicators such as population density, transportation use, housing, and economic factors. The results found that both cities faced increasing development pressures, while Shenzhen performed better on indicators like income and land use. Beijing showed more progress on public transportation ridership. Government policies and investments impacted the outcomes. The study contributes to understanding how TOD can support sustainable urban development in rapidly growing Chinese cities.
The document summarizes a technical report on a traffic volume study conducted near Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study involved manual counting of vehicles at the AUST flyover junction to Shatrasta junction to determine traffic volumes, directional distribution, vehicle composition and flow fluctuations. Traffic volumes were calculated in 15 minute intervals and converted to passenger car units per hour. The results from the study can be used to control traffic at the intersection and suggest improvements such as road widening or increasing public transportation.
This document summarizes a study analyzing traffic flow characteristics on roads in PGIMER, Chandigarh, India. Traffic volume data was collected manually and via video recordings at the institute's two main gates over peak hours on weekdays. The data was analyzed to determine traffic composition, hourly and daily variations, and the capacity and level of service of the roads. It was found that the maximum traffic volumes occurred during morning and evening peak hours. The traffic consisted primarily of cars and two-wheelers. Capacity and level of service calculations showed deteriorating conditions during peaks with excessive delays and congestion. Recommendations were made to improve traffic flow.
Training report on railway structure at tata aldesaUtsav Tripathy
This document discusses a training report submitted by Utsav Tiwari for their internship at Tata-Aldesa (JV) working on the construction of civil structures and tracks for the Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFCC) project in India. It provides background on the DFCC project, describes the materials, equipment, and construction processes used at the site, and outlines the results of laboratory tests performed on concrete, aggregates, and cement during the training period. The report aims to systematically document the execution of bridge construction based on Indian standards and considerations of safety, feasibility, and economy.
Final Presentation of Sichuan University's Global Urban Development Program class, which conducted a parallel exercise to Stanford University's Sustainable Urban Systems Project class. Presentation was given at Stanford University on May 31, 2016. Slides provided courtesy of Sichuan University.
Final Presentation of Sichuan University's Global Urban Development Program class, which worked in parallel to Stanford's SUS Project class in the 2015-16 academic year.
Alternative Solution on Kiwale Phata to Aundh BRTS RouteIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of an alternative route proposal for the Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) between Kiwale phata and Aundh in Pune, India. It describes the current issues with congestion and lack of safety at the bus stops. The document then reviews literature on road safety audits and definitions of Bus Rapid Transit systems. It analyzes passenger capacity units and factors affecting traffic flow. Finally, it presents case studies of the specific issues at Kiwale phata and Aundh bus stops and provides recommendations to improve safety and traffic flow along the proposed BRTS route.
The document discusses the history and development of electrical engineering. It notes that William Gilbert, who designed the versorium device to detect static electricity, was among the first electrical engineers. It also mentions that Cornell University and MIT first offered bachelor's degrees in electrical engineering. Darmstadt University of Technology established the first department of electrical engineering.
This document summarizes a study that compared how caregivers in different cultures make decisions about how their children travel to school. The study interviewed caregivers who lived within walking distance of two elementary schools in Austin, Texas. The interviews explored factors like the physical environment, household constraints, attitudes, and social/cultural influences that impacted whether children walked or took other forms of transportation to school. The findings could help inform population-specific programming and policies to encourage more children to walk or bike to school.
This document summarizes a project report on the construction of roads at the National Institute of Technology in Warangal, India. It was completed by five students under the guidance of a faculty member. The report discusses the importance of roads for economic development and transportation. It provides an overview of the types of roads in India and the current status of the national highway system. It also describes the phases of road construction, materials used, equipment involved, and project management tools applied to the road projects at NIT Warangal.
This document provides an overview of fault tree analysis (FTA):
1. FTA is a graphic method to identify the causes of failures or negative events in a system. It uses deductive reasoning to break down a negative event into its potential causes.
2. An FTA diagram uses symbols like rectangles, circles, and gates to represent events and their relationships. The analysis involves defining the negative event, understanding the system, constructing the tree, validating it, and evaluating alternatives.
3. The primary benefits of FTA are the meaningful data it produces to evaluate and improve system reliability. A limitation is that all significant failure contributors must be anticipated.
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Study of Traffic Volume and Level of Service of Panjab University, ChandigarhIJERA Editor
The document summarizes a study of traffic volume and level of service at Panjab University in Chandigarh, India. Traffic volume studies were conducted at two main entry gates to the university over a period of 6 days. The peak traffic hours were found to be 9-10am on Thursday when 1,749 vehicles entered and 1,655 vehicles exited. Based on the volume studies, the peak hour traffic and level of service were calculated for the two gates. The level of service during peak hours was determined to evaluate the existing traffic conditions on the university roads.
