2019 Status of Fiber Laser Industry -- Beginning in the Soviet Union, Prospering in China
This is the story of an industry, but to say a simple scientific knowledge.
Laser is one of the major technological inventions of the 20th century. In 1964, Qian Xuesen suggested that the Chinese name be "laser." The scientific principle of laser "stimulated radiation" was proposed by Einstein in 1917. In fact, it is quite simple, and high school physics knowledge can be understood.
The document provides an overview of light emitting diodes (LEDs), including their history, construction, working principle, types, colors, applications, and advantages/disadvantages. It discusses how LEDs were first developed in the early 20th century and modernized in the 1960s. The construction of an LED involves a semiconductor chip mounted on a circuit board with contacts. When voltage is applied, electrons and holes recombine to emit photons of light. LEDs come in various colors depending on the semiconductor material and can be used for indicators, displays, lighting and more due to their high efficiency and long lifespan.
Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) was a pioneering physicist known as the "father of nuclear physics". Some of his most significant contributions include:
1) Discovering and naming alpha and beta radiation emitted by uranium, and deducing that alpha particles are helium ions.
2) Proposing the first nuclear model of the atom with a small, dense nucleus based on results from the gold foil experiment.
3) Achieving the first artificial nuclear reaction by bombarding nitrogen with alpha particles.
4) Predicting the existence of protons and neutrons as components of atomic nuclei.
Albert Einstein's work in 1917 laid the theoretical foundations for lasers by proposing stimulated emission. In the 1950s, Charles Townes developed the maser, which amplified microwaves using the same principles. In 1960, Theodore Maiman constructed the first laser, using a flashlamp-pumped ruby crystal. This launched major advances in laser technology over the following decades, including gas lasers and laser diodes that emitted different wavelengths of light. Today, lasers have a wide variety of applications and continue to be an area of active research and development.
The document summarizes the history and science behind lasers. It discusses how the laser was first conceived in the 1950s and built in 1960. It then explains the basic components of a laser including an energy input source and a gain medium that produces stimulated emission when pumped with energy. Examples of common laser types and materials are provided. Applications of lasers in spectroscopy, surgery, and distance measurements to the moon are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of the development of laser technology. It discusses how Albert Einstein first explained the theory of stimulated emission in 1917, which became the basis for lasers. In the late 1940s and 1950s, scientists like Charles Townes, Alexander Prokhorov, and Nikolai Basov began pioneering work to develop practical devices using this principle, creating the first maser. Theodore Maiman then invented the first working laser in 1960, using a ruby crystal as the lasing medium. Since then, lasers have advanced significantly and found applications in many fields due to their unique properties of being highly directional, coherent beams of light.
The document discusses using solar energy as a pumping source for lasers. It provides background on lasers and how they operate via stimulated emission. Researchers have started exploring using sunlight as the pumping source due to its abundant energy and broad spectrum. The first solar-pumped solid-state laser was reported in 1966, but interest increased in recent years. Some studies have achieved over 100 watts of continuous power from solar lasers. Further improving efficiency and achieving specific laser properties could broaden their applications in renewable energy.
This document summarizes information about a group project on lasers and x-rays. The group includes 5 members who will study the history, design, properties, types, and applications of lasers and x-rays. Lasers operate based on stimulated emission and consist of a gain medium, pumping mechanism, and optical feedback from mirrors. X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen and are produced when high voltage electrons collide with a metal target. Both lasers and x-rays have many medical, industrial, scientific, and other applications.
Lasers in dentistry (2)/ orthodontic course by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document provides an overview of light emitting diodes (LEDs), including their history, construction, working principle, types, colors, applications, and advantages/disadvantages. It discusses how LEDs were first developed in the early 20th century and modernized in the 1960s. The construction of an LED involves a semiconductor chip mounted on a circuit board with contacts. When voltage is applied, electrons and holes recombine to emit photons of light. LEDs come in various colors depending on the semiconductor material and can be used for indicators, displays, lighting and more due to their high efficiency and long lifespan.
Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) was a pioneering physicist known as the "father of nuclear physics". Some of his most significant contributions include:
1) Discovering and naming alpha and beta radiation emitted by uranium, and deducing that alpha particles are helium ions.
2) Proposing the first nuclear model of the atom with a small, dense nucleus based on results from the gold foil experiment.
3) Achieving the first artificial nuclear reaction by bombarding nitrogen with alpha particles.
4) Predicting the existence of protons and neutrons as components of atomic nuclei.
Albert Einstein's work in 1917 laid the theoretical foundations for lasers by proposing stimulated emission. In the 1950s, Charles Townes developed the maser, which amplified microwaves using the same principles. In 1960, Theodore Maiman constructed the first laser, using a flashlamp-pumped ruby crystal. This launched major advances in laser technology over the following decades, including gas lasers and laser diodes that emitted different wavelengths of light. Today, lasers have a wide variety of applications and continue to be an area of active research and development.
The document summarizes the history and science behind lasers. It discusses how the laser was first conceived in the 1950s and built in 1960. It then explains the basic components of a laser including an energy input source and a gain medium that produces stimulated emission when pumped with energy. Examples of common laser types and materials are provided. Applications of lasers in spectroscopy, surgery, and distance measurements to the moon are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of the development of laser technology. It discusses how Albert Einstein first explained the theory of stimulated emission in 1917, which became the basis for lasers. In the late 1940s and 1950s, scientists like Charles Townes, Alexander Prokhorov, and Nikolai Basov began pioneering work to develop practical devices using this principle, creating the first maser. Theodore Maiman then invented the first working laser in 1960, using a ruby crystal as the lasing medium. Since then, lasers have advanced significantly and found applications in many fields due to their unique properties of being highly directional, coherent beams of light.
The document discusses using solar energy as a pumping source for lasers. It provides background on lasers and how they operate via stimulated emission. Researchers have started exploring using sunlight as the pumping source due to its abundant energy and broad spectrum. The first solar-pumped solid-state laser was reported in 1966, but interest increased in recent years. Some studies have achieved over 100 watts of continuous power from solar lasers. Further improving efficiency and achieving specific laser properties could broaden their applications in renewable energy.
