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This document summarizes research on the origin and distribution of hydrocarbons in salt domes. Some key findings include: - Hydrocarbons are naturally occurring in salt rocks but are heterogeneously distributed in localized streaks and clouds. - They are only found along grain boundaries, healed fractures, or within anhydrite capillaries connected to boundaries. - Their origin is both intrasaline (naturally occurring within the salt) and from external source sediments like the Stassfurt carbonate. - Deformation experiments on salt rocks show that fluids are confined to very limited zones and do not interconnect through the rock, indicating salt is hydraulically tight outside zones of extensive deformation.
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This document summarizes and provides commentary on the paper "Deformation assisted fluid percolation in salt" by Ghanbarzadeh et al. It notes that while the paper presents interesting observations, the experimental samples and conditions do not realistically represent natural rock salt. It questions whether the proposed dihedral angle threshold for permeability is valid given experimental uncertainties. The document concludes that salt's low permeability is adequately explained by existing geomechanical criteria, and the paper does not undermine the integrity of salt as a potential nuclear waste repository host rock.
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06b PFLOTRAN-RepoTREND Code Inter-comparison: Inter-comparison Plan & First P...
14 Radiological Consequences Analysis for a HLW Repository in Bedded Salt in ...
14 Radiological Consequences Analysis for a HLW Repository in Bedded Salt in ...
20 EPA Review of DOE’s 2014 Compliance Recertification Application for WIPP
20 EPA Review of DOE’s 2014 Compliance Recertification Application for WIPP
24 Actinide and brine chemistry in salt repositories: Updates from ABC Salt (V)
24 Actinide and brine chemistry in salt repositories: Updates from ABC Salt (V)
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Microscopic studies of rock salt samples from the Gorleben salt dome in Germany show hydrocarbons are distributed heterogeneously, appearing as streaks, clouds, and isolated clusters located along halite and anhydrite crystal boundaries, in microcracks from drilling, in anhydrite crystal tubes, and rarely in porous salt. Analysis of 210 salt samples found most contained less than 1 part per million hydrocarbons, with a few outliers up to 0.04% hydrocarbons. Biomarker analysis indicates the hydrocarbons originated from thermal alteration of organic matter in nearby carbonate rocks, migrated into the salt fractures and pores during uprise, and were subsequently trapped during deformation and healing of the salt.
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The study assessed mercury pollution in soils along the banks of the Jala and Spreča Rivers in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Mercury content was measured at various sampling points. The highest level of 3,864 mg/kg was found near a former chlor-alkali electrolysis plant. Levels generally decreased with distance from the plant but remained above regulatory limits. Various factors indicated soils downstream from the plant were moderately to extremely polluted by mercury, likely due to wastewater discharge and flooding. The contaminated soils pose risks if used for agriculture.
Nutrient loads and heavy metals assessment along sosiani river, kenya.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed nutrient loads and heavy metal levels along the Sosiani River in Kenya. Water, soil, and sediment samples were collected from 5 sites along the river and analyzed for nitrates, phosphates, and heavy metals. Nitrate and phosphate levels were found to be below recommended limits. However, concentrations of heavy metals like iron, lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper exceeded Kenyan standards, with zinc levels above WHO standards for drinking water. The study concluded that the river water is not safe for domestic use due to heavy metal contamination.
Session 8 02 a.d. sklodowska
This document discusses using refractory sandstone ores and waste as alternative sources of uranium in Poland. It describes how uranium exploration was historically conducted in southwest Poland and how biotechnology can be used to extract uranium and other rare elements from waste. The document outlines studies that showed organic compounds in shale are the main carriers of uranium in certain deposits. It also details how microbial consortia were isolated that are able to leach uranium from ores and wastes under neutral and acidic conditions, extracting up to 95% of the uranium content. The document concludes by discussing different "green" nanosynthesis methods using fungi, bacteria and plants to produce metal nanoparticles.