Integral university prospectus 2016 17 educationiconnect.com 786200478600007123
We provide university prospectus student can check all prospectus in any slide Integral university prospectus 2016 17 educationiconnect.com 7862004786 Integral university
The document summarizes the development of the Indian Highway Capacity Manual (Indo-HCM). It describes how the need for an Indian HCM was recognized and the CSIR-CRRI led a project to develop it in collaboration with seven academic institutes across India. The project was completed on time through regular monitoring. The Indo-HCM provides procedures to estimate capacity and level of service for various road types and intersections in India, and will help transportation planning and project evaluation.
This document describes a design thesis submitted to Gujarat Technological University for a multi-modal transit hub located at Gandhigram, Ahmedabad. The thesis was submitted by Nausheen Chhipa in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Architecture degree. It includes a certificate signed by the thesis committee members, an acknowledgment of those who assisted in the project, and an abstract providing an overview of the proposed transit hub and its integration of various transportation modes in Ahmedabad.
This document summarizes a workshop on rail research collaboration in Europe. It discusses several organizations involved in coordinating rail research, including RRUK in the UK, UIC's research coordination strategy, and ERRAC and its roadmap project. ERRAC has working groups focused on specific research priorities. The evaluation working group aims to identify factors to consider in European rail research and ensure market uptake of the research. Overall the document outlines existing structures for collaborative rail research across European countries and organizations.
This document provides an overview of the I-Corps program at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It discusses the goals of the program, which are to help scientists move ideas out of the lab and into the marketplace by teaching entrepreneurial skills like customer development. The summary discusses that over 57 teams have conducted over 6,300 customer interviews through the program. It also provides an example of a team that was able to pivot their focus based on customer feedback during I-Corps.
This project examines the impact of overland transport on logistics chain performance in Nigeria. It identifies the main modes of overland transport in Nigeria as road, rail, inland waterways and pipelines. It examines the factors contributing to the decline of railway transport and the problems affecting road transport and pipelines. The study recommends that infrastructure, vehicles and operations of all overland transport modes need to be improved to enhance logistics performance. An integrated multimodal transport system is needed along with development of rural transport.
This document summarizes presentations from an international workshop on roadside safety design and devices held in Milan, Italy. The workshop included sessions on assessment practices and safe systems approaches. In the first session, presenters discussed differences and similarities between various international test standards, including MASH, EN 1317, and British assessment processes. The second session introduced the safe systems approach, which aims to forgive human errors, and discussed real-world implications and guidelines for more forgiving roadside designs.
This document provides a summary of key factors to consider in the design and construction of bridge approaches. It discusses investigating foundation soil behavior, designing embankments and abutments, sequencing construction to minimize post-construction settlement, using approach slabs, and maintaining bridge approaches. The successful design requires collaboration among geotechnical, pavement, bridge, construction, and maintenance engineers. Foundation soil compressibility is a major cause of settlement that must be addressed through soil improvement or load transfer. Reinforced embankments and retaining walls can provide benefits over conventional earthfill. Abutment design considers structural loads, movements, and construction impacts. Approach slabs accommodate transitions between components.
This thesis compares the implementation effects of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) in Beijing and Shenzhen, China from 2010 to 2014 using a Pressure-States-Response evaluation framework. Quantitative data from national statistics are analyzed to evaluate indicators such as population density, transportation use, housing, and economic factors. The results found that both cities faced increasing development pressures, while Shenzhen performed better on indicators like income and land use. Beijing showed more progress on public transportation ridership. Government policies and investments impacted the outcomes. The study contributes to understanding how TOD can support sustainable urban development in rapidly growing Chinese cities.
The document summarizes a technical report on a traffic volume study conducted near Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study involved manual counting of vehicles at the AUST flyover junction to Shatrasta junction to determine traffic volumes, directional distribution, vehicle composition and flow fluctuations. Traffic volumes were calculated in 15 minute intervals and converted to passenger car units per hour. The results from the study can be used to control traffic at the intersection and suggest improvements such as road widening or increasing public transportation.
This document summarizes a study analyzing traffic flow characteristics on roads in PGIMER, Chandigarh, India. Traffic volume data was collected manually and via video recordings at the institute's two main gates over peak hours on weekdays. The data was analyzed to determine traffic composition, hourly and daily variations, and the capacity and level of service of the roads. It was found that the maximum traffic volumes occurred during morning and evening peak hours. The traffic consisted primarily of cars and two-wheelers. Capacity and level of service calculations showed deteriorating conditions during peaks with excessive delays and congestion. Recommendations were made to improve traffic flow.
Training report on railway structure at tata aldesaUtsav Tripathy
This document discusses a training report submitted by Utsav Tiwari for their internship at Tata-Aldesa (JV) working on the construction of civil structures and tracks for the Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFCC) project in India. It provides background on the DFCC project, describes the materials, equipment, and construction processes used at the site, and outlines the results of laboratory tests performed on concrete, aggregates, and cement during the training period. The report aims to systematically document the execution of bridge construction based on Indian standards and considerations of safety, feasibility, and economy.
Final Presentation of Sichuan University's Global Urban Development Program class, which conducted a parallel exercise to Stanford University's Sustainable Urban Systems Project class. Presentation was given at Stanford University on May 31, 2016. Slides provided courtesy of Sichuan University.
