This document is a student essay that examines whether the media in Singapore accurately reflects public opinion. It argues that the media only partly reflects public opinion due to political, ideological, and moral censorship imposed by the authoritarian government. The essay provides examples of how the ruling People's Action Party controls media through restrictions and legislation. It also discusses how the government promotes its ideology of family values through policies while not fully addressing dissenting public opinions on issues like housing for singles. Overall, the essay concludes that traditional media in Singapore generally does not reflect existing political public opinions due to the authoritarian nature of the government.
This is a recap report on the seminar organized by JFRC on 18 April 2015 about the policies of tripartite partnership between the public sector, the civil society and private sector.
Youth in Contemporary Politics Roles and Benefits in Nigeriaijtsrd
The youth in contemporary Nigerian politics has played the role of acting the political thug for older politicians in the country. In this study, the researchers set out to examine the role and benefits of the youth in modern-day politics with specific reference to the recent Nigerias ‘‘Not-Too-Young-to-Run Bill. It is in this light that this paper adopted Role theory in explaining the role of the youth in contemporary Nigerian politics. It is obvious that with the Not-Too-Young-to-Run Bill, the youth in Nigeria can now participate effectively in the nations political processes, and not continue to play the dirty role of hooligan on the payroll of the sit-tight political leader who wants to perpetuate himself in power. The paper contends that the Federal government and the electoral umpire body, the Independent National Electoral Commission INEC , should make it a priority to fully implement the Not-Too-Young-to-Run Bill, to give many more youths the opportunity to vie for electoral offices in the country. In addition, youths should be included in the nations political processes by enlightening them on their role and benefits in such processes not just to function as political thugs but to aspire to run for electoral offices themselves. Patrick Oromareghake, PhD | Oluka, Nduka Lucas "Youth in Contemporary Politics: Roles and Benefits in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21518.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/21518/youth-in-contemporary-politics-roles-and-benefits-in-nigeria/patrick-oromareghake-phd
The keynote speaker provided an overview of participatory governance and its importance in democratic transitions. Decentralization does not automatically lead to participatory governance at the local level. The real challenge is transitioning to a model where decentralization benefits citizens and is driven by civil society, not just local politicians. The Tunisian constitution uniquely emphasizes participatory democracy through citizen and civil society inclusion in decision-making. Participatory governance can be approached functionally to improve management, or substantially to promote social cohesion. It implies transparency and engaging citizens in policy execution, monitoring and evaluation. There are different levels of democracy from informative to consultative to deliberative.
Public Relations in Political Party Support: An Assessment of PDP in the Four...inventionjournals
The work, ‘Public Relations in political party support, An Assessment of PDP in The Forth Republic’, is aimed at assessing the use of public relations by the PDP in reaching out its public to sell to them its political intentions. It also serves as a reminder to everyone, in this case, politicians particularly that their audiences cannot be taken for granted all the time, also, that they will not get away with their deceits all the time, as they as public servants are accountable to the public that they are supposed to serve. It is also intended to present the distinction between public relations and other strategies which are confused with public relation activities. The social responsibility theory which was used, implies among others, having to look after, manage, take blame or praise on behalf of one, etc, according to Harris(1991). this is the responsibility of the media to the public, bearing in mind that it owes them obligations as it is their eyes and ears and so takes information from the government to the people and vice versa. The discipline survey research design was adopted for the study, because descriptive study provides a sound basis for solution of social problems. At the end of the work, the conclusion drawn is that, public relations could become the ‘curse of our times’, if not approached with the right attitude and attributes. If Public Relation is capable of bringing to its practitioner good or evil, depending on how it is practiced, then it behoves on practitioners to make wise decisions considering the fact that Public Relations is undertaken by an organization to promote a favourable relationship with the public, and not as a means of deceiving the electorate.
This paper presents an empirical justification of participation of common people in different factors of administration through the policy of decentralization. The background structure of the paper mainly based on the developing country oriented social structure. Through this paper, we can also understand the heterogeneity in the administrative structure. Under this differentiate structure this paper tries to understand the extent of participation of the common people in the administrative decision. In the conclusion part, here in this paper, we try to define the term “Citizen Participation” through the idea of redistribution of administrative power among the civic society for getting an affluent society.
Bureaucracy and Corruption in Nigeria: Implications for Buhari’s Change AgendaAJHSSR Journal
The issue of corruption has taken the front burner in public discourse in Nigeria. This is
particularly because of the leadership that emerged in the country from the 2015 general elections concluded in
April same year. The emergence of President Muhammadu Buhari as the country‘s President has made the issue
of corruption to resonate with a deafening intensity as the fight against corruption became the major item on the
campaign promises of the All Progressive Congress (APC), the current ruling party in the country. This paper
addresses the issue of corruption in Nigeria‘s bureaucracy and its implications for the change mantra of the
Buhari civilian administration. The paper adopts a qualitative method and relied on secondary sources of data. It
also adopted the theory of anomie and the contradictions of bureaucracy as a theoretical framework. It defines
bureaucracy and corruption, gives an overview of bureaucratic corruption and highlights its implications on the
Buhari‘s change agenda. It discusses in great detail the implications of the corruption in the bureaucracy on the
sustenance and consolidation of democracy as well as the change agenda of the Buhari government and
highlights such issues as poverty and underdevelopment, negative impacts on productivity and efficiency, the
deprivation of the citizenry of the benefits of good governance and the much needed dividends of democracy
among others.It argues that if the bureaucracy in Nigeria is not purged of all corrupt tendencies it will be
impossible for it to drive the much needed change necessary for democratic consolidation and recommends the
need to strengthen the anti-corruption agencies, making accountability and transparency an article of faith,
addressing the issues of salaries and wages, thorough investigation and prosecution of corrupt public officials as
well as a reorientation of Nigerians on the need to avoid corrupt practices. It is hopeful that this study will lend a
voice to the current war against corruption and assist the anti corruption agencies in their fight against the
menace in the civil and public service.
