Two-level inverter control with type-1 and type-2 fuzzy logic-based space vector pulse-width modulation (PWM) method for induction motor drive (IMD) is presented in this paper. A new sampling time independent strategy with type-1 and type-2 fuzzy based methods are used in generating three phase duty ratios which are directly obtained without mathematical equations. The conventional method of space vector modulation (SVM) produces the duty ratios for the inverter which are sampling time dependent. However, in type-1 and type-2 fuzzy based space vector PWM algorithms, the three phases duty ratios generated are sampling time independent and with a new integrated dead-time insertion in SVM itself, can be implemented practically for any switching frequency. As the rule-base for Mamdani non-singleton interval type-1 and type-2 fuzzy inference systems are designed manually, with the expert knowledge of conventional space vector PWM, the duty ratios of the inverter are generated such that the performance of the IMD is improved. The simulation studies for aforementioned cases is performed in matrix laboratory (MATLAB) and experimental validation for the proposed space vector PWM algorithms is validated using real-time sacraetheologiae magister (STM) hardware with STM32F429I Cortex M4 processor for a 1 hp IMD.
Model Validation and Control of an In-Wheel DC Motor Prototype for Hybrid El...Scientific Review SR
In this paper, a mathematical model and a controller for a DC motor are developed for the
construction of an in-wheel motor. In-wheel motors can be used in hybrid electric vehicles to provide traction
force of front or rear wheels. The model identification is achieved using a simple and low cost data acquisition
system. An Arduino Uno embedded board system is used to collect data from sensors to a computer and for
control purposes. Data processing is performed using Matlab/Simulink. Validations of the devel oped
mathematical model and controller performance are carried out by comparing simulation and experimental results.
The results obtained show that the mathematical model is accurate enough to assist in speed controller design and
implementation.
In this paper, DTC is applied for two-level inverter fed IM drives based on neuronal hysteresis comparators and The Direct Torque Control (DTC) is known to produce quick and robust response in AC drive system. However, during steady state, torque, flux and current ripple. An improvement of electric drive system can be obtained using a DTC method based on ANNs which reduces the torque and flux ripples, the estimated the rotor speed using the KUBOTA observer method based on measurements of electrical quantities of the motor. The validity of the proposed methods is confirmed by the simulation results.The THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) of stator current, torque ripple and stator flux ripple are determined and compared with conventional DTC control scheme using Matlab/Simulink environment.
Hysteresis controllers (HC) are used to limit the torque and flux in the control band in conventional configuration of direct torque control (DTC) while in the space vector pulse width modulated (SVPWM) DTC, the HC are switched to PI or PID controllers. This paper presents a modern approach for the speed control applied on a DTC of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using the Cuckoo Search Optimization (CSO) algorithm in order to optimize the PI speed controller parameters of the outer loop and PID flux and torque controllers of the inner loop. The system is tested at no load and with a step change in load. The performance of the controllers is presented and the results of simulation indicate a very rapid dynamic response and the system achieves the steady state (SS.) in a very short time. Also it shows that both the SS. and dynamic performances are improved by applying of the CSO algorithm. The proposed DTC simulation model of the PMSM is presented using MATLAB / SIMULINK and capable of simulating both the steady-state and dynamic response. The CSO results are compared with another control strategy that incorporates fuzzy logic controller (FLC) with DTC.
OPTIMAL TORQUE RIPPLE CONTROL OF ASYNCHRONOUS DRIVE USING INTELLIGENT CONTROL...elelijjournal
The dynamic performance of an asynchronous machine when operated with cascaded Voltage Source Inverter using Space Vector Modulation (SVM) technique is presented in this paper. A classical model of Induction Motor Drive based on Direct Torque Control (DTC) method is considered which displays
appreciable run-time operation with very simple hysteresis control scheme. Direct control of the torque and flux variables is achieved by choosing suitable inverter voltage space vector from a lookup table. Under varying torque conditions the performance of the drive system is verified using MATLAB/Simulink software tool. The ripple content in the torque parameter is significant when traditional PI controller and Fuzzy approach are configured in the proposed system. Finally, by replacing the PI-Fuzzy controller with Hybrid Controller the torque ripple minimization can be achieved during no-load and loaded conditions.
Field-programmable gate array-based field-oriented control for permanent magn...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is a special type of synchronous electric motor that has many applications such as in the manufacturing industry of robots, self-propelled mechanisms, in the medical fiel. In this paper, the permanent magnet synchronous motor motor control structure according to the field-oriented control (FOC) algorithm will be implemented on the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) card. Function blocks in FOC algorithm for example PI controller, space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) algorithm will be integrated into individual itegrated circuit (Ics) then will be connected to form an IC with the function of implementing FOC algorithm. Furthermore, this algorithm will be used for powertrains using gallium nitride (GaN). GaN technology provides switching frequencies up to 100 kHz instead of the upper 2 to 20 kHz like insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) transistors. With GaN technology, it is possible to reduce switching losses as well as increase the efficiency of the power converter. The performance results will be verified through the typhoon hardware in the loop (HIL) device.
Transient response mitigation using type-2 fuzzy controller optimized by grey...IJECEIAES
Long high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission link is commonly used to transmit electrical energy via land or under-sea cable. The long HVDC avoids reactive power losses (RPL) and power stability problems (PSP). On the contrary, the RPL and PSP phenomena occur in long high voltage alternative current-link (HVAC) caused by the high reactive component in the HVAC-link. However, the HVDC produces a high and slow transient current response (TCR) on the high value of the up-ramp rate. Interval type-2 fuzzy (IT2F) control on converter-side HVDC is proposed to mitigate this TCR problem. The IT2F is optimized by grey wolf optimizer (GWO) to adjust input-output IT2F parameters optimally. The performance of IT2F-GWO is assessed by the minimum value of integral time squared error (ITSE), peak overshoot, and settling time of the TCR. The IT2FCGWO performance is validated by the performance of IT2F control that is optimized by genetic algorithm (IT2F-GA) and proportional integral (PI) controller. Simulation results show that the IT2F-GWO performs better with small ITSE, low peak overshoot, and shorter settling times than competing controllers.
Exploiting 2-Dimensional Source Correlation in Channel Decoding with Paramete...IJECEIAES
Traditionally, it is assumed that source coding is perfect and therefore, the redundancy of the source encoded bit-stream is zero. However, in reality, this is not the case as the existing source encoders are imperfect and yield residual redundancy at the output. The residual redundancy can be exploited by using Joint Source Channel Coding (JSCC) with Markov chain as the source. In several studies, the statistical knowledge of the sources has been assumed to be perfectly available at the receiver. Although the result was better in terms of the BER performance, practically, the source correlation knowledge were not always available at the receiver and thus, this could affect the reliability of the outcome. The source correlation on all rows and columns of the 2D sources were well exploited by using a modified BahlCocke-Jelinek-Raviv (BCJR) algorithm in the decoder. A parameter estimation technique was used jointly with the decoder to estimate the source correlation knowledge. Hence, this research aims to investigate the parameter estimation for 2D JSCC system which reflects a practical scenario where the source correlation knowledge are not always available. We compare the performance of the proposed joint decoding and estimation technique with the ideal 2D JSCC system with perfect knowledge of the source correlation knowledge. Simulation results reveal that our proposed coding scheme performs very close to the ideal 2D JSCC system.
Co-simulation of self-adjusting fuzzy PI controller for the robot with two-ax...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the co-simulation of the self-adjusting fuzzy PI controller to control a two-axes system. Each axis was driven by a permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM). The position and speed controller used the fuzzy PI algorithm with parameters adjusted by a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN). The vector control was applied to the decoupled effect of the PMLSM. The field programmable gate array (FPGA) was used to control both axes of the system. The very high-speed integrated circuit-hardware description language (VHDL) was developed in the Quartus II software environment, provided by Altera, to analyze and synthesize designs. Firstly, the mathematical model of PMLSM and fuzzy PI was introduced. Secondly, the RBFNN adjusted the knowledge base of the fuzzy PI. Thirdly, the motion trajectory was introduced for testing the control algorithm. Fourthly, the implementation of the controller based on FPGA with the FSM method and the structure of co-simulation between Matlab/Simulink and ModelSim were set up. Finally, discussion about the results proved the effectiveness of the control system, determining the exact position and trajectory of the XY axis system. This research was successful in implementing a two-motor controller within one chip.
