This document discusses the history of stapes surgery and recent concepts. It covers the key individuals who advanced the field from the 1700s onwards, including the development of stapedectomy and stapedotomy procedures. It then describes different types of otosclerosis, techniques for stapes surgery including laser vs drill fenestration and prosthesis options. Potential complications of surgery are outlined such as perilymphatic gusher, sensorineural hearing loss and vertigo. Outcomes of stapedectomy versus stapedotomy are compared.
This document provides an overview of ossicular prosthesis for ossicular chain reconstruction. It discusses the etiology of ossicular disruption, classifications of ossicular discontinuity, preoperative assessment, contraindications, available prosthesis materials including autogenous incus, cortical bone, cartilage, and biocompatible materials. It describes partial ossicular replacement prostheses and total ossicular replacement prostheses, along with options for each. Key factors for success include the status of the ossicular chain and middle ear mucosa. The goal of reconstruction is to improve hearing to within 15 dB of the normal ear.
Eustachian tube dysfunction diagnosis and treatmentShruti Baruah
Anatomy of Eustachian tube
Physiology of Eustachian tube function
ET function under special circumstances
ET Dysfunction- pathophysiology, assessment, treatment.
Here are 10 potential nursing diagnoses for a patient with choanal atresia:
1. Ineffective airway clearance related to nasal obstruction as evidenced by difficulty breathing, increased work of breathing, cyanosis with feeding.
2. Risk for aspiration related to inability to coordinate suck, swallow and breathe during feeding as evidenced by cyanosis with feeding.
3. Impaired gas exchange related to obstruction of nasal passages and inability to breathe through nose as evidenced by respiratory distress and hypoxemia.
4. Activity intolerance related to respiratory distress and effort of breathing as evidenced by fatigue with feeding and activity.
5. Risk for infection related to impaired airway clearance and retention of secretions as evidenced by nasal discharge
http://www.aoico.it
XIII Congresso Nazionale AOICO - Cava de’Tirreni (SA)
Relazione tenuta dal dott. Simone Boccuzzi sulle indicazioni alla timpanoplastica.
This document discusses the history of stapes surgery and recent concepts. It covers the key individuals who advanced the field from the 1700s onwards, including the development of stapedectomy and stapedotomy procedures. It then describes different types of otosclerosis, techniques for stapes surgery including laser vs drill fenestration and prosthesis options. Potential complications of surgery are outlined such as perilymphatic gusher, sensorineural hearing loss and vertigo. Outcomes of stapedectomy versus stapedotomy are compared.
This document provides an overview of ossicular prosthesis for ossicular chain reconstruction. It discusses the etiology of ossicular disruption, classifications of ossicular discontinuity, preoperative assessment, contraindications, available prosthesis materials including autogenous incus, cortical bone, cartilage, and biocompatible materials. It describes partial ossicular replacement prostheses and total ossicular replacement prostheses, along with options for each. Key factors for success include the status of the ossicular chain and middle ear mucosa. The goal of reconstruction is to improve hearing to within 15 dB of the normal ear.
Eustachian tube dysfunction diagnosis and treatmentShruti Baruah
Anatomy of Eustachian tube
Physiology of Eustachian tube function
ET function under special circumstances
ET Dysfunction- pathophysiology, assessment, treatment.
Here are 10 potential nursing diagnoses for a patient with choanal atresia:
1. Ineffective airway clearance related to nasal obstruction as evidenced by difficulty breathing, increased work of breathing, cyanosis with feeding.
2. Risk for aspiration related to inability to coordinate suck, swallow and breathe during feeding as evidenced by cyanosis with feeding.
3. Impaired gas exchange related to obstruction of nasal passages and inability to breathe through nose as evidenced by respiratory distress and hypoxemia.
4. Activity intolerance related to respiratory distress and effort of breathing as evidenced by fatigue with feeding and activity.
5. Risk for infection related to impaired airway clearance and retention of secretions as evidenced by nasal discharge
http://www.aoico.it
XIII Congresso Nazionale AOICO - Cava de’Tirreni (SA)
Relazione tenuta dal dott. Simone Boccuzzi sulle indicazioni alla timpanoplastica.
Acute otitis media (AOM) is a common childhood infection involving inflammation of the middle ear. It is often difficult to diagnose accurately based on symptoms alone, which can include ear pain, hearing loss, fever, irritability, and vomiting. Diagnosis is made based on symptoms along with evidence of middle ear inflammation and effusion. The most common causative agents are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Risk factors include daycare attendance, exposure to passive smoke, genetic factors and immune deficiencies. Treatment involves analgesics and antibiotics. Complications can include persistent middle ear effusion, speech/language delays, and rarely mastoiditis or extracran
Canal wall up Mastoidectomy ( Intact Bridge Mastoidectomy) by Dr.Aditya TiwariAditya Tiwari
Canal wall up mastoidectomy is a surgical procedure that involves completely removing the diseased air cells and tissues lateral to the otic capsule while preserving the bony ear canal wall. It is often performed along with tympanoplasty and ossicular chain reconstruction to treat chronic otitis media or mastoiditis. The document outlines the history, anatomy, indications, techniques and complications of canal wall up mastoidectomy.
