This summarizes a document describing the development of software called DAPPE by the São Francisco's Hydroelectric Company (CHESF) in partnership with other Brazilian institutions. The purpose of DAPPE is to support protection engineers in evaluating disturbances and the performance of protection systems by analyzing fault records from digital relays. The first module of DAPPE can detect, classify and locate faults, estimate phasors, and analyze distance protection performance. Tests on simulated and actual fault data showed that the first DAPPE module reliably diagnoses faults and confirms proper tripping or misoperations of protection devices.
FirstEnergy Service Company on behalf of its transmission owning affiliates determined there was a need to improve the accuracy and speed of its fault location process especially for the 138 and 69 kV system. This system is heavily tapped with industrial customers and substations. The main objective of this project was to see if the need to call out staff, usually overnight, to run the fault-location program could be eliminated for the majority of faults that occur in a pilot/test area.
The overall objective of this effort is to reduce the time to determine where a fault has occurred with sufficient certainty to route field crews to the location of the fault quickly and improve restoration times. At some locations, there may be the ability to sectionalize the 69 kV or 138 kV transmission network so that operations staff can begin restoring customers in areas not directly affected by the faulted line section.
This update paper will provide additional details regarding the implementation of the analytics methods and data handling and transformation required to fully automate the process. Furthermore, a recent enhancement in the automated determination of the appropriate fault current to use will be provided. This enhancement more appropriately removes the impact of the DC offset often present within the fault measurement made by the digital fault recorder.
1) The authors validate the performance of a neural network-based 13C NMR prediction algorithm using the publicly available NMRShiftDB database containing over 214,000 chemical shifts.
2) They find that the mean error between predicted and experimental shifts for the entire database is 1.59 ppm, with 50% of shifts predicted within 1 ppm error.
3) The database was divided based on whether shifts were present or absent from the training set used to develop the prediction algorithm. Slightly better accuracy was seen for shifts present in the training set.
Pnp mac preemptive slot allocation and non preemptive transmission for provid...Iffat Anjum
Contribution.
Problem Definition.
Overview of PNP-MAC.
Features of PNP-MAC.
Priority Classification.
Fast, Preemptive DTS allocation.
Non-Preemptive transmission.
Prioritized CCA in ETS.
Prioritized random back-off in CAP.
Performance Evaluation.
This document presents an algorithm for interprocedural constant propagation. The algorithm determines which variables will have constant values when procedures are invoked. It models each procedure with functions that describe the values of variables at call sites based on the values of formal parameters. The algorithm associates a lattice with each procedure entry point to represent possible variable values. It iteratively updates the lattices by propagating constants between procedures using the modeling functions until a fixed point is reached. The precision of constants identified depends on the precision of modeling individual procedures.
Transformers are the vital parts of an electrical grid system. A faulty transformer can destabilize the electrical
supply along with the other devices of the transmission system. Due to its significant role in the
system, a transformer has to be free from faults and irregularities. Dissolved Gas-in-oil Analysis (DGA)
is a method that helps in diagnosing the faults present in an electrical transformer. This paper proposes
a hybrid system based on Genetic Neural Computing (GNC) for analyzing and interpreting the data
derived from the concentration of the dissolved gases. It is further analyzed and clustered into four subsets
according to the standard C57.104 defined by IEEE using genetic algorithm (GA). The clustered data is
fed to the neural network that is used to predict the different types of faults present in the transformers.
The hybrid system generates the necessary decision rules to assist the system’s operator in identifying
the exact fault in the transformer and its fault status. This analysis would then be helpful in performing
the required maintenance check and plan for repairs.
Characterizing Faults, Errors and Failures in Extreme-Scale Computing Systemsinside-BigData.com
In this deck from PASC18, Christian Engelmann from Oak Ridge National Laboratory presents: Characterizing Faults, Errors and Failures in Extreme-Scale Computing Systems.
"Building a reliable supercomputer that achieves the expected performance within a given cost budget and providing efficiency and correctness during operation in the presence of faults, errors, and failures requires a full understanding of the resilience problem. The Catalog project develops a fault taxonomy, catalog and models that capture the observed and inferred conditions in current supercomputers and extrapolates this knowledge to future-generation systems. To date, the Catalog project has analyzed billions of node hours of system logs from supercomputers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory. This talk provides an overview of our findings and lessons learned."