Model Validation and Control of an In-Wheel DC Motor Prototype for Hybrid El...Scientific Review SR
In this paper, a mathematical model and a controller for a DC motor are developed for the
construction of an in-wheel motor. In-wheel motors can be used in hybrid electric vehicles to provide traction
force of front or rear wheels. The model identification is achieved using a simple and low cost data acquisition
system. An Arduino Uno embedded board system is used to collect data from sensors to a computer and for
control purposes. Data processing is performed using Matlab/Simulink. Validations of the devel oped
mathematical model and controller performance are carried out by comparing simulation and experimental results.
The results obtained show that the mathematical model is accurate enough to assist in speed controller design and
implementation.
In this paper, DTC is applied for two-level inverter fed IM drives based on neuronal hysteresis comparators and The Direct Torque Control (DTC) is known to produce quick and robust response in AC drive system. However, during steady state, torque, flux and current ripple. An improvement of electric drive system can be obtained using a DTC method based on ANNs which reduces the torque and flux ripples, the estimated the rotor speed using the KUBOTA observer method based on measurements of electrical quantities of the motor. The validity of the proposed methods is confirmed by the simulation results.The THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) of stator current, torque ripple and stator flux ripple are determined and compared with conventional DTC control scheme using Matlab/Simulink environment.
Hysteresis controllers (HC) are used to limit the torque and flux in the control band in conventional configuration of direct torque control (DTC) while in the space vector pulse width modulated (SVPWM) DTC, the HC are switched to PI or PID controllers. This paper presents a modern approach for the speed control applied on a DTC of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using the Cuckoo Search Optimization (CSO) algorithm in order to optimize the PI speed controller parameters of the outer loop and PID flux and torque controllers of the inner loop. The system is tested at no load and with a step change in load. The performance of the controllers is presented and the results of simulation indicate a very rapid dynamic response and the system achieves the steady state (SS.) in a very short time. Also it shows that both the SS. and dynamic performances are improved by applying of the CSO algorithm. The proposed DTC simulation model of the PMSM is presented using MATLAB / SIMULINK and capable of simulating both the steady-state and dynamic response. The CSO results are compared with another control strategy that incorporates fuzzy logic controller (FLC) with DTC.
OPTIMAL TORQUE RIPPLE CONTROL OF ASYNCHRONOUS DRIVE USING INTELLIGENT CONTROL...elelijjournal
The dynamic performance of an asynchronous machine when operated with cascaded Voltage Source Inverter using Space Vector Modulation (SVM) technique is presented in this paper. A classical model of Induction Motor Drive based on Direct Torque Control (DTC) method is considered which displays
appreciable run-time operation with very simple hysteresis control scheme. Direct control of the torque and flux variables is achieved by choosing suitable inverter voltage space vector from a lookup table. Under varying torque conditions the performance of the drive system is verified using MATLAB/Simulink software tool. The ripple content in the torque parameter is significant when traditional PI controller and Fuzzy approach are configured in the proposed system. Finally, by replacing the PI-Fuzzy controller with Hybrid Controller the torque ripple minimization can be achieved during no-load and loaded conditions.
Field-programmable gate array-based field-oriented control for permanent magn...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is a special type of synchronous electric motor that has many applications such as in the manufacturing industry of robots, self-propelled mechanisms, in the medical fiel. In this paper, the permanent magnet synchronous motor motor control structure according to the field-oriented control (FOC) algorithm will be implemented on the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) card. Function blocks in FOC algorithm for example PI controller, space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) algorithm will be integrated into individual itegrated circuit (Ics) then will be connected to form an IC with the function of implementing FOC algorithm. Furthermore, this algorithm will be used for powertrains using gallium nitride (GaN). GaN technology provides switching frequencies up to 100 kHz instead of the upper 2 to 20 kHz like insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) transistors. With GaN technology, it is possible to reduce switching losses as well as increase the efficiency of the power converter. The performance results will be verified through the typhoon hardware in the loop (HIL) device.
Transient response mitigation using type-2 fuzzy controller optimized by grey...IJECEIAES
Long high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission link is commonly used to transmit electrical energy via land or under-sea cable. The long HVDC avoids reactive power losses (RPL) and power stability problems (PSP). On the contrary, the RPL and PSP phenomena occur in long high voltage alternative current-link (HVAC) caused by the high reactive component in the HVAC-link. However, the HVDC produces a high and slow transient current response (TCR) on the high value of the up-ramp rate. Interval type-2 fuzzy (IT2F) control on converter-side HVDC is proposed to mitigate this TCR problem. The IT2F is optimized by grey wolf optimizer (GWO) to adjust input-output IT2F parameters optimally. The performance of IT2F-GWO is assessed by the minimum value of integral time squared error (ITSE), peak overshoot, and settling time of the TCR. The IT2FCGWO performance is validated by the performance of IT2F control that is optimized by genetic algorithm (IT2F-GA) and proportional integral (PI) controller. Simulation results show that the IT2F-GWO performs better with small ITSE, low peak overshoot, and shorter settling times than competing controllers.
Exploiting 2-Dimensional Source Correlation in Channel Decoding with Paramete...IJECEIAES
Traditionally, it is assumed that source coding is perfect and therefore, the redundancy of the source encoded bit-stream is zero. However, in reality, this is not the case as the existing source encoders are imperfect and yield residual redundancy at the output. The residual redundancy can be exploited by using Joint Source Channel Coding (JSCC) with Markov chain as the source. In several studies, the statistical knowledge of the sources has been assumed to be perfectly available at the receiver. Although the result was better in terms of the BER performance, practically, the source correlation knowledge were not always available at the receiver and thus, this could affect the reliability of the outcome. The source correlation on all rows and columns of the 2D sources were well exploited by using a modified BahlCocke-Jelinek-Raviv (BCJR) algorithm in the decoder. A parameter estimation technique was used jointly with the decoder to estimate the source correlation knowledge. Hence, this research aims to investigate the parameter estimation for 2D JSCC system which reflects a practical scenario where the source correlation knowledge are not always available. We compare the performance of the proposed joint decoding and estimation technique with the ideal 2D JSCC system with perfect knowledge of the source correlation knowledge. Simulation results reveal that our proposed coding scheme performs very close to the ideal 2D JSCC system.
Co-simulation of self-adjusting fuzzy PI controller for the robot with two-ax...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the co-simulation of the self-adjusting fuzzy PI controller to control a two-axes system. Each axis was driven by a permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM). The position and speed controller used the fuzzy PI algorithm with parameters adjusted by a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN). The vector control was applied to the decoupled effect of the PMLSM. The field programmable gate array (FPGA) was used to control both axes of the system. The very high-speed integrated circuit-hardware description language (VHDL) was developed in the Quartus II software environment, provided by Altera, to analyze and synthesize designs. Firstly, the mathematical model of PMLSM and fuzzy PI was introduced. Secondly, the RBFNN adjusted the knowledge base of the fuzzy PI. Thirdly, the motion trajectory was introduced for testing the control algorithm. Fourthly, the implementation of the controller based on FPGA with the FSM method and the structure of co-simulation between Matlab/Simulink and ModelSim were set up. Finally, discussion about the results proved the effectiveness of the control system, determining the exact position and trajectory of the XY axis system. This research was successful in implementing a two-motor controller within one chip.
Studies enhancement of transient stability by single machine infinite bus sys...nooriasukmaningtyas
Maintaining network synchronization is important to customer service. Low fluctuations cause voltage instability, non-synchronization in the power system or the problems in the electrical system disturbances, harmonics current and voltages inflation and contraction voltage. Proper tunning of the parameters of stabilizer is prime for validation of stabilizer. To overcome instability issues and get reinforcement found a lot of the techniques are developed to overcome instability problems and improve performance of power system. Genetic algorithm was applied to optimize parameters and suppress oscillation. The simulation of the robust composite capacitance system of an infinite single-machine bus was studied using MATLAB was used for optimization purpose. The critical time is an indication of the maximum possible time during which the error can pass in the system to obtain stability through the simulation. The effectiveness improvement has been shown in the system
Oscillatory Stability Prediction Using PSO Based Synchronizing and Damping To...journalBEEI
This paper presents the assessment of stability domains for the angle stability condition of the power system using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. An efficient optimization method using PSO for synchronizing torque coefficients Ksand damping torque coefficients Kd to identify the angle stability condition on multi-machine system. In order to accelerate the determination of angle stability, PSO is proposed to be implemented in this study. The application of the proposed algorithm has been justified as the most accurate with lower computation time as compared to other optimization techniques such as Evolutionary Programming (EP) and Artificial Immune System (AIS). Validation with respect to eigenvalues determination, Least Square (LS) method and minimum damping ratio ξmin confirmed that the proposed technique is feasible to solve the angle stability problems.