1. Surgical management of obstructive sleep apnea involves procedures to address three major areas of obstruction - nasal, retropalatal, and retrolingual.
2. Common nasal procedures are septoplasty, turbinate reduction, and sinus surgery, though nasal surgery alone is unlikely to significantly improve OSA.
3. Procedures for the retropalatal area include uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP), uvulopalatal flap, palatal implants, and laser assisted uvuloplasty. Tongue base procedures target the retrolingual area and involve partial glossectomy, lingualplasty, and radiofrequency tongue base ablation.
A 23-year-old male presented with a traumatic tracheoesophageal fistula (TTEF) following a road traffic accident that caused chest and arm injuries. Diagnostic tests revealed a fistula between the trachea and esophagus. Initial treatment involved nil by mouth and ryles tube feeding. When symptoms did not improve, an esophageal stent was placed endoscopically. However, the stent migrated on two occasions requiring repositioning. TTEF is a rare complication of blunt chest trauma, with high mortality if not treated surgically or with stents. Proper suspicion and early diagnosis are important for successful management of this condition.
This document discusses otitis media with effusion (OME), also known as glue ear, which is the presence of fluid in the middle ear cavity with a non-inflamed eardrum. It is one of the most common chronic ear conditions in children. The document covers the prevalence, etiology, diagnosis, natural history and management of OME. Key points include that Eustachian tube malfunction combined with infection are major underlying factors, tympanometry is the most accurate diagnostic test, and the majority of children see spontaneous resolution within 2-3 months without treatment. Treatment options discussed include parent counseling, watchful waiting, and medical therapies like antibiotics in some cases.
Empty Nose Syndrome (ENS) is a complication that can occur after nasal surgery where the nasal turbinates are damaged or removed. It causes paradoxical nasal obstruction despite clear nasal passages. People with ENS experience dryness, headaches, and other symptoms. While there is no definitive diagnostic criteria, ENS is diagnosed by ruling out other conditions and examining turbinate damage on CT scans. Treatments include humidifiers, saline sprays, and reconstructive surgery to relieve symptoms, but there is currently no cure.
This document discusses several types of pharyngeal abscesses including peritonsillar abscess (quinsy), parapharyngeal abscess, and retropharyngeal abscess. It covers the epidemiology, bacteriology, clinical features, investigations, treatment, and complications of each. Peritonsillar abscess typically presents with sore throat, odynophagia, and trismus. Needle aspiration or incision and drainage along with IV antibiotics are the main treatments. Parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal abscesses can spread infection to deep neck spaces and sometimes require surgical drainage. Complications of pharyngeal abscesses include mediastinitis, deep neck infections, and Lemierre
This document discusses several benign diseases of the larynx, including congenital anomalies. The most common congenital laryngeal anomaly is laryngomalacia, which involves inward collapse of supraglottic structures during inspiration. Other discussed anomalies include laryngeal cysts, laryngoceles, laryngeal webs, vocal cord paralysis, and congenital subglottic stenosis. Diagnosis is usually via laryngoscopy or imaging. Treatment depends on severity but may include observation, medical management, surgery such as supraglottoplasty, or tracheostomy for more severe cases.
The document discusses various types of tumors that can occur in the larynx, including both benign and malignant tumors. It provides details on common benign tumors such as papillomas, adenomas, fibromas and lipomas. For malignant tumors, it covers epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis, staging according to the TNM classification system and patterns of spread for different types including glottic, supraglottic and subglottic cancers. Imaging modalities like CT and MRI are described which help in assessing tumor extent and involvement of surrounding structures.
Rhinosinusitis can lead to serious orbital, intracranial, and bony complications if not properly treated. The document describes the various classifications of orbital complications including preseptal cellulitis, orbital cellulitis, subperiosteal abscess, and orbital abscess. It also details intracranial complications such as meningitis, epidural/subdural empyema, brain abscess, and cavernous sinus thrombosis. Treatment involves antibiotics, surgical drainage if needed, and management of the underlying sinusitis. Failure to improve or clinical deterioration despite treatment indicates the need for more aggressive management.
Otitis Media with Effusion / Secretory Otitis MediaAnwaaar
This document provides information about Brig Anwar Ul Haq and otitis media with effusion (OME), also known as glue ear. It discusses the etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of OME. Regarding treatment, it indicates that medical management alone has limited effectiveness and that ventilation tube insertion is the main surgical treatment used to speed resolution of OME, while adenoidectomy may provide additional benefits by removing a source of chronic infection. Potential complications of treatments like ventilation tubes are also outlined.