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This document discusses using refractory sandstone ores and waste as alternative sources of uranium in Poland. It describes how uranium exploration was previously conducted in the region. Biotechnology offers possibilities to extract uranium as a byproduct from other rare element recovery processes. Studies show that organic compounds in shale and sandstone conglomerates are the main carriers of uranium in the region's deposits. The document also examines concentrations of various elements in the deposits and losses during processing. Microbial consortia have been isolated that are able to leach uranium from ores and wastes under neutral and acidic conditions, extracting up to 95% of uranium. "Green" biosynthesis using microbes is presented as an environmentally friendly method of extracting
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This study examined how pH and redox potential (Eh) influence the leaching of mercury from mining waste materials. Laboratory experiments were conducted by varying the pH from 2 to 12 and Eh under different gas purging conditions. Results showed that mercury concentration in leachates increased with rising pH until pH 10.65, above which it sharply decreased. The presence of iron significantly reduced mercury concentrations by 1/10th to 1/100th. Varying the Eh had little effect on mercury leaching, except when hydrogen peroxide was added to increase Eh, which sharply increased mercury levels. Alkaline and reduced conditions enhanced mercury solubility the most.
Effect of glycine as an impurity on the properties of Epsomite single crystals
Epsomite (MgSO4.7H2O) is a hydrogen bonded crystal having a wide range of applications in various fields. Pure and glycine added Epsomite (a total of six) single crystals have been grown and characterized in order to investigate the effect of glycine as an impurity on the properties of Epsomite crystals.The densities and lattice parameters observed indicate that the impurity molecules have entered into the crystal matrix. The grown crystals exhibit good optical transparency in the wavelength range 210-1100 nm. Second harmonic generation measurements indicate that they are nonlinear optically active. Results obtained through microhardness measurements follow the normal indentation size effect. Electrical (AC and DC) measurements indicate that all the six crystals grown in the present study exhibit a normal dielectric behavior and the electrical conduction is understood to be due to the protonic movement. Moreover, glycine addition is found to reduce εr value significantly indicating the possibility of Epsomite crystal becoming a low -εr value dielectric material.
ABSTRACT
This document summarizes a study investigating heavy metal removal from wastewater using sulfate-reducing bacteria in an inverse fluidized bed reactor at different pH levels. The key findings are:
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Metals accumulation and As releasing during interaction of clay and iron mine...
Metals accumulation and As releasing during interaction of clay and iron mine...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The soil and sediment samples with different content of metals and clay minerals were investigated during bioleaching. The increasing of clay and metal concentrations with decreasing particle size were found both in contaminated soil and sediment. Heterotrophic bioleaching of the iron rich clay fractions from the soil and the sediment were evaluated for his effectiveness in the cycling of iron bound As by consuming organic nutrients. The treatment involved the use of the indigenous bacteria, whose activity was combined with the chelating strength of EDDS, SDS, Na4P2O7 and fertilizers. Heterotrophic bacteria caused decomposition of iron binding deposition as is adsorption on clay with followed dissolving of Fe mainly by the sediment bioleaching. The concentration of iron decreased by precipitation with As sorption after 19 days of sediment bioleaching. The Cu and Zn extraction was inhibited by bioleaching during the iron and arsenic dissolution and precipitation. By contrast, the additives 3mM Cu and 3mM Zn were applied into medium and thus affected the activity of soil resistant heterotrophic bacteria with followed increasing of the iron and arsenic extraction by the soil clay bioleaching. Therefore, this study confirmed the soil and sediment bioleaching in Fe or As releasing efficiency under different conditions regulated by indigenous bacteria. The bioleaching can be a suitable technology for As removal from the untreated soil and sediment by stimulation of the resistant bacteria activity. The separation of clays from the soil and sediment samples did not decreased of toxic element limits because clay and iron minerals coated on coarse silicate particles and the clay fraction is bearers of metals which contaminate the soil and sediment environment. 1992 sami-el-waer-1992
Technetium sorption by anionexchange resins, inorganic sorbents, natural minerals and rocks. Effect of radiation. Precipitstion of sulfide. Solubility of sulfide.
Trace Metals in Tidal Creeks Sediments: The Effects of Anthropogenic Inputs ...
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This document provides images and information from the 7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation held in September 2016. It includes:
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Assessment of heavy metal pollution in the cultivated area around mining. Tun...