This document summarizes information about a group project on lasers and x-rays. The group includes 5 members who will study the history, design, properties, types, and applications of lasers and x-rays. Lasers operate based on stimulated emission and consist of a gain medium, pumping mechanism, and optical feedback from mirrors. X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen and are produced when high voltage electrons collide with a metal target. Both lasers and x-rays have many medical, industrial, scientific, and other applications.
Lasers in dentistry (2)/ orthodontic course by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document summarizes the history and development of lasers from theoretical foundations laid by Planck and Einstein in the early 20th century through key innovations and applications from the 1950s onward. It describes important early work developing maser technology by Townes, Basov, Prokhorov and others in the 1950s, the first working laser built by Maiman in 1960, and expanding applications of lasers in spectroscopy, medicine, manufacturing, communications, and other fields over subsequent decades.
This document provides a short history of the development of lasers from their conceptual origins in the 1950s to applications in the early 2000s. It discusses key milestones such as Townes' development of the microwave maser in 1954, the proposal of an "optical maser" by Townes and Schawlow in 1958, and the race between Gould, Townes, Javan, and Maiman to build the first laser, which was accomplished by Maiman in 1960 using a ruby crystal. The document then outlines the evolution of laser devices and applications, noting how requirements from emerging applications drove further development, such as the creation of diode lasers optimized for fiber optic telecommunications. It aims to give context
Lasers in dentistry1/ orthodontic course by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Lasers in dentistry/ orthodontic course by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Lasers in oral & maxillofacial surgery/oral surgery courses by indian dental ...Indian dental academy
This document provides an overview of lasers used in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It discusses the history of lasers, laser physics including population inversion and stimulated emission, laser design components, methods of laser light delivery including articulated arms and optical fibers, laser focusing modes, and different types of lasers including CO2, Nd:YAG, and argon lasers. The key properties and applications of each laser type are described.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Lasers emit light through a process called stimulated emission. The first laser was demonstrated in 1960 by Theodore Maiman. Lasers can be solid, gas, or semiconductor. They produce coherent, monochromatic light that can be highly focused. Lasers are used in applications like eye surgery, removing ulcers, CD players, supermarket scanners, and more due to their precise light.
Three sentences:
Gas lasers were the first continuous light lasers and operate by exciting a gas with an electric discharge to produce coherent light, with common examples being helium-neon and carbon dioxide lasers. Atomic lasers operate similarly but emit matter waves by using the quantum phenomenon of Bose-Einstein condensation to produce a coherent beam of atoms from a Bose-Einstein condensate. Potential applications of atomic lasers include very high resolution atom holography for nanoscale circuit projection and improved atomic beams for clocks, atom optics, and precision measurements.
This document discusses the fundamentals of lasers, including their basic working principle of stimulated emission and population inversion. It describes several types of lasers such as solid state, gas, semiconductor, and fiber lasers. It provides details on the construction and working of ruby lasers, and discusses applications of lasers in communication, industry, medicine, and the military. It also outlines advantages such as precision cutting and disadvantages like high costs.
The document provides an overview of lasers in dentistry, including:
1. A definition of lasers and their key characteristics of being monochromatic, coherent, and directional.
2. A brief history of lasers from early phototherapy research to the invention of the laser in 1960.
3. Descriptions of common dental laser types like CO2, Er:YAG, and Nd:YAG lasers and their applications like soft tissue surgery.
4. Advantages of lasers include reduced bleeding, less pain, and faster healing times compared to traditional scalpel procedures.
The document provides an overview of lasers in dentistry, including:
1. A definition of lasers and their key characteristics of being monochromatic, coherent, and directional.
2. A brief history of lasers from early phototherapy research to the invention of the laser in 1960.
3. Descriptions of common dental laser types like CO2, Er:YAG, and Nd:YAG lasers and their applications like soft tissue surgery.
4. Advantages of lasers include reduced bleeding, less need for sutures, and faster surgery times.
This document provides an overview of a student project on lasers. It includes sections on the certificate, acknowledgements, introduction, mechanism of lasers, common laser components, lasing action, and applications of lasers such as cutting, drilling, optical fibers, data storage, seismography, and high-speed photography. The introduction explains the properties of laser light such as coherence, directionality, and monochromaticity. The mechanism section describes the quantum theory of absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission which enables laser action.
Thermionic emission is the process where heated electrons gain enough thermal energy to overcome the work function of a material, allowing them to flow from its surface. This occurs because the thermal energy given to charge carriers, such as electrons, overcomes the binding potential, or work function, of the material.
Following the death of the inventor of the laser, Charles Townes, Dr Patrick ...Dr. Patrick J. Treacy
Following the death of the inventor of the laser,
Charles Townes, Dr Patrick Treacy looks back at
the history of this groundbreaking technology and
examines how its use in aesthetics have evolved
Basics refresher on Laser Technology and it's applications. Presentation prepared by (and for) student(s). Level- Karnataka State Pre-university PUC1(India)
The document summarizes the history and development of lasers. It discusses:
- The first working laser was invented by Theodore Maiman in 1960 at Hughes Research Laboratories in Malibu, California.
- Lasers work by stimulating the emission of photons from excited atoms or molecules in an active medium placed within an optical cavity. This produces a coherent, collimated beam of light.
- Lasers have a wide variety of applications, including in medicine, industry, everyday devices like barcode scanners and CD players, and research areas like holography and measuring the speed of light.