This document discusses acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM), an infection of the middle ear. It begins by defining ASOM and the anatomy of the middle ear. It then discusses the common causes, stages, symptoms, signs, and treatment of ASOM. The stages include tubal occlusion, pre-suppuration, suppuration, and resolution. Common symptoms are earache and deafness. Signs include a retracted or bulging eardrum. Treatment involves antibiotics, decongestants, analgesics, and sometimes myringotomy to drain pus. The goal of treatment is resolution of symptoms and return of the eardrum to normal appearance.
This document discusses different types of fungal sinusitis, including invasive and noninvasive forms. Invasive fungal sinusitis is characterized by fungal hyphae growing within sinus tissues and can be acute, chronic, or chronic granulomatous. Noninvasive types include allergic fungal sinusitis and fungal balls. Imaging findings on CT and MRI are described for each type. Treatment involves surgical removal of fungal material and antifungal medications, with the most aggressive form requiring extensive debridement and high doses of amphotericin B due to its high mortality risk if left untreated. Potential side effects of antifungal drugs are also noted.
The document provides an overview of fungal sinusitis. It discusses the different types including invasive and non-invasive forms. Superficial sinonasal mycosis and fungal balls are described as non-invasive types. Chronic and acute invasive fungal sinusitis are outlined as more serious conditions affecting immunocompromised individuals. Key signs, symptoms, diagnostic techniques and treatment approaches are summarized for each type. A variety of fungi that can cause infection are also named.
Furunculosis is a localized infection of a single hair follicle in the external ear canal caused mainly by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. It presents as a painful, blocked ear with discharge and tender swelling around the pinna. Treatment involves antibiotics, incision and drainage of abscesses, and topical antiseptic ear drops. Without treatment, it can cause scarring and narrowing of the ear canal.
This document summarizes the anatomy, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of nasal polyps and antrochoanal polyps. Key points include:
- Nasal polyps are non-cancerous growths that arise from the ethmoid sinuses and present as multiple grape-like masses. Common causes include allergy, infection, asthma.
- Antrochoanal polyps originate in the maxillary sinus and grow posteriorly into the nasopharynx. They present as a single unilateral mass.
- Treatment involves medical management with steroids and surgery such as polypectomy, FESS or Caldwell Luc procedure depending on type and severity.
This document describes the anatomy, functions, and clinical presentation and management of tonsillitis. It notes that the palatine tonsils consist of lymphoid tissue located in the pockets formed by muscles in the back of the throat. Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils, usually due to bacterial or viral infection, causing sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and fever. Clinical diagnosis is based on symptoms and physical exam findings. Management is generally supportive with hydration, analgesics, and antibiotics. Complications can include abscesses, otitis media, or post-streptococcal diseases.
This document provides an overview of the steps involved in primary sinus surgery via an endoscopic approach. It begins with a brief history of sinus surgery and then discusses preoperative assessment, including CT scans to evaluate sinus anatomy and disease patterns. The basic techniques of Messerklinger and Wigand are described. The key steps of the surgery are then outlined in detail, including uncinectomy, antrostomy of the maxillary sinus, anterior and posterior ethmoidectomy, sphenoid sinusotomy, and frontal sinusotomy when necessary. Throughout, anatomical landmarks and variations are discussed to guide safe dissection and avoid complications.
Acute otitis media (AOM) is a common childhood infection involving inflammation of the middle ear. It is often difficult to diagnose accurately based on symptoms alone, which can include ear pain, hearing loss, fever, irritability, and vomiting. Diagnosis is made based on symptoms along with evidence of middle ear inflammation and effusion. The most common causative agents are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Risk factors include daycare attendance, exposure to passive smoke, genetic factors and immune deficiencies. Treatment involves analgesics and antibiotics. Complications can include persistent middle ear effusion, speech/language delays, and rarely mastoiditis or extracran
Canal wall up Mastoidectomy ( Intact Bridge Mastoidectomy) by Dr.Aditya TiwariAditya Tiwari
Canal wall up mastoidectomy is a surgical procedure that involves completely removing the diseased air cells and tissues lateral to the otic capsule while preserving the bony ear canal wall. It is often performed along with tympanoplasty and ossicular chain reconstruction to treat chronic otitis media or mastoiditis. The document outlines the history, anatomy, indications, techniques and complications of canal wall up mastoidectomy.
1. Surgical management of obstructive sleep apnea involves procedures to address three major areas of obstruction - nasal, retropalatal, and retrolingual.
2. Common nasal procedures are septoplasty, turbinate reduction, and sinus surgery, though nasal surgery alone is unlikely to significantly improve OSA.
3. Procedures for the retropalatal area include uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP), uvulopalatal flap, palatal implants, and laser assisted uvuloplasty. Tongue base procedures target the retrolingual area and involve partial glossectomy, lingualplasty, and radiofrequency tongue base ablation.
A 23-year-old male presented with a traumatic tracheoesophageal fistula (TTEF) following a road traffic accident that caused chest and arm injuries. Diagnostic tests revealed a fistula between the trachea and esophagus. Initial treatment involved nil by mouth and ryles tube feeding. When symptoms did not improve, an esophageal stent was placed endoscopically. However, the stent migrated on two occasions requiring repositioning. TTEF is a rare complication of blunt chest trauma, with high mortality if not treated surgically or with stents. Proper suspicion and early diagnosis are important for successful management of this condition.
