2041-lecture-1 (1).ppt
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This document discusses different types of governments and democracy. It outlines direct democracy, where citizens make laws directly, and representative democracy, where citizens elect representatives to make decisions for them. The US has a representative democracy with unique electoral systems and frequent elections that lead to permanent campaigning by candidates. The document also discusses theories of how democracy works in the US, including pluralism, elitism, and hyperpluralism. It notes challenges facing modern democracy like complex issues, limited participation, high campaign costs, and policy gridlock.
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This document provides an overview of terrorism and the applicable international law. It defines terrorism and outlines the challenges in reaching an agreed international definition. It discusses how certain terrorist acts may justify the use of armed force in self-defense under jus ad bellum. It also examines how international humanitarian law and international criminal law regulate terrorist acts during armed conflicts and how perpetrators of such acts may be treated. While states have a legitimate right to fight terrorism, care must be taken to ensure compliance with international law.
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
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There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
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This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
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population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
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land.
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like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
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Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
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changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
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help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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2041-lecture-1 (1).ppt
- 1. TYPES OF GOVERNMENT * Government by one person * Government by the few Aristocracy Oligarchy * Government by the Many = DEMOCRACY (Us)
- 2. TYPES OF DEMOCRACY • 1. Direct • 2. Representative
- 3. Direct democracy People make law/policy themselves Example: Initiative: Citizen petition places proposed law/constitutional amendment on ballot, people vote yes or no (state level – Florida)
- 4. • Representative government – – We elect people to make decisions for us, trust they will make decisions we support. – Do they truly represent the citizens who elect them? Which citizens get the “most” representation? – What do we expect out of our representatives? Should they mirror their constituents’ views (be delegates) or be allowed leeway to exercise their own judgment (trustees)?
- 5. Implications of having representative gov’t (elected officials) Many countries have elections, but US is unique in 1. how its electoral system works, and 2. how elections affect the winners and the governed “Politics in US driven by electoral influences”
- 6. How are US elections unique? • Number • Frequency • Length of campaigns • “Permanent Campaign” – why does this exist?
- 7. Why is there a permanent campaign? – Separation of elections – Decline of parties (nominations) Rise of interest groups – Growth of polling – Technological advances – Cost of campaigns – constant fundraising by individual candidates, national campaign committees,
- 8. What does government do? • 1. Maintain national defense (armed forces ) - $600+ billion per year on ND • 2. Provide public goods/services (schools, libraries, highways etc.) • 3. Preserve order ( police/national guard) • 4. Socialize the young (through schools) • 5. Collect taxes to pay for #2
- 9. Where does policy come from? • “The people?” Transmit preferences to policymakers in government through “linkage institutions” (parties, elections, interest groups, media) • Citizens shape the government’s POLICY AGENDA • Main policymaking institutions: Congress, presidency, courts (& bureaucracy)
- 10. What does democracy mean? • Traditional democratic theory emphasizes certain principles: – MAJORITY RULE, but also – MINORITY RIGHTS (e.g. to freedom of speech, assembly) – REPRESENTATION (Wishes of “the people” should be “made present again”/honored/carried out by elected officials)
- 11. Modern theories of American democracy – how it works • 1. PLURALISM – Policymaking should be open to participation of all groups with no single group dominating (Dahl) • 2. ELITISM - Pluralists too optimistic/unrealistic – Upper class elite (the wealthy/big business) pulls the strings of government. (Schattschneider) • 3.
- 12. • 3. HYPERPLURALISM – • “pluralism gone sour” – Lots of groups out there, so many competing groups that government can’t act. Also too many ways for groups to get their way – multiple levels of government and veto points at which groups can use the political system to their advantage. The “public interest” loses out.
- 13. Challenges to democracy • Complexity of issues (can average citizen understand them? If not, what does it mean for representatives to carry out citizens’ preferences?) • Limited participation in government (especially by young people) • Rising campaign costs – money talks… • Policy gridlock (relates to hyperpluralism)