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An Assignment On Biotechnological Methods In Pollution Abatement
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This document summarizes a study on the phytochemical-mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of the seaweed Sargassum ilicifolium. Key findings include:
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Preliminary findings on pb sorption characteristics of 2 tropical soils
Analytical work and Experiment protocol on Lead (Pb) sorption in 2 tropical soils. This works aims to elucidate on the role of aging time, and temperature on the fractionation of lead in these two tropical soils.
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This study assessed the phytoavailability of metals from contaminated mine soils using conventional extraction methods (EDTA, CaCl2) versus the DGT technique. Zinc phytoavailability was similarly estimated by all three methods, but lead phytoavailability estimates differed, possibly due to influences of soil organic matter content on DGT and cation exchange capacity on CaCl2 extraction. The DGT technique collected metals from both soil solution and weakly bound fractions, while extractions provided estimates based on metal fractions at equilibrium. For the soils studied, CaCl2 extraction seemed the most reliable for evaluating zinc and lead phytoavailability.
Poster Eurosoil
This study assessed the phytoavailability of metals from mine tailings using different techniques: conventional chemical extractions (EDTA, CaCl2), the DGT technique, and extraction by ryegrass. Samples were taken from gold and lead mine tailings and adjacent soils in France. Zn phytoavailability was similarly estimated by the three methods, but Pb phytoavailability estimates differed, possibly due to influences of soil organic matter content on DGT and cation exchange capacity on CaCl2 extraction. Overall, CaCl2 extraction was found to be the most reliable method for evaluating Zn and Pb phytoavailability in these soils.
Gac mac poster
This study aims to determine signatures in placer gold that indicate hypogene and supergene mineralization processes using trace element analysis via LA-ICP-MS. Samples from several placer deposits were analyzed for major and trace elements. Results show that hypogene gold retains distinct trace element signatures, while supergene gold precipitated by bacterial biofilms does not. Specifically at Prophet Mine, Australia, supergene gold rims on grains do not have clear signatures, likely due to heterogeneous inclusions, but tend to have lower base metals and higher chalcophile elements than hypogene cores. Trace elements like Fe, Se, Sb, Te, Pt, and Hg best differentiate sample populations and signatures.
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Nutrient loads and heavy metals assessment along sosiani river, kenya.
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Effect of glycine as an impurity on the properties of Epsomite single crystals
Effect of glycine as an impurity on the properties of Epsomite single crystals
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Metals accumulation and As releasing during interaction of clay and iron mine...
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Trace Metals in Tidal Creeks Sediments: The Effects of Anthropogenic Inputs ...
Sand2016 7915 c contributed images on template 081616
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43 international collaboration skb ebs task force overview jove-colon sand2...
This document summarizes work being done by the SKB Task Force related to modeling the engineered barrier system for a spent nuclear fuel repository. It discusses several tasks focused on thermomechanical modeling of bentonite clay buffer and backfill material using data from experiments at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory. The tasks aim to improve understanding and modeling of bentonite clay homogenization, water transport, gas transport, and the bentonite-rock interface using benchmarks from experiments. The ultimate goal is to better predict the long-term behavior of buffer/backfill materials under normal and abnormal conditions.
31 session corrosion of spent nuclear fuel canisters bryan sand2017 5541 pe
The document summarizes work related to corrosion of spent nuclear fuel canisters. It discusses experiments conducted at Sandia National Laboratories to study stress corrosion cracking of the canisters, including studies of brine stability, pitting damage quantification and the pit-to-crack transition process. It also outlines planned work for fiscal year 2018, including continued coupon tests under simulated storage conditions and microelectrochemical mapping of stressed samples to study the effects of stress on corrosion susceptibility.
27 task f fluid inclusion and movement in tight rocks wang sand2017-4132 pe...
Sandia National Laboratories researched fluid inclusion and movement in tight rocks. They used modeling and experiments to understand how fluid inclusions migrate under thermal gradients and how their shape and movement are affected by factors like inclusion size, thermal gradient, solubility, and permeability of the surrounding rock. Their goal is to better understand how fluids can move even in very tight rocks and how this movement may impact issues like waste isolation.
13 ensa enun 32 p rail cask transport tests start june 2017 mcconnell sand201...
