2015.10.05 ANRA Keynote - Giovanni Cecconi

Giovanni Cecconi
Director of Active Knowledge Centre
Consorzio Venezia Nuova- Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport
The MOSE System
Technology, Innovation and
Development for
Environmental and Flood
Protection.
Improving Resilience for
Adaptation to Climate
Change and Global Sea
Level Rise

BRUSSELS, 20-21 October
www.ferma.euFORUM 2015
Venice, Italy 4-7 October
N° of Climate Change Related Events 1980-2011

Venezia TokyoEdogawa
Flooding in Coastal Cities by2070:Potential for ecosystem based defence
Ecosystem Based Defence Green -> Intermediate Yellow ->Blu Conventional Structures
Red Existing examples
From S. Temmerman, P. Meire, T. J. Bouma, P. M. J. Herman, T. Ysebaert & H. J. De Vriend 2013

DRR AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
A PROCESS OF
LEARNING AND WORKING WITH NATURE
BASED ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICE
IN COASTAL PLANNING AND PROTECTION
BY MEANS OF SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL CONNECTIVE TOOLKIT
FOR ENABLING PASSIONATE TRANSFORMATIONS
PRESERVING LOCAL IDENTITIES

1923 Kanto Earthquake
Structural
Mitigation
1995 Kobe
Response
Preparedness
2011 Tohoku
Recovery and
Resilience
National Science Museum

Kobe 1995 Tohoku 2011
Magnitude 7 Magnitude 9
 Death 6 434
Building and infrastructure:
Severely damaged 249 180
Debris tons 20 000 000
 Homeless >1week 320 000
 Interim Housing 60 000
 Loss billion euro 75
 Municipalities 20
 Death 18 715
 Building and infrastructure:
Severely damaged 264 035
 Debris tons 27 000 000
 Homeless >1week 360 000
 Interim Housing 110 000
 Loss billion euro 130
 Municipalities 227

1995 Kobe Urban Disaster

2011TohokuMultiLocationCascading Disasters
Fire

RESILIENCE For DRR in Safer Communities
Before
After
Sea
Sea
Housing, Industry,
Tourism FacilityHill
Hill Housing, Public Facility Green Belt
Industry, Tourism
Facility
Highland
Evacuation
A: Worst Class Tsunami
B: Frequent Tsunami
Minami-Sanriku Town Recovery Basic Plan

Boston Flooding in 2070
Total Resilience Approach by Venice Laboratory, Thetis
Winner of Boston Living with Water Competition June 2015

Total Resilience Approach by LNLT Learning with Nature Living Toolkit
Winner of Boston Living with Water Competition June 2015

RESILIENCE For DRR in Safer Communities
 Managed retreat from the areas at risk (whenever
economically viable and politically accepted).
 Super-levee eco-city, such as the one under completion in
Edogawa-Tokyo, and Ecosystem bio-stabilization of large
sediment input for dunes, dikes, escape place, water
injection for elevation recover.
 Mobile barriers : Venice, Nederland, Russia, U.K., New
Orleans, and Kainan city, Japan, to protect harbor entrances
from tsunami.

Ecosystem Creation
Flood protection by ecosystem creation and restoration can provide a
cost-effective and ecologically sound alternative to conventional coastal
engineering not sufficient for protecting coastal cities against extreme events !

Super-levee eco-city
A high standard river embankment with a broad width which can withstand even if
overflowed, integrated with a green urban development

The Venice lagoon risks
Flooding Coastal erosion
Loss of habitat Pollution

Flooding

Sea storms

SEA LEVEL RISE  1,27mm/yr (former estimate in Venice - linear trend)
GEOLOGICAL SUBSIDENCE  0,4mm/yr (liner trend). It likely reflects the consolidation of Holocene,
whose average rate of about 1.3 mm/yr during the natural evolution stage of the lagoon, dropped
over recent centuries, reaching the current figure 0-0.5 mm/yr
ANTROPHOGENIC SUBSIDENCE - variable rates. It has been induced (1930 -1969/70) by groundwater
withdrawal from the aquifer system located in the upper 350 m
REBOUND of ~ 2cm followed the well closure