Organizational culture change in the decentralization practice boyolali budi...Researcher Syndicate68
This document summarizes a case study on organizational culture change in the local government of Boyolali Regency, Indonesia following the country's decentralization reforms. It finds that while aspects of the local government's culture changed due to new democratic and transparency norms, other deeply ingrained aspects remained the same due to influence from traditional Javanese culture. The decentralization process transferred power from the central government to local authorities but also aimed to modernize governance through participation and accountability.
This is a recap report on the seminar organized by JFRC on 18 April 2015 about the policies of tripartite partnership between the public sector, the civil society and private sector.
Youth in Contemporary Politics Roles and Benefits in Nigeriaijtsrd
The youth in contemporary Nigerian politics has played the role of acting the political thug for older politicians in the country. In this study, the researchers set out to examine the role and benefits of the youth in modern-day politics with specific reference to the recent Nigerias ‘‘Not-Too-Young-to-Run Bill. It is in this light that this paper adopted Role theory in explaining the role of the youth in contemporary Nigerian politics. It is obvious that with the Not-Too-Young-to-Run Bill, the youth in Nigeria can now participate effectively in the nations political processes, and not continue to play the dirty role of hooligan on the payroll of the sit-tight political leader who wants to perpetuate himself in power. The paper contends that the Federal government and the electoral umpire body, the Independent National Electoral Commission INEC , should make it a priority to fully implement the Not-Too-Young-to-Run Bill, to give many more youths the opportunity to vie for electoral offices in the country. In addition, youths should be included in the nations political processes by enlightening them on their role and benefits in such processes not just to function as political thugs but to aspire to run for electoral offices themselves. Patrick Oromareghake, PhD | Oluka, Nduka Lucas "Youth in Contemporary Politics: Roles and Benefits in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21518.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/21518/youth-in-contemporary-politics-roles-and-benefits-in-nigeria/patrick-oromareghake-phd
The keynote speaker provided an overview of participatory governance and its importance in democratic transitions. Decentralization does not automatically lead to participatory governance at the local level. The real challenge is transitioning to a model where decentralization benefits citizens and is driven by civil society, not just local politicians. The Tunisian constitution uniquely emphasizes participatory democracy through citizen and civil society inclusion in decision-making. Participatory governance can be approached functionally to improve management, or substantially to promote social cohesion. It implies transparency and engaging citizens in policy execution, monitoring and evaluation. There are different levels of democracy from informative to consultative to deliberative.
Public Relations in Political Party Support: An Assessment of PDP in the Four...inventionjournals
The work, ‘Public Relations in political party support, An Assessment of PDP in The Forth Republic’, is aimed at assessing the use of public relations by the PDP in reaching out its public to sell to them its political intentions. It also serves as a reminder to everyone, in this case, politicians particularly that their audiences cannot be taken for granted all the time, also, that they will not get away with their deceits all the time, as they as public servants are accountable to the public that they are supposed to serve. It is also intended to present the distinction between public relations and other strategies which are confused with public relation activities. The social responsibility theory which was used, implies among others, having to look after, manage, take blame or praise on behalf of one, etc, according to Harris(1991). this is the responsibility of the media to the public, bearing in mind that it owes them obligations as it is their eyes and ears and so takes information from the government to the people and vice versa. The discipline survey research design was adopted for the study, because descriptive study provides a sound basis for solution of social problems. At the end of the work, the conclusion drawn is that, public relations could become the ‘curse of our times’, if not approached with the right attitude and attributes. If Public Relation is capable of bringing to its practitioner good or evil, depending on how it is practiced, then it behoves on practitioners to make wise decisions considering the fact that Public Relations is undertaken by an organization to promote a favourable relationship with the public, and not as a means of deceiving the electorate.
This paper presents an empirical justification of participation of common people in different factors of administration through the policy of decentralization. The background structure of the paper mainly based on the developing country oriented social structure. Through this paper, we can also understand the heterogeneity in the administrative structure. Under this differentiate structure this paper tries to understand the extent of participation of the common people in the administrative decision. In the conclusion part, here in this paper, we try to define the term “Citizen Participation” through the idea of redistribution of administrative power among the civic society for getting an affluent society.