Sandia National Laboratories and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory are conducting tests of a Spanish-designed spent nuclear fuel transport cask to collect data on stresses to the spent fuel during normal transport conditions. Tests will include transport by heavy-haul truck, ship, and rail in both the U.S. and Europe between June and August 2017. Instrumented mock fuel assemblies will collect strain and acceleration data during all transport stages and mode transfers. The data will help validate that spent fuel integrity is maintained during normal transport vibrations and impacts.
03 dry cask simulator experiments for cfd validation durbin sand2017 4330 c
Sandia National Laboratories conducted experiments using a Dry Cask Simulator (DCS) to validate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models for spent nuclear fuel storage cask thermal analyses. The DCS uses a scaled prototype boiling water reactor assembly inside a pressure vessel to simulate internal conditions of dry casks. Thermocouples measure temperature profiles under various decay heat and helium pressure conditions to model aboveground and belowground cask storage. Initial testing of the aboveground configuration showed good agreement between experimental temperature measurements and CFD simulations, within estimated uncertainties.
17 laboratory testing approach for intermediate scale borehole heater test mi...
Sandia National Laboratories is preparing to conduct laboratory testing and analysis related to an intermediate scale borehole heater test. The testing will involve analyzing rock core samples, gases, and brines before, during, and after the test to observe the effects of heating. Specific analyses will include measuring core properties like porosity and pore size, as well as analyzing gas and brine compositions through techniques like gas chromatography, ion chromatography, and ICP-MS. Preliminary brine analysis of three samples found them to have a Na-Mg-Cl composition typical of WIPP brines. The laboratory work aims to provide detailed data on material interactions and micro-mechanical processes during heating to inform long-term repository performance.
10 sfwst – disposal in argillite r&d barrier material degradation and int...
The document summarizes research being conducted by Sandia National Laboratories and Los Alamos National Laboratories on disposal of nuclear waste in deep geologic repositories. It discusses several modeling and experimental efforts, including reactive transport modeling to study the effects of decay heat on engineered barrier systems, clay interaction experiments to understand clay-metal interactions during corrosion of waste packages, and international collaborations on projects like FEBEX-DP to characterize the bentonite-concrete interface using X-ray computed tomography. It also summarizes preliminary thermodynamic modeling of steel corrosion and reactive transport modeling of the Closure Test Drift to simulate cement-water interactions.
07 international collaboration activities in disposal r and d relevance to r ...
1) The document discusses DOE's participation in various international R&D collaborations related to nuclear waste disposal, including projects in Switzerland, Sweden, Germany, China, and other countries.
2) These collaborations support the GDSA program by furthering scientific understanding of key disposal processes, improving process models, and providing data to validate GDSA models.
3) Specific collaborations discussed include the Mont Terri project, DECOVALEX, SKB task forces, and a planned HotBENT project, with details provided on how they contribute to modeling and understanding disposal system behavior.
59 an example of a regional geologic evaluation of argillite for disposal of ...
The document summarizes a regional geologic evaluation of the Pierre Shale formation for its potential to host a repository for high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel. The Pierre Shale has desirable properties like its depth, large extent, high clay content, and stable tectonic setting. The evaluation assesses available data on the formation's stratigraphy, hydrogeology, seismic activity, and other features to evaluate its suitability for long-term repository performance. The Pierre Shale is representative of clay-rich Cretaceous formations that warrant further review for a deep geologic repository.
51 update on the fifth worldwide review international approaches for nuclear ...
The document summarizes a recently released report on international approaches for nuclear waste disposal in geological formations. It describes the content of the report, which reviews the status of scientific and technical advances as of 2016 in nuclear waste disposal programs in 23 countries. It also provides information on how to access the full report online or from the websites listed. Finally, it briefly describes a workshop held in 2016 to discuss the report, noting that it involved participants from 12 countries who presented on waste disposal programs in 21 countries.
49 collaboration with swedish deep drilling project dobson lbnl
This document discusses collaboration between Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Uppsala University on the Swedish Deep Drilling Project (COSC). The COSC project aims to drill two deep boreholes (COSC-1 and COSC-2) to study geological structures and characterize basement rocks and hydrology. COSC-1 will drill through the Seve Nappe to study channel flow, reaching a depth of 2.5 km with 100% core recovery. Funded activities for COSC-1 include logging the borehole to detect flowing fractures, modeling fluid flow, analyzing microbial communities in fractures, characterizing water compositions, and studying fractured core samples.