- Key laser components include the active medium, excitation mechanism, and optical resonator consisting of mirrors that ampl
In the world ,we see that 2 type of laser are present ,we can point with the help of laser and we can cut the metal ,but we cannot "push" ,we can develop great thing with this concept
The laser is an optical amplifier that works on the principle of stimulated emission of radiation. Einstein first predicted stimulated emission in 1917, but it was not utilized until the 1950s when the maser was developed. In 1960, Maiman built the first laser, a ruby laser, and shortly after the first gas laser was developed. The basic components of a laser are an active medium to amplify light, an excitation mechanism to energize the medium, and optical resonators with at least one mirror to provide feedback. Common laser types include He-Ne, CO2, and semiconductor lasers which have various applications like optical storage, surgery, manufacturing.
It is a 760nm near infrared fiber coupled laser system. The laser power supply and laser output part are integrated in one chassis. There is a PC/M button on the back of the laser, the default is 'M' mode, that is, manual mode. 'PC' mode is software control mode, users can add this function. The Modulation interface on the back is used to connect 0~10KHz modulation signal. When there is no signal input, it is CW continuous working mode.
1550nm 1MHz narrow linewidth fiber laser is a high-precision, high-performance optical device. It uses optical fiber as the gain medium and generates a laser with a wavelength of 1550 nanometers through the excitation of rare earth elements. It has an extremely narrow linewidth (1MHz), thus ensuring high frequency stability and narrow bandwidth characteristics. This laser has important applications in spectral analysis, optical interference, fiber-optic communication and other fields, and can provide high-resolution and accurate measurement results. At the same time, its high beam quality is suitable for industrial fields such as precision machining and laser cutting. In short, the 1550nm 1MHz narrow linewidth fiber laser is a versatile, high-performance light source that can meet the needs of various precision measurements and industrial applications.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document summarizes the history and development of lasers from theoretical foundations laid by Planck and Einstein in the early 20th century through key innovations and applications from the 1950s onward. It describes important early work developing maser technology by Townes, Basov, Prokhorov and others in the 1950s, the first working laser built by Maiman in 1960, and expanding applications of lasers in spectroscopy, medicine, manufacturing, communications, and other fields over subsequent decades.
This document provides a short history of the development of lasers from their conceptual origins in the 1950s to applications in the early 2000s. It discusses key milestones such as Townes' development of the microwave maser in 1954, the proposal of an "optical maser" by Townes and Schawlow in 1958, and the race between Gould, Townes, Javan, and Maiman to build the first laser, which was accomplished by Maiman in 1960 using a ruby crystal. The document then outlines the evolution of laser devices and applications, noting how requirements from emerging applications drove further development, such as the creation of diode lasers optimized for fiber optic telecommunications. It aims to give context
Lasers in dentistry1/ orthodontic course by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Lasers in dentistry/ orthodontic course by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Lasers in oral & maxillofacial surgery/oral surgery courses by indian dental ...Indian dental academy
This document provides an overview of lasers used in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It discusses the history of lasers, laser physics including population inversion and stimulated emission, laser design components, methods of laser light delivery including articulated arms and optical fibers, laser focusing modes, and different types of lasers including CO2, Nd:YAG, and argon lasers. The key properties and applications of each laser type are described.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Lasers emit light through a process called stimulated emission. The first laser was demonstrated in 1960 by Theodore Maiman. Lasers can be solid, gas, or semiconductor. They produce coherent, monochromatic light that can be highly focused. Lasers are used in applications like eye surgery, removing ulcers, CD players, supermarket scanners, and more due to their precise light.
Three sentences:
Gas lasers were the first continuous light lasers and operate by exciting a gas with an electric discharge to produce coherent light, with common examples being helium-neon and carbon dioxide lasers. Atomic lasers operate similarly but emit matter waves by using the quantum phenomenon of Bose-Einstein condensation to produce a coherent beam of atoms from a Bose-Einstein condensate. Potential applications of atomic lasers include very high resolution atom holography for nanoscale circuit projection and improved atomic beams for clocks, atom optics, and precision measurements.
This document discusses the fundamentals of lasers, including their basic working principle of stimulated emission and population inversion. It describes several types of lasers such as solid state, gas, semiconductor, and fiber lasers. It provides details on the construction and working of ruby lasers, and discusses applications of lasers in communication, industry, medicine, and the military. It also outlines advantages such as precision cutting and disadvantages like high costs.
The document provides an overview of lasers in dentistry, including:
1. A definition of lasers and their key characteristics of being monochromatic, coherent, and directional.
2. A brief history of lasers from early phototherapy research to the invention of the laser in 1960.
3. Descriptions of common dental laser types like CO2, Er:YAG, and Nd:YAG lasers and their applications like soft tissue surgery.
4. Advantages of lasers include reduced bleeding, less pain, and faster healing times compared to traditional scalpel procedures.
The document provides an overview of lasers in dentistry, including:
1. A definition of lasers and their key characteristics of being monochromatic, coherent, and directional.
2. A brief history of lasers from early phototherapy research to the invention of the laser in 1960.
3. Descriptions of common dental laser types like CO2, Er:YAG, and Nd:YAG lasers and their applications like soft tissue surgery.
4. Advantages of lasers include reduced bleeding, less need for sutures, and faster surgery times.
This document provides an overview of a student project on lasers. It includes sections on the certificate, acknowledgements, introduction, mechanism of lasers, common laser components, lasing action, and applications of lasers such as cutting, drilling, optical fibers, data storage, seismography, and high-speed photography. The introduction explains the properties of laser light such as coherence, directionality, and monochromaticity. The mechanism section describes the quantum theory of absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission which enables laser action.
Thermionic emission is the process where heated electrons gain enough thermal energy to overcome the work function of a material, allowing them to flow from its surface. This occurs because the thermal energy given to charge carriers, such as electrons, overcomes the binding potential, or work function, of the material.
Following the death of the inventor of the laser, Charles Townes, Dr Patrick ...Dr. Patrick J. Treacy
Following the death of the inventor of the laser,
Charles Townes, Dr Patrick Treacy looks back at
the history of this groundbreaking technology and
examines how its use in aesthetics have evolved
Basics refresher on Laser Technology and it's applications. Presentation prepared by (and for) student(s). Level- Karnataka State Pre-university PUC1(India)
The document summarizes the history and development of lasers. It discusses:
- The first working laser was invented by Theodore Maiman in 1960 at Hughes Research Laboratories in Malibu, California.