Final Presentation of Sichuan University's Global Urban Development Program class, which worked in parallel to Stanford's SUS Project class in the 2015-16 academic year.
Alternative Solution on Kiwale Phata to Aundh BRTS RouteIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of an alternative route proposal for the Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) between Kiwale phata and Aundh in Pune, India. It describes the current issues with congestion and lack of safety at the bus stops. The document then reviews literature on road safety audits and definitions of Bus Rapid Transit systems. It analyzes passenger capacity units and factors affecting traffic flow. Finally, it presents case studies of the specific issues at Kiwale phata and Aundh bus stops and provides recommendations to improve safety and traffic flow along the proposed BRTS route.
The document discusses the history and development of electrical engineering. It notes that William Gilbert, who designed the versorium device to detect static electricity, was among the first electrical engineers. It also mentions that Cornell University and MIT first offered bachelor's degrees in electrical engineering. Darmstadt University of Technology established the first department of electrical engineering.
This document summarizes a study that compared how caregivers in different cultures make decisions about how their children travel to school. The study interviewed caregivers who lived within walking distance of two elementary schools in Austin, Texas. The interviews explored factors like the physical environment, household constraints, attitudes, and social/cultural influences that impacted whether children walked or took other forms of transportation to school. The findings could help inform population-specific programming and policies to encourage more children to walk or bike to school.
This document summarizes a project report on the construction of roads at the National Institute of Technology in Warangal, India. It was completed by five students under the guidance of a faculty member. The report discusses the importance of roads for economic development and transportation. It provides an overview of the types of roads in India and the current status of the national highway system. It also describes the phases of road construction, materials used, equipment involved, and project management tools applied to the road projects at NIT Warangal.
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This document provides an overview of fault tree analysis (FTA):
1. FTA is a graphic method to identify the causes of failures or negative events in a system. It uses deductive reasoning to break down a negative event into its potential causes.
2. An FTA diagram uses symbols like rectangles, circles, and gates to represent events and their relationships. The analysis involves defining the negative event, understanding the system, constructing the tree, validating it, and evaluating alternatives.
3. The primary benefits of FTA are the meaningful data it produces to evaluate and improve system reliability. A limitation is that all significant failure contributors must be anticipated.
Guidelines for Incident Commanders- Final ReportFFPE Use in Chemical Agent VaporSiti Mastura
This document provides 3 levels of guidelines for incident commanders on the use of firefighter protective equipment during chemical agent rescue operations:
1. General guidelines provide maximum rescue time of 30 minutes for known living victims using standard turnout gear and SCBA, and 3 minutes for reconnaissance in unknown environments.
2. Representative exposure scenarios and test results in tables/graphs show protective performance of equipment in chemical environments.
3. Recommendations to reduce exposure time and agent concentrations, improve equipment, conduct pre-incident planning, and train responders to mitigate risks during rescue operations.
jurnal of occupational safety and healthSiti Mastura
The document summarizes an ergonomic study to optimize the design of a printing workstation. 4 factors were considered: the horizontal distance between the machine and worker (A), the vertical height of the work table (B), the vertical attitude of the material box (C), and the angle of the material box slope (D). The study used factorial experiments and response surface methodology to evaluate configurations based on 4 performance measures: cycle time, metabolic energy expenditure, worker posture, and lifting limitations. The results showed an optimized configuration (1121) reduced cycle time by 17.5% compared to the initial design, demonstrating how ergonomic optimization can improve productivity and working conditions.
The document describes several key microbiology techniques: 1) Aseptic technique for preventing contamination when transferring bacteria or collecting specimens. 2) Using inoculating loops to transfer bacterial colonies while flaming the loop to sterilize it. 3) Creating bacterial smears on slides by spreading suspensions to make thin films for staining. 4) Heat fixation to adhere bacteria to slides before staining. 5) Streaking loops of bacteria on agar plates to isolate single colonies.
Requirement and Technical Standard for Non Convention Cargo Siti Mastura
This document outlines technical requirements and standards for non-conventional cargo ships pertaining to safety, construction, radio, life saving appliances, and navigational aids. It includes 10 chapters that cover general provisions, inspections and surveys, construction and equipment, stability requirements, machinery installation, electrical installations, fire protection and extinction, life saving appliances, radio installations, and navigational equipment. The document provides definitions for key terms and sets minimum requirements for ships to obtain necessary certificates.
This document provides an overview of fault tree analysis, including its origins in 1962 for the US Air Force, how it is a graphical model of pathways leading to an undesirable loss event using logic symbols, and some key steps and rules in developing a fault tree analysis. It defines important terms like fault, failure, primary and secondary failures. It also illustrates some common logic symbols used and provides examples of potential top events to analyze.
Japanese Encephalitis is a mosquito-borne viral disease that affects the central nervous system. It is caused by the Japanese Encephalitis virus and transmitted via Culex mosquitoes. The virus is maintained in birds and pigs, which serve as amplifying hosts. While humans are incidental hosts, the disease can cause serious neurological illness. The document provides guidelines on the epidemiology, diagnosis, management, and prevention of Japanese Encephalitis in India.