Bureaucracy and Corruption in Nigeria: Implications for Buhari’s Change AgendaAJHSSR Journal
The issue of corruption has taken the front burner in public discourse in Nigeria. This is
particularly because of the leadership that emerged in the country from the 2015 general elections concluded in
April same year. The emergence of President Muhammadu Buhari as the country‘s President has made the issue
of corruption to resonate with a deafening intensity as the fight against corruption became the major item on the
campaign promises of the All Progressive Congress (APC), the current ruling party in the country. This paper
addresses the issue of corruption in Nigeria‘s bureaucracy and its implications for the change mantra of the
Buhari civilian administration. The paper adopts a qualitative method and relied on secondary sources of data. It
also adopted the theory of anomie and the contradictions of bureaucracy as a theoretical framework. It defines
bureaucracy and corruption, gives an overview of bureaucratic corruption and highlights its implications on the
Buhari‘s change agenda. It discusses in great detail the implications of the corruption in the bureaucracy on the
sustenance and consolidation of democracy as well as the change agenda of the Buhari government and
highlights such issues as poverty and underdevelopment, negative impacts on productivity and efficiency, the
deprivation of the citizenry of the benefits of good governance and the much needed dividends of democracy
among others.It argues that if the bureaucracy in Nigeria is not purged of all corrupt tendencies it will be
impossible for it to drive the much needed change necessary for democratic consolidation and recommends the
need to strengthen the anti-corruption agencies, making accountability and transparency an article of faith,
addressing the issues of salaries and wages, thorough investigation and prosecution of corrupt public officials as
well as a reorientation of Nigerians on the need to avoid corrupt practices. It is hopeful that this study will lend a
voice to the current war against corruption and assist the anti corruption agencies in their fight against the
menace in the civil and public service.
Organizational culture change in the decentralization practice boyolali budi...Researcher Syndicate68
This document summarizes a case study on organizational culture change in the local government of Boyolali Regency, Indonesia following the country's decentralization reforms. It finds that while aspects of the local government's culture changed due to new democratic and transparency norms, other deeply ingrained aspects remained the same due to influence from traditional Javanese culture. The decentralization process transferred power from the central government to local authorities but also aimed to modernize governance through participation and accountability.
Citizen participation at the level of local rural communities – tentative an...Przegląd Politologiczny
This document analyzes citizen participation at the local rural community level. It defines key terms like citizen participation, local community, and rural local community. Citizen participation is important for democracy and can take various forms like providing information, consultation, or co-decision making. Local rural communities participate through initiatives and community activities. Examples provided aim to improve skills, integrate inhabitants, and stimulate local development and job creation. Challenges include passive citizen attitudes, but participation can help address issues and improve quality of life in rural areas.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Ideg publication this week newsletter june 2016IDEGGhana
IDEG This Week will feature one major topical is-sue which could be considered as central to the current political discourse. This underlies the IDEG mandate, and should nourish whatever debate and discussions the article on the topical issue could generate.
This document discusses the concept of good governance and its pillars. It defines governance as the decision-making process and implementation of decisions. Good governance means operating in a participatory, accountable, transparent, and consensus-based manner to advance citizens' rights and public interests. The key pillars of good governance discussed are: rule of law, participation, transparency, accountability, responsiveness, equity and inclusion, effectiveness and efficiency, and strategic vision. Good governance ensures fairness, empowerment, and efficient public service delivery through balancing these pillars.
1. The document discusses perspectives on development from the comprehensive development paradigm and the importance of participatory processes in development.
2. It argues that both economic and social development are interlinked, and that social development promotes economic development as it attracts businesses and reduces issues like crime.
3. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of participation in development decision-making at both the local and government levels for policies to have lasting impact and for societies to successfully transform.
Significant changes with little progress: evaluation on the 3 rd year of the ...Tri Widodo W. UTOMO
Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Department of International Cooperation, Graduate School of International Development,
Nagoya University, 1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-0861, Japan
Proceeding Temu Ilmiah XII, 2003, Gifu University: held and published by Indonesian Student Association (PPI)
Women in politics empowerment or tokenismMukul Saini
This document discusses political participation and empowerment. It covers three dimensions of empowerment: political, economic, and social. For political empowerment, the document examines the proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments globally. It also looks at the status of women in conservative countries and India compared to neighbors, noting that violence is used against women leaders who challenge patriarchal structures. The document asks whether India's political participation of women is true empowerment or just tokenism.
Collective behaviour and social movements a conceptual reviewAlexander Decker
This document provides a conceptual review of collective behavior and social movements. It begins by defining key terms like collective behavior and social movements. Collective behavior refers to spontaneous group actions that do not conform to social norms, while social movements involve more purposeful and organized efforts to create social change. The document then distinguishes between the two, noting that social movements have greater internal organization and aim to achieve social or political goals. It reviews theories of why collective behavior and social movements are studied, including to better understand and manage crowds. The document outlines different forms of collective behavior, like crowds which can be casual, conventional, expressive, or protest crowds. It concludes by discussing reasons for studying these concepts, such as reducing conflict and informing citizens
This document outlines Bhutan's National Integrity and Anti-Corruption Strategy from 2013-2018. It had six strategic objectives: 1) ensure political will and leadership integrity, 2) promote cooperation and partnerships, 3) raise awareness and foster integrity education, 4) mitigate corruption risks, 5) strengthen institutional capacity, and 6) strengthen legal frameworks. The strategy recognized that corruption is a complex issue that requires a holistic approach with commitment from both leadership and citizens.