- Lasers work by stimulating the emission of photons from excited atoms or molecules in an active medium placed within an optical cavity. This produces a coherent, collimated beam of light.
- Lasers have a wide variety of applications, including in medicine, industry, everyday devices like barcode scanners and CD players, and research areas like holography and measuring the speed of light.
- Key laser components include the active medium, excitation mechanism, and optical resonator consisting of mirrors that ampl
In the world ,we see that 2 type of laser are present ,we can point with the help of laser and we can cut the metal ,but we cannot "push" ,we can develop great thing with this concept
The laser is an optical amplifier that works on the principle of stimulated emission of radiation. Einstein first predicted stimulated emission in 1917, but it was not utilized until the 1950s when the maser was developed. In 1960, Maiman built the first laser, a ruby laser, and shortly after the first gas laser was developed. The basic components of a laser are an active medium to amplify light, an excitation mechanism to energize the medium, and optical resonators with at least one mirror to provide feedback. Common laser types include He-Ne, CO2, and semiconductor lasers which have various applications like optical storage, surgery, manufacturing.
Similar to 2019 Status of Fiber Laser Industry (20)
It is a 760nm near infrared fiber coupled laser system. The laser power supply and laser output part are integrated in one chassis. There is a PC/M button on the back of the laser, the default is 'M' mode, that is, manual mode. 'PC' mode is software control mode, users can add this function. The Modulation interface on the back is used to connect 0~10KHz modulation signal. When there is no signal input, it is CW continuous working mode.
1550nm 1MHz narrow linewidth fiber laser is a high-precision, high-performance optical device. It uses optical fiber as the gain medium and generates a laser with a wavelength of 1550 nanometers through the excitation of rare earth elements. It has an extremely narrow linewidth (1MHz), thus ensuring high frequency stability and narrow bandwidth characteristics. This laser has important applications in spectral analysis, optical interference, fiber-optic communication and other fields, and can provide high-resolution and accurate measurement results. At the same time, its high beam quality is suitable for industrial fields such as precision machining and laser cutting. In short, the 1550nm 1MHz narrow linewidth fiber laser is a versatile, high-performance light source that can meet the needs of various precision measurements and industrial applications.
This is a 375nm 30mW polarization-maintaining fiber-coupled laser. Its fiber is pluggable. When installing the fiber, pay attention to align the bayonet.
The laser output power is adjustable from 1 to 30mW. This laser supports CW continuous operation and TTL modulation operation modes, and is equipped with a modulation signal line. When Modulation is connected to an external signal, the laser automatically enters TTL modulation mode.
The 1550nm 10kW pulsed nanosecond fiber laser is a shining star in modern industrial technology. Its high power output and precise nanosecond pulse control make it an ideal choice for material processing, scientific research experiments and other fields. With its unique fiber structure, this laser achieves high efficiency, long life and stability, bringing revolutionary changes to industrial production. In the future, it will continue to lead the new trend of laser technology and contribute to scientific and technological progress and industrial development.
In today's laser technology field, the 980nm 500mW TEM00 semiconductor laser has become the focus of scientific researchers and technicians with its unique optical properties and wide application prospects. This laser provides strong technical support for research and applications in many fields with its high-precision and high-efficiency laser output.
Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is a high performance, small size of the fiber amplifier products. The internal use of stability high power semiconductor laser, the high stability of WDM, isolator, and high gain erbium-doped fiber. The product has the advantages of high reliability, high power output, high gain and low noise.
It is a C+L Band 26dBm EDFA Amplifier.The wavelength Range is 1528~1563nm & 1570~1603nm. The EDFA supports two working modes, ACC and APC, and the two working modes can be switched. In APC mode, the output power can be adjusted. In ACC mode, the operating current can be adjusted. Our desktop EDFA can be controlled by buttons. PC control software can be connected through RS232 serial port.
What our laboratory introduces today is a 1550nm 10kW nanosecond pulse fiber laser.
First, let's take a look at the wavelength characteristics of the 1550nm nanosecond fiber laser. 1550nm is located in the infrared spectrum range and belongs to near-infrared light. Laser of this wavelength shows excellent transmission performance in optical communications, which can effectively reduce fiber loss and improve communication efficiency. At the same time, in the fields of medical treatment and material processing, the 1550nm laser has strong penetration and can achieve precise treatment of deep tissues and fine processing of high-hardness materials.
This is a 1550nm fiber-coupled acousto-optic modulator with a driver. The 1550nm acousto-optic modulator is an external modulation technology, and the acousto-optic device that controls the intensity of the laser beam is usually called an acousto-optic modulator. The 1550nm AOM has the advantages of high modulation extinction ratio and high power withstand, and is widely used in the field of optical fiber sensing.
As can be seen from the video, this is a fiber optic coupling device, which is a multi-mode fiber and the fiber is pluggable. The coupling optical fiber can be customized. The one used here is 100μm, 2m in length, and the interface is FC/PC. There is a buckle on the interface. When installing the optical fiber, insert the optical fiber into the buckle and tighten it.
The one shown in our laboratory today is a 1550nm infrared single-mode fiber coupled laser. This is a desktop laser, and the output power can be adjusted directly through the buttons on the panel. The output power is adjustable with an adjustment range of 0.5~5W. The adjustment accuracy is 1mW. The laser can also be controlled through software, and the communication interface is RS232.
This is a 1550nm 200MHz Fiber Coupled AOM with Driver. It is equipped with single-mode fiber, and polarization-maintaining fiber can also be customized. The radio frequency interface is SMA. We provide customized AOM service, different working wavelength and RF frequency can be customized. The rise/fall time of this modulator is 10ns. Let's check it now.