This document discusses otitis media with effusion (OME), also known as glue ear, which is the presence of fluid in the middle ear cavity with a non-inflamed eardrum. It is one of the most common chronic ear conditions in children. The document covers the prevalence, etiology, diagnosis, natural history and management of OME. Key points include that Eustachian tube malfunction combined with infection are major underlying factors, tympanometry is the most accurate diagnostic test, and the majority of children see spontaneous resolution within 2-3 months without treatment. Treatment options discussed include parent counseling, watchful waiting, and medical therapies like antibiotics in some cases.
Empty Nose Syndrome (ENS) is a complication that can occur after nasal surgery where the nasal turbinates are damaged or removed. It causes paradoxical nasal obstruction despite clear nasal passages. People with ENS experience dryness, headaches, and other symptoms. While there is no definitive diagnostic criteria, ENS is diagnosed by ruling out other conditions and examining turbinate damage on CT scans. Treatments include humidifiers, saline sprays, and reconstructive surgery to relieve symptoms, but there is currently no cure.
This document discusses several types of pharyngeal abscesses including peritonsillar abscess (quinsy), parapharyngeal abscess, and retropharyngeal abscess. It covers the epidemiology, bacteriology, clinical features, investigations, treatment, and complications of each. Peritonsillar abscess typically presents with sore throat, odynophagia, and trismus. Needle aspiration or incision and drainage along with IV antibiotics are the main treatments. Parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal abscesses can spread infection to deep neck spaces and sometimes require surgical drainage. Complications of pharyngeal abscesses include mediastinitis, deep neck infections, and Lemierre
This document discusses several benign diseases of the larynx, including congenital anomalies. The most common congenital laryngeal anomaly is laryngomalacia, which involves inward collapse of supraglottic structures during inspiration. Other discussed anomalies include laryngeal cysts, laryngoceles, laryngeal webs, vocal cord paralysis, and congenital subglottic stenosis. Diagnosis is usually via laryngoscopy or imaging. Treatment depends on severity but may include observation, medical management, surgery such as supraglottoplasty, or tracheostomy for more severe cases.
The document discusses various types of tumors that can occur in the larynx, including both benign and malignant tumors. It provides details on common benign tumors such as papillomas, adenomas, fibromas and lipomas. For malignant tumors, it covers epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis, staging according to the TNM classification system and patterns of spread for different types including glottic, supraglottic and subglottic cancers. Imaging modalities like CT and MRI are described which help in assessing tumor extent and involvement of surrounding structures.
Rhinosinusitis can lead to serious orbital, intracranial, and bony complications if not properly treated. The document describes the various classifications of orbital complications including preseptal cellulitis, orbital cellulitis, subperiosteal abscess, and orbital abscess. It also details intracranial complications such as meningitis, epidural/subdural empyema, brain abscess, and cavernous sinus thrombosis. Treatment involves antibiotics, surgical drainage if needed, and management of the underlying sinusitis. Failure to improve or clinical deterioration despite treatment indicates the need for more aggressive management.
Otitis Media with Effusion / Secretory Otitis MediaAnwaaar
This document provides information about Brig Anwar Ul Haq and otitis media with effusion (OME), also known as glue ear. It discusses the etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of OME. Regarding treatment, it indicates that medical management alone has limited effectiveness and that ventilation tube insertion is the main surgical treatment used to speed resolution of OME, while adenoidectomy may provide additional benefits by removing a source of chronic infection. Potential complications of treatments like ventilation tubes are also outlined.
This document discusses acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM), an infection of the middle ear. It begins by defining ASOM and the anatomy of the middle ear. It then discusses the common causes, stages, symptoms, signs, and treatment of ASOM. The stages include tubal occlusion, pre-suppuration, suppuration, and resolution. Common symptoms are earache and deafness. Signs include a retracted or bulging eardrum. Treatment involves antibiotics, decongestants, analgesics, and sometimes myringotomy to drain pus. The goal of treatment is resolution of symptoms and return of the eardrum to normal appearance.
This document discusses different types of fungal sinusitis, including invasive and noninvasive forms. Invasive fungal sinusitis is characterized by fungal hyphae growing within sinus tissues and can be acute, chronic, or chronic granulomatous. Noninvasive types include allergic fungal sinusitis and fungal balls. Imaging findings on CT and MRI are described for each type. Treatment involves surgical removal of fungal material and antifungal medications, with the most aggressive form requiring extensive debridement and high doses of amphotericin B due to its high mortality risk if left untreated. Potential side effects of antifungal drugs are also noted.
The document provides an overview of fungal sinusitis. It discusses the different types including invasive and non-invasive forms. Superficial sinonasal mycosis and fungal balls are described as non-invasive types. Chronic and acute invasive fungal sinusitis are outlined as more serious conditions affecting immunocompromised individuals. Key signs, symptoms, diagnostic techniques and treatment approaches are summarized for each type. A variety of fungi that can cause infection are also named.