A Tactical Chaos based PWM Technique for Distortion Restraint and Power Spect...IJPEDS-IAES
The pulse width modulated voltage source inverters (PWM-VSI) dominate in the modern industrial environment. The conventional PWM methods are designed to have higher fundamental voltage, easy filtering and reduced total harmonic distortion (THD). There are number of clustered harmonics around the multiples of switching frequency in the output of conventional sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) and space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) inverters. This is due to their fixed switching frequency while the variable switching frequency makes the filtering very complex. Random carrier PWM (RCPWM) methods are the host of PWM methods, which use randomized carrier frequency and result in a harmonic profile with well distributed harmonic power (no harmonic possesses significant magnitude and hence no filtering is required). This paper proposes a chaos-based PWM (CPWM) strategy, which utilizes a chaotically changing switching frequency to spread the harmonics continuously to a wideband and to reduce the peak harmonics to a great extent. This can be an effective way to suppress the current harmonics and torque ripple in induction motor drives. The proposed CPWM scheme is simulated using MATLAB / SIMULINK software and implemented in three phase voltage source inverter (VSI) using field programmable gate array (FPGA).
CONTROL OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR WITH DOUBLE ANN MODEL BASED DTCcsandit
Direct torque control (DTC) is preferably control method on high performance control of induction motors due to its dvantages such as fast dynamic response, simple and robust control structure. However, high torque and current ripples are mostly faced problems in this control method. This paper presents artificial neural network (ANN) based approach to the DTC method to overcome mentioned problems. In the study, by taking a different perspective to ANN and DTC integration, two different ANN models have been designed, trained and implemented. The first ANN model has been used for switch selecting process and the second one has been used for sector determine process. Matlab/Simulink model of the proposed ANN based DTC method has created in order to compare with the conventional DTC and the proposed DTC
methods. The simulation studies have proved that the induction motor torque and current
ripples have been reduced remarkably with the proposed method and this approach can be a
good alternative to the conventional DTC method for induction motor control
2-DOF Block Pole Placement Control Application To: Have-DASH-IIBITT MissileZac Darcy
In a multivariable servomechanism design, it is required that the output vector tracks a certain reference
vector while satisfying some desired transient specifications, for this purpose a 2DOF control law
consisting of state feedback gain and feedforward scaling gain is proposed. The control law is designed
using block pole placement technique by assigning a set of desired Block poles in different canonical forms.
The resulting control is simulated for linearized model of the HAVE DASH II BTT missile; numerical
results are analyzed and compared in terms of transient response, gain magnitude, performance
robustness, stability robustness and tracking. The suitable structure for this case study is then selected.
2-DOF Block Pole Placement Control Application To: Have-DASH-IIBITT MissileZac Darcy
In a multivariable servomechanism design, it is required that the output vector tracks a certain reference
vector while satisfying some desired transient specifications, for this purpose a 2DOF control law
consisting of state feedback gain and feedforward scaling gain is proposed. The control law is designed
using block pole placement technique by assigning a set of desired Block poles in different canonical forms.
The resulting control is simulated for linearized model of the HAVE DASH II BTT missile; numerical
results are analyzed and compared in terms of transient response, gain magnitude, performance
robustness, stability robustness and tracking. The suitable structure for this case study is then selected.
Arm based automatic control system of nano positioning stage for micromanufac...csandit
A microcontroller based control system to drive the Physik Instrumente (PI )
piezoelectric ultrasonic nano-positioning (PUN) stage for a micro-factory has been
proposed by the author. The tuning parameters of the PI Line Controller are chosen
such that the PUN stage shows optimum step response. The microcontroller i.e.
LPC2478R provides the user with the choices of operations on the 3.2” QVGA LCD
screen and the choice can be made by a 5-key joystick. The PUN stage moves in
different geometrical patterns as chosen by the user. The stage is placed in the
workspace of the Clark-MXRR,Inc. CPA-2101 femto-second laser. Different patterns
are made on the material in question. As compared to the previous works in this area,
the user is given the power for position control, real time tracking, and trajectory
planning of the actuator. The user interface has been made very easy to comprehend.
The repeatability of tasks, portability of the as- sembly, the reduction in the size of the
system , power consumption and the human involvement are the major achievements
after the inclusion of a microcontroller.
ARM BASED AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM OF NANO POSITIONING STAGE FOR MICROMANUFAC...cscpconf
A microcontroller based control system to drive the Physik Instrumente (PI ) piezoelectric ultrasonic nano-positioning (PUN) stage for a micro-factory has beenproposed by the author. The tuning parameters of the PI Line Controller are chosen such that the PUN stage shows optimum step response. The microcontroller i.e.LPC2478R provides the user with the choices of operations on the 3.2” QVGA LCD screen and the choice can be made by a 5-key joystick. The PUN stage moves in different geometrical patterns as chosen by the user. The stage is placed in the workspace of the Clark-MXRR,Inc. CPA-2101 femto-second laser. Different patterns are made on the material in question. As compared to the previous works in this area,the user is given the power for position control, real time tracking, and trajectory planning of the actuator. The user interface has been made very easy to comprehend.The repeatability of tasks, portability of the as- sembly, the reduction in the size of the system , power consumption and the human involvement are the major achievements after the inclusion of a microcontroller.
Modeling & Simulation of PMSM Drives with Fuzzy Logic ControllerIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
2-DOF BLOCK POLE PLACEMENT CONTROL APPLICATION TO:HAVE-DASH-IIBTT MISSILEZac Darcy
In a multivariable servomechanism design, it is required that the output vector tracks a certain reference
vector while satisfying some desired transient specifications, for this purpose a 2DOF control law
consisting of state feedback gain and feedforward scaling gain is proposed. The control law is designed
using block pole placement technique by assigning a set of desired Block poles in different canonical forms.
The resulting control is simulated for linearized model of the HAVE DASH II BTT missile; numerical
results are analyzed and compared in terms of transient response, gain magnitude, performance
robustness, stability robustness and tracking. The suitable structure for this case study is then selected.
In this paper, a detail design and description of a predictive current control scheme are adopted for three-phase grid-connected two-level inverter and its application in wind energy conversion systems. Despite its advantages, the predictive current controller is very sensitive to parameter variations which could eventually affected on system stability. To solve this problem, an estimation technique proposed to identify the value of harmonic filter parameter based on Model reference adaptive system (MRAS). Lyapunov stability theory is selected to guarantee a robust adaptation and stable response over large system parameter variation. The simulation results shows the efficiency of the proposed techniques to improve the current tracking performance.
2.a neuro fuzzy based svpwm technique for pmsm (2)EditorJST
In the present scenario, static frequency converter based variable speed synchronous motors has
become very familiar and advantage to other drive system, especially low speed and high power applications.
Unlike the induction motor, the synchronous motor can be operated at variable power factor (leading, lagging
or unity) as desired. So, there is an increasing use of synchronous motors as adjustable speed drives. The PWM
technique is very useful to VSI drive for achieving efficient and smooth operation and free from torque
pulsations and cogging, lower volume and weight and provides a higher frequency range compared to CSI
drives. Even for voltage source inverter, the commutation circuit is not needed, if the self-extinguishing
switching devices are used. This paper proposes a concept of Neuro-fuzzy based control strategy which is used
for controlling the PMSM. The total work mainly concentrates on optimum control of PMSM with maximum
voltage utilization with less switching losses.
Radio-frequency circular integrated inductors sizing optimization using bio-...IJECEIAES
In this article, a comparative study is accomplished between three of the most used swarm intelligence (SI) techniques; namely artificial bee colony (ABC), ant colony optimization (ACO), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to carry out the optimal design of radio-frequency (RF) spiral inductors, the three algorithms are applied to the cost function of RF circular inductors for 180 nm beyond 2.50 GHz, the aim is to ensure optimal performance with less error in inductance, and a high-quality factor when compared to electromagnetic simulation. Simulation experiments are achieved and performances regarding convergence velocity, robustness, and computing time are checked. Also, this paper shows an impact study of technological parameters and geometric features on the inductance and the quality factor of the studied integrated inductor. The building method of constraints design with algorithms used has given good results and electromagnetic simulations are of good accuracy with an error of 2.31% and 4.15% on the quality factor and inductance respectively. The simulation shows that ACO provides more accuracy in circuit size and fewer errors than ABC and PSO, while PSO and ABC are better in terms of convergence velocity.