It is a 637nm 15W red laser system. The high-power laser generates a lot of heat when it works, and a heat sink is added at the bottom of the laser module. The radiator is equipped with 3 fans. When the laser is turned on, be careful not to cover the front and rear to avoid affecting the heat dissipation performance.
High power erbium doped fiber amplifier (EYDFA-HP-BA), based on amplification technology of double clad erbium doped fiber, unique optical packaging technology, and with reliable hardware light path protection design, realized high power laser output in C band or L band, It has the advantages of high gain and low noise, and can be widely used in CATV, optical fiber communication, laser radar, etc..
This is a C-Band Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier, high gain and low noise. It is the latest style of 2023, with a silver shell. The heat sink of the fiber amplifier is upward. This is Polarization-Maintaining Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier, SM Fiber EDFA can also be customized.
The power of 60W is very high power, which can instantly ignite the cardboard. Be sure to pay attention to safety when operating, the operator must wear laser protective glasses, and the laser cannot point to other people or other flammable objects.
532nm DPSS green laser is made features of good beam profile, ultra compact, long lifetime and easy operating, which is widely used in collimation, laser medical treatment, scientific experiment, optical instrument, laser display, etc.
The 1550nm band single-wavelength laser (low power) adopts high-stability semiconductor laser chip, polarization maintaining fiber output, professionally designed drive and temperature control circuit control to ensure the safe and stable operation of the laser, and can provide desktop or modular packaging.
This is 808nm 100mW infrared laser system coupled polarization-maintaining fiber. The working voltage is AC 90~240V and supports wide range voltage. Its laser power can be adjusted from 0~100mW, and it supports two working modes of CW/Modulation.
This is a benchtop ASE broadband light source with button control. This is the broadband light source of C+L Band, the wavelength range is 1528~1603nm. The power can be adjusted, and the adjustment accuracy is 1mW. The single-mode fiber is pluggable, and the interface is easily damaged. The fiber here is fixed and cannot be plugged.
It's a high power Ytterbium-doped optical amplifier, its output power is 37dBm. And high power YDFA built-in 3 cooling fans. The software control function can be customized, and the default is button control. The current working mode, current and output power are displayed on the front display.
https://www.civillaser.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=3049
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
1. 2019 Status of Fiber Laser Industry -- Beginning in the
Soviet Union, Prospering in China
This is the story of an industry, but to say a simple scientific knowledge.
Laser is one of the major technological inventions of the 20th
century. In 1964, Qian Xuesen suggested that the Chinese name be
"laser." The scientific principle of laser "stimulated radiation" was
proposed by Einstein in 1917. In fact, it is quite simple, and high
school physics knowledge can be understood.
Einstein pointed out that particles with high energy level E2, when photons with
frequency V=(E2-E1)/h are incident (h is Planck's constant), the particles will quickly
transition from energy level E2 with a certain probability. To the energy level E1, at
the same time radiating a photon with the same external photon frequency, phase,
polarization state and propagation direction, this is called stimulated radiation.
2. Seeing that it is amazing? One photon changes to the other, and the two photons
will dry up? That's right, the two went to find other particles and became four. This
process is like a nuclear explosion chain reaction, the number of photons increases
rapidly, which is equivalent to the original optical signal being amplified. "Laser" is
actually the abbreviation of Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation.
This is another theoretical result of the Nobel Prize level proposed by Einstein,
but it was not until 1960, five years after his death, that the laser was made. Why is it
so long? Because of the "stimulated absorption" proposed in Einstein's paper. The
photon may hit the particle of the E1 level, turn it into the E2 level, and disappear
itself. The so-called chain reaction is gone.
In general, the material is stimulated to absorb more particles than the stimulated
radiation (lower energy level E1 than the high energy level E2), so the light passing
intensity will not be amplified but will decrease. To generate a laser, the key condition
is "reverse number of particles", with more high-level particles than low-level
particles. But this is actually not that difficult. Looking back at the 1930s physicists
have the ability to make it.
One year after the United States made the laser in 1960, China immediately led
the academician Wang Dazhao to make China's first laser in 1961 (Wang Lao died in
2011 and was just selected as one of the 100 reform pioneers). It was only in the
1930s that scientists did not integrate optical theory and technology, and did not
expect to do it. There were many other major discoveries. This made the laser's
3. invention process somewhat bizarre, and the "Maser" (microwave amplifier) was first
made out before the "Laser" was made.
Charles Towns, a physicist at Columbia University in the United States, had a
radar in World War II. After the war, the US Navy wanted to make a powerful beam,
and Towns took over the task. In 1954, Towns finally made Maser, although the
microwave was amplified, but it was ready for Laser's invention. In 1958, Towns and
his colleague and brother-in-law Arthur Shoolo discovered that the light emitted by
the twilight bulb was on a rare earth crystal, and the crystal would emit bright, glare
that would always converge.
In 1960, Mehman of the Hughes Laboratory in the United States made the
world's first laser, using high-strength flash tubes to stimulate rubies. The key here is
to have an "optical resonant cavity". The magnification of light passing through the
crystal at one time is not too high, but if the two ends are attached with mirrors, and
then zoomed in and out, it will be amazing. A mirror is less plated with silver and a
part of the light leaks out. It is a familiar one-way laser. Xiao Luo's contribution is to
4. introduce the familiar methods of this optical researcher into the field of lasers. Towns
won the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics, and Xiao Luo won the Nobel Prize in Physics in
1981. It may be that the number was not enough in 1964.
In 1964, because the laser and Towns won the Nobel Prize, they were two Soviet
physicists, Nikola Basov and Alexander Prokhorov. The Soviet physicist was also
very powerful that year, and the semiconductor laser proposed by Basov developed a
later artifact: fiber laser.
Like the team of Basov, Prokhorov and Towns, in 1955, a "Maser", an ammonia
molecular beam microwave exciter, was born, and then the laser was naturally
thought of. Bassoff's contribution is that he published a paper in 1958 that proposed
the idea of using semiconductors to make lasers (the theory of "particle number
reversal" in semiconductors). In 1961, "carrier injection" PN junctions were
published. The article, and in 1963, produced a PN junction semiconductor laser
(Americans first made it according to his proposed principle).