46 collaboration with clausthal germany on coupled thm modeling rutqvist lbnl
This document summarizes a collaboration between Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Clausthal University on coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) modeling of salt. It discusses the TOUGH-FLAC and FLAC-TOUGH simulators, benchmarking results, improvements made to both codes, and an example collaboration project modeling heater tests at the Asse mine. The collaboration has improved salt THM modeling through code comparisons and jointly developing new constitutive models.
34 ciscc susceptibility and cgr testing sindelar srnl sti-2017-00323
1) Testing was conducted on teardrop-shaped samples of 304L stainless steel exposed to salt/dust mixtures to evaluate chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking (CISCC) susceptibility and crack growth rates (CGRs).
2) Visual indications of pitting and preliminary CGRs around 0.5 mm/year were observed. Additional testing is needed to better characterize cracking and the influence of sensitization.
3) Residual stresses from welding were identified as a potential driving force for CISCC in spent nuclear fuel canisters. Remote visual examination techniques may have limitations for cracking detection.
4) There is currently no consensus on an ASME code case for canister in-service inspection due to open questions around
33 residual stress simulation and experimental stress replication of mock up ...
This document discusses simulations and experiments related to residual stress and stress corrosion cracking in welded mock-ups. It summarizes residual stress simulations of circumferential and longitudinal welds using finite element analysis and compares results to experimental measurements. It also describes the design of four-point bend experiments using finite element simulations to replicate stress conditions and digital image correlation experiments to validate simulations. The purpose is to model stress corrosion cracking using multiphysics finite element analysis.
32 field test at maine yankee independent spent fuel storage instillation gor...
The document summarizes a field test being conducted at the Maine Yankee Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation to study chloride deposition and stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel canisters containing spent nuclear fuel. Small specimens will be placed in the air circulation vents of four dry storage canisters and monitored over time to evaluate environmental conditions and potential canister degradation. Analysis indicates the small amount of vent blockage caused by the specimens will not significantly impact temperatures or be considered an off-normal condition. The results are intended to help understand long-term aging of the canister material.
30 fe heater test at mont terri rutqvist lbnl
The document summarizes the Full-scale Emplacement (FE) Experiment being conducted at Mont Terri, Switzerland. The experiment involves heating three heaters embedded in a buffer of bentonite clay and surrounded by instrumented Opalinus clay host rock. The goals are to test the performance of a geological disposal system and monitor thermal, hydrological, mechanical, and chemical processes. International modeling teams are benchmarking models against experimental data. Initial modeling matches observed temperature and moisture profiles well using a reduced vapor diffusion coefficient. Continued monitoring and interpretive modeling will focus more on mechanical stresses developing from swelling and thermal effects over the multi-year experiment.
29 international collaboration in disposal research fs experiment at mont ter...
The document summarizes an experiment conducted at the Mont Terri rock laboratory in Switzerland to study the potential for leakage along faults intersecting an underground radioactive waste repository. The experiment involved injecting water into a borehole intersecting a fault to incrementally increase pressure and monitor permeability changes, seismic activity, and deformation. Seismic events up to magnitude -2.5 were observed during one injection stage when pressure exceeded the strength of the fault-damage zone interface. Analysis showed 75% of fault movement was aseismic and a large pressure drop preceded seismic slip events. Future work includes studying how distant earthquakes may impact fault permeability and long-term injection tests.
28 international collaboration in disposal research mont terri project birkho...
The Mont Terri Project is an international research project studying clay and shale formations for radioactive waste disposal. It provides access to an underground rock laboratory and experimental data from experiments addressing various factors important for disposal. Current and upcoming experiments include studies of thermomechanical-hydrological effects, bentonite and clay barrier performance, gas leakage, diffusion of radionuclides, and cement-clay interactions. The project recently celebrated its 20th anniversary and plans to expand the underground rock laboratory for new experiments.