Watch the video: https://wp.me/p3RLHQ-iTE
Learn more: https://ornlwiki.atlassian.net/wiki/display/CFEFIES
and
https://pasc18.pasc-conference.org/
Sign up for our insideHPC Newsletter: http://insidehpc.com/newsletter
Este documento describe un diplomado de orientación, consejería y terapia familiar y de pareja ofrecido por la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, el Colegio de Psicólogos del Perú y la Asociación Cultural Innova. El diplomado consta de 6 módulos que cubren temas como los modelos de terapia familiar, la comunicación humana, el ciclo vital familiar, la valoración familiar, las crisis familiares, la sexualidad y terapia de pareja, y el divorcio. El diplomado dura 6 meses con 48 créditos, 1120
TLB 326BM 0513 TransExplorer Con_guide_D3Jason Miller
This document describes the TransExplorer Index Universal Life insurance policy from Transamerica Life Bermuda Ltd. It offers potential cash value growth through allocation to an Index Account, which credits interest based on changes to the S&P 500, EURO STOXX 50, and Hang Seng indexes. It provides downside protection through a guaranteed minimum 1% interest rate and a No-Lapse Guarantee for 30 years or to age 75. Premiums above the Required Annual Premium receive a 2% Premium Qualification Credit if paid by the policy anniversary each year for the first 5 years.
FirstEnergy Service Company on behalf of its transmission owning affiliates determined there was a need to improve the accuracy and speed of its fault location process especially for the 138 and 69 kV system. This system is heavily tapped with industrial customers and substations. The main objective of this project was to see if the need to call out staff, usually overnight, to run the fault-location program could be eliminated for the majority of faults that occur in a pilot/test area.
The overall objective of this effort is to reduce the time to determine where a fault has occurred with sufficient certainty to route field crews to the location of the fault quickly and improve restoration times. At some locations, there may be the ability to sectionalize the 69 kV or 138 kV transmission network so that operations staff can begin restoring customers in areas not directly affected by the faulted line section.
This update paper will provide additional details regarding the implementation of the analytics methods and data handling and transformation required to fully automate the process. Furthermore, a recent enhancement in the automated determination of the appropriate fault current to use will be provided. This enhancement more appropriately removes the impact of the DC offset often present within the fault measurement made by the digital fault recorder.
1) The authors validate the performance of a neural network-based 13C NMR prediction algorithm using the publicly available NMRShiftDB database containing over 214,000 chemical shifts.
2) They find that the mean error between predicted and experimental shifts for the entire database is 1.59 ppm, with 50% of shifts predicted within 1 ppm error.
3) The database was divided based on whether shifts were present or absent from the training set used to develop the prediction algorithm. Slightly better accuracy was seen for shifts present in the training set.
Pnp mac preemptive slot allocation and non preemptive transmission for provid...Iffat Anjum
Contribution.
Problem Definition.
Overview of PNP-MAC.
Features of PNP-MAC.
Priority Classification.
Fast, Preemptive DTS allocation.
Non-Preemptive transmission.
Prioritized CCA in ETS.
Prioritized random back-off in CAP.
Performance Evaluation.
This document presents an algorithm for interprocedural constant propagation. The algorithm determines which variables will have constant values when procedures are invoked. It models each procedure with functions that describe the values of variables at call sites based on the values of formal parameters. The algorithm associates a lattice with each procedure entry point to represent possible variable values. It iteratively updates the lattices by propagating constants between procedures using the modeling functions until a fixed point is reached. The precision of constants identified depends on the precision of modeling individual procedures.
Transformers are the vital parts of an electrical grid system. A faulty transformer can destabilize the electrical
supply along with the other devices of the transmission system. Due to its significant role in the
system, a transformer has to be free from faults and irregularities. Dissolved Gas-in-oil Analysis (DGA)
is a method that helps in diagnosing the faults present in an electrical transformer. This paper proposes
a hybrid system based on Genetic Neural Computing (GNC) for analyzing and interpreting the data
derived from the concentration of the dissolved gases. It is further analyzed and clustered into four subsets
according to the standard C57.104 defined by IEEE using genetic algorithm (GA). The clustered data is
fed to the neural network that is used to predict the different types of faults present in the transformers.
The hybrid system generates the necessary decision rules to assist the system’s operator in identifying
the exact fault in the transformer and its fault status. This analysis would then be helpful in performing
the required maintenance check and plan for repairs.
Characterizing Faults, Errors and Failures in Extreme-Scale Computing Systemsinside-BigData.com
In this deck from PASC18, Christian Engelmann from Oak Ridge National Laboratory presents: Characterizing Faults, Errors and Failures in Extreme-Scale Computing Systems.