Semiconductor lasers are not as famous as ruby lasers appearing in textbooks,
but experts clearly understand the theoretical significance of semiconductor lasers,
and the potential is even greater, so the three-matched Nobel Prize was given to two
US Soviets.
The advantages of semiconductor lasers are very many: electrons directly
become photons, electro-optical conversion efficiency is up to 50%, much higher than
other types of lasers; service life is more than 100,000 hours, much longer than other
types; semiconductor can also modulate output Other types can't be done; small size,
5. light weight, and high cost performance. Semiconductors are cheaper than materials
such as rubies.
In fact, it is not difficult to understand the advantages of semiconductor lasers.
Although most people may not pay attention to them, LED (light-emitting diode)
lamps have been seen by everyone. The principle of LED illumination is that when
carriers are recombined in the PN junction, the excess energy is released from the
light, and the current directly turns into light, instead of burning the filament like an
incandescent bulb. Therefore, LED lamps have a lot of advantages over traditional
light bulbs, such as multiple colors, light intensity modulation, long life, and low cost,
which are similar to the advantages of semiconductor lasers mentioned above. The
semiconductor laser can be understood as the principle of LED illumination, plus
the amplification effect of the optical cavity, and this resonator does not have to be
newly built, and it is inside the semiconductor.
The laser is a rare technology that was immediately available and practical. It
was used in 1961 for surgery. Because the characteristics of the laser are too
prominent, the consistency of all photons is particularly good. In one direction, the
energy acts on one point, which is a million times more than the sun. Take a laser
with a large power point at something, and cut it for processing. Cutting, welding,
measuring, marking a variety of uses, in communications, industrial processing,
medical, beauty and other industries, continue to replace traditional processes.
6. Now let's talk about fiber lasers. In 2017, global industrial laser sales were $2
billion, of which 48% were fiber lasers. The key figure in fiber lasers is the Russian
Valentin Gapontsev.
Born in 1939, Gappachev is a senior scientist in the field of laser materials
physics, the head of the radiology and electronic science research laboratory of the
Soviet Academy of Sciences, and an authentic Soviet technology. The Soviet Union
and the Russians after the disintegration seem to be not very entrepreneurial, but
Gaipachev is OK! Gappentev created the IPG photon in 1990 and was listed on the
NASDAQ in 2006 (IPGP). In 2017, it had a revenue of 1.4 billion US dollars and
currently has a market value of 6 billion US dollars. It is the most well-known fiber
laser enterprise in the industry. Gapunchev holds nearly half of IPG's shares and is a
billionaire. Although he is 79 years old, he still serves as chairman and CEO of the
company.
In 2009, Gampetchev won the Arthur Shoolo Award from the American Laser
Society, which is an industry recognition of his academic achievements. In 2010,
Gapunchev won the Russian National Science and Technology Award and is the
highest honor of Russian science and technology. In fact, Gapunchev is a dual citizen
of Russia and the United States. IPG is headquartered in Massachusetts, USA, and its
manufacturing plants are in the United States, Germany, Russia and Italy. However,
Gapunchev won this award in a right way. The company's founding and development
has a deep relationship with the Soviet Union and Russia.
7. What is the fiber laser that makes Gabonchev’s honor and other big money?
Prior to the absence of fiber lasers, industrial lasers used in the market for material
processing were mainly gas lasers and crystal lasers. A gas laser, typically represented
by a CO2 laser. The crystal laser represents a YAG laser, and the YAG refers to a
yttrium aluminum garnet to which niobium or tantalum is added.
Laser marking is the use of lasers to put beautiful patterns on metal or non-
metallic materials. The CO2 laser machine is responsible for generating laser
radiation using CO2 as a working substance, and the auxiliary gas nitrogen and
helium are also charged into the discharge tube. When a high voltage is applied to the
electrode, a glow discharge is generated in the discharge tube, so that the gas
molecules release the laser light, and after the energy is amplified, a laser beam is
formed. When marking, the galvanometer is controlled by the computer, and the laser
beam path is changed to realize automatic marking. The CO2 laser machine is bulky,
complex in structure and difficult to maintain.
YAG lasers require helium or xenon lamps as "pumping lamps" to emit light to
the Nd:YAG crystal to produce laser light. The emission spectrum of the pump lamp
is a broadband continuous spectrum. Only a few spectral peaks are absorbed by Nd
ions, and most of the absorbed spectral energy is converted into thermal energy, so the
energy usage rate is low.
8. Although CO2 and YAG lasers have such shortcomings, the high-power lasers
that are produced are still very useful in the industry. There are often such examples
in the industry, the older generation of products to cultivate the market, process
switching, and then a new generation of products to achieve efficiency. Fiber lasers
are used to increase efficiency.
As mentioned earlier, semiconductor lasers have many advantages, but why
didn't they start to develop? Because it has an Achilles heel: the quality of the emitted
laser is not good. The output laser beam of the crystal laser has high quality and high
temporal and spatial coherence. It claims to emit a laser beam to the moon with only 2
km of light. The spectral linewidth and beam divergence angle of a semiconductor
laser are several orders of magnitude higher than that of a crystal laser. The main
function is not good, and that bunch of advantages are of little significance.
One way is to combine the advantages of the semiconductor laser as a pump for
the crystal laser. The light source emitted by the semiconductor laser is "optimized"
by the crystal laser to form a high-quality beam and then emitted. However, this
scheme also has problems. The bulk crystal absorbs high-energy photons with short
wavelengths and converts them into low-energy photons with longer wavelengths.
Some of the energy is converted into thermal energy in a non-radiative transition. If
this part of the heat energy does not scatter in the block crystal, it will be fatal, and it
will burn out in a while, so the heat dissipation problem is very important.