This document presents a mathematical model of the spread of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) that couples SIRS models for the disease in both the reservoir population and human population. The model classifies populations into susceptible, infected, and removed classes. It derives equations to describe the dynamics and calculates the basic reproductive rate R0. The model shows that unlike other models, loss of immunity in this system is independent of exposure rate. It suggests passive immunization at recurrent intervals as the best control strategy to eradicate the disease.
Communication for behavioral impact(COMBI)Siti Mastura
The document describes a COMBI program in Malaysia to control dengue through community behavior change. The program was piloted in Hulu Langat, Selangor where most Aedes breeding occurred in semi-permanent water containers. 172 volunteers educated residents to check containers twice weekly and eliminate larvae. This reduced the Aedes Index from 5 to 0.96 over 16 weeks and dropped reported dengue cases in the area to 1. The COMBI approach successfully identified local breeding factors and engaged the community to potentially reduce disease transmission.
This document provides an overview of vector control in humanitarian emergencies. It describes the public health importance of vector-borne diseases among displaced populations, characterizes common disease vectors such as mosquitoes and flies, and defines approaches for developing context-appropriate vector control strategies. The document focuses on controlling vectors through methods like indoor residual spraying and larviciding, as well as safely monitoring vector control programs.
The nominal group technique (NGT) is a structured consensus-building process involving 4 steps: 1) individuals privately generate ideas in writing, 2) ideas are shared aloud and listed, 3) ideas are discussed one-by-one for clarity, and 4) ideas are ranked through anonymous voting to determine priorities. NGT encourages participation, prevents domination by any one person, and results in prioritized group recommendations. It is best used when gaining consensus from multiple stakeholders on priorities.
The document outlines Malaysia's need for a National Medicines Policy (NMP). The NMP aims to define long-term goals for the pharmaceutical sector through a framework agreed upon by public and private stakeholders. It identifies strategies to improve access to safe, effective medicines and promote their quality use. The NMP has 8 core components covering drug quality, availability, affordability, and appropriate use. It also supports human resource development, research, international cooperation, and coordinated implementation through 3-year action plans.
The document is the Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006-2010. Some of the key areas and goals covered in the plan include:
- Developing new sources of growth in agriculture through biotechnology, high-value crops, and agro-based industries.
- Promoting balanced regional development and reducing development disparities across states through initiatives like the Northern Development Corridor.
- Developing the distributive trade sector to provide one-stop shopping and strengthening consumer protection through legislation.
- Continuing efforts to enhance Bumiputera participation in the economy in areas like entrepreneurship, science and technology, franchising, and vendor development.
This document contains abstracts from master's theses conducted between 2001-2007 on topics related to community health in Malaysia. The first abstract examines mercury levels in the hair of 170 pregnant women in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. It finds the average mercury level was 3.41 μg/g and 17.1% of women had levels over 5 μg/g. Mercury levels were higher in women with greater fish and cuttlefish consumption. The second abstract studies health effects on 161 pesticide sprayers in oil palm plantations in Perak, Malaysia. It finds 95.7% reported health issues, most commonly respiratory (76.9%) and skin (73.9%) problems. Exposure to pesticides increased
This document discusses strategies for preventing and controlling dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and kala-azar in the WHO South-East Asia Region. It provides an overview of the disease situations, noting that dengue is endemic in most tropical countries in the region. Strategies for dengue include establishing surveillance systems, improving case management to reduce fatality rates, integrated vector management, and emergency response capacity. For kala-azar, the strategy is to progressively reduce the human reservoir through early detection, treatment and multi-pronged interventions including vector control. For Japanese encephalitis, the strategies include health education, long-term environmental measures for vector control, and immunizing populations at risk, especially children.
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1) The study evaluated neurobehavioral performance and subjective symptoms in 141 lead-exposed male workers in Malaysian battery factories.
2) Workers exposed to higher lead levels (≥40 μg/dl blood lead) performed worse on cognitive tests and reported more symptoms like weakness.
3) Test scores declined with increasing blood lead levels, showing effects on memory, concentration, and processing speed even at ≤30 μg/dl. The study found neurobehavioral tests could detect low-level lead toxicity.
This document provides an overview of a 2-day course on research methodology at GMI. The course covers literature review and selecting and defining a research problem. It discusses the purpose of literature review, how to carry out an effective literature review, and key aspects of selecting a research problem such as identifying variables and evaluating potential problems. The document is intended to help researchers better plan their studies and select appropriate research problems.
The document provides standards for Japanese encephalitis (JE) surveillance. JE is a mosquito-borne viral encephalitis prevalent in Asia that can cause fatal neurological damage. Surveillance is critical to characterize the disease epidemiology and burden, identify high-risk populations, and document the impact of control measures like vaccination. The standards recommend case definitions, types of surveillance including case-based reporting, minimum data elements, data analysis and uses to guide JE control policies and assess vaccination impact.
1) The study evaluated a rapid immunochromatographic assay for detecting anti-HEV IgM antibodies and found it to have 93% sensitivity and 100% specificity for diagnosing acute hepatitis E virus infection.