A new design of fuzzy logic controller optimized by PSO-SCSO applied to SFO-D...IJECEIAES
In this article, a new strategy for the design of fuzzy logic controllers (FLC) is proposed. This strategy is based on the optimization of the FLC, by the hybridization between the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) and the sine-cosine swarm optimization algorithm (SCSO), This new strategy is called FLC-PSCSO. The input-output gains and the geometric shapes of the triangular membership functions of the FLC are the objective functions to be optimized. The optimization of the latter is obtained by minimizing a cost function based on the combination of two criteria, the integral time absolute error (ITAE) and the integral absolute error (IAE). A comparison between the conventional FLC and the proposed FLC-PSCSO is made. The FLC optimized by PSCSO shows a remarkable improvement in the performance of the controlled induction motor.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BACKPROPAGATION ALGORITHMS IN NEURAL NETWORK BASED IDENT...ijcsit
This paper explores the application of artificial neural networks for online identification of a multimachine power system. A recurrent neural network has been proposed as the identifier of the two area, four machine system which is a benchmark system for studying electromechanical oscillations in multimachine power systems. This neural identifier is trained using the static Backpropagation algorithm. The emphasis of the paper is on investigating the performance of the variants of the Backpropagation algorithm in training the neural identifier. The paper also compares the performances of the neural identifiers trained using variants of the Backpropagation algorithm over a wide range of operating conditions. The simulation results establish a satisfactory performance of the trained neural identifiers in identification of the test power system.
This paper presents interval type-2 fuzzy logic (IT2FL) controller applied on a direct torque controlled (DTC) permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), using digital signal processing (DSP). The simulation of PMSM with space vector pulse widths modulation (SVPWM) inverter presented under several operating condition. To verify the simulation results a hard ware setup is prepared and tested at several operating conditions using dspace 1102 DSP model. The experimental and simulation results are in agreement and the torque dynamic response is very rapid and the system achieves the steady state in a very short time.
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Studies enhancement of transient stability by single machine infinite bus sys...nooriasukmaningtyas
Maintaining network synchronization is important to customer service. Low fluctuations cause voltage instability, non-synchronization in the power system or the problems in the electrical system disturbances, harmonics current and voltages inflation and contraction voltage. Proper tunning of the parameters of stabilizer is prime for validation of stabilizer. To overcome instability issues and get reinforcement found a lot of the techniques are developed to overcome instability problems and improve performance of power system. Genetic algorithm was applied to optimize parameters and suppress oscillation. The simulation of the robust composite capacitance system of an infinite single-machine bus was studied using MATLAB was used for optimization purpose. The critical time is an indication of the maximum possible time during which the error can pass in the system to obtain stability through the simulation. The effectiveness improvement has been shown in the system
Oscillatory Stability Prediction Using PSO Based Synchronizing and Damping To...journalBEEI
This paper presents the assessment of stability domains for the angle stability condition of the power system using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. An efficient optimization method using PSO for synchronizing torque coefficients Ksand damping torque coefficients Kd to identify the angle stability condition on multi-machine system. In order to accelerate the determination of angle stability, PSO is proposed to be implemented in this study. The application of the proposed algorithm has been justified as the most accurate with lower computation time as compared to other optimization techniques such as Evolutionary Programming (EP) and Artificial Immune System (AIS). Validation with respect to eigenvalues determination, Least Square (LS) method and minimum damping ratio ξmin confirmed that the proposed technique is feasible to solve the angle stability problems.
A Tactical Chaos based PWM Technique for Distortion Restraint and Power Spect...IJPEDS-IAES
The pulse width modulated voltage source inverters (PWM-VSI) dominate in the modern industrial environment. The conventional PWM methods are designed to have higher fundamental voltage, easy filtering and reduced total harmonic distortion (THD). There are number of clustered harmonics around the multiples of switching frequency in the output of conventional sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) and space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) inverters. This is due to their fixed switching frequency while the variable switching frequency makes the filtering very complex. Random carrier PWM (RCPWM) methods are the host of PWM methods, which use randomized carrier frequency and result in a harmonic profile with well distributed harmonic power (no harmonic possesses significant magnitude and hence no filtering is required). This paper proposes a chaos-based PWM (CPWM) strategy, which utilizes a chaotically changing switching frequency to spread the harmonics continuously to a wideband and to reduce the peak harmonics to a great extent. This can be an effective way to suppress the current harmonics and torque ripple in induction motor drives. The proposed CPWM scheme is simulated using MATLAB / SIMULINK software and implemented in three phase voltage source inverter (VSI) using field programmable gate array (FPGA).
CONTROL OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR WITH DOUBLE ANN MODEL BASED DTCcsandit
Direct torque control (DTC) is preferably control method on high performance control of induction motors due to its dvantages such as fast dynamic response, simple and robust control structure. However, high torque and current ripples are mostly faced problems in this control method. This paper presents artificial neural network (ANN) based approach to the DTC method to overcome mentioned problems. In the study, by taking a different perspective to ANN and DTC integration, two different ANN models have been designed, trained and implemented. The first ANN model has been used for switch selecting process and the second one has been used for sector determine process. Matlab/Simulink model of the proposed ANN based DTC method has created in order to compare with the conventional DTC and the proposed DTC
methods. The simulation studies have proved that the induction motor torque and current
ripples have been reduced remarkably with the proposed method and this approach can be a
good alternative to the conventional DTC method for induction motor control
2-DOF Block Pole Placement Control Application To: Have-DASH-IIBITT MissileZac Darcy
In a multivariable servomechanism design, it is required that the output vector tracks a certain reference
vector while satisfying some desired transient specifications, for this purpose a 2DOF control law
consisting of state feedback gain and feedforward scaling gain is proposed. The control law is designed
using block pole placement technique by assigning a set of desired Block poles in different canonical forms.
The resulting control is simulated for linearized model of the HAVE DASH II BTT missile; numerical
results are analyzed and compared in terms of transient response, gain magnitude, performance
robustness, stability robustness and tracking. The suitable structure for this case study is then selected.
2-DOF Block Pole Placement Control Application To: Have-DASH-IIBITT MissileZac Darcy
In a multivariable servomechanism design, it is required that the output vector tracks a certain reference
vector while satisfying some desired transient specifications, for this purpose a 2DOF control law
consisting of state feedback gain and feedforward scaling gain is proposed. The control law is designed
using block pole placement technique by assigning a set of desired Block poles in different canonical forms.
The resulting control is simulated for linearized model of the HAVE DASH II BTT missile; numerical
results are analyzed and compared in terms of transient response, gain magnitude, performance
robustness, stability robustness and tracking. The suitable structure for this case study is then selected.
Arm based automatic control system of nano positioning stage for micromanufac...csandit
A microcontroller based control system to drive the Physik Instrumente (PI )
piezoelectric ultrasonic nano-positioning (PUN) stage for a micro-factory has been
proposed by the author. The tuning parameters of the PI Line Controller are chosen
such that the PUN stage shows optimum step response. The microcontroller i.e.
LPC2478R provides the user with the choices of operations on the 3.2” QVGA LCD
screen and the choice can be made by a 5-key joystick. The PUN stage moves in
different geometrical patterns as chosen by the user. The stage is placed in the
workspace of the Clark-MXRR,Inc. CPA-2101 femto-second laser. Different patterns
are made on the material in question. As compared to the previous works in this area,
the user is given the power for position control, real time tracking, and trajectory
planning of the actuator. The user interface has been made very easy to comprehend.
The repeatability of tasks, portability of the as- sembly, the reduction in the size of the
system , power consumption and the human involvement are the major achievements
after the inclusion of a microcontroller.
ARM BASED AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM OF NANO POSITIONING STAGE FOR MICROMANUFAC...cscpconf
A microcontroller based control system to drive the Physik Instrumente (PI ) piezoelectric ultrasonic nano-positioning (PUN) stage for a micro-factory has beenproposed by the author. The tuning parameters of the PI Line Controller are chosen such that the PUN stage shows optimum step response. The microcontroller i.e.LPC2478R provides the user with the choices of operations on the 3.2” QVGA LCD screen and the choice can be made by a 5-key joystick. The PUN stage moves in different geometrical patterns as chosen by the user. The stage is placed in the workspace of the Clark-MXRR,Inc. CPA-2101 femto-second laser. Different patterns are made on the material in question. As compared to the previous works in this area,the user is given the power for position control, real time tracking, and trajectory planning of the actuator. The user interface has been made very easy to comprehend.The repeatability of tasks, portability of the as- sembly, the reduction in the size of the system , power consumption and the human involvement are the major achievements after the inclusion of a microcontroller.
Modeling & Simulation of PMSM Drives with Fuzzy Logic ControllerIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
2-DOF BLOCK POLE PLACEMENT CONTROL APPLICATION TO:HAVE-DASH-IIBTT MISSILEZac Darcy
In a multivariable servomechanism design, it is required that the output vector tracks a certain reference
vector while satisfying some desired transient specifications, for this purpose a 2DOF control law
consisting of state feedback gain and feedforward scaling gain is proposed. The control law is designed
using block pole placement technique by assigning a set of desired Block poles in different canonical forms.