"Building a reliable supercomputer that achieves the expected performance within a given cost budget and providing efficiency and correctness during operation in the presence of faults, errors, and failures requires a full understanding of the resilience problem. The Catalog project develops a fault taxonomy, catalog and models that capture the observed and inferred conditions in current supercomputers and extrapolates this knowledge to future-generation systems. To date, the Catalog project has analyzed billions of node hours of system logs from supercomputers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory. This talk provides an overview of our findings and lessons learned."
Watch the video: https://wp.me/p3RLHQ-iTE
Learn more: https://ornlwiki.atlassian.net/wiki/display/CFEFIES
and
https://pasc18.pasc-conference.org/
Sign up for our insideHPC Newsletter: http://insidehpc.com/newsletter
Este documento describe un diplomado de orientación, consejería y terapia familiar y de pareja ofrecido por la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, el Colegio de Psicólogos del Perú y la Asociación Cultural Innova. El diplomado consta de 6 módulos que cubren temas como los modelos de terapia familiar, la comunicación humana, el ciclo vital familiar, la valoración familiar, las crisis familiares, la sexualidad y terapia de pareja, y el divorcio. El diplomado dura 6 meses con 48 créditos, 1120
TLB 326BM 0513 TransExplorer Con_guide_D3Jason Miller
This document describes the TransExplorer Index Universal Life insurance policy from Transamerica Life Bermuda Ltd. It offers potential cash value growth through allocation to an Index Account, which credits interest based on changes to the S&P 500, EURO STOXX 50, and Hang Seng indexes. It provides downside protection through a guaranteed minimum 1% interest rate and a No-Lapse Guarantee for 30 years or to age 75. Premiums above the Required Annual Premium receive a 2% Premium Qualification Credit if paid by the policy anniversary each year for the first 5 years.
ABC's of Residential Solar - by The Solar Store Tucson, AZKent Simpson
The document provides an overview of factors to consider when buying a solar energy system, including the types of solar technologies, buying vs leasing options, equipment choices, and contractor selection process. It discusses solar hot water, pools, photovoltaics, active vs passive systems. For buying vs leasing, it outlines costs and responsibilities for each option. When choosing a contractor, it recommends checking their license, complaints, references, and verifying qualifications. The construction process for different solar technologies is also summarized.
Este documento proporciona instrucciones sobre cómo configurar una presentación de PowerPoint, incluyendo agregar animaciones y transiciones a las diapositivas, establecer la duración de las transiciones, seleccionar el tipo de avance de diapositivas y agregar sonido.
Prezi es una aplicación multimedia para crear presentaciones de manera dinámica y original, similar a PowerPoint pero colocando el texto, imágenes y videos en un lienzo donde se pueden mover y ampliar libremente. Esto permite una presentación no lineal de ideas. La presentación final se puede ver en el navegador o descargar para verla sin conexión.
This document is a project report submitted by Samhita Prajapati to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Production Engineering. The report details two projects completed during an internship at Tenneco Automotive Pvt. Ltd: 1) Streamlining the program management tracking system for original equipment manufacturers by creating a centralized database using Excel VBA to track project statuses, and 2) Conducting a time study of a muffler end spinning machine to calculate production rates. The report includes an introduction, literature review, description of the program sheets created, screenshots, conclusions for each project, bibliography, and a section on personal experiences during the internship.
The document is a newsletter from Providence House, which provides housing and assistance to homeless families to help them become self-sufficient. The summary includes:
1) The newsletter profiles several families who have graduated from Providence House's program, including Gloria Webb who earned her GED and degree while living there.
2) It discusses Providence House's accomplishments in 2007, including serving over 700 people, having a 95% success rate for graduates, and developing new programs.
3) The newsletter recognizes donors who have supported Providence House and appeals for continued financial support to help end homelessness.
Este relatório avalia o cumprimento dos resultados pactuados entre a Fundação TV Minas e a Associação de Desenvolvimento da Radiodifusão de Minas Gerais no período de dezembro de 2008 a fevereiro de 2009. A comissão de avaliação analisou os indicadores de desempenho e concluiu que a maioria das metas foram cumpridas ou superadas, resultando em uma nota final de 9,72, conceito "Excelente".
The document discusses the use of props in an upcoming psychological thriller film. It describes three everyday household items that will be used as props: an old book, which a dirty hand will turn the pages of to scare the audience; a pair of scissors, which are commonly seen around the house but can also represent danger; and books. These common items were chosen so that the audience can relate to the props and find them mysterious and frightening, fitting with the psychological thriller genre.
Este documento proporciona una introducción al concepto de documento y una clasificación de los diferentes tipos de documentos. Define un documento como cualquier objeto que proporcione información independientemente de su forma física o propósito de creación. Luego clasifica los documentos según su soporte, incluyendo documentos de papel, gráficos, de imagen, cintas magnéticas, y otros soportes como discos y sellos.