2) Japanese Encephalitis is a mosquito-borne viral infection that is a major cause of encephalitis in Asia. Pigs and birds help amplify and spread the virus, which is transmitted by Culex mosquitoes.
3) A study in southern Thailand found that between 1989-1990, Japanese Encephalitis virus was the primary cause of pediatric non-bacterial central nervous system infections in the region and was associated with significant morbidity and mortality. However, official reporting of cases by
Enhancing Adoption of AI in Agri-food: IntroductionCor Verdouw
Introduction to the Panel on: Pathways and Challenges: AI-Driven Technology in Agri-Food, AI4Food, University of Guelph
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2. T H E F A T A L I T Y I N D E X OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT (EXPRESS BUS) I N
MALAYSIA
By
Nursitihazlin Binti Ahmad Termida
This project report is submitted as part fulfilment for Master Degree of
Highway & Transport Engineering
November 2006
3. ii
Abstract of project report presented in fulfilment of the requirement for the Master
Degree of Engineering
T H E F A T A L I T Y I N D E X O F PUBLIC TRANSPORT (EXPRESS BUS) I N
MALAYSIA
By
NURSITIHAZLIN BINTI AHMAD TERMIDA
November 2006
Supervisor: Professor Ir. Dr. Radin Umar Bin Radin Sohadi
Faculty: Engineering
Until now, there is no research or study being conducted to establish the fatality
index of public transport in Malaysia especially for express buses. For now, we only
know the total accidents in our data storage involving public transport in Malaysia.
Hence, this study has been conducted to develop the safety index of public transport
(express bus) in Malaysia. It is important to know the safety index of public
transport (express bus) in this country as compared to other developed countries
since express bus is one of the main modes for long distance transportation in
Malaysia. Besides, when the fatality index is obtained in this study, it could be used
as a guideline or reference to improve the safety level of public transport (express
bus) in Malaysia. The data analysis in this study is done using Mileage Deaths Rate
Method (MDR) and the measurement unit is in passenger kilometres travelled (PKT).
Thus, the fatality index is stated as per billion PKT which has been used by
Department for Transport of United Kingdom. In this study, the fatality index of
public transport (express buses) in Malaysia is 0.000009 per billion PKT as
4. Ill
c o m p a r e d to t h e fatality i n d e x in t h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m w h i c h is 0.4 per billion P K T
for the year 2005. It s h o w s that t h e u s e o f e x p r e s s b u s e s in M a l a y s i a is m u c h s a f e r
than the United K i n g d o m .
5. iv
Abstrak laporan projek dikemukakan sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk Ijazah
Master Kejuruteraan
INDEKS K E M A T I A N B A G I P E N G A N G K U T A N A W A M (BAS EKSPRES) D I
MALAYSIA
Oleh
NURSITIHAZLIN BINTI AHMAD TERMIDA
November 2006
Penyelia: Profesor Ir. Dr. Radin Umar Bin Radin Sohadi
Fakulti: Kejuruteraan
Kini belum ada kajian atau penyelidikan dijalankan untuk membuktikan indeks
kematian bagi pengangkutan awam di Malaysia terutamanya bas ekspres. Kita hanya
mengetahui jumlah kemalangan dalam data simpanan yang melibatkan pengangkutan
awam di Malaysia. Oleh hal yang demikian, kajian ini dijalankan untuk
membangunkan indeks keselamatan bagi pengangkutan awam (bas ekspres) di
Malaysia. Adalah amat penting untuk mengetahui indeks keselamatan pengangkutan
awam (bas ekspres) di negara ini berbanding dengan negara-negara maju yang lain
memandangkan bas ekspres merupakan mod pengangkutan jarak jauh yang utama di
Malaysia. Selain itu, setelah indeks kematian diperolehi dalam kajian ini, ia boleh
dijadikan sebagai panduan atau rujukan untuk pembaikan ke atas pengangkutan
awam (bas ekspres). Analisis data dalam kajian ini dilakukan menggunakan Kaedah
Mileage Deaths Rate (MDR) dan unit pengukuran adalah dalam Passenger
Kilometres Travelled (PKT). Oleh hal yang demikian, indeks kematian dinyatakan
sebagai per billion PKT seperti yang telah digunakan oleh Jabatan Pengangkutan di
6. United Kingdom. Dalam kajian ini. indeks kematian bagi pengangkutan asvam (bas
ekspres) di Malaysia ialah 0.000009 per billion PKT berbanding dengan indeks
kematian di United Kingdom iaitu 0.4 per billion PKT bagi tahun 2005. Ini
menunjukkan bahawa penggunaan bas ekspres di Malaysia jauh lebih selamat dari
penggunaan di United Kingdom.
7. vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The development of this project report required the cooperative effort of
many people. My deep appreciation goes to Prof. Ir. Dr. Radin Umar Bin Radin
Sohadi, my project supervisor who contributed in many important ways by giving
such a useful advice and guidance during this study.