Public sociology aims to use social research and sociological insights to inform public and policy debates on social issues. It seeks to move beyond academia and engage wider audiences. Public sociologists advocate using research to promote equitable policy goals and educate the public. They view sociology as having an important role in defining and informing debates on issues like inequality, social problems, and the need for balanced policy approaches. The goal is for social research to have a positive impact through meaningful contributions to policy design and implementation.
En egipto eng Relation Sandro Suzart SUZART GOOGLE INC United States o...Sandro Suzart
relationship between Sandro Suzart SUZART GOOGLE INC and United States on Demonstrations 2013 and Impeachments of 22 governments Relation, Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE INC, United States on Demonstrations countries IMPEACHMENT GOOGLE INC
En egipto eng Relation between Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE INC, Unite...Sandro Santana
Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE INC and United States on relationship among Demonstrations, 2013. IMPEACHMENTS of 22 governments, Relation, Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE INC, United States, Demonstrations countries IMPEACHMENT, GOOGLE INC, the torture suffered by Sandro Suzart, Genocide in Egypt and Lybia.
The document discusses the impact of social media on politics in Bangladesh. It analyzes how social media influences politics and political parties in the country in various ways, through both primary and secondary research. The document finds that social media has significant influence on political movements and allows politicians to more directly communicate with citizens. However, it can also spread misinformation if the information portrayed is inaccurate. The document examines different levels of influence from individual media workers to large organizations and how they can shape political coverage.
Here are a few key considerations when making public policy decisions:
- Gather information from a wide range of credible sources to get the fullest possible picture of an issue. However, recognize that information will never be perfect.
- Carefully evaluate costs and benefits of policy options to allocate limited resources in a way that maximizes positive outcomes. Prioritize helping the most vulnerable groups.
- Anticipate unintended consequences and try to mitigate potential downsides. Policy impacts are complex so consider second-and third-order effects.
- Engage stakeholders and listen to diverse perspectives, especially those most affected. However, public opinion is not always well-informed so do not be swayed by vocal minorities.
Political socialization is the process by which people acquire political attitudes and behaviors through agents like family, school, media, religion, and political parties. It shapes political stances and impacts political culture and participation. Political culture refers to the attitudes and values that characterize a political system, while political socialization deals with individuals. Factors like social status, demographics, and family relationships influence political socialization and how people engage with politics. The political socialization process in Bangladesh has been impacted by its history of autocracy, centralized wealth, and double-faced political parties.
Political socialization is the process by which people acquire political attitudes and behaviors through agents like family, school, media, religion, and political parties. It shapes political culture and participation. Political culture refers to the attitudes and values that characterize a political system, while political socialization deals with individuals. Factors like social status, demographics, and family relationships impact political socialization and how people engage with the political system. In Bangladesh, political socialization is shaped by its history of autocracy, centralized wealth and power in political parties, and the tension between democracy and authoritarianism.
Policy Formulation and the Prioritization of Public Opinion in Nigeria An Ass...ijtsrd
This paper generally appraised the degree of impact of the prioritization of public opinion on public policy formulation in Nigeria. The study recommended that the Nigerian government should holistically promote the exclusive restriction of problem identification to the target beneficiaries, prior to embarking on public policy formulation. The study further recommended that civil society groups, as well as other well meaning Nigerians and socio cultural groups, should always provide a viable check against the implementation of unpopular public policies. Kenneth Nwoko "Policy Formulation and the Prioritization of Public Opinion in Nigeria: An Assessment of the Ruga Policy of President Muhammadu Buhari Administration" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38648.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/38648/policy-formulation-and-the-prioritization-of-public-opinion-in-nigeria-an-assessment-of-the-ruga-policy-of-president-muhammadu-buhari-administration/kenneth-nwoko
The document discusses civil society in Pakistan in 3 sections. It first defines civil society as voluntary collective action by citizens, often motivated by shared interests and values. It then maps different types of civil society organizations in Pakistan, including NGOs, community groups, and professional associations. Finally, it discusses citizens' participation in civil society and political parties, noting a need for parties to better represent all segments of society and empower youth.
Media access and exposure as determinants of the political Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between media access and exposure on the political knowledge of undergraduates in Southwestern Nigeria. The study found that exposure to electronic media like television predicted higher political knowledge among respondents compared to print media. Most respondents preferred television as their main source of political information. The study recommended that governments and media organizations collaborate to increase youth access to print media and ensure broadcast media adhere to professional standards.
This document defines and discusses the concepts of politics and governance. It begins by defining politics as derived from the Greek word "polis" meaning city-state, and as the activity where people create, preserve and amend laws. Politics can also be seen as the heart of public affairs, as compromise and consensus, and as a struggle for power. The document then discusses how political science relates to the study of politics and the state. It also outlines three approaches to studying politics: normative vs. positive, behavioral, and rational choice. The document defines governance as the process of decision-making and implementation by government. It lists eight characteristics of good governance including participation, rule of law, and accountability. Finally, it provides the title
Citizen participation at the level of local rural communities – tentative an...Przegląd Politologiczny
This document analyzes citizen participation at the local rural community level. It defines key terms like citizen participation, local community, and rural local community. Citizen participation is important for democracy and can take various forms like providing information, consultation, or co-decision making. Local rural communities participate through initiatives and community activities. Examples provided aim to improve skills, integrate inhabitants, and stimulate local development and job creation. Challenges include passive citizen attitudes, but participation can help address issues and improve quality of life in rural areas.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Ideg publication this week newsletter june 2016IDEGGhana
IDEG This Week will feature one major topical is-sue which could be considered as central to the current political discourse. This underlies the IDEG mandate, and should nourish whatever debate and discussions the article on the topical issue could generate.