This is an application of 5S model on kitchen & Canteen of Institute of Management, Nirma University, created by Sunny Wadhwani. The task had been given by Qimpro Champions League.
El documento resume la novela épica El Señor de los Anillos escrita por J.R.R. Tolkien, la cual narra el viaje de Frodo y sus ocho compañeros para destruir el Anillo Único y derrotar al Señor Oscuro Sauron. Se detalla la trama, los personajes clave como Frodo, Sam, Gandalf y Aragorn, así como los lugares y eventos más importantes de la historia.
El documento resume las fórmulas para calcular el área de varias figuras planas como rectángulos, cuadrados, rombos, romboides, triángulos, polígonos regulares y círculos. Explica que para calcular el área de una figura compleja se debe dividir en figuras básicas conocidas.
Soft Grunge Radio targets listeners aged 18 who live on the South Coast of the UK. These listeners enjoy alternative music, street sports, movies, video games and hanging out with friends. The radio station meets the interests of their target demographic through curated playlists, competitions, and advertisements that feature bands, activities, brands and media popular with this age group. Key competitors for listeners include similar alternative stations like Kerrang Radio as well as mainstream stations like Capital FM and Radio 1 that also target 18-year-olds.
The document discusses assigning prices to different cotton products. It introduces prices P, N and B. Price P is for a basic 100% cotton product. Price N is for a similar product that the person would pay more for. Price B is introduced as well for another product. The key difference explained is that prices are determined by people's belief systems and what they assign in value to basic products versus branded products, even if the materials are the same.
Este relatório avalia o cumprimento das metas estabelecidas no Termo de Parceria entre a Fundação TV Minas e a ADTV no período de 1 de março a 31 de maio de 2009. A comissão de avaliação analisou os relatórios e indicadores e concluiu que as metas foram cumpridas com nota final de 9,93, conceito excelente.
A empresa de tecnologia anunciou um novo smartphone com câmera aprimorada, processador mais rápido e bateria de maior duração. O dispositivo também possui tela maior e armazenamento expansível, com preço sugerido a partir de US$599. Analistas esperam que o aparelho ajude a empresa a aumentar sua participação no competitivo mercado de smartphones.
Fault diagnosis of a high voltage transmission line using waveform matching a...ijsc
This paper is based on the problem of accurate fault diagnosis by incorporating a waveform matching technique. Fault isolation and detection of a double circuit high voltage power transmission line is of immense importance from point of view of Energy Management services. Power System Fault types namely single line to ground faults, line to line faults, double line to ground faults etc. are responsible for transients in current and voltage waveforms in Power Systems. Waveform matching deals with the approximate superimposition of such waveforms in discretized versions obtained from recording devices and Software respectively. The analogy derived from these waveforms is obtained as an error function of voltage and current, from the considered metering devices. This assists in modelling the fault identification as an optimization problem of minimizing the error between these sets of waveforms. In other words, it utilizes the benefit of software discrepancies between these two waveforms. Analysis has been done using the Bare Bones Particle Swarm Optimizer on an IEEE 2 bus, 6 bus and 14 bus system. The performance of the algorithm has been compared with an analogous meta-heuristic algorithm called BAT optimization on a 2 bus level. The primary focus of this paper is to demonstrate the efficiency of such methods and state the common peculiarities in measurements, and the possible remedies for such distortions.
Fault detection of feed water treatment process using PCA-WD with parameter o...ISA Interchange
This research article proposes a new fault detection algorithm called PCA-WD that combines wavelet denoising (WD) with principal component analysis (PCA) to improve fault detection performance for feed water treatment processes (FWTP). The algorithm is applied to operational data from a FWTP sustaining two 1000 MW coal-fired power plants. Parameter selection for the PCA-WD algorithm is formulated as an optimization problem solved using particle swarm optimization to determine optimal parameters automatically rather than relying on individual experience. Results show that WD effectively reduces noise in PCA statistics, improving fault detection. The optimized PCA-WD algorithm outperforms classical PCA and a related method in detecting various faults in the FWTP data.