I would like to thank all the management and staff in 40 local express buses
companies for their cooperation and kindness by giving me a permission to collect all
the related data and information for this study.
Much appreciation goes to Royal Malaysian Police (PDRM), Malaysian Road
Safety Department (JKJR), Malaysian Road Transport Department (JPJ) or
Commercial Vehicle Licensing Board (LPKP), who provides supporting related data
needed in this study.
I acknowledge and recognize the support of my family and friends especially
to Mr. Kamal Hidhir, who provided emotional support during this study and
preparation of this report.
8. vii
AUTHENTICATION
This project report entitle,
T H E F A T A L I T Y I N D E X O F P U B L I C T R A N S P O R T (EXPRESS BUS) I N
MALAYSIA
By
NURSITIHAZLIN BINTI AHMAD TERMIDA
Has been checked and authenticated by
Prof, Ir, Dr. Radin Umar Bin Radin Sohadi
Dr. Safry Kamal
Checked and authenticated by: Date:
II . i x • 1.0 o 6
(Prof. I r . D r . Radin Umar Ratlin Sohadi)
Project Supervisor
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date;
• /i • taoQ
(Dr. S ^ t f Kamal)
Project Examiner
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
9. Y111
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project report is based on my original work exccpt for
quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. 1 also declare that it
has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at UPM or
other institutions.
4
NURSITIHAZLIN BINTI AHMAD TERMIDA
Date: 17 NOVEMBER 2006
10. ix
T A B L E OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT ii
ABSTRAK iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi
AUTHENTICATION vii
DECLARATION viii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii
CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION 1
II LITERATURE REVIEW 12
Introduction 12
Three Common Measures on Fatality Rates 14
Mileage Deaths Rate (MDR) 15
Registered Deaths Rate (RDR) 16
Population Deaths Rate (PDR) 16
Fatality Index Measurement Units 18
Fatalities per Vehicle Kilometre of Exposure 18
Fatalities per Passenger Ki lometre of Exposure 19
Fatalities per Hour of Exposure 21
Fatalities per Number of Trips 21
Fatalities per Number of Participants 22
Fatalities per Population Regardless of Individual Exposure 22
Fatalities per Total Number of Accidents 22
Calculation of Fatality Index Using MDR Method 23
Calculation of Passenger Kilometres Travelled (PKT) 23
of Samples
Calculation of Average Passenger Kilometres Travelled 24
(PKT) in Year 2005
Calculation of Fatality Index 25
III METHODOLOGY 26
Research Design 26
Operational Framework 28
Subjects or Data Sources 30
Instrumentation 31
Data Analysis 32
Assumptions 33
11. X
Limitations 33
IV RESULTS 34
Introduction 34
Findings 35
Data Diagnostic 38
The Reliability of Kilometre Age Data 38
The Reliability of Passengers Data 39
The Reliability of Number of Trips Data 40
The Reliability of Vehicle Kilometres Travelled 40
(VKT) Data
Calculation of PKT 44
Calculation of Fatality Index 46
V DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION 51
VI RECOMMENDATIONS 54
REFERENCES 55
APPENDIX 57
Appendix A: Total Number of Express Buses Tables 57
Appendix B: Total Number of Trips Tables 70
Appendix C: Total Number of Passengers Tables 83
Appendix D: Total Kilometre Age Tables (Obtained from 94
Maintenance Log Book Records)
Appendix E: Total Kilometre Age Tables 104
Appendix F: Summary Table 114
12. XI
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1 Total Kilometre Age, Total Passengers. Total Number of Buses 36
and Total Number of Trips for Sample in 2005
Table 2 Number of Deaths for the Year 2005 and 2006 37
(January - February)
Table 3 Bus or Coach Users Casualties: Great Britain 2005 42
Table 4 Non-local Buses and Coaches Passenger Kilometres in Great 45
Britain
Table 5 All Casualties: By Road User Type and Severity, 48
1994 - 1998 Average, 1998 - 2005
Table 6 Passenger Casualty Rates by Mode: 1995 - 2004 50
Table 7 Total Number of Buses for Each Companies 57
Table 8 Total Number of Trips for Each Companies 70
Table 9 Total Number of Passengers for Each Companies 83
Table 10 Total Kilometres Age for Each Companies (Obtained From 94
Maintenace Log Book Records)
Table 11 Total Kilometres Age for Each Companies 104
Table 12 Summary 1 14
13. xii
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1 Vehicles Involved in Road Accidents in Year 2004 in Malaysia 4
Figure 2 Total Number of Accidents According to Bus Category From 7
Year 1998 to 2004 in Malaysia
Figure 3 Overall Operational Framework of Study 28
Figure 4 Modes of Travel in the United States of America 43
Figure 5 Passenger Fatality Rates by Each Mode in Great Britain, 52
1998 - 2 0 0 4
14. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ATSB Australian Transport Safety Bureau
DFT Department For Transport of United Kingdom
DOT Department Of Transport of United State
ETSB European Transport Safety Council
EU European Union
FHWA Federal Highway Administration of United State
HDCs Highly Developed Countries
IIHS Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
JKJR Malaysian Road Safety Department
JPJ Malaysian Road Transport Department
KLMT Kuala Lumpur Mass Transit
LPKP Malaysian Commercial Vehicle Licensing Board
MDR Mileage Deaths Rate
PDR Population Deaths Rate
PDRM Royal Malaysian Police
PKT Passenger Kilometres Travelled
PMT Passenger Miles Travelled
RDR Registered Deaths Rate
SI Standard International Measurement of Units
STS Scottish Transport Statistics
TRL Transport Research Laboratory
TSGB Transport Statistics Great Britain
UK United Kingdom
US United States of America
VKT Vehicle Kilometres Travelled
VMT Vehicle Miles Travelled
WHO World Health Organization
15. CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Public transportation industry in Malaysia is expanding to meet population's
demand which has increased year by year. Currently, buses, taxis, trains and
airplanes represent the major modes of public transportation in Malaysia. However,
the main mode of long distance transportation in Malaysia is express buses becausc it
is cheaper and affordable.