LAND SUBSIDENCE DUE TO
GROUNDWATER PUMPING IN
VENICE
Evolution vs time of the piezometric head in Venice
& in the industrial area (after Carbognin et al., 1995)
Evolution of the well number for the various aquifers
in the Venice industrial area (after Serandrei, 1972)

Average land subsidence in mm/yr at Venice over various time intervals
(after Tosi et al., 2002, 2013)
1961-1969 1973-1993
1992-2002 2003-2010
gentle
rebound

Evolution vs time of the
piezometric head (above) and
land subsidence (below) along
the A-B alignment connecting the
mainland with Venice (after
Carbognin et al., 1995)
rebound
piezometric
recovery
Land subsidence
in the Venice
Lagoon after the
well closure
(after Tosi et al.,
2000)

Hystorical Sea Level Rise and number of closures

Anno
Profondità
media
del fondale
(m)
Crescita relativa
dell'azione
erosiva dovuta al moto
ondoso da vento
1800 0.45 100
1900 0.60 200
2000 0.95 800
2100 1.25 1600
RSLR WAVE EROSION

STATE OF REFERENCE PRESENT STATE
Only opportunistic species
(reduced biodiversity) in
anoxic sedimentOxidized layer
Deep channel
ShoalsLow depth (0.5 m b.s.l.)
Low waves
Siltation of channel
Abundance of eel – grass
and of benthic species
High waves
High turbidity
Agitated waters
Sediment resuspension
No shoals,
deepening and flattening
of the tidal flat (>1.0 m b.s.l.)
Low turbidity
Calm waters
RSLR HABITAT LOSS

Salt marshes
Fish farms
Historical places
Torcello year 900
Barrier Islands
A complex system

Co-evolution XVII Metaphore

Building with Nature: a beneficial interaction of structural measures
and natural processes

From a foot-print to a salt-marsh
A Shelter Open to Natural Transport of Organic Matter and Solar Energy

Self-structuring communities: microbial mat biostabilization

An evolving landscape :
from 50 year old salt- marsh (on the right)
to 5 year old new shoals (on the left)
artificial landscape by compaction of sediment fills

In 28 years 1987-2015
20.000.000 m3 sediments
from maintenance dredging
has been re-used on 15 km2

Re-use of dredged sediments in confined areas for
constructed salt marsh habitat

Evolution stages of constructed salt marshes

Vegetation Birds Ponds and tidal creeks
Stadio 0 < 2 Months
absentabsent
Mean elevation of
surface a.s.l.
Flooding time <3%
+0.70 – 1.00 m a.s.l.
-0,6
-0,5
-0,4
-0,3
-0,2
-0,1
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1

Mean elevation of
surface a.s.l.
Vegetazione Avifauna Rete IdricaVegetation Birds Ponds and tidal creeks
absent
+0.40 – 0.70 m a.s.l.
Flooding time 3-25%
< 1 year
-0,6
-0,5
-0,4
-0,3
-0,2
-0,1
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1

Mean elevation of
surface a.s.l.
+0.30 – 0.60 m a.s.l.
Flooding time 8-40%
1-3 years
-0,6
-0,5
-0,4
-0,3
-0,2
-0,1
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1

Mean elevation of
surface a.s.l.
+0.20 – 0.50 m a.s.l.
Flooding time 20-55%
3-5 years
-0,6
-0,5
-0,4
-0,3
-0,2
-0,1
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1

Mean elevation of
surface a.s.l.
+0.20 – 0.40 m a.s.l.
Flooding time 30-55%
>5 years
-0,6
-0,5
-0,4
-0,3
-0,2
-0,1
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1

5 years: Natural adaptation to sea level rise

ADAPTATION TO RSLR
0.5 cm/year ACCRETION ON CONSTRUCTED SALT MARSHES

Limonieto
Sarcocornieto
Salicornieto
Constructed salt-marsh habitats

Queste esperienze hanno contributo al piano di protezione di New York dopo l’uragano Sandy
USACE North Atlantic Division, Dir. J. di Vietri Washington Workshop Nov. 2013

1500
level
Present
level
Limits of Local Adaptation

Mean sea level,cm, Median IPCC-AR5 RCP8.5 scenario, in blue
N° of flooding > 110 in red
>120 in black