The resulting control is simulated for linearized model of the HAVE DASH II BTT missile; numerical
results are analyzed and compared in terms of transient response, gain magnitude, performance
robustness, stability robustness and tracking. The suitable structure for this case study is then selected.
In this paper, a detail design and description of a predictive current control scheme are adopted for three-phase grid-connected two-level inverter and its application in wind energy conversion systems. Despite its advantages, the predictive current controller is very sensitive to parameter variations which could eventually affected on system stability. To solve this problem, an estimation technique proposed to identify the value of harmonic filter parameter based on Model reference adaptive system (MRAS). Lyapunov stability theory is selected to guarantee a robust adaptation and stable response over large system parameter variation. The simulation results shows the efficiency of the proposed techniques to improve the current tracking performance.
2.a neuro fuzzy based svpwm technique for pmsm (2)EditorJST
In the present scenario, static frequency converter based variable speed synchronous motors has
become very familiar and advantage to other drive system, especially low speed and high power applications.
Unlike the induction motor, the synchronous motor can be operated at variable power factor (leading, lagging
or unity) as desired. So, there is an increasing use of synchronous motors as adjustable speed drives. The PWM
technique is very useful to VSI drive for achieving efficient and smooth operation and free from torque
pulsations and cogging, lower volume and weight and provides a higher frequency range compared to CSI
drives. Even for voltage source inverter, the commutation circuit is not needed, if the self-extinguishing
switching devices are used. This paper proposes a concept of Neuro-fuzzy based control strategy which is used
for controlling the PMSM. The total work mainly concentrates on optimum control of PMSM with maximum
voltage utilization with less switching losses.
Radio-frequency circular integrated inductors sizing optimization using bio-...IJECEIAES
In this article, a comparative study is accomplished between three of the most used swarm intelligence (SI) techniques; namely artificial bee colony (ABC), ant colony optimization (ACO), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to carry out the optimal design of radio-frequency (RF) spiral inductors, the three algorithms are applied to the cost function of RF circular inductors for 180 nm beyond 2.50 GHz, the aim is to ensure optimal performance with less error in inductance, and a high-quality factor when compared to electromagnetic simulation. Simulation experiments are achieved and performances regarding convergence velocity, robustness, and computing time are checked. Also, this paper shows an impact study of technological parameters and geometric features on the inductance and the quality factor of the studied integrated inductor. The building method of constraints design with algorithms used has given good results and electromagnetic simulations are of good accuracy with an error of 2.31% and 4.15% on the quality factor and inductance respectively. The simulation shows that ACO provides more accuracy in circuit size and fewer errors than ABC and PSO, while PSO and ABC are better in terms of convergence velocity.
A new design of fuzzy logic controller optimized by PSO-SCSO applied to SFO-D...IJECEIAES
In this article, a new strategy for the design of fuzzy logic controllers (FLC) is proposed. This strategy is based on the optimization of the FLC, by the hybridization between the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) and the sine-cosine swarm optimization algorithm (SCSO), This new strategy is called FLC-PSCSO. The input-output gains and the geometric shapes of the triangular membership functions of the FLC are the objective functions to be optimized. The optimization of the latter is obtained by minimizing a cost function based on the combination of two criteria, the integral time absolute error (ITAE) and the integral absolute error (IAE). A comparison between the conventional FLC and the proposed FLC-PSCSO is made. The FLC optimized by PSCSO shows a remarkable improvement in the performance of the controlled induction motor.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BACKPROPAGATION ALGORITHMS IN NEURAL NETWORK BASED IDENT...ijcsit
This paper explores the application of artificial neural networks for online identification of a multimachine power system. A recurrent neural network has been proposed as the identifier of the two area, four machine system which is a benchmark system for studying electromechanical oscillations in multimachine power systems. This neural identifier is trained using the static Backpropagation algorithm. The emphasis of the paper is on investigating the performance of the variants of the Backpropagation algorithm in training the neural identifier. The paper also compares the performances of the neural identifiers trained using variants of the Backpropagation algorithm over a wide range of operating conditions. The simulation results establish a satisfactory performance of the trained neural identifiers in identification of the test power system.
This paper presents interval type-2 fuzzy logic (IT2FL) controller applied on a direct torque controlled (DTC) permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), using digital signal processing (DSP). The simulation of PMSM with space vector pulse widths modulation (SVPWM) inverter presented under several operating condition. To verify the simulation results a hard ware setup is prepared and tested at several operating conditions using dspace 1102 DSP model. The experimental and simulation results are in agreement and the torque dynamic response is very rapid and the system achieves the steady state in a very short time.
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, snake optimization algorithm (SOA) is used to find the optimal gains of an enhanced controller for controlling congestion problem in computer networks. M-file and Simulink platform is adopted to evaluate the response of the active queue management (AQM) system, a comparison with two classical controllers is done, all tuned gains of controllers are obtained using SOA method and the fitness function chose to monitor the system performance is the integral time absolute error (ITAE). Transient analysis and robust analysis is used to show the proposed controller performance, two robustness tests are applied to the AQM system, one is done by varying the size of queue value in different period and the other test is done by changing the number of transmission control protocol (TCP) sessions with a value of ± 20% from its original value. The simulation results reflect a stable and robust behavior and best performance is appeared clearly to achieve the desired queue size without any noise or any transmission problems.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
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1. TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control
Vol. 20, No. 4, August 2022, pp. 901~913
ISSN: 1693-6930, DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v20i4.22454 901
Journal homepage: http://telkomnika.uad.ac.id
Type-1 and type-2 fuzzy logic-based space vector modulation
for two-level inverter fed induction motor
Abhiram Tikkani1
, Polaki V. N. Prasad2
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad, India
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, University College of Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Mar 05, 2021
Revised May 30, 2022
Accepted Jun 08, 2022
Two-level inverter control with type-1 and type-2 fuzzy logic-based space
vector pulse-width modulation (PWM) method for induction motor drive
(IMD) is presented in this paper. A new sampling time independent strategy
with type-1 and type-2 fuzzy based methods are used in generating three
phase duty ratios which are directly obtained without mathematical
equations. The conventional method of space vector modulation (SVM)
produces the duty ratios for the inverter which are sampling time dependent.
However, in type-1 and type-2 fuzzy based space vector PWM algorithms,
the three phases duty ratios generated are sampling time independent and
with a new integrated dead-time insertion in SVM itself, can be implemented
practically for any switching frequency. As the rule-base for Mamdani
non-singleton interval type-1 and type-2 fuzzy inference systems are
designed manually, with the expert knowledge of conventional space vector
PWM, the duty ratios of the inverter are generated such that the performance
of the IMD is improved. The simulation studies for aforementioned cases is
performed in matrix laboratory (MATLAB) and experimental validation for
the proposed space vector PWM algorithms is validated using real-time
sacraetheologiae magister (STM) hardware with STM32F429I Cortex M4
processor for a 1 hp IMD.
Keywords:
Induction motor
Pulse width modulation
Space vector modulation
Type-1 fuzzy logic
Type-2 fuzzy logic
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Abhiram Tikkani
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad, India
Email: abhiram.cbz@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Artificial intelligence is a group of methodology whose fundamental nature is to use the extensive
ambiguity of the real-world tolerance, imprecision, and partial truth to realize tractability, robustness, low
solution cost, and better understanding with certainty. In complex system, there are problems of
incompetence to build mathematical model for the problem as problems are described by huge quantities of
data that are used in studies. Usually, an expert system has an inference engine to manage the user interface,
peripheral files, program files, program access and planning. Secondly, a knowledge base which comprises
the information specific to a particular problem permitting an expert to define rules which regulate a process.
genetic algorithms (GA) are search algorithms based on the mechanics of natural selection and natural
genetics. GA operate by searching from a population of points but not a single point. The operation of GA is
to quest from a population of data points with aid of objective function information using probabilistic
transition rules. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) proposed in [1] is inspired by birds flocking. It is a
2. ISSN:1693-6930
TELKOMNIKATelecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 20, No. 4, August 2022: 901-913
902
simple algorithm, easy to implement and has few adjustable parameters. Algorithm begins with population of
particles. Each particle is improved by adjusting their velocity based on their own best over iterations (pbest)
and over all best of all particles (gbest). This method has been used to solve the non-linear equations of the
selective harmonic elimination (SHE) based pulse-width modulation (PWM) and to find the best switching
angles. The comparative evaluation with various soft computing methods with respect to convergence and
number of iterations is shown in Figure 1(a). Figure 1(b) shows comparative evaluation with complexity and
popularity.