Furunculosis is a localized infection of a single hair follicle in the external ear canal caused mainly by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. It presents as a painful, blocked ear with discharge and tender swelling around the pinna. Treatment involves antibiotics, incision and drainage of abscesses, and topical antiseptic ear drops. Without treatment, it can cause scarring and narrowing of the ear canal.
This document summarizes the anatomy, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of nasal polyps and antrochoanal polyps. Key points include:
- Nasal polyps are non-cancerous growths that arise from the ethmoid sinuses and present as multiple grape-like masses. Common causes include allergy, infection, asthma.
- Antrochoanal polyps originate in the maxillary sinus and grow posteriorly into the nasopharynx. They present as a single unilateral mass.
- Treatment involves medical management with steroids and surgery such as polypectomy, FESS or Caldwell Luc procedure depending on type and severity.
This document describes the anatomy, functions, and clinical presentation and management of tonsillitis. It notes that the palatine tonsils consist of lymphoid tissue located in the pockets formed by muscles in the back of the throat. Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils, usually due to bacterial or viral infection, causing sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and fever. Clinical diagnosis is based on symptoms and physical exam findings. Management is generally supportive with hydration, analgesics, and antibiotics. Complications can include abscesses, otitis media, or post-streptococcal diseases.
This document provides an overview of the steps involved in primary sinus surgery via an endoscopic approach. It begins with a brief history of sinus surgery and then discusses preoperative assessment, including CT scans to evaluate sinus anatomy and disease patterns. The basic techniques of Messerklinger and Wigand are described. The key steps of the surgery are then outlined in detail, including uncinectomy, antrostomy of the maxillary sinus, anterior and posterior ethmoidectomy, sphenoid sinusotomy, and frontal sinusotomy when necessary. Throughout, anatomical landmarks and variations are discussed to guide safe dissection and avoid complications.
http://www.aoico.it
XIII Congresso Nazionale AOICO - Cava de’Tirreni (SA)
Relazione tenuta dal dott. Giuseppe Romano
sule indicazioni alla timpanocentesi con e senza DTT
In occasione del ventesimo anniversario del centro medico diagnostico Associati Fisiomed di Sforzacosta di Macerata, la dr.ssa Cristina Fatone endocrinologa (si occupa delle problematiche relative alla tiroide) presenta il suo ultimo lavoro "Patologia Nodulare Tiroidea"
QUESTA E' LA MIA ULTIMA RELAZIONE, PREMETTO NON SONO UN MEDICO, MA" RICERCATRICE PER ME STESSA" , AMO STUDIARE E FARE RICERCHE, SPERO POSSA ESSERE D'AIUTO PER UNA DIAGNOSI DEFINITIVA. HO SUBITO DEGLI ENORMI DANNI IN SALUTE.
CREDO DI AVER BISOGNO DI CURE IMMINENTI E DI "RISPETTO"....E NON DARE SEGUITO AD UN GIOCO CRUDELE NEI CONFRONTI DI UNA PERSONA AMMALATA!
CON STIMA E RISPETTO PER TUTTI...
LAINI FLAVIA VITTORIA
201911 - Tripodi - Immunoterapia specifica alla luce della e-mobile health?Asmallergie
1. The document discusses using digital solutions like mobile health to improve allergen immunotherapy (AIT) by combining clinical research data and mobile health for AIT prescription.
2. It proposes the "@IT-2020" process, a flexible 4-step modular approach for prescribing AIT for pollen allergy patients in Southern Europe/Mediterranean countries, to be validated in a pilot study (2016-2017) and multicenter study (2018-2019).
3. The 4 diagnostic steps of "@IT-2020" and validation testing are described, aiming to determine genuine vs false sensitization, primary sensitization, and the relationship between sensitization and symptoms to guide personalized AIT prescription.
201911 - Rossi - L'asma grave è sempre “grave”?Asmallergie
This document discusses a study of 437 patients with severe asthma (GINA step V) in Italy. The main findings were:
- The average annual exacerbation rate was 3.75.
- The mean blood eosinophil level was 536.7 cells/mcL and average serum total IgE was 470.3 kU/L.
- 64% were on regular oral corticosteroids, 57% with omalizumab and 11.2% with mepolizumab.
- The most common comorbidities were rhinitis, nasal polyposis, and bronchiectasis. Bronchiectasis was associated with more frequent severe exacerbations.
201911 - Conte - Asma eosinofilico: i farmaci biologici che contrastano l'azi...Asmallergie
This document summarizes a presentation about eosinophilic asthma and biological drugs that target interleukin-5 (IL-5). It discusses the role of eosinophils and IL-5 in asthma, clinical studies of anti-IL-5 drugs like mepolizumab and benralizumab, and real-world experience with these therapies. The presentation covers the pathophysiology of eosinophilic asthma, how anti-IL-5 drugs work, results from major clinical trials showing reduced exacerbations and oral corticosteroid use, and insights from real-world studies on treatment response and outcomes. It emphasizes the importance of patient phenotypes and endotypes in guiding therapy selection for severe asthma.