If the block crystal can be made into a slender strip, the heat dissipation area is
very large, and the problem can be solved. This is actually a fiber-like appearance. In
9. 1964, a glass laser was made, and the crystal used was an optical fiber, although the
light source was not a semiconductor laser. But at that time, the fiber itself did not
develop, the defects were very large, and the light source was difficult to focus on the
fiber, so this route has not progressed for more than 20 years.
By the 1980s, semiconductor lasers as pumps have made great progress, and
optical fibers have progressed greatly with the development of network
communication, and the technical conditions of fiber lasers have gradually matured.
In 1987, the University of Southampton and the Bell Labs in the United States proved
the feasibility of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers and achieved key scientific
breakthroughs. But the industrial breakthrough was achieved by Gaipenchev’s IPG,
founded in 1990, after many years. Fiber lasers are very high-end, high-tech,
involving multiple disciplines. As the power of the pumped semiconductor laser can
be made larger, the amplification performance of the fiber should be continuously
improved. The trick of fiber improvement is to add various rare earth elements inside.
IPG is a typical high-tech enterprise in Western countries. R&D is not simple, and the
product profit rate is as high as 50% to 60%.
Fiber lasers have a series of advantages of semiconductor lasers, and have the
advantages of high quality beam lasers. Industrially speaking, compared to CO2 lasers
and YAG lasers, the advantages of fiber lasers are clear at a glance, and the
advantages are so large that there is nothing comparable. Fiber lasers have absolutely
ideal beam quality, high conversion efficiency of semiconductor lasers, and are
10. completely maintenance-free like fiber and LED lamps. They are highly stable and
small in size. They are really perfect products.
Of course, high-tech new products come out with a shortcoming: expensive. For
IPG, this is not a problem. Lasers with so many advantages are taken for granted, and
even high-cost enterprises can develop.
At this time, we finally have to say China. In the scientific development of the
aforementioned laser and fiber lasers, it seems that there is nothing in China. But to
say that the products are expensive, and the development of the industry needs to
reduce costs, that is China's masterpiece.
In fact, the main market for IPG is in China. IPG is engaged in industrial lasers.
China's industrial output is the highest in the world, and demand is of course the
largest. Although IPG began to be done in Europe and the United States, China's
market share is getting higher and higher. By the second quarter of 2018, IPG's sales
of 49% depend on the Chinese market.
For consumer or industrial applications, fiber lasers cannot be used directly.
They need to be made into various "laser marking machines" and "laser cutting
machines". The leading manufacturers of Chinese elephants such as Dazu Laser are
the production of marking machines and cutting machines. The fiber laser produced
by IPG, the family laser bought to make a processing machine, is a natural fit. Even if
the fiber laser component is expensive, the other machines produced by the big family
are cheaper. The products that the end customer sees are upgraded products with good
performance and acceptable price. Therefore, the Chinese market has helped IPG, and
11. the whole machine has diluted costs. The application of fiber lasers has prospered and
the entire industry chain has developed.
But IPG complained a lot about the Chinese market. This is also the normal state
of European and American technology companies, and loves and hates the Chinese
market, and the mood is complicated.
IPG's five-year share price trend
From the IPG stock price trend, by the beginning of 2018, it has more than
tripled in 2014, and the feeling of big bull stocks. But in 2018, it fell by 50%, which is
rather miserable. Why is that? Is the Han's laser giving birth to the IPG and creating a
fiber laser? No, the big family has always supported IPG. The performance of IPG
continued to grow in 2018.
The IPG spokesperson said this in the second quarter performance briefing on
July 31, 2018 (transferred from Huatai Machinery Research Team):
The reporter asked: Good morning. In China, especially in the process of trying
to go public, are you seeing any changes in the competitive environment?
IPG Spokesperson: Relatively speaking, we do not believe that Ruike has a
future. Judging from the quality of the products and the competition without the help
of outsourcing, Ruike has only a very limited opportunity, and the ablation market is
crazy. For Chinese companies like Ruike, they destroyed the market. They cut prices
and cut prices, operating within a small margin, and they actually destroyed the
market price. Every year, (including this year), their prices have dropped by almost
12. 50% or more, which is really crazy. We don't understand how they work, it's
unbelievable.
This is real. The marking market before this was very healthy, but they destroyed
the market. Although production is growing now, it has actually been destroyed in
terms of price. Even the main players in China have no profit at all in the marking
market. They are trying to destroy all the suppliers, of course, we have better
opportunities. Our manufacturing costs are much cheaper than what we think of their
manufacturing costs. But prices are falling, which is a major problem. Production is
growing, but revenue growth is actually problematic, which affects the final income
of low-end products.
We are working very hard this year to reduce product costs. Similarly, starting
next year, we will introduce a new generation of high-power fiber lasers that are more
efficient, more perfect, and less expensive than existing production lines. In terms of
manufacturing costs, we are again down 20% to 30%, and even if the average selling
price declines to support the same high profitability, it will affect revenue. The
Chinese actually destroyed the market.
The IPG spokesperson was obviously very upset, but still showed confidence in
IPG and thought the cost was no problem. Here, Ruike is a fiber laser company
founded by several returning doctors in Wuhan. In fact, there are still a few Chinese
companies doing fiber lasers, such as Chuangxin and Jeppet in Shenzhen.
13. Ruike represents the annoying tendency of many Chinese technology companies:
although there are not many originals, they can also drum up high-tech products with
low technical content. Then in China's special R&D environment, these Chinese
companies are keen to frantically reduce costs to gain a competitive advantage.
Unlike the IPG spokesperson, Chinese companies can indeed cut costs while
guaranteeing a certain profit, without killing the market. The actual effect is to let the
application spread quickly. In fact, the popularity of industrial lasers to the present
level depends on China's fierce cost reduction and application promotion. Countries
such as India and Vietnam, where there is a certain demand for manufacturing
applications, also use low-cost industrial laser equipment produced in China, which is
quite suitable for Ruike's products. Samsung's factory in Vietnam uses a lot of
machines from Chinese companies.