Fault Diagnosis of a High Voltage Transmission Line Using Waveform Matching A...ijsc
This paper is based on the problem of accurate fault diagnosis by incorporating a waveform matching technique. Fault isolation and detection of a double circuit high voltage power transmission line is of immense importance from point of view of Energy Management services. Power System Fault types namely single line to ground faults, line to line faults, double line to ground faults etc. are responsible for transients in current and voltage waveforms in Power Systems. Waveform matching deals with the approximate superimposition of such waveforms in discretized versions obtained from recording devices and Software respectively. The analogy derived from these waveforms is obtained as an error function of voltage and current, from the considered metering devices. This assists in modelling the fault identification as an optimization problem of minimizing the error between these sets of waveforms. In other words, it utilizes the benefit of software discrepancies between these two waveforms. Analysis has been done using the Bare Bones Particle Swarm Optimizer on an IEEE 2 bus, 6 bus and 14 bus system. The performance of the algorithm has been compared with an analogous meta-heuristic algorithm called BAT optimization on a 2 bus level. The primary focus of this paper is to demonstrate the efficiency of such methods and state the common peculiarities in measurements, and the possible remedies for such distortions.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
ABC's of Residential Solar - by The Solar Store Tucson, AZKent Simpson
The document provides an overview of factors to consider when buying a solar energy system, including the types of solar technologies, buying vs leasing options, equipment choices, and contractor selection process. It discusses solar hot water, pools, photovoltaics, active vs passive systems. For buying vs leasing, it outlines costs and responsibilities for each option. When choosing a contractor, it recommends checking their license, complaints, references, and verifying qualifications. The construction process for different solar technologies is also summarized.
Este documento proporciona instrucciones sobre cómo configurar una presentación de PowerPoint, incluyendo agregar animaciones y transiciones a las diapositivas, establecer la duración de las transiciones, seleccionar el tipo de avance de diapositivas y agregar sonido.
Prezi es una aplicación multimedia para crear presentaciones de manera dinámica y original, similar a PowerPoint pero colocando el texto, imágenes y videos en un lienzo donde se pueden mover y ampliar libremente. Esto permite una presentación no lineal de ideas. La presentación final se puede ver en el navegador o descargar para verla sin conexión.
This document is a project report submitted by Samhita Prajapati to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Production Engineering. The report details two projects completed during an internship at Tenneco Automotive Pvt. Ltd: 1) Streamlining the program management tracking system for original equipment manufacturers by creating a centralized database using Excel VBA to track project statuses, and 2) Conducting a time study of a muffler end spinning machine to calculate production rates. The report includes an introduction, literature review, description of the program sheets created, screenshots, conclusions for each project, bibliography, and a section on personal experiences during the internship.
The document is a newsletter from Providence House, which provides housing and assistance to homeless families to help them become self-sufficient. The summary includes:
1) The newsletter profiles several families who have graduated from Providence House's program, including Gloria Webb who earned her GED and degree while living there.
2) It discusses Providence House's accomplishments in 2007, including serving over 700 people, having a 95% success rate for graduates, and developing new programs.
3) The newsletter recognizes donors who have supported Providence House and appeals for continued financial support to help end homelessness.
Este relatório avalia o cumprimento dos resultados pactuados entre a Fundação TV Minas e a Associação de Desenvolvimento da Radiodifusão de Minas Gerais no período de dezembro de 2008 a fevereiro de 2009. A comissão de avaliação analisou os indicadores de desempenho e concluiu que a maioria das metas foram cumpridas ou superadas, resultando em uma nota final de 9,72, conceito "Excelente".
The document discusses the use of props in an upcoming psychological thriller film. It describes three everyday household items that will be used as props: an old book, which a dirty hand will turn the pages of to scare the audience; a pair of scissors, which are commonly seen around the house but can also represent danger; and books. These common items were chosen so that the audience can relate to the props and find them mysterious and frightening, fitting with the psychological thriller genre.
Este documento proporciona una introducción al concepto de documento y una clasificación de los diferentes tipos de documentos. Define un documento como cualquier objeto que proporcione información independientemente de su forma física o propósito de creación. Luego clasifica los documentos según su soporte, incluyendo documentos de papel, gráficos, de imagen, cintas magnéticas, y otros soportes como discos y sellos.
This is an application of 5S model on kitchen & Canteen of Institute of Management, Nirma University, created by Sunny Wadhwani. The task had been given by Qimpro Champions League.
El documento resume la novela épica El Señor de los Anillos escrita por J.R.R. Tolkien, la cual narra el viaje de Frodo y sus ocho compañeros para destruir el Anillo Único y derrotar al Señor Oscuro Sauron. Se detalla la trama, los personajes clave como Frodo, Sam, Gandalf y Aragorn, así como los lugares y eventos más importantes de la historia.
El documento resume las fórmulas para calcular el área de varias figuras planas como rectángulos, cuadrados, rombos, romboides, triángulos, polígonos regulares y círculos. Explica que para calcular el área de una figura compleja se debe dividir en figuras básicas conocidas.