Types of Public Buses
There are two types of public buses in Malaysia which are express buses with
air conditioned and regular buses which are known as local buses. These two types
of buses are used to carry passengers from Kuala Lumpur to any major cities in
peninsula Malaysia. In East Malaysia, such as Sarawak and Sabah. these kind of
buses earn,' passengers between the major cities within their states through the local
road systems since there are no highways or expressways connecting them unlike in
peninsula Malaysia. The express buses with air conditioned are used as a research
subject in this study.
16. 2
Benefits of the Use of Public Transport
Public transport has its own importance to the country. Nowadays, many
countries agreed to introduce the use of public transportation among their citizens in
order to avoid congestions in major cities due to the presence of private vehicles.
According to the article of Integrated Urban Transportation System by
KLMT (2005), Kuala Lumpur is one of the most car-dependent cities in the world.
Public transportation in this city of nearly two million people comprises only 20
percent of total motorized travel as compared to 62 percent in Manila, with the total
population of 10.2 million and 80 percent in Hong Kong, with the total population of
6.5 million. As a result, the road congestions and street-level pollution in Kuala
Lumpur have increased.
Nowadays, one of the integrated transportation strategies to address the
issues of urban congestions and environmental concerns are to promote the use of
public transport. Therefore, it is important to improve the public transport systems in
Malaysia in order to encourage people to use the public transport instead of using the
private vehicles for their own safety and other related health and environmental
hazards.
17. 3
Public transportation also offers the largest opportunity and the most
efficient means for making major strides in environmental quality awareness without
involving direct government regulations, especially as seen in the urban and densely
populated suburban areas with the worst pollution.
Shapiro et al. (2002) found that, the direct environmental benefits of public
transportation come primarily from two factors. Firstly, public transportation systems
burn less fuel on a per person/ per mile basis and therefore produce less pollution.
Secondly, the diesel fuel and electrical power used in public transportation systems
are less polluting, unit-by-unit, as compared to the use of gasoline in most private
automobiles, SUVs, and light trucks.
Other benefits from the use of public transport such as buses and rail
facilities are reducing overall travel fatality risk compared to the use of autos or
private vehicles. This has been agreed by Halperin (1993) where the individual
interested in reducing travel risk will use surface mass transport. The society
interested in reducing overall travel fatality risk, will encourage the making and use
of buses and rail facilities, and discourage the building of new roadways or the
increased use of autos.
Hence, in view of the need of a safe transport system, it is important to
maintain and enhance this mode of passenger transport. Due to this, the study must
18. 4
be done to develop the safety index of public transportation (express buses) in
Malaysia since the accidents involving express buses in this country is on the rise.
By knowing the safety index of public transport (express buses), it can attract more
passengers to use the public transport. If the results obtained in this study is better
than the safety index in developed countries, this will give more advantage and
confidence to the passengers to switch over to the use of public transport.
According to the Malaysian Road Safety Department ( J K J R ) Director,
Suret Singh (2005), in Malaysia accidents involving express buses reached an
unprecedented average of 406 cases a month in 2004. Bus accident figures rose from
1,963 in 2003 to 4,874 in 2004. Based on the source from the Royal Malaysian
Police (PDRM 2005), the total number of accidents involving express buses
increased almost 2.5 times from 2003 to 2004. In the year 2004, accidents involving
buses contributed 2.2 percent of total accidents (Figure I) in Malaysia (JKJR 2005,
2006). This is a worrying phenomenon since express bus is the main mode of long
distance transportation in Malaysia.
V e h i c l e s I n v o l v e d In R o a d Accidents Motorcar. 373,536,
69.8%
Motorcycle. 98,87!
fi.3%
Goods Vehicle
44,859, 8 4%
Taxi. 6,875,13%
Bus, 11,959, 22%
Figure 1: Vehicles involved in road accidents in the year 2004 in Malaysia.
19. 5
Fatality Index
There are many types of road accidents and one of them is fatal accident.