201911 - Villalta - Novità in ambito di diagnostica molecolare nella sensibil...Asmallergie
This document discusses advances in molecular diagnostics for mite sensitization. It begins with a brief history of allergy to house dust mites and an overview of the major allergenic molecules from mites, including Der p 1, Der p 2, and Der p 23. It describes the concept of "molecular spreading" where the IgE response spreads from initial sensitization to major allergens to include other milder allergens over time. The document then covers classical and molecular diagnostic techniques for mite allergy. It concludes by discussing the potential predictive role of antibody patterns to different mite allergens.
2. Otite media
Processo flogistico a carico di:
• Tuba di Eustachio
• Cassa del timpano
• Antro e cellule mastoidee
ACUTA
• Siero – mucosa
• Purulenta
CRONICA
• Siero – mucosa
• Suppurativa
• Colesteatomatosa
SEQUELE DI OTITI
• Timpanosclerosi
• Perforazione timpanica
3. OM: Clinical Practice Guideline
American Academy of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery 2016
TERMINE
Otite media effusiva (OME)
OME cronica
Otite media acuta (AOM)
Effusione orecchio medio (MEE)
DEFINIZIONE
Presenza di versamento fluido nell’orecchio medio senza
segni di infezione acuta dell’orecchio
Quando persiste > 3 mesi
Insorgenza rapida di segni e sintomi di infiammazione
dell’orecchio medio
Fluido nell’orecchio medio di qualsiasi origine. È presente sia
nell’OME che nell’AOM (in questo caso può persistere diversi
mesi prima di risolversi)
4. AOM
Infiammazione a rapida insorgenza dell’orecchio
medio di origine infettiva associata a MEE
- Sporadica
- Resistente
- Persistente
- Ricorrente (3 o più episodi in 6 mesi)
5. Eziologia dell’otite media acuta
Flogosi microbica dell’orecchio medio batterica o virale (isolata o in combinazione).
- Streptococco Pneumoniae (25 – 30%)
- Haemophilus influenzae (40 – 45%)
- Moraxella catarrhalis (10%)
- Virus respiratorio sinciziale
- Virus dell’influenza
- Rinovirus
6. Vie di diffusione dell’infezione
- Tuba di Eustachio: la via principale attraverso cui i microrganismi raggiungono
l’orecchio
- Le infezioni delle alte vie aeree possono determinare edema della mucosa
compresa quella tubarica e riducono la funzionalità tubarica (disfunzione,
congestione riduzione delle cellule ciliate, incremento di secrezioni mucinose)
- Pressione negativa (aspirazione di patogeni ed incremento secrezioni)
- Perforazioni della membrana timpanica o tubi di ventilazione
- Ematogena
7. Fattori di rischio AOM
Genetici
• Familiarità RR 2.63 (Metanalisi, UhariM, 1996)
• HLA-A2 associato a AOM ricorrente ma non ad OME
• Gruppo sanguigno materno A RR 2.82
• Atopia (livello 3 - 4)
Immunologici
Difetti di maturazione del sistema immunitario predispongono all’infezione
• Bassi livelli di IgA secretorie e deficit di IgG2
• Maturazione tardive di anticorpi anti pneumococcici
• Bassi livelli di CD4 (livello 2)
Rovers MM, The Lancet 2004
8. Fattori di rischio AOM
Ambientali
• Frequenza scuola materna RR 2.45
• Allattamento al seno RR 0.87
• Basse condizioni socioeconomiche RR 5.55
• Esposizione al fumo passivo RR 1.6
• Fattori dietetici (allergia al latte vaccino) (livello 4)
Sindromici
• Dismorfismi cranio-faciali, palatoschisi
• Associazione diretta con anemia
Rovers MM, The Lancet 2004
9. Complicanze
- atrofia della catena ossiculare;
- fistola della capsula otica (canali semicircolari,
promontorio);
- paralisi del VII;
- mastoidite;
- labirintite;
- meningite;
- ascesso cerebrale o cerebellare;
- tromboflebite dei seno venosi endocranici
Queste complicanze sono possibili in tutte le otiti ma nella forma
colesteatomatosa sono più frequenti.
10. Terapia medica AOM
ANTIBIOTICI
La terapia antibiotica deve essere iniziata prima possibile in caso di:
• Età inferiore ai 2 anni
• Bilateralità
• Grave sintomatologia
• Otorrea
• Ricorrenza
Peter Rea
11. Best clinical practice AOM
• Terapia antibiotica dopo attesa di 2 gg (Grado A) (80% guarigione spontanea in 2-14 gg,
(Rovers MM, The Lancet 2004))
• Terapia steroidea non raccomandata (Ranakusuma RW, The Cochrane Library, 2018)
• Il vaccino antinfluenzale comporta una piccola riduzione dell’AOM (livello evidenza 4)
(Norhayati MN, The Cochrane Library, 2017)
• Nelle forme ricorrenti l’inserzione del TV riduce il numero di episodi di AOM del
50%; questa opzione va preferita qualora permanga versamento fra gli episodi acuti
(Casselbrant ML, 1992) (livello di evidenza 4 ma grado B di raccomandazione). Tale procedura
permette anche applicazione topica dei farmaci.