Biogeography based optimization (BBO) proposed in [2] is based on study of geographical
distribution of biological organisms. Two vital facets of this method are habitat suitability index which
considers the geography-based suitability of islands for habitation and suitability index variables including
habitability related features such as rainfall, topography, diversity of vegetation, and temperature. Bee algorithm
(BA) given in [3], [4] applied SHE is based on food foraging behavior of honey bees. Bacterial foreaging
algorithm (BFA) consists of four stages which includes chemotaxis (swimming and tumbling), swarming,
reproduction, and dispersal. It is based on the natural characteristic of accepting the talent living creature in
terms of food searching capability as survival being. This process consists of four steps. The first step is
known as chemotaxis as in [5], [6]. With the evolution of population, the difference between each individual
value decreases which influences the convergence speed to reach optimum value [7], [8]. The flow of
differential evolution’s generate-and-test loop mechanism [9] of clone in immune system explored in the
field of artificial intelligence is the basis of clonal search algorithm (CSA). A brief performance evaluation of
algoritms applied for SHE method for inverter control is described in [1]. Deterministic rule-based systems
particularly, soft computing-based techniques such as artificial neural network (ANN) based space vector
modulation (SVM) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy (ANF) based SVM fed induction motor drive (IMD) have been
reported in the literature in good detail [10], [11]. The incorporation of fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) in
closed loop operation of adjustable speed drives as an improved alternative over conventional proportional
integral (PI) controllers is already established in [12]-[14]. Hybrid real coded genetic algorithm pattern
search (HRGA-PS) has advantage of reduced computational burden, faster convergence rate and higher
probability of finding global optima [15], [16]. In [16] continuous genetic algorithm is used to compute
switching angles and produce less total harmonic distortion (THD).
The PSO algorithm is provided in [17], [18]. Ant colony system (ACS) used in eliminating
harmonics in PWM is based on foraging behaviour of colony of ants [19]. Food searching process of ant is
replicated in ACS. Ants are used to deposit a special substance called “pheromone” [19], [20] in their path of
food searching. Higher pheromone content enhances greater probability of finding food along the path.
This path also helps to incur other ants to the path. Visited location and pheromone content is stored in tabu
list [20]. Ants move as per the value of pheromone content and movement probability. The movement
probability higher than a threshold value represents that the ant is in more favourable region [20].
In this research paper, the performance of the two-level inverter fed induction motor drive has been
evaluated for inverter’s source side performance in terms of overall efficiency of IMD. Also on the load side
of the inverter, the performance is evaluated in terms of THD of line voltage and stator current of induction
motor (IM) drive. The steady state torque ripple load conditions is also evaluated. To generate the duty ratios
of the inverter, type-1 and type-2 FLCs with centroid de-fuzzification method which is suitable amongst
centre of sets type, centre of heights type and centre of sum type methods. The proposed type-1 and type-2
fuzzy based SVM is verified through real-time sacrae theologiae magister (STM) hardware.
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Comparison of soft computing based PWM methods based on: (a) convergence and (b) complexity
3. TELKOMNIKATelecommun Comput El Control
Type-1 and type-2 fuzzy logic-based space vector modulation for … (Abhiram Tikkani)
903
A comprehensive detailed matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulation and real-time results are
described to support the feasibility of proposed control strategy. To support the claims of type-1 and type-2
fuzzy logic based SVM algorithms, performance is evaluated and compared with literature reported
conventional SVM method of the two-level inverter fed IMD. The experimentation is done on an advanced
RISC machine (ARM) cortex M4 processor is a new version of reduced instruction set computer (RISC)
based processor for implementation of proposed SVM algorithms which generates gate pulses for IMD.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
The block diagram of SVM algorithm is described in Figure 2, which is implemented for a two-level
inverter fed IMD shown in Figure 3(a) and Figure 3(b). The eight possible switching states from [- - -] to
[+ + +] for the power inverter forming the eight edges of space vector diagram is shown in Table 1. The main
function of space vector modulation is to produce three sinusoidal currents so that air gap flux has circular
tracking path. Hence, stator mmf is resolved as in (1) resulting in current space phasor in (2) and reference
voltage space vector in (3).
𝑁𝑠𝐼𝑠
⃗⃗ = 𝑁𝑠𝑖𝛼 + 𝑗𝑁𝑠𝑖𝛽 (1)
𝐼𝑠
⃗⃗ = 𝑖𝛼 + 𝑗. 𝑖𝛽 (2)
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑣𝛼 + 𝑗𝑣𝛽 (3)
The resulting reference voltage space vector is expressed in polar form as in (4) which is obtained from three
phase reference voltages as given in (5) and (6).
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = |𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓|
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . ⅇ𝑗𝜃
(4)
𝑣𝛼 = 1.5. 𝑉
𝑎𝑛
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 𝑣𝛽 = 𝑗0.866. (𝑉𝑏𝑛
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑉
𝑐𝑛)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ (5)
|𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓|
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = √𝑣𝛼
2 + 𝑣𝛽
2
, θ =tan−1
(
𝑣𝛽
𝑣𝛼
) (6)
The reference voltage space vector is generated using principle of volt-second balancing.
Corresponding dwelling times are calculated and the duty cycles 𝑑𝑡1, 𝑑𝑡2, and 𝑑𝑡0 are obtained from (7) to (9).
The null time duty ratio is given in (9) and relationship between sector angle 𝛽 given in (10) and duty cycle is
derived from phase angle 𝜃 using (6).
𝑑𝑡1 = 1.155 (
|𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓|
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉𝑑𝑐
) sin(60 − 𝛽) (7)
𝑑𝑡2 = 1.155 (
|𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓|
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉𝑑𝑐
) sin(𝛽) (8)
𝑑𝑡0 = 1 − (𝑑𝑡1 + 𝑑𝑡2) (9)
𝛽 = (
𝑛𝜋
3
− θ) (10)
Figure 2. Block diagram for implementing SVM
4. ISSN:1693-6930
TELKOMNIKATelecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 20, No. 4, August 2022: 901-913
904
Table 1. Switching states and voltages of two-level inverter
No State Vab Vbc Vca Van Vbn Vcn
1 + - - Vdc 0 -Vdc 2Vdc/3 -Vdc/3 -Vdc/3
2 + + - 0 Vdc -Vdc -Vdc/3 +Vdc/3 -2Vdc/3
3 - + - -Vdc Vdc 0 -Vdc/3 2Vdc/3 -Vdc/3
4 - + + -Vdc 0 Vdc -2Vdc/3 Vdc/3 Vdc/3
5 - - + 0 -Vdc Vdc -Vdc/3 -Vdc/3 2Vdc/3
6 + - + Vdc -Vdc 0 Vdc/3 -2Vdc/3 Vdc/3
7 + + + Vdc Vdc Vdc 0 0 0
8 - - - 0 0 0 0 0 0
(a) (b)
Figure 3 Two-level inverter fed IMD: (a) two-level VSI fed IM and (b) space vector diagram
The obtained dwell time duty cycles are applied in a sequential manner for each sector (𝑛 = 1 to 6)
as given in Figure 4(a) representing gate pulse pattern. The three phase duty ratios generation is shown in
Figure 4(b). Based on switching states given in Table 1, for a given sampling time Ts = 2𝑇𝑍 shown in (11),
the instantaneous average phase voltages [𝑉
𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑣 𝑉𝑏𝑛𝑎𝑣 𝑉
𝑐𝑛𝑎𝑣] are obtained for sector 1 as in (12) to (14)
respectively. These instantaneous average phase voltages are developed for each interval of sample time and
are calculated for reference voltage vector which are discussed in section 3. The integrated dead time
insertion in SVM is incorporated as in [21]. From (7) to (9), duty ratios 𝑑𝑡1 = 𝑇1 𝑇𝑍
⁄ , 𝑑𝑡2 = 𝑇2 𝑇𝑍
⁄ which are
varying for each sample of reference voltage vector.
