1. In Japan, wrapping gifts is seen as wrapping one's heart carefully and with attention to detail. The word for wrapping, "tsutsumu", comes from a pictogram of a pregnant woman, carrying the sense of tenderness of motherhood. 2. During the 7th century, improvements to papermaking in Japan resulted in the establishment of washi paper. Wrapping gifts in washi became a symbol of purity among upper classes in the 13th century. 3. Traditional wrapping methods using paper and cloth remain part of Japanese culture today, showing respect for the gift recipient.

1. 1
Wrapping in Japan
【Words】
Wrap(動)～を包む
Tenderly(副)優しく、親切に
Conscientiously(副)良心的に、入念に
Detail(名)細部、細目
Ribbon(名)リボン
Right down(副)に至るまで
Be derived from(動)に由来する。
Pictogram(名)絵文字
Pregnant(形)妊娠した
Therefore(副)その結果、したがって
Sense(名)感覚、意味
Motherhood(名)母性
Come with(動)～を備えている
The Japanese(名)日本人
Bring~to mind～を思い出させる
【Chaper1】In Japan, it is said that giving a gift is like wrapping one’s heart. A gift
should be wrapped tenderly and conscientiously. So, every last detail is important, right
down to the ribbon.
“Tsutsumu” is the word for wrapping in Japanese. Its kanji character is derived from a
Chinese pictogram of a pregnant woman with a baby inside her. Therefore, the word
“tsutsumu” carries a sense of tenderness that comes with motherhood.
When you think of “tsutsumu”, you may also think of washi, traditional Japanese
paper. It may also bring to mind furoshiki, a cloth for wrapping things. Those two
items, in fact, have quite different historical origin. However, they both helped the
Japanese to develop a rich wrapping culture.
【下線部和訳】
【要旨】
【Words】
Via(前)～経由で
Increase(動)ふえる
Quality(名)質
Improve(動)改良する、改善する

2. 2
Dramatically(副)劇的に
Result in~ ～という結果になる
Available(形)利用できる
Upper(形)上のほうの
Establish(動)設立する
Fold(動)折る
Protect(動)保護する
Impurity(名)不潔、不純
Unmarked(形)印のない
Symbol(名)象徴
Purity(名)純粋、清浄
【Chaper2】During the seventh century, papermaking techniques came to Japan from
China via Korea. As paper production increased, quality of paper also improved
dramatically, and this resulted in the birth of washi.
Around the thirteenth century, washi was still expensive and available only among the
upper class.
They established special ways of folding paper in order to wrap up gifts. Wrapping was
a way of protecting the gift from impurities and unmarked white paper was a symbol of
purity.
【下線部和訳】
【要旨】
【Words】
Ordinary(副)普通の
Moreover(副)そのうえ、さらに
Introduction(名)導入、伝来
Countless(形)数え切れない、無数の
Suggest(動)提案する
Remain(動)残る、～のままだ
Thus(副)このように
【Chaper3】When washi became widely available in the Edo Period, using such paper
to wrap presents became popular among the ordinary people. The mid-nineteenth
century, moreover, saw the introduction of colored paper with patterns and designs.
Then countless new forms of wrapping appeared.

3. 3
Some of the traditional ways of folding paper still remain today. For example, people
wrap the gift money for wedding in white paper. Such tradition suggests that the gifts
should be protected from anything unclean, and thus, respect for the person who
receives the gift.
【下線部和訳】
【要旨】
【Words】
Bathing(名)入浴
Connection(名)つながり
Noble(名)貴族
Crest(名)紋章
Family crest 家紋
【Chaper4】The practice of wrapping cloth is said to have its roots in the Nara Period.
Some treasure items in Shosoin show that pieces of cloth were used to wrap up gifts.
The connection between such wrapping cloth and a bath started in the Muromachi
Period. At that time, some nobles built a bath in their house and invited guests for
bathing. When people were invited to the bathes, they would wrap their clothes in a
piece of cloth with a family crest while they were bathing. In that way their clothes
wouldn’t be lost or taken by others by mistake.
【下線部和訳】
【要旨】

4. 4
Lesson4 (p23~)
現在完了形の留意点
① 現在形の仲間⇒三人称単数現在のルールが適用
② 現在を含む語は一緒に使うことが可能
Ex. Lately (最近), recently (最近), so far (今までのところ), up to (今まで) now, just,
now
③ 過去時制と一緒に使うことはできない(原則)
Ex, Ago, in those days, when, what time, when, yesterday, last month, just now
＊ただし、since や for とともに過去表現を使えば、完了形で使用することが可能
Ⅰ
1 We have already had lunch. 【ア】
2 I have met her before. (before は現在完了形や過去完了形でも使える) 【イ】
3 My brother has gone to the U.S.(have been to との違いは今ここに居るのかいないのか
の違い)【イ】
4 My family have lived here since I was seven. (live は状態動詞なので進行形にできない)
【ウ】
5 I have ridden a horse twice. 【イ】
6 She has known him for four years. 【ウ】
Ⅱ
1 The singer came to japan two years ago.
2 I have not sent the letter to him yet.
3 Meg received an email from her cousin last night.
4 What happened to that actor? I have not seen him on TV for a long time.
5 Paul was playing baseball when he was in junior high school.
Ⅲ
1 She has just finished the marathon.
2 Bob and Tom have been playing tennis since this morning.
3 I have belonged to the dance team for three years.
4 Chris has been cleaning his room for an hour.
Ⅳ
1 My father has been to Germany three times.

5. 5
2 Have you read today’s newspaper yet?
3 I have not watched a movie recently.
4 He has not left N.Y. yet.
5 She has been using a computer for two hours.
作文「あなたが行ったことのある場所について」
留意点
・子供の時など過去を表わす場合は過去形を使う
・～に行ったことがある→ have been to ~, I have visited などを使う

6. 6
過去完了形の留意点
① 時間的な前後関係を表すもの＝過去形と一緒に使う（原則）
未来完了形の留意点
① 未来のある時点には、今やっている作業は終わっているだろうの意を表す
Ex. 今している授業は、30 分後には終わるだろう
Ex. 1 時間後には母は帰ってくるだろう
Ex. 来年で結婚 10 年目です
② ～するまでには(未来のある時点を表わす)の表現とセットで使うことが多い
Ⅰ
1 My father told a silly joke, but I had heard it before. 【イ】
2 The train had already left when I arrived at the station. 【ア】
3 We had been worried about him until he showed up. 【ウ】
4 I had never sent a letter to a foreign country before I wrote to him. 【イ】
5 He had just finished his dinner when she came home. 【ア】
Ⅱ
1 Sam had played the video game for two hours when his mother came back.
2 We had walked for four hours when we reached the top of the mountain.
2 We had been walking for four hours when we reached the top of the mountain.
3 I had never listened to live classical music until I went to the concert.
4 They had known each other for five years when they got married.
Ⅲ
1 Nancy will have lived here for ten years next month.
2 I didn’t think that she had gone home.
3 If I read the book again, I will have read it three times.
Ⅳ
1 By the time we arrive at the movie theater, it will have started.
2 When she came, we had been talking for an hour.
3 When he called me, I had not left the house yet.
4 I did not know that he had moved to Nagoya.
5 Until I went to Ueno Zoo, I had not seen Pandas

7. 7
作文「あなたが初めて何かを体験した時のことについて」
留意点
・初めて何かを経験したことを書く＝～のときまで…をしたことがなかったという過去完
了形の形を用いて書くとよい
・初めて自分で料理を作った時のことなど

8. 8