• L’utilizzo di antistaminici e decongestionanti non è supportato (Flynn CA, Cochrane Review
2002)
• L’utilizzo di probiotici nasali può ridurre gli episodi ricorrenti (LM Bellussi, MP Villa,
Preventive nasal bacteriotherapy for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections and sleep disordered
breathing in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2018)
• Modificazione dei fattori di rischio (Allan S, LG AA Pediatrics, 2013 Grado C)
12. • I bambini con mastoidite acuta devono essere sottoposti a
valutazione ORL
• In casi non complicati (assenza di segni neurologici o sepsi) TC
può essere rimandata
• Terapia antibiotica ev immediata con incisione e drenaggio in
caso di ascesso
• Miringotomia indicata soprattutto se età inferiore di 2 anni
• In caso di assenza di miglioramento sintomatologia eseguire TC
ed eventuale mastoidectomia
13. Otite media sierosa/otite media con effusione
(OME)
Patologia flogistica con versamento endotimpanico
OME cronica: > 12 settimane
Può essere completamente asintomatica (bambino non riferisce ipoacusia)
18. Epidemiologia dell’OME
• È la più comune patologia flogistica dell’orecchio medio
• È più frequente nell’età compresa fra gli 1 e 7 anni
• Il 90% dei bambini riporta almeno 1 episodio
• Il 75% almeno 3 episodi
19. Perché è importante soffermarsi sull’OME?
• Può causare ritardo di linguaggio
• Può causare un deficit di attenzione
• Si possono verificare danni alla membrana timpanica
• Si possono verificare alterazioni croniche della mucosa dell’orecchio medio
Teele DW, Pediatrics 1984
20. OME ed ipoacusia
• L’entità del deficit è variabile e può raggiungere i 40 dB (gap VA – VO).
21. OME ed alterazioni strutturali della MT
• Atrofia
• Tasca di retrazione
• Atelettasia
22. OME ed alterazioni strutturali della MT
Percentuale di alterazioni anatomiche della MT in una coorte di 694 bambini valutati
tra i 2 e 3 anni con follow up fino a 8 anni.
96 orecchi sono stati esclusi dallo studio perché subentrata perforazione, otiti medie o persistenza di TV.
Schilder AGM, Am Journ Otol, 1995
23. Eziologia OME
• Naturale evoluzione di AOM
• Flogosi specifica dell’orecchio medio con incremento MEE
• Disfunzione tubarica
• Ostruzione meccanica: teoria ex-vacuo
• Perdita delle funzioni
• di clearance mucociliare
• di immunità innata e specifica
24. Fattori favorenti
• Mancato allattamento al seno
• Carenza di difese immunitarie
• Fattori razziali (razza bianca)
• Fattori geografici
26. Int Journ Ped Otorinolaryngol, 2016
• Età media: 8.5 anni (4 – 15)
• Ipoacusia: 64%
• 27% tasche di retrazione
37%
27%36%
27. Osservazioni
• In caso di dismorfismi cranio faciali i bambini devono essere sottoposti a periodici
controlli audiologici in considerazione dell’incremento di incidenza di forme croniche
o di complicanze locali
• Particolare attenzione va posta in caso di
• Sindromi associate ad ipoacusia neurosensoriale con disorfismi cranio-faciali
• Ritardi di linguaggio
• Disturbo di attenzione
• Autismo
28. Il ruolo dell’allergia nelle patologie otologiche
L’allergia è comunemente associata a
• Rinite
• Sinusite
• Asma
La relazione fra allergia e patologie otologiche è storicamente controversa
Possibile azione diretta ed indiretta
Yang B, Otolaryngol Clin N Am, 2017
29. Il ruolo dell’allergia nelle patologie otologiche
Associazione fra rinite allergica ed OME
L’OME è una comorbidità della AR in una
percentuale di casi che varia dal 16,3 all’89%
(Luong A, Clin North Am 2008)
Nei pazienti con AR e OME il trattamento
dell’allergia con INS accelera la risoluzione
dell’OME (Lack G, Pediatr Allergy Immunol, Review 2011)
per reversibilità della disfunzione tubarica
Percentage of respiratory type mucosa (ciliated
mucus secreting cells) in the middle ear
30. Studio prospettico multicentrico su un campione di 639 bambini (3,23 – 6,75 anni) con
diagnosi di OME seguiti per 12 settimane
La maggior parte dei bambini con OME non presenta sintomi allergologici delle alte e
delle basse vie aeree o a livello cutaneo
Fattori di rischio di persistenza (livello di evidenza 3)
• Allergia: no
• Visita nel periodo fra luglio e dicembre: si
• Soglia audiometrica > 30 dB nell’orecchio migliore: si
31. Il ruolo dell’allergia nelle patologie otologiche
Studio caso-controllo su 88 bambini con diagnosi di OME di età compresa fra 1 e 7
anni (80 controlli) in cui l’allergia è stata valutata mediante Skin Prick test e conta
eosinofili e IgE totali nel sangue
L’allergia comporterebbe un incremento dell’incidenza dell’OME di 2,5 volte rispetto
non sensibilizzati.