RIUSO DEI SEDIMENTI DI DRAGAGGIO RIPASCIMENTO PROTETTO SPIAGGE
Grandi volumi di sedimento negli Interventi di Salvaguardia
RIALZO DELLE RIVE

Fresh water wetland
Salt marsh
Dune (Ammophila littoralis)
Microbial mats
Eel-grass
Oyster reef
Six Bio-Engineers

Ecological Services
 Overtopping and Wave protection
 Natural adaptation to RSLR by accretion
 Sequestration of polluted sediments and CO2
 Biodiversity, Landscape conservation, biological production of
commercial species

1534 Venice – San Marco Super Levee

Environmental Barrier Operation
Control dispersion of pollutants in lagoon and sea

Water exchange
reduction
Water exchange
increase
Water exchange variations due to the closure of Lido inlet
closureno
closurenoclosure
Salinity
SalinitySalinity
change




After works
Adaptive coastal protection
Reinforcement of the Pellestrina littoral

Accretionary bio-structuring habitats
Salt marshes reconstruction in black

Eco-services Accretionary bio-structuring habitats
After works

Improvement of environmental resilience
Erosion / Reconstruction After works

Endangered Breeding Species
at Constructed Salt-Marshes (years 2005-2006)
Avocet (39-44 pairs)
Redshank (94-136)
Black-winged Stilt (96-69)
Kentish Plover (34-71)
Oystercatcher (31-38)
Shelduck (12-17)
Little Tern (115-205)
Yellow-legged Gull (553-
1057)

Pellestrina barrier island
14 year after nourishment

Sediment fence dune management

Low energy
•biodegradable
•Wood fences

Bio-structuring habitat and species

Environmental protection
Securing of polluted areas After works

Venezia – the Piazza San Marco
quayside before works
Improvement of urban resilience
Urban adaptation to face the sea level rise

Venezia – the Piazza San Marco
quayside after works

Chioggia, before works
Gates Canal Vena

Chioggia, after works (gates Canal Vena)

Venezia – the Zattere quayside before works

Venice, Italy 4-7 OctoberVenezia – the Zattere quayside after works

MOSE
Gate
in operation
Gate in stand by
Hinge
Gate foundation
< Lagoon Sea >
How does it work

Mose construction
Gates

Mose construction
Hinges

Mose construction
Lido inlet. Final configuration
Lagoon
Venice
Sea

Mose construction
Lido inlet. Work sites
Lagoon
Venice
Sea

Mose construction
Chioggia inlet. Final configuration
Lagoon
Chioggia
Sea

Mose construction
Chioggia inlet. Work sites
Lagoon
Chioggia
Sea

Mose construction
Malamocco inlet. Final configuration
Lagoon
Sea

Mose construction
Malamocco inlet. Work sites
Lagoon
Sea

Mose construction
Service tunnel for gate operation

Mose construction
Abutment foundations

Mose construction
Gates installation

The protection system

Other barrier against floods
Schelda barrier
(the Netherlands)
Thames barrier
(the United Kingdom)
Rotterdam barrier
(the Netherlands)
Ijsselmeer barrier
(the Netherlands)

Venice Learning with Nature Adaptive Strategy
Act, Connect, Act, Connect
Early definition of problems bridging Technological and Humanistic culture
Holistic Approach
Any solution need to be integrated with the social economical and ecological landscape
Empower by D.D.O: Deliberatively Developmental Organizations
aimed atsafeguarding Venice and its lagoon as an inclusive World
Heritage
International cooperation based on re-inventing the Socio-Ecological Venice Lab:
A world catalist for innovation and global transformations

CONCLUSION
Adaptive Strategies for Disaster Risk Reduction a
Positive prospects in managing our present hope of future
Living Toolkits: a laboratory to learn and built with nature:Tec/Soc.Ecol./Gov.
Multi-Risk Standards to be set and updated
Protect - Avoid - Reduce
Multi-functional Design:“Too-much,too-early” :
to integrate DRR with urban development and conservation
to disclose socio-ecological prospects and added values
Multi-governance, finance and law: institutional change

2015.10.05 ANRA Keynote - Giovanni Cecconi

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2015.10.05 ANRA Keynote - Giovanni Cecconi