This document discusses the concept of good governance and its pillars. It defines governance as the decision-making process and implementation of decisions. Good governance means operating in a participatory, accountable, transparent, and consensus-based manner to advance citizens' rights and public interests. The key pillars of good governance discussed are: rule of law, participation, transparency, accountability, responsiveness, equity and inclusion, effectiveness and efficiency, and strategic vision. Good governance ensures fairness, empowerment, and efficient public service delivery through balancing these pillars.
1. The document discusses perspectives on development from the comprehensive development paradigm and the importance of participatory processes in development.
2. It argues that both economic and social development are interlinked, and that social development promotes economic development as it attracts businesses and reduces issues like crime.
3. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of participation in development decision-making at both the local and government levels for policies to have lasting impact and for societies to successfully transform.
Significant changes with little progress: evaluation on the 3 rd year of the ...Tri Widodo W. UTOMO
Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Department of International Cooperation, Graduate School of International Development,
Nagoya University, 1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-0861, Japan
Proceeding Temu Ilmiah XII, 2003, Gifu University: held and published by Indonesian Student Association (PPI)
Women in politics empowerment or tokenismMukul Saini
This document discusses political participation and empowerment. It covers three dimensions of empowerment: political, economic, and social. For political empowerment, the document examines the proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments globally. It also looks at the status of women in conservative countries and India compared to neighbors, noting that violence is used against women leaders who challenge patriarchal structures. The document asks whether India's political participation of women is true empowerment or just tokenism.
Collective behaviour and social movements a conceptual reviewAlexander Decker
This document provides a conceptual review of collective behavior and social movements. It begins by defining key terms like collective behavior and social movements. Collective behavior refers to spontaneous group actions that do not conform to social norms, while social movements involve more purposeful and organized efforts to create social change. The document then distinguishes between the two, noting that social movements have greater internal organization and aim to achieve social or political goals. It reviews theories of why collective behavior and social movements are studied, including to better understand and manage crowds. The document outlines different forms of collective behavior, like crowds which can be casual, conventional, expressive, or protest crowds. It concludes by discussing reasons for studying these concepts, such as reducing conflict and informing citizens
This document outlines Bhutan's National Integrity and Anti-Corruption Strategy from 2013-2018. It had six strategic objectives: 1) ensure political will and leadership integrity, 2) promote cooperation and partnerships, 3) raise awareness and foster integrity education, 4) mitigate corruption risks, 5) strengthen institutional capacity, and 6) strengthen legal frameworks. The strategy recognized that corruption is a complex issue that requires a holistic approach with commitment from both leadership and citizens.
Public sociology aims to use social research and sociological insights to inform public and policy debates on social issues. It seeks to move beyond academia and engage wider audiences. Public sociologists advocate using research to promote equitable policy goals and educate the public. They view sociology as having an important role in defining and informing debates on issues like inequality, social problems, and the need for balanced policy approaches. The goal is for social research to have a positive impact through meaningful contributions to policy design and implementation.
En egipto eng Relation Sandro Suzart SUZART GOOGLE INC United States o...Sandro Suzart
relationship between Sandro Suzart SUZART GOOGLE INC and United States on Demonstrations 2013 and Impeachments of 22 governments Relation, Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE INC, United States on Demonstrations countries IMPEACHMENT GOOGLE INC
En egipto eng Relation between Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE INC, Unite...Sandro Santana
Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE INC and United States on relationship among Demonstrations, 2013. IMPEACHMENTS of 22 governments, Relation, Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE INC, United States, Demonstrations countries IMPEACHMENT, GOOGLE INC, the torture suffered by Sandro Suzart, Genocide in Egypt and Lybia.
The document discusses the impact of social media on politics in Bangladesh. It analyzes how social media influences politics and political parties in the country in various ways, through both primary and secondary research. The document finds that social media has significant influence on political movements and allows politicians to more directly communicate with citizens. However, it can also spread misinformation if the information portrayed is inaccurate. The document examines different levels of influence from individual media workers to large organizations and how they can shape political coverage.
Here are a few key considerations when making public policy decisions:
- Gather information from a wide range of credible sources to get the fullest possible picture of an issue. However, recognize that information will never be perfect.
- Carefully evaluate costs and benefits of policy options to allocate limited resources in a way that maximizes positive outcomes. Prioritize helping the most vulnerable groups.
- Anticipate unintended consequences and try to mitigate potential downsides. Policy impacts are complex so consider second-and third-order effects.
- Engage stakeholders and listen to diverse perspectives, especially those most affected. However, public opinion is not always well-informed so do not be swayed by vocal minorities.
Political socialization is the process by which people acquire political attitudes and behaviors through agents like family, school, media, religion, and political parties. It shapes political stances and impacts political culture and participation. Political culture refers to the attitudes and values that characterize a political system, while political socialization deals with individuals. Factors like social status, demographics, and family relationships influence political socialization and how people engage with politics. The political socialization process in Bangladesh has been impacted by its history of autocracy, centralized wealth, and double-faced political parties.