Chantzi FM, Allergy 2006
32. Chantzi FM, Allergy 2006
Non vi sono differenze significative fra le
caratteristiche demografiche e fattori
predisponenti OME fra i casi ed i
controlli.
33. Chantzi FM, Allergy 2006
OME è indipendentemente associata alla
sensibilizzazione IgE ad almeno 1
allergene
34. L’immunoterapia nell’OME
Studio prospettico caso controllo
• 89 pazienti atopici affetti da OME (test intradermico secondo American Academy
Otolaryngic Allergy)
• 21 pazienti atopici di controllo che hanno rifiutato la terapia
L’immunoterapia specifica ha determinato completa risoluzione OME nell’85% dei
casi ed un significativo miglioramento nel 5,5%.
Nessuno dei controlli ha avuto risoluzione spontanea (p<0,001)
LIMITE DELLO STUDIO: non è randomizzato
Hurst DS, Int Pediatric Otorhinolaryngol, 2008
35. Il ruolo dell’allergia nelle patologie otologiche
conclusioni
• La corrente evidenza scientifica supporta la relazione fra allergia /atopia –
disfunzione della tuba di Eustachio e OME
• La maggior parte degli studi evidenzia come l’orecchio medio possa subire una
modificazione della funzionalità in seguito ad allergia (poiché parte delle vie aeree
superiori)
• Studi randomizzati sull’efficacia dell’immunoterapia nella risoluzione dell’OME non
sono presenti
Yang B, Otolaryngol Clin N Am, 2017, Review
36. Otite media eosinofila
• L’otite media eosinofila è una forma di otite media intrattabile che accorre
principalmente in pazienti con asma bronchiale ed è stata per la prima volta
riportata nel 1994.
• L’insorgenza avviene in media all’età di 50 – 60 anni.
Yang B, Otolaryngol Clin N Am, 2017
37. Terapia medica dell’OME
• Antibiotici (con o senza cortisone) hanno beneficio ma è solamente transitorio (non
vi è differenza dopo alcune settimane) (Venekamp RP, The Cochrane Library, 2016; Butler CC, The
Cochrane Library, 2002; Wiliams RL, JAMA, 1993; Mendel EM, Pediatrics 2002)
• Terapia diversa da quella antibiotica e steroidea non ha efficacia provata:
• Antistaminici e decongestionanti (Flynn CA, The Cochraine Library, 2002; Simpson SA, The
Cochraine Library, 2011)
• Mucolitici orali (Pignataro O, Int Journal Otorhinolaryngol 1996)
• Terapia steroidea intranasale: non sono efficaci nel trattamento dell’OME bilaterale
(Williamson I, BMJ2009)
• Autoinsufflazioni tubariche: scarsa evidenza (Perera M, The Cochrane Library, 2013)
38.
39. Terapia medica OME
Lavaggi nasali (soluzione ipertonica ed eventuale acido ialuronico)
• Riduzione degli episodi di ostruzione nasale
• Possono incrementare efficacia degli steroidi topici nelle riniti allergiche
L.Y. Chong, C. Hopkins, Saline irrigation for chronic rhinosinusitis, 2016, Cochrane Systematic Review;
Harvey R., Hannan SA, Nasal saline irrigation for the sympotoms of chronic rhinosinusitis, Cochrane
Database Systematic Rev, 2007
Chen JR, Jin L The effectiveness of nasal saline irrigation (seawater) in treatment of allergic rhinitis in
children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2014
46. Best clinical practice
• Sospettare OME se recente episodio di AOM o se i genitori riferiscono che bambino
sente meno (Grado B)
• Poiché non vi è evidenza di beneficio dalla terapia medica i medici devono
identificare, dopo un periodo di osservazione, i bambini che necessitano di TV
• Quando si esegue miringotomia è raccomandato inserimento anche di TV (Grado A)
• I bambini con OME monolaterale difficilmente sviluppano la forma bilaterale
(evidenza 3); in generale in questi casi non è indicato il posizionamento di TV
(Grado A)
• Nei bambini < 3 anni non è indicato TV anche in caso di persistenza di OME se non
ci sono ritardi di linguaggio o problemi di sviluppo (Grado A)
• I TV non prevengono le alterazioni strutturali della MT e non devono essere
utilizzati per tale ragione (Grado B)
• Non vi è ragione per evitare di bagnare l’orecchio in caso di TV inserito (Grado D)