𝑇𝑍 = 1 − (𝑇1 + 𝑇2) = 𝑇𝑆/2 (11)
𝑉
𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑣 = (
2𝑉𝑑𝑐
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
3
) 𝑑𝑡1 + (
𝑉𝑑𝑐
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
3
) 𝑑𝑡2 (12)
𝑉𝑏𝑛𝑎𝑣 = (
2𝑉𝑑𝑐
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
3
) 𝑑𝑡1 + (
𝑉𝑑𝑐
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
3
) 𝑑𝑡2 (13)
𝑉
𝑐𝑛𝑎𝑣 = (
2𝑉𝑑𝑐
3
) 𝑑𝑡1 + (
𝑉𝑑𝑐
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
3
) 𝑑𝑡2 (14)
2.1. Proposed fuzzy logic-based space vector PWM
The input-output mapping is processed through a if-then rule base for a fuzzy system. In Figure 5(a)
the architecture and description of type-1 and in Figure 5(b) architecture and description of type-2 fuzzy system
is depicted. The benefits of type-2 fuzzy logic controller (T2FLC) over type-1 fuzzy logic controller (T1FLC)
are given in [22], [23]. However, dead time can be inserted as in [24] in PWM algorithms of [22], [23].
The complete fuzzy computing method has background concept of fuzzy set theory [25]-[29]. One of the key
benefits with T2FLC over T1FLC is that each membership function of T2FLC has foot print of uncertainty
(FOU) which by far can better handle linguistic and numerical ambiguities related with the inputs and/or
outputs of the fuzzy inference system. Type reduction is an additional step after defuzzification in T2FLC.
Hence T2FLC has an edge of reduced rule base over T1FLC resulting in the simplified design. Moreover,
FOU of T2FLC covers identical range of data with few number of labels.
5. TELKOMNIKATelecommun Comput El Control
Type-1 and type-2 fuzzy logic-based space vector modulation for … (Abhiram Tikkani)
905
(a) (b)
Figure 4. Three phase gate pulse pattern and three phase duty ratios generation in a sequential manner for
each sector (𝑛 = 1 to 6): (a) representation of gate pulse pattern and (b) three phase duty ratios generation
(a) (b)
Figure 5. Architecture and description of: (a) type-1 fuzzy system and (b) type-2 fuzzy system
2.2. Type -1 fuzzy logic-based space vector PWM
A crisp output from a T1FLC is obtained by processing input variables through grouping of rules by
T1FLC followed by defuzzification. A procedure to choose on which output, or blend of various outputs, will
be used is estimated, because each rule could possibly result in a distinct output action. A brief description of
membership functions in T1FLC and T2FLC is given in Figure 6. A type-1 fuzzy logic description of the
connection between the input and the output can be described by the following illustration. For input premise,
‘p’ and a particular qualification of the input represented by X1, the corresponding output ‘u’ can be qualified
by expression U1 as indicated in the statement R1
given in the algorithm form of rules.
R1
: IF p is X1 then u is U1
R2
: IF p is X2 then u is U2
Rn
: IF p is Xn then u is Un
The defuzzification block is used to produces the crisp output value from the T1FLC. The function, in (15)
provides a defuzzified value of a MF positioned on associated variable value ‘p’ using one of the various
defuzzification methods, according to the type of argument.
𝐴 (𝑥) 𝑑ⅇ𝑓𝑢𝑧𝑧 (𝑥, 𝑚𝑓, 𝑇𝑦𝑝ⅇ) (15)
6. ISSN:1693-6930
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906
Figure 6. Description of membership functions of type-1 and type-2 fuzzy systems
Figure 7. Incorporation of T1FLC and T2FLC in SVM
2.3. Type -2 fuzzy logic-based space vector PWM
The process of a T2FLC is identical with the operation of T1FLC [30]-[33]. However, on the
interval type-2 fuzzy system, the fuzzy operation is executed at two type-1 membership functions (MFs)
which limits the FOU, i.e., lower MF (LMF) and upper MF (UMF) to produce firing strengths.
The additional process of type reduction operation of T2FLC to convert fuzzified type-2 fuzzy set into type-1
fuzzy set is initiated by centre of sets (COS) type reduction technique. Further process of defuzzification is
initiated after this step to get crisp output. In COS type reduction operation, interval type-2 fuzzy system is
determined by its left most point (LMP) and right most point (RMP) to get to the centroid of interval type-2
consequent set [34]-[36]. A general type-2 fuzzy set 𝑉
̃ shall be specified by (16).
𝑉
̃ = ∫ 𝜇𝑉
̃(𝑝)/𝑝
𝑝∈𝑃
=
∫ [∫
𝑓𝑝(𝜇)
𝜇
𝜇∈𝐽𝑝
]
𝑝∈𝑃
𝑝
(16)
In (16) μV
̃(p) is a secondary membership function, Jp is the set of primary membership degrees of
𝑝 ∈ 𝑃 with μ ∈ Jp and fp(μ) ∈ [0,1] is a secondary membership degree.
𝜇𝑘,𝑖(𝑝𝑖) = 𝜇𝑘,𝑖
.
1 (𝑝𝑖) ∗ 𝜇𝑘,𝑖
.
2 (𝑝𝑖), 𝑘 = 1,2, … , 𝑀, 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛 (17)
𝜇̅𝑘,𝑖(𝑝𝑖) = 𝜇̅𝑘,𝑖(𝑝𝑖) = 𝜇𝑘,𝑖
.
1 (𝑝𝑖) + 𝜇𝑘,𝑖
.
2 (𝑝𝑖) − 𝜇𝑘,𝑖(𝑝𝑖) (18)
7. TELKOMNIKATelecommun Comput El Control
Type-1 and type-2 fuzzy logic-based space vector modulation for … (Abhiram Tikkani)
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From (17) and (18) 𝜇𝑘,𝑖(𝑝𝑖) is the LMF and 𝜇̅𝑘,𝑖(𝑝𝑖) is UMF of T2FLC set and they are transformed
into a crisp output through the defuzzifier. The operation of T2FLC membership functions is shown in Figure 6.
From Figure 7, the sequence of implementing SVM using T1FLC and T2FLC is depicted using dashed lines.
The two crisp inputs for the fuzzy logic controllers are phase angle and change in phase angle to generate
three phase duty ratios. However, the obtained duty ratios are independent of sampling time and are
generated in Figure 8(a) for Da, Figure 8(b) for Db, and Figure 8(c) for Dc repectively at given operating
point of IMD. In the designing of rule base seven membership functions ranging between 0 and 1 are applied
as given in Figure 8 (a), 8(b) and 8(c) for Da, Db and Dc respectively. The surface view of duty ratios is
shown in Figure 9(a) for Da, Figure 9(b) for Db and Figure 9(c) for Dc repectively. The obtained duty cycles
are compared with carrier wave to generate switching pulses of two-level inverter as shown in Figure 10(a)
SVM, Figure 10(b) type-1 fuzzy SVM, and Figure 10(c) type-2 Fuzzy SVM respectively.
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 8. Rule base of duty ratios: (a) Da, (b) Db, and (c) Dc of types-1 and type-2 fuzzy based SVM
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 9. Surface view of duty ratios for three phases a, b, and c: (a) surface view of Dai, (b) surface view of
Db, and (c) surface view of Dc
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(a)
(b) (c)
Figure 10. Three phase duty ratios for: (a) SVM, (b) type-1 fuzzy SVM, and (c) type-2 Fuzzy SVM
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
When type-1 and type-2 fuzzy based SVM methods are used in generating three phase duty ratios,
after careful investigation of pulse pattern is obtained by proposed methods. Instantaneous voltage vector for
SVM is as shown in in Figure 11(a). Figure 11(b) shows instantaneous voltages for type-1 fuzzy SVM and
Figure 11(c) shows instantaneous volteges for type-2 fuzzy SVM. An analytical examination on behaviour of
pulse pattern when carried out considering a sample case study for switching sequence 0127−7210 clearly
reveals underlying reasons for performance improvement. It can be thus inferred that in type-1 and type-2
fuzzy based methods switching sequence is changing at half of carrier cycle or sub-cycle interval for a given
sample of reference voltage [35]-[37]. In this case study, when reference voltage is in sector 1, for dc-link
voltage 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 400 V, operating frequency 𝑓 = 50 Hz, switching frequency 𝑓𝑠 = 5 kHz, and peak value of
reference phase voltage vector magnitude |𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓| = 229 V is considered with modulation index 𝑚 = 0.8. It is
ratio of peak value of reference phase voltage to the fundamental component of square wave. Since 𝑓𝑠 = 5 kHz,
the sampling times 𝑇𝑠 = 200 µs and 𝑇𝑧 = 100 µs. The discrete step time interval for calculations is 𝑇𝑑 = 10 µs.
The number of discrete steps for 50 Hz corresponding to time period of 𝑇 = 20 ms is 𝑛𝑠 = (𝑇/𝑇𝑑) = 2000.