Political socialization is the process by which people acquire political attitudes and behaviors through agents like family, school, media, religion, and political parties. It shapes political culture and participation. Political culture refers to the attitudes and values that characterize a political system, while political socialization deals with individuals. Factors like social status, demographics, and family relationships impact political socialization and how people engage with the political system. In Bangladesh, political socialization is shaped by its history of autocracy, centralized wealth and power in political parties, and the tension between democracy and authoritarianism.
Policy Formulation and the Prioritization of Public Opinion in Nigeria An Ass...ijtsrd
This paper generally appraised the degree of impact of the prioritization of public opinion on public policy formulation in Nigeria. The study recommended that the Nigerian government should holistically promote the exclusive restriction of problem identification to the target beneficiaries, prior to embarking on public policy formulation. The study further recommended that civil society groups, as well as other well meaning Nigerians and socio cultural groups, should always provide a viable check against the implementation of unpopular public policies. Kenneth Nwoko "Policy Formulation and the Prioritization of Public Opinion in Nigeria: An Assessment of the Ruga Policy of President Muhammadu Buhari Administration" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38648.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/38648/policy-formulation-and-the-prioritization-of-public-opinion-in-nigeria-an-assessment-of-the-ruga-policy-of-president-muhammadu-buhari-administration/kenneth-nwoko
The document discusses civil society in Pakistan in 3 sections. It first defines civil society as voluntary collective action by citizens, often motivated by shared interests and values. It then maps different types of civil society organizations in Pakistan, including NGOs, community groups, and professional associations. Finally, it discusses citizens' participation in civil society and political parties, noting a need for parties to better represent all segments of society and empower youth.
Media access and exposure as determinants of the political Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between media access and exposure on the political knowledge of undergraduates in Southwestern Nigeria. The study found that exposure to electronic media like television predicted higher political knowledge among respondents compared to print media. Most respondents preferred television as their main source of political information. The study recommended that governments and media organizations collaborate to increase youth access to print media and ensure broadcast media adhere to professional standards.
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20910329 public opinion and the media in singapore
1. UWA POLS2231 Siti Aisyah Bagarib (20910329)
POLITICS OF THE MASS MEDIA
POLS2231
QUARTER 2, 2012
Essay: Does the media in Singapore reflect existing public opinion?
Wordcount: 2414 words
STUDENT NAME: SITI 'AISYAH BAGARIB
STUDENT ID: 20910329
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2. UWA POLS2231 Siti Aisyah Bagarib (20910329)
Question: Does the media in Singapore reflect existing public opinion?
Abstract
This essay aims to explore how the local media works in a 'hybrid' authoritarian state such as
Singapore and whether the media (broadcast, print and internet) accurately reflects existing public
opinions, namely in the areas of local policy making. I would argue that the media partly reflect
public opinion and partly doesn't.
In order to evaluate how and to what extent the media in autocratic Singapore reflects existing
public opinion, we will be exploring the political, ideological and moral censorships. In addition to
that, we will be looking at case studies such as local policies regarding defamation; censorship and
family-driven values; escape of extremist leader Mas Selamat Bin Kastari; third-person
perceptions; study of third-person perception of television influence; the 2003 SARS outbreak and
finally; internet and social media.
Finally I will conclude that traditional media in Singapore generally does not reflect existing public
opinion, especially in terms of political opinions.
Introduction
According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, public opinion is “an aggregate of the individual views,
attitudes, and beliefs about a particular topic, expressed by a significant portion of a community.” In
order for something to be considered a public opinion, firstly there has to be an issue, a significant
number of individuals expressing opinions on the issue and there has to be some kind of consensus
among at least some of those opinions (Encyclopedia Britannica). Public opinion is interactive,
multidimensional, and continuously changing (Crespi, 1997). Sociologists point out that opinions
cannot be regarded as public opinions if individuals do not communicate their opinion regarding an
issue to other members of the public. Some of the ways public opinion can be expressed is through
surveys, polls, public hearings, radio, television, print media and the internet.
In Four Theories of the Press by Siebert, Paterson and Schramm, four theories were established to
clarify the link between the 'press position' and political environment. The four theories are the
authoritarian, the libertarian, the Soviet and the social responsibility theories. The authoritarian
press theory is described by Siebert, Paterson and Schramm as being based on the philosophy of
absolute power of monarch and the government. It's main purpose is to support policies of the
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government in power to service the state. Only those who has a licence has the right to use the
media. Media is controlled by a mix of guilds, licensing and censorship. In an authoritarian
environment, the press is an instrument for effecting government policy and it's position is to never
criticize political apparatus or officials in power (Siebert, Paterson and Schramm, 1963, p 7).
Now that we have a background of an authoritarian press system, lets explore how the Singapore
media works in a 'hybrid' authoritarian state and evaluate whether the media-- broadcast, print and
internet, accurately reflect existing public opinions.
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The first response that comes to my mind regarding whether or not the media in Singapore reflect
existing public opinion would be that it does not mainly because of the present political, ideological
and moral censorships. State power greatly affects the ability of the press to take a determined
stance against the government in any issues. Under an authoritarian regime such as Singapore, the
media is controlled so that it shows support for the government and it's major policies (Siebert,
Paterson and Schramm, 1963).