Soft Grunge Radio targets listeners aged 18 who live on the South Coast of the UK. These listeners enjoy alternative music, street sports, movies, video games and hanging out with friends. The radio station meets the interests of their target demographic through curated playlists, competitions, and advertisements that feature bands, activities, brands and media popular with this age group. Key competitors for listeners include similar alternative stations like Kerrang Radio as well as mainstream stations like Capital FM and Radio 1 that also target 18-year-olds.
The document discusses assigning prices to different cotton products. It introduces prices P, N and B. Price P is for a basic 100% cotton product. Price N is for a similar product that the person would pay more for. Price B is introduced as well for another product. The key difference explained is that prices are determined by people's belief systems and what they assign in value to basic products versus branded products, even if the materials are the same.
Este relatório avalia o cumprimento das metas estabelecidas no Termo de Parceria entre a Fundação TV Minas e a ADTV no período de 1 de março a 31 de maio de 2009. A comissão de avaliação analisou os relatórios e indicadores e concluiu que as metas foram cumpridas com nota final de 9,93, conceito excelente.
A empresa de tecnologia anunciou um novo smartphone com câmera aprimorada, processador mais rápido e bateria de maior duração. O dispositivo também possui tela maior e armazenamento expansível, com preço sugerido a partir de US$599. Analistas esperam que o aparelho ajude a empresa a aumentar sua participação no competitivo mercado de smartphones.
Fault diagnosis of a high voltage transmission line using waveform matching a...ijsc
This paper is based on the problem of accurate fault diagnosis by incorporating a waveform matching technique. Fault isolation and detection of a double circuit high voltage power transmission line is of immense importance from point of view of Energy Management services. Power System Fault types namely single line to ground faults, line to line faults, double line to ground faults etc. are responsible for transients in current and voltage waveforms in Power Systems. Waveform matching deals with the approximate superimposition of such waveforms in discretized versions obtained from recording devices and Software respectively. The analogy derived from these waveforms is obtained as an error function of voltage and current, from the considered metering devices. This assists in modelling the fault identification as an optimization problem of minimizing the error between these sets of waveforms. In other words, it utilizes the benefit of software discrepancies between these two waveforms. Analysis has been done using the Bare Bones Particle Swarm Optimizer on an IEEE 2 bus, 6 bus and 14 bus system. The performance of the algorithm has been compared with an analogous meta-heuristic algorithm called BAT optimization on a 2 bus level. The primary focus of this paper is to demonstrate the efficiency of such methods and state the common peculiarities in measurements, and the possible remedies for such distortions.
Fault detection of feed water treatment process using PCA-WD with parameter o...ISA Interchange
This research article proposes a new fault detection algorithm called PCA-WD that combines wavelet denoising (WD) with principal component analysis (PCA) to improve fault detection performance for feed water treatment processes (FWTP). The algorithm is applied to operational data from a FWTP sustaining two 1000 MW coal-fired power plants. Parameter selection for the PCA-WD algorithm is formulated as an optimization problem solved using particle swarm optimization to determine optimal parameters automatically rather than relying on individual experience. Results show that WD effectively reduces noise in PCA statistics, improving fault detection. The optimized PCA-WD algorithm outperforms classical PCA and a related method in detecting various faults in the FWTP data.
Fault Diagnosis of a High Voltage Transmission Line Using Waveform Matching A...ijsc
This paper is based on the problem of accurate fault diagnosis by incorporating a waveform matching technique. Fault isolation and detection of a double circuit high voltage power transmission line is of immense importance from point of view of Energy Management services. Power System Fault types namely single line to ground faults, line to line faults, double line to ground faults etc. are responsible for transients in current and voltage waveforms in Power Systems. Waveform matching deals with the approximate superimposition of such waveforms in discretized versions obtained from recording devices and Software respectively. The analogy derived from these waveforms is obtained as an error function of voltage and current, from the considered metering devices. This assists in modelling the fault identification as an optimization problem of minimizing the error between these sets of waveforms. In other words, it utilizes the benefit of software discrepancies between these two waveforms. Analysis has been done using the Bare Bones Particle Swarm Optimizer on an IEEE 2 bus, 6 bus and 14 bus system. The performance of the algorithm has been compared with an analogous meta-heuristic algorithm called BAT optimization on a 2 bus level. The primary focus of this paper is to demonstrate the efficiency of such methods and state the common peculiarities in measurements, and the possible remedies for such distortions.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
There is rapidly-growing industry interest in the potential uses for streaming synchronized measurements from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). Vendors and users continue to develop and deploy new applications and infrastructure to take advantage of the new measurement data. San Diego Gas & Electric Company (SDG&E) is among users who are deploying Wide-Area Situational Awareness (WASA) systems in which PMUs distributed across the grid are streaming data to control centers for situational awareness of dynamic wide-area behavior of the grid to system operators, and as a tool for engineers to perform post-event analysis of disturbances and operating events along with system model validation. These uses are just a part of a broader roadmap for many important new applications using PMU measurements. Over time, synchrophasors will serve as the new unified wide-area data-gathering platform serving system observation, operating data collection for SCADA and EMS, control, automation, market functions, asset management and maintenance support, and even high-speed wide-area fault and failure protection functions that supplement and back up local fault protection. A full-function PMU-based deployment is described as a Wide-Area Monitoring, Protection, Automation, and Control (WAMPAC) system.