27b potential hot bent collaboration zheng v0 lbnl
The document discusses a potential collaboration called HotBENT to conduct a joint experiment at the Grimsel Test Site to evaluate the behavior of clay buffers at temperatures of 150-200°C. The experiment would provide data on clay properties at high temperatures that are limited in current models. Partners like NAGRA are interested to justify higher design temperatures that reduce costs and to ensure most of the clay buffer remains intact. A proposed experiment involves placing bentonite in the old FEBEX tunnel at Grimsel up to 200°C to study moisture transport and swelling properties over 5 years.
27a febex dp collaboration overview and related sfwst r and d activities zhen...
The document summarizes research from the FEBEX-DP collaboration studying the full-scale FEBEX bentonite experiment located in Grimsel, Switzerland. It discusses characterization of the bentonite following dismantling of heater #2, including changes to density, water content, mineralogy, and pore water chemistry. THM and THMC models were developed and validated against experimental data to analyze thermal-hydrological-mechanical and chemical processes. Microstructural analysis using synchrotron X-ray microCT provided 3D characterization of the bentonite microstructure. Further work is focused on refining chemical models, analyzing gas evolution and microbial activity, and characterizing the bentonite-concrete interface.
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43 international collaboration skb ebs task force overview jove-colon sand2...
43 international collaboration skb ebs task force overview jove-colon sand2...
31 session corrosion of spent nuclear fuel canisters bryan sand2017 5541 pe
31 session corrosion of spent nuclear fuel canisters bryan sand2017 5541 pe
27 task f fluid inclusion and movement in tight rocks wang sand2017-4132 pe...
27 task f fluid inclusion and movement in tight rocks wang sand2017-4132 pe...
13 ensa enun 32 p rail cask transport tests start june 2017 mcconnell sand201...
13 ensa enun 32 p rail cask transport tests start june 2017 mcconnell sand201...
03 dry cask simulator experiments for cfd validation durbin sand2017 4330 c
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17 laboratory testing approach for intermediate scale borehole heater test mi...
17 laboratory testing approach for intermediate scale borehole heater test mi...
10 sfwst – disposal in argillite r&d barrier material degradation and int...
10 sfwst – disposal in argillite r&d barrier material degradation and int...
07 international collaboration activities in disposal r and d relevance to r ...
07 international collaboration activities in disposal r and d relevance to r ...
59 an example of a regional geologic evaluation of argillite for disposal of ...
59 an example of a regional geologic evaluation of argillite for disposal of ...
51 update on the fifth worldwide review international approaches for nuclear ...
51 update on the fifth worldwide review international approaches for nuclear ...
49 collaboration with swedish deep drilling project dobson lbnl
49 collaboration with swedish deep drilling project dobson lbnl
46 collaboration with clausthal germany on coupled thm modeling rutqvist lbnl
46 collaboration with clausthal germany on coupled thm modeling rutqvist lbnl
34 ciscc susceptibility and cgr testing sindelar srnl sti-2017-00323
34 ciscc susceptibility and cgr testing sindelar srnl sti-2017-00323
33 residual stress simulation and experimental stress replication of mock up ...
33 residual stress simulation and experimental stress replication of mock up ...
32 field test at maine yankee independent spent fuel storage instillation gor...
32 field test at maine yankee independent spent fuel storage instillation gor...
29 international collaboration in disposal research fs experiment at mont ter...
29 international collaboration in disposal research fs experiment at mont ter...
28 international collaboration in disposal research mont terri project birkho...
28 international collaboration in disposal research mont terri project birkho...
27b potential hot bent collaboration zheng v0 lbnl
27b potential hot bent collaboration zheng v0 lbnl
27a febex dp collaboration overview and related sfwst r and d activities zhen...