Political Restrictions
The ruling party in Singapore for the past 49 years has been dominated by the People's Action Party
(PAP) (Singapore Elections, 2004). They are aware of the importance of the press in nation-building
and it's capabilities of contributing to the economic progress as well as the social and political
stability of the nation. The press has to be licensed by the government and must accept the
subordinate role given to it and cannot execute it's own editorial independence (Tey, 2008, p 882).
Therefore, the press is restricted to simple journalism and straightforward reporting (George, 1998).
According to the 2011 Freedom of the Press survey data, which assesses laws, regulations,
economic and political pressures that influence and control media media content, Singapore is rated
'Not Free' (Freedom House, 2011).
Even though media outlets are allowed to report on mistakes, corruption and be critical of certain
policies as long as they do not ridicule or attenuate respect for the elected office holder. Most of the
media outlets practice self-censorship to avoid harsh punishments for perceived attacks on
government officials (Gomez, 2000). The government in Singapore impose limitations on the
freedom of the media by legislations such as the Internal Security Act, the Sedation Act and the
Official Secrets Act. Defamation legislations are not only imposed on the local press and local
opposition political parties but also have been used against foreign correspondence, such as the
New York Times Company, for publishing an article called “All in the Family” and was required to
pay US$114,000 in damages and issuing apologies to the Minister Mentor Lee Kwan Yew and his
son who is the Prime Minister of Singapore (Perez, 2010).
To put in context of Hallin's spheres, Family values would fall within the sphere of consensus
whereby the journalist's role is to promote and advocate. Issues within the sphere of legitimate
controversy are political elections and legislative debates where journalists ideally report on two
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sides of the story. Issues that fall in the sphere of deviance are any issues that defame and mock
elected leading politicians. The journalist's role here would be to condemn those who violate or
challenge the political consensus or completely exclude these views from public agenda.
Ideological and Moral Restrictions
Lee Kwan Yew, the founding political leader of Singapore created policies based on a Confucian
value-system (Chua, 1996). He does not believe that all problems can be solved by good
governance and that society needs to stick to 'ethical and moral values'. Lee has been publicly and
highly critical of Western concepts of society and government, as far as saying that America has had
failed policies which led to it's erosion of moral underpinnings and social breakdown (Zakaria,
1994).
Singapore immigration policy encourages foreign talent and Permanent Residence into the
workforce to boost Singapore's economy. Asian-values put importance that individuals exist in the
context of his family. Therefore the leading government has used family to push the economic
growth of Singapore.
Using a family oriented value-system, the recent introduction of the Long Term Visit Pass Plus on
April 2012 grants extended visas for partners with foreign spouses to make it easier for them to
build stronger family foundations. A foreign spouse who marries a Singapore citizen does not
automatically qualify for PR or citizenship. This LTVP+ scheme helps families build stronger and
stable foundations by increasing certainty of stay from the previous 1 year scheme up to 5 years
amongst other benefits (Hean, 2012).
Extended visas for spouses or Permanent Residents certainly facilitates and is advantageous for
both the family members and the economy but at the same time, it has not addressed other related
public opinions. For example, singlehood rates between 20 to 24 year olds have been steadily
increasing since 2001. The number of divorces has risen and at the same time, marriage rates has
decreased (Department of Statistics Singapore, 2011).Yet, not enough policy changes has been
made to address or facilitate singles to apply for housing. Singles below the age of 35 years old are
not allowed to purchase a HDB apartment or apply for a low-interest housing loan and find
themselves competing for resale flats in which Permanent Residents have better chance at getting.
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This could be because the government is still strongly adhering to family-driven policies at the
expense of undesirable outcomes for unmarried Singaporeans.
Another policy that illustrates PAP's ideology of emphasis on the family is evident in the national
pension scheme. The Central Provident Fund (CPF) is weak in terms of social policy as it fails to
pay attention to those who are not in the work force and the poorly paid as rates of contributions are
low (Carney, 2010). In a contribution on social policy in Singapore, Volker H. Schmidt explains that
Singapore offers minimal support such as occasional grocery vouchers and a letter of support
requesting utility providers to stall payment requests temporarily if someone can't pay his or her
bills. “The main source of support for the truly needy is supposed to be each person’s family that is
morally and legally entrusted with this responsibility.” (Schmidt, 2000, p. 5)
Disparity of Media Agenda and Public Agenda
The media agenda in an authoritative state is set by the ruling government and does not always
match the public agenda of it's citizens. The media sets public agenda by communicating a host of
cues to show the importance of topics and the attributes of those issues. News coverage can draw
attention to certain characteristics while drawing away attention from others (Kiousis, 2004).
Agenda setting in which the media focuses on the characteristic and property salience of an object
or issue is known as second-level effects or attribute agenda setting. McCombs says “Influencing
the focus of public attention is a powerful role, but, arguably, influencing the agenda of attributes
for an issue or political figure is the epitome of political power.” (McCombs, 2003).