The choice of Chinese companies can be understood, and it is better to reduce
the cost of the simplification that can be achieved without the original research and
development with unknown results. The market appreciates high-performance
products, but low-cost products will eventually dominate the major markets. Chinese
IT Internet companies will burn money to occupy the market and squeeze opponents,
but manufacturing companies will still guarantee profits. Just under the competition,
this profit rate will not be too high, and sometimes it seems that the high-tech industry
in the high school is not very high-profile.
Dazu Laser is willing to support IPG because of its good relationship with IPG to
make money. As a big customer, it can also enjoy preferential prices. The main
14. competitor of Dazu Laser is the Huagong Department of Wuhan. The Ruike
promotion market relies on Huazhong Laser and other companies in Wuhan. When
using the competitors of Ruike's domestic fiber lasers, the big family and IPG cut
prices together and tried to squeeze their opponents.
However, such a well-regulated enterprise is also unable to resist the entire
technical environment.
In 2010, IPG can sell more than 150,000 20-watt fiber lasers. Now, the price of
Ruike is 8800, and IPG can't compete. Finally, the Han family laser has also been on
its own. It is said that the trick is very simple, looking for domestic manufacturers to
use a few fiber lasers to see, let the open interface definition, find some people on the
success of the cottage, and later did not buy.
Chinese companies can frantically reduce costs because of the large industrial
chain. For example, optical lenses, Germany's 10,000, domestically only one
thousand. Parts such as cylinder guides are localized, and there are few core
components that are not domestically produced. Under the promotion of localization,
the cost has dropped rapidly. In 2015, a 3 watt UV laser sold 90,000, and now 20,000
has already come out. Moreover, there are many R&D personnel in China, and the
industry competition has become a competition to quickly meet customer needs.
When Han's Laser and South Korea's EO compete in Vietnam, the same product
is cheaper than 100,000 yuan, because the IPG parts are cheap, and a large number of
young engineers are sent to Samsung's Vietnam factory day and night to debug. The
Korean engineers sent by EO are few and their hair is white, so they can't fight. The
15. US company's automated laser equipment construction period is half a year, Chinese
companies directly quote 30%, the construction period is one month. And the old
American engineer who is retiring is doing it. No one will do it when he retirees.
A large number of consumer electronics industry companies are located in the
Dongguan area of Shenzhen, even if the Wuhan enterprises send people to come and
stay is easy. When the product was launched, there was a problem, but it could be
improved immediately on the spot. After a while, it was very stable. In this way,
industrial lasers have become standard applications in the consumer electronics
industry, and prices have become cabbages, and they have spread to other industries.
In the R&D environment in China, industrial laser equipment is not difficult to
manufacture. Several people dared to open the company to find various manufacturers
to assemble various parts and assemble standard equipment such as marking
machines. In the 1990s, 300,000 one, now 20,000 yuan (the IPG spokesperson said
that the market was destroyed). s things). Although this kind of company does not
engage in research and development, it can help upstream manufacturers expand the
market by promoting popularization and application. This phenomenon is rare in
foreign countries. The cost reduction of industrial machinery in China is really too
great.
In fact, Indian Vietnamese see these machines, and they really want to think
about it. Most of them will be like the Chinese who know how to do it. They think
that this kind of thing is not difficult to do. But Indian Vietnamese do not go to these
machines, it is unprofitable. The Chinese themselves have a profit margin of 10%.
16. India and Vietnam have to produce locally, and there are no supporting facilities.
Even the simplest gold is not necessarily available. And the cost reduction must be
sufficient. India and Vietnam have not produced a condition of their own, and it is
most cost-effective to find a Chinese company.
Even if the government subsidizes to do such an industry, there must be a certain
profit margin to be able to continue, otherwise long-term subsidies are not the way.
Therefore, what seems to be simple and easy, but will not do it.
In fact, there is another way to open a factory in China's low-cost environment:
cost. For example, the company of light wave (named light wave), the previous
production line in the United States, later transferred the low-power production line to
Shenzhen. This company does not mean that there is any research and development
advantage, that is, the production cost to Shenzhen is low, and the international
competitiveness is enhanced. The boss is a Chinese American, so I can understand the
cost reduction. Why is it called “cost” because there is no technical contribution
to China. But still can see the difference in style between American companies and
Chinese companies.
According to the understanding of high-tech companies in the United States,
customers should respect the technical products given by the company. The industry
is technology-driven, customers can't be anxious, they have to wait for technology
companies to make more and more powerful products, and sales must be on the
technical staff. R & D, work slow pace, can not find people after work hours. But
Chinese companies have different understandings. Although it is a high-tech industry,
17. fiber lasers are considered to be authentic high-tech products, but they have become
sales companies. Customers have demand, sales will be chased, and technicians will
have to go to the customer to troubleshoot the scene. Sales are paramount and
technology is subject to sales tasks. Although American companies like Lightwave
have said to reduce costs, the rhythm is still not good, and sometimes orders are
coming out but out of stock.
Why doesn't IPG come to China to open a factory to reduce costs? Half of its
business is in China, and the Chinese market has made it a reality. It is normal
thinking to open a production plant in China.
But I really didn't dare to come. The risk of being a cottage was unbearable, so I
only opened a sales and technical support company in Beijing. IPG also has some
technical advantages, such as high-power equipment with a market share of more than
2000 watts. But this can't be said that there is more insurance. Companies such as
Ruike are already doing high-power equipment, and 10,000 watts are already there,
but they are still unstable. There is no essential difficulty to say that they can't do it.
IPG's share price plummeted.
In the market facing IPG, industrial laser equipment is replacing traditional
processing equipment, and fiber lasers are replacing traditional lasers. The whole
industry looks bright. But Chinese companies have already occupied the low-power
market, and the cost has not been understood. The semiconductor laser technology
passed down from the former Soviet Union has developed into a fiber laser, because
18. China's huge demand and cost reduction have prospered. No one knows what this
market will look like in the future. (www.civillaser.com)