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24 hammer fluids
- 1. 1 Origin and microdistribution of fluids in salt domes Jörg Hammer, Gernold Zulauf Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) & University Frankfurt/Main Washington, DC September 7-9, 2016
- 2. 2 Distribution of hydrocarbons (excavations and boreholes, crosscut 1 east)
- 3. 3 Rare local streaks and clouds of hydrocarbons at Gorleben exploration mine N
- 4. 4 Rare local streaks and clouds of hydrocarbons at Gorleben exploration mine Large condensate patch in crosscut 1 west (eastern wall, 840 m- level) Q1W Q1W 02YEQ02/RB648 02YEQ02/RB778 Flashlight photo UV-photo
- 5. 5 content of hydrocarbons (crosscut 1 west)
- 6. 6 Hydrocarbons in drillings at Gorleben exploration mine Crosscut 1 West Displayed concentration of hydrocarbons = 401 CC >50 mg/kg < 1 mg/kg_ > 1 < 5 mg/kg_ > 5 < 50 mg/kg_
- 7. 7 Hydrocarbons at grain boundaries (z2HS1; “Knäuelsalz“) 100 µm 100 µm 100 µm 50 µm
- 8. 8 Hydrocarbons at grain boundaries (z2HS1; “Knäuelsalz“) 100 µm 100 µm Z = 480µm Z = 400µm Z = 115µm
- 9. 9 HC in anhydrite in halite rocks (z2HS1; “Knäuelsalz“) 100 µm200 µm 20 µm 50 µm LAS AF: AOTF = 458nm, 496nm, 633nm z = 20,14 µm UV-Mic. LEITZ-Filter D BP 355 nm to 425 nm; LP 460 nm Z = 5µm
- 10. 10 Key messages from HC studies in German salt diapirs • hydrocarbons are a natural occuring component of salt rocks • the distribution of the hydrocarbons within Gorleben salt is highly heterogeneus and only of local character (isolated streaks, clouds) • the hydrocarbons occur only along grain boundaries, healed (respectivly technical caused open) fissures or within capillaries of anhydrite with contact to grain boundaries • HC occur always together with intrasalinar brines • the origin of hydrocarbons (hc) is intrasalinary (autochthone hc) and from external sediments (allochthone hc) • organo-geochemical investigation of the hydrocarbons point to the Stassfurt carbonate (z2SK) as source rock
- 11. 11 Stassfurt carbonate (z2SK) as source rocks of HC
- 12. 12 Stassfurt carbonate (z2SK) as source rocks of HC
- 13. 13 The material tested vs. natural halite rocks Table salt: Grain sizes: 200 – 400 µm, Composition: analytical grade halite (99.9% pure) For each experiment, about 150 mg of halite and 7-15 mg of distilled water used 7 – 16 Vol.-% = brine filled porosity of the condensed material Natural rock salt (z2HS, Gorleben) polygonal and lobate halite grains Grain sizes: < 1 mm ... 10 mm Composition: > 90% Halite, anhydrite, polyhalite Water content lower 1 wt.-% The grain scale, grain shape and the water content is not realistic in experiments/modeling
- 14. 14 Halite rocks, Morsleben: microfabrics Foliation in halite, caused by a moderate grain-shape fabric Euhedral crystals replacing subhedral halite crystals Subgrains in halite Mertineit et al. (2015)
- 15. 15 Halite grain sizes and axial ratios of z2HS1 and z2HS2 samples Gorleben, 840 m-level Thiemeyer et al. (2016)
- 16. 16 3D visualisation of fluid-filled porosity Computertomography: visualisation of Ct-analyses by using VGStudio Thiemeyer et al. (2015)
- 17. 17 Hydrocarbons at grain boundaries (z2HS1; “Knäuelsalz“) 200 µm
- 18. 18 T = 345 °C ė = 10-7 s-1 eX = 120% σ1-σ3 (max) = 4,6 MPa
- 19. 19
- 20. 20 1 mm Hi = 1.5 mm X Y=Z Y=Z
- 21. 21 Boudinage of anhydrite. Note, the fluids are found only in a very limited zone around the anhydrite layer.
- 22. 22 Postkinematic discharge of fluids from anhydrite into halite in experimentally deformed sample Halite Anhydrite
- 23. 23 Conclusions from deformation experiments • Halite was deformed in the viscous deformation regime • The major deformation mechanisms in halite are solution-precipitation processes (fluid-assisted grain- boundary-migration recrystallization) and dislocation creep with subgrain formation • During thermomechanical experiments fluids on halite grain boundaries do not interconnect • Halite rocks out of the EDZ are hydraulically tight.