Local media coverage of the escape incident of Mas Selamat Bin Kastari, diverted the attention of
public to other issues. The suspected Islamic extremist, who escaped from Singapore's Internal
Security Department's Detention Centre was one of South-East Asia's most wanted terrorist and his
escape triggered an urgent worldwide security alert and the largest manhunt Singapore has ever
seen. However local media coverage on this incident skirted key issues such as the immediate
question of how Kastari escaped, why Deputy Prime Minister and Home Affairs Minister Wong
Kan Seng has not taken accountability for the security lapse and why such little details on the event
was covered by the national news media (Lee, 2008). The media instead of focusing on government
incompetency, put the spotlight on the Malay-Muslim community as if it is “somehow complicit in
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Mas Selamat's escape” (Loh, 2010)
On the other side of the argument, the media in Singapore does actually reflect existing public
opinion. This is supported by a study on perceptions of television influence, how the SARS
outbreak was controlled and finally the existence of a relatively free internet.
Consensus Regarding Media Censorship
Media censorship in Singapore is largely scrutinized for being too strict. However what about the
existing media censorship regarding entertainment? Do the public support the extent of the
censorships or do they also disapprove of existing entertainment censorship?
A study on public perceptions of television influence and opinions about censorship and third-party
effects in Singapore was carried out among 506 adult Singaporeans to examine public opinion on
mass media censorship imposed by the Singaporean government (Gunther and Hwa, 1996).
Respondents were asked questions about their use of mass media and their opinions regarding the
effects of television content and the existing censorship of such content.
The study shows that Singaporeans generally consider themselves less vulnerable to the perceived
negative effects of nudity, violence, homosexuality, foul language and premarital sex but believe
that those content will have a significantly larger negative influence on other Singaporeans. This
phenomenon is often referred to as 'third-person effect' (Davison, 1983, pp. 1-15). The data
indicates that there is also a strong support for censorship. Fewer than 10 percent of the respondants
thought censorship in those areas should be relaxed (Gunther and Hwa, 1996). The common
predication that authoritarian governments impose mass media censorship on an unwilling public is
disproved in the case of Singapore. Support for restrictions in the content of media is rooted in their
concern about the negative effects on others (Gunther, 1995, pp. 27-38).
Control of in Times of Crisis
The mass media is used to address public agenda. If a government fails to control or provide timely
information to the mass media, the media would have to come up with their own framing regarding
an issue. In addition to that, multiple counter-frames might emerge causing chaos as media outlets
are forced to come up with their own analysis in the absence of an 'official statement'.
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As case study, we shall take a look at the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in
Singapore in 2003. The highly contagious infection was introduced into Singapore by a 22 year old
female resident who contracted the virus during her holiday in Hong Kong. Health authorities was
unaware of the infection until 5 days after the index case was hospitalized (Hsu, LY, Lee, Green,
Ang, Paton, Lee, et al., 2003). By then, the chain of transmission had spread to 3 hospitals, a
nursing home and a wholesale market (Goh, Kee-Tai, Cutter, Heng, Ma, Koh, Kwok, Toh and
Chew, 2006).
The Singapore government was able to successfully and rapidly contain the outbreak. Through
coordination, the mass media was used effectively to promptly disseminate information and address
public concerns by keeping them constantly updated on the development of the epidemic (Chua,
MH, 2004). In addition to surveillance and precautionary measures, over a million SARS toolkits
were distributed to homes, quarantine policies implemented and thermal imaging system
introduced. In addition to traditional mass media, the internet was also utilized. A web-based system
was created so that all hospitals and clinics had easier access to information (Goh, Kee-Tai, Cutter,
Heng, Ma, Koh, Kwok, Toh and Chew, 2006).
The Wolfsfeld political contest model can be used to explain this. Ability to control the political
environment depends three things, the ability to initiate and control events, regulate information and
mobilise support. As previously mentioned, the first step to controlling a political environment is to
initiate acknowledgement of an issue. This allows one to prepare in advance. Regulating the flow of
information means that one will be able to control the story line. Finally the ability to mobilise
support would create a high degree of consensus among media elites and news media will be
dependant and cooperative.
The Internet
The internet is another category in Singapore's mediascape (Willnat and Aw, 2009, p 100).
The PAP sees the internet as another medium that they have to regulate and has been passing laws
to regulate the internet since. Censorship of traditional mass media will not work on the internet
(Yeo and Mahizhnan, 1998, pp. 138-149). Though the government has demonstrated banning of ISP
and issued warnings and charges against expressing anti-political sentiments or issues that threaten
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national and racial harmony, they haven't been incredibly strict in censorship of internet content..
The government has not resorted to banning Twitter like how it was banned in Egypt (Horn, 2011).
Most restriction of sites are done at the router level and usually prevents access to pornographic
sites.
Freedom of expression is still substantial online and is more apparent than Singapore's broadcast
and print media. Alternative websites dedicated to critical political discussions continue to operate
(Willnat and Aw, 2009, p 106). Example: Mr Brown, theonlinecitizen and trmeritus are some of the
more popular websites. Social media websites such as Twitter makes it easier to express and look
through existing public opinions. The internet provides a public space for Singaporeans to discuss
state issues and form influential public opinion that is not represented by the government-controlled
traditional mass media (Zhan Li, 2003)
Conclusion
The media in Singapore generally does not reflect existing public opinion especially in terms of
political matters. This is typical of an authoritarian state.
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10. UWA POLS2231 Siti Aisyah Bagarib (20910329)
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