The paper reviews the applications of operator situational awareness, SCADA and EMS data gathering, disturbance monitoring and analysis with model tuning, system state and condition monitoring, adaptive RAS, fire and hazard risk reduction, wide-area backup fault protection and swing mitigation, wide-area voltage stability monitoring and mitigation, wide-area voltage control, and PMU system self-monitoring. It characterizes the key elements and architecture of a wide-area PMU system from the PMUs through communications networks with redundancy and timing services to centralized processing locations or clouds. The SDG&E roadmap for WASA and WAMPAC is followed by
There is rapidly-growing industry interest in the potential uses for streaming synchronized measurements from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). Vendors and users continue to develop and deploy new applications and infrastructure to take advantage of the new measurement data. San Diego Gas & Electric Company (SDG&E) is among users who are deploying Wide-Area Situational Awareness (WASA) systems in which PMUs distributed across the grid are streaming data to control centers for situational awareness of dynamic wide-area behavior of the grid to system operators, and as a tool for engineers to perform post-event analysis of disturbances and operating events along with system model validation. These uses are just a part of a broader roadmap for many important new applications using PMU measurements. Over time, synchrophasors will serve as the new unified wide-area data-gathering platform serving system observation, operating data collection for SCADA and EMS, control, automation, market functions, asset management and maintenance support, and even high-speed wide-area fault and failure protection functions that supplement and back up local fault protection. A full-function PMU-based deployment is described as a Wide-Area Monitoring, Protection, Automation, and Control (WAMPAC) system.
The paper reviews the applications of operator situational awareness, SCADA and EMS data gathering, disturbance monitoring and analysis with model tuning, system state and condition monitoring, adaptive RAS, fire and hazard risk reduction, wide-area backup fault protection and swing mitigation, wide-area voltage stability monitoring and mitigation, wide-area voltage control, and PMU system self-monitoring. It characterizes the key elements and architecture of a wide-area PMU system from the PMUs through communications networks with redundancy and timing services to centralized processing locations or clouds. The SDG&E roadmap for WASA and WAMPAC is followed by an overview of industry direction for PMU measurements as the platform for all wide-area observation, monitoring, protection, automation, and control.
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network (NN) as a solution to remedy this deficiency.
The proposed work could be considered as a special averaging technique (SAT), which consists of wavelet
transformation in its first stage, a globally statistical adaptive detecting algorithm as a second stage; and
in the third stage it replaces the affected peaks by making use of moving average filter process. In the NN
work, the learning process makes use of a previously published work that is based on three linear coding
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In order to check the proposed work validity, a MATLAB simulation has been run and has two main
variables to compare with; namely BER and CCDF curves. This is true under the same bandwidth
occupancy and channel characteristics. Two types of tested data have been used; randomly generated data
and a practical data that have been extracted from a funded project entitled by ECEM. From the achieved
simulation results, the work that is based on SAT shows promising results in reducing the PAPR effect
reached up to 80% over the work in the literature and our previously published work. This means that this
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EFFICIENCY ENHANCEMENT BASED ON ALLOCATING BIZARRE PEAKSijwmn
A new work has been proposed in this paper in order to overcome one of the main drawbacks that found in
the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) systems, namely Peak to Average Power Ratio
(PAPR). Furthermore, this work will be compared with a previously published work that uses the neural
network (NN) as a solution to remedy this deficiency.
The proposed work could be considered as a special averaging technique (SAT), which consists of wavelet
transformation in its first stage, a globally statistical adaptive detecting algorithm as a second stage; and
in the third stage it replaces the affected peaks by making use of moving average filter process. In the NN
work, the learning process makes use of a previously published work that is based on three linear coding
techniques.