Fatality is defined as a person who is killed and killed is defined as casualties. These
casualties sustained injuries which caused death less than 30 days after the accident
(TSGB 2005). According to Oxford Minidictionary 3rd Edition (Hawkins 2004),
index is defined as a figure indicating the current level of prices and etc. compared to
a previous level. In this study, the fatality index of public transport (express buses)
in Malaysia is obtained in comparison to other developed countries.
Based on Asian Road Safety Conference Report, fatality index is the number
of deaths per road accident (Radin Umar 1993). It shows how much better or worse
the vehicle's death rate in the year's analyzed (IIHS 1994). In this study, the chosen
unit for the fatality index of public transport (express buses) in Malaysia is passenger
kilometres travelled (PKT) or passenger miles travelled (PMT). This is because the
PKT unit is suitable to measure fatality index of public transport (express buses)
which is known as public transit and this has been agreed by the Federal Highway
Administration of the United States (FHWA 2005). Transit travel is measured by
passenger miles travelled (PMT), the total number of miles travelled by passengers in
transit vehicles.
20. 6
The benefits from this fatality index comparison are the establishment of
targets to aim for as a guideline to improve the current facilities. In order to select
achievable targets in long term, it must be compared with developed countries such
as United Kingdom, Australia, United States of America and others. This is because,
the developed countries known for the lowest fatality rates in the world compared to
the developing countries in Asian Region including Malaysia. Based on the state of
World Health Report by World Health Organization ( W H O 1995), external causes
such as accidents and violence accounted for about 4 million deaths, or some 8
percent of the total, again mostly among adults. Developing countries have nearly
four times the number of deaths from these causes compared to the developed world.
The developed country chosen as a comparison in this study is United
Kingdom. According to Road Safety Minister of Great Britain, Stephen Ladyman,
Britain has one of the best safety records in the world with a substantial drop in the
number of people who died on Britain's road (DFT 2005).
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Until now, there is no research or study being conducted to establish the
fatality index of public transport (express buses) in Malaysia. Due to this, the entire
Malaysian citizens did not know how safe the express buses in their country are
compared to other developed countries. The improvement on public transport
21. 7
(express buses) in Malaysia should be given more attention and the fatality index
obtained in this study could be used as a guideline or reference. Presently, the
available data storage being kept by the Royal Malaysian Police (PDRM 2005)
shows only the total number of accidents and deaths exclusive of the safety index
especially for express buses (Figure 2) and there is an increase in the total number of
accidents involving express buses each year (Nor'aishah 2005). Hence, in-depth
study needs to be done to develop the safety index for any travel modes in Malaysia
in order to gauge how much better or worse the vehicle's death rates were in the
year's analyzed.
T O T A L N U M B E R OF A C C I D E N T S A C C O R D I N G
T O B U S C A T E G O R Y (1998 - 2004)
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Year
• s t a g e d bus • mini bus • s c h o o l bus • factory bus • e x p r e s s bus
Figure 2: Total number of accidents according to bus category from year 1998 to
2004 in Malaysia.
22. g
RESEARCH QUESTION
Based on this research title, there are two research questions needed to be
answered at the end of this study as follows:
i) What is the fatality index of public transport (express buses) in Malaysia?
ii) How safe the public transport (express buses) in Malaysia as compared to
other developed countries?
OBJECTIVE
There is only one main objective in this research that needs to be achieved,
which is:
i) To establish the fatality index of public transport (express buses) in
Malaysia.
23. 9
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
There are many importances of this study and the main one is to
develop the safety index by establishing fatality index of public transport (express
buses) in Malaysia and compares it to other developed countries. As such, the
actions can be done in upgrading and improving the safety level of public transport
(express buses) in Malaysia if the fatality index shows the negative results as
compared to other developed countries. Besides, in future, the public transport can
be one of the most important solutions to decrease the traffic congestions and street-
level pollution especially in urban and major cities in Malaysia. This has been done
by developed countries such as the United states of America. Their citizens have
realized the importance of public transports role in their countries. So it is important
to develop the safety and fatality index in order to encourage people using express
buses rather than private vehicles.
Since there has been no study being done regarding this topic, the findings in
this study which is to establish the fatality index of public transport (express buses)
in Malaysia could be used as a reference or a guideline for any researchers to expand
the use of fatality index in their study for more details in future.
24. 10
SCOPE OF STUDY
There are some limitations that need to be followed in this study. This study
is only limited for public transport which focuses on express buses in Malaysia. The
fatality index obtained from this study is to be taken for comparasion purposes with
other developed countries such as the United Kingdom. The data obtained and used
in this study is only for the year 2005.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Fatality According to TSGB (2005), fatality defines as a person who
is killed and killed defines as casualties who sustained injuries which caused
death less than 30 days after the accident.
2. Index According to Oxford Minidictionary 3rd Edition (Hawkins
2004), Index defines as a figure indicating the current level of prices and
etc. compared to the previous level. In this study, the fatality index of public
transport in Malaysia obtained is compared to other developed countries.
3. Fatality index According to Asian Road Safety Conference Report (Radin
Umar 1993), fatality index is the number of deaths per road accident. In this