Hence number of steps for each sector are 𝑠 = (𝑛𝑠/6) = 333.33 with each step time value of 10 µs. Now, as
𝑇𝑠 = 200 µs number of steps in a carrier wave cycle is given by 𝑛𝑐 = (𝑇𝑠/𝑇𝑑) = 20. Also, number of carrier
cycles in a sector is given by 𝑛𝑐𝑠 = (𝑠 × 𝑇𝑑)/𝑇𝑠 = 16.67 cycles and 33.34 half carrier cycles. For step time
intervals from 0 to 3340 µs, for all the three case studies instantaneous average voltages are calculated by taking
the dwell times using (11) to (14). The proposed types-1 and -2 fuzzy based methods are analytically verified
at each sample of reference voltage, the instantaneous value of phase voltage variation with phase angle and
is shown in Figure 8. For a given sample over a sub-cycle interval the average value is computed as given
in (12) to (14). As the switching pattern is changing in the proposed methods and the instantaneous values are
improved close to reference instantaneous phase voltage value. Figure 9 illustrates the three phase voltages
pulse pattern in one cycle of reference voltage.
The proposed methods are implemented in real time using STM32F429I ARM Cortex M4
processor. This floating-point unit processor is the latest generation of ARM processors for embedded systems
which is a 32-bit micro controller with 180 MHz operating frequency. The performance of the motor is studied
at supply frequency of 41 Hz. Hence, motor is operated with reduced dc link voltage 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 400 V for a
modulation index of 0.8 and three phase duty ratios in Figure 10. At this operating condition, instantaneous
voltage vector for SVM, type-1 and type-2 fuzzy based methods are given in Figure 11. A close observation
indicates increasing dc bus utilization. Additionally, stator current THDs are shown in Figure 12(a) SVM,
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Figure 12(b) type-1 fuzzy SVM, and Figure 12(c) type-2 fuzzy SVM. The motor acceleration time is reduced
from 0.43 s in space vector PWM (0127) to 0.4 s in type-1 and 0.37 s in type-2 fuzzy based methods as
shown in Figure 13(a) SVM, Figure 13(b) type-1 fuzzy SVM, and Figure 13(c) type-2 fuzzy SVM.
The experimental set-up is shown in Figure 14. The parameters of IM, inverter details and other accessories
are given in Appendix. The test set-up has a three-phase autotransformer fed from three phase supply 3-phase
415 V, 50 Hz, whose output terminals are connected to the three-phase bridge rectifier. Two coupling
capacitors 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 are used to filter the dc voltage which is fed as the input for the inverter. The three
phases of the output terminals of the inverter are connected through a power analyzer Yokogawa WT-333.
The practical THDs for line voltage is 8.162% for SVM as shown in Figure 15(a) for given operating
condition, which reduces to 7.852% for type-1 fuzzy based SVM as shown in Figure 15(b) and 6.8% as
shown in Figure 15(c) with type-2 fuzzy based SVM. Similarly, the stator current THD is 2.049% for SVM,
1.793% for type-1 and 1.489% for type-2 fuzzy based SVM. To evaluate overall performance of IMD for two
different case studies considering seven parameters which include % ɳ of inverter, % ɳ of IM, flux ripple Øⅇ
(Wb), electromagnetic torque Te ripple (Nm), %THD of line voltage (𝑉𝐿), root mean square (RMS) value of 𝑉𝐿
(V) and %THD of line current (𝐼𝐿) have been investigated at dc link voltage of 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 400 V and 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 450 V
with a load torque of 1 Nm. The results are included in Table 2 and Table 3. The obtained results indicate that
the proposed type-2 fuzzy based SVM improves the performance of IMD when tested rigorously at different
operating conditions.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 11. Instantaneous voltage vector for SVM, types-1 and 2 fuzzy: (a) instantaneous voltages for SVM,
(b) instantaneous voltages for type-1 fuzzy SVM, and (c) instantaneous volteges for type-2 fuzzy SVM
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(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 12. Simulation based stator current THD of: (a) SVM, (b) type-1 fuzzy SVM, and (c) type-2 fuzzy SVM
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 13. Speed, torque, and stator current of IMD using: (a) SVM, (b) type-1 fuzzy SVM, and (c) type-2
fuzzy SVM
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Table 2. Performance evaluation of IMD with dc link voltage of 400 V
Type of SVM Type-1 fuzzy
(m = 0.8)
Type-2 fuzzy
(m = 0.8)
Type-1 fuzzy
(m = 0.84)
Type-2 fuzzy
(m = 0.84)
Type-1 fuzzy
(m = 0.866)
Type-2 fuzzy
(m = 0.866)
% ɳ of inverter 94.21 97.37 93.22 95.97 92.17 95.11
% ɳ of IM 75.69 77.29 74.28 78.82 81.84 81.84
Ø𝑒 ripple (Wb) 00.05 00.02 00.06 00.01 00.06 00.05
𝑇ⅇ ripple (Nm) 00.17 00.14 00.19 00.13 00.25 00.08
% THD of 𝑉𝐿 05.80 04.82 06.98 04.27 05.99 04.01
𝑉𝐿 (V) 231.0 260.0 273.7 294.3 301.3 333.5
% THD of 𝐼𝐿 5.748 4.773 5.778 5.376 05.85 5.775
Table 3. Performance evaluation of IMD with dc link voltage of 450 V
Type of SVM Type-1 fuzzy
(m = 0.8)
Type-2 fuzzy
(m = 0.8)
Type-1 fuzzy
(m = 0.84)
Type-2 fuzzy
(m = 0.84)
Type-1 fuzzy
(m = 0.866)
Type-2 fuzzy
(m = 0.866)
% ɳ of inverter 93.71 93.74 93.70 94.05 94.23 95.34
% ɳ of IM 81.32 87.92 81.38 84.20 86.34 92.58
Ø𝑒 ripple (Wb) 00.12 00.09 00.05 00.01 0.047 00.04
𝑇𝑒 ripple (Nm) 00.30 00.20 00.24 0.213 0.077 00.03
% THD of 𝑉𝐿 08.30 08.15 07.05 04.99 06.12 04.68
𝑉𝐿 (V) 291.3 327.7 0308 330.3 333.9 339.0
% THD of 𝐼𝐿 6.162 5.076 6.240 5.760 6.680 6.246
Figure 14. Experimental setup
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 15. Experiment based comparision of % THDs for (a) SVM, (b) type-1 SVM, and (c) type-2 SVM
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4. CONCLUSION
At the inverter end, the transformation of the phase angle and change in phase angle of reference
voltage space vector is executed to obtain three phase duty ratios of inverter. This is achieved by using
Mamdani non-singleton interval type-1 and type-2 fuzzy inference systems which are designed manually
leading to the development of new set of three phases duty ratios which are sampling time independent.
Enhanced dc bus utilisation and reduction in THDs of stator voltage and current with improvement in
efficiency of IMD is observed with Mamdani based type-1 and type-2 fuzzy based SVM algorithms. The rule
base for designing the three phase duty cycles for PWM requires rigorous expertise since several variations
occur in duty cycle. Thus, the attained three phase duty cycles can be implemented for any switching
frequency with better voltage profile. Further, implementation in hardware using STM32F4 cortex M4
ensures that proposed methods have clear cut edge over conventional SVM.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge Mr. K. Vijay Karthik, Department of R&D of Intech DLMS
Bengaluru, India for continuous support and encouragement.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Abhiram Tikkani is currently pusuing Ph.D.from University College of
Engineering, Osmania University. He has completed M.E. from from University College of
Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad in 2009. He has more than 15 years of teaching
experience and has published over 12 papers in National, IEEE International conferences and
international reputed journals. His research interests are in predictive control of ac drives. He was
awarded best paper award for his publication in IEEE PEDES 2016. He is a senior Assistant
Professor in Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology in EEE Department, Hyderabad,
India. During his tenure he has guided many M. Tech. projects and is serving as reviewer for
reputed international journals. He can be contacted at email: abhiram.cbz@gmail.com.
Polaki V. N. Prasad graduated in Electrical and Electronics Engg. from
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad in 1983 and received M.E in
Industrial Drives and Control from Osmania University, Hyderabad in 1986. He served as
Professor in Dept. of Electrical Engg. and Dean, Faculty of Engg., Osmania University. He
received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engg. from Osmania University in 2002. His areas of interest
are Simulation of Electrical Machines and Power Electronic Drives and Reliability Engg. He
is a fellow of Institution of Engineers India and member in Indian Society for Technical
Education. He has got more than 120 publications and over 500 citations in National and
International Journals, Conferences and Symposia and presented technical papers in Thailand,
Italy, U.S.A and Singapore. He can be contacted at email: pvnprasad09@gmail.com.