In order to check the proposed work validity, a MATLAB simulation has been run and has two main
variables to compare with; namely BER and CCDF curves. This is true under the same bandwidth
occupancy and channel characteristics. Two types of tested data have been used; randomly generated data
and a practical data that have been extracted from a funded project entitled by ECEM. From the achieved
simulation results, the work that is based on SAT shows promising results in reducing the PAPR effect
reached up to 80% over the work in the literature and our previously published work. This means that this
work gives an extra reduction up to 15% of our previously published work. However, this achievement will
be under the cost of complexity. This penalty could be optimized by imposing the NN to the SAT work in
order to enhance the wireless systems performance. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control (WAMPAC) Application in Transmis...IRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review on the application of Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control (WAMPAC) in transmission grids. It discusses technologies used in WAMPAC systems such as Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices, and Phase Shifting Transformers (PSTs). The literature review covers past research on optimal placement of PMUs and FACTS devices in transmission networks to maximize observability and control. It also examines the use of WAMPAC technologies to monitor system oscillations and stability. The review provides background information for a proposed project to model and simulate the application of WAMPAC technologies in a transmission grid.
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Chemical plants are complex large-scale systems which need designing robust fault detection schemes to ensure high product quality, reliability and safety under different operating conditions. The present paper is concerned with a feasibility study of the application of the black-box modeling method and Kullback Leibler divergence (KLD) to the fault detection in a distillation column process. A Nonlinear Auto-Regressive Moving Average with eXogenous input (NARMAX) polynomial model is firstly developed to estimate the nonlinear behavior of the plant. Furthermore, the KLD is applied to detect abnormal modes. The proposed FD method is implemented and validated experimentally using realistic faults of a distillation plant of laboratory scale. The experimental results clearly demonstrate the fact that proposed method is effective and gives early alarm to operators.
Fault Detection in the Distillation Column ProcessISA Interchange
Chemical plants are complex large-scale systems which need designing robust fault detection schemes to ensure high product quality, reliability and safety under different operating conditions. The present paper is concerned with a feasibility study of the application of the black-box modeling method and Kullback Leibler divergence (KLD) to the fault detection in a distillation column process. A Nonlinear Auto-Regressive Moving Average with eXogenous input (NARMAX) polynomial model is firstly developed to estimate the nonlinear behavior of the plant. Furthermore, the KLD is applied to detect abnormal modes. The proposed FD method is implemented and validated experimentally using realistic faults of a distillation plant of laboratory scale. The experimental results clearly demonstrate the fact that proposed method is effective and gives early alarm to operators.
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This document proposes and analyzes two new C-RAN network architectures that utilize SDN and centralized baseband processing. The first architecture (D-MME-CRAN) distributes the mobility management entity (MME) function within each C-RAN, while the second (C-MME-CRAN) centralizes the MME. Both architectures are evaluated based on control signaling load across five procedures when varying cell area and tracking area size. Results show the D-MME-CRAN performs best for small tracking areas, while C-MME-CRAN is better for larger areas. Overall, the proposed architectures reduce signaling load compared to legacy networks and other SDN-based approaches.
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An intrusion detection algorithm for amiIJCI JOURNAL
Nowadays, using the smart metering devices for energy users to manage a wide variety of subscribers,
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Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
2015 ipst-i
1. Disturbance Analysis and Protection Performance
Evaluation
F. V. Lopes, D. Barros, R. Reis, C. Costa, J. Nascimento, N. Brito, W. Neves and S. Moraes
Abstract—This paper presents the evaluation of the first
module of a software for disturbance diagnosis and protection
performance analysis, which is being developed by the São
Francisco’s Hydroelectric Company (CHESF) in partnership
with the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG) and
researchers invited from other Brazilian institutions. This soft-
ware was named DAPPE (Disturbance Analysis and Protection
Performance Evaluation) and it is able to extract basic informa-
tion about short-circuits and performances of certain protection
functions. In this work, in order to evaluate DAPPE routines,
actual oscillographic fault records provided by CHESF were
analyzed and digital short-circuit simulations in the Alternative
Transients Program (ATP) and in the Computed-Aided Protec-
tion Engineering (CAPE) were performed. The obtained results
show that the DAPPE’s first module is reliable and confirm that it
will be reasonably useful for CHESF during disturbance analysis
and protection performance evaluation procedures.
Keywords: ATP, CAPE, disturbance analysis, power systems,
protection systems, transmission lines.
I. INTRODUCTION
SINCE the early stages of power networks, protection
devices have played a very important role in transmission
systems. Protection reliability, selectivity and security are of
utmost importance in the tripping process to prevent blackouts
in big areas and to ensure the protection of the equipment
connected to the power grid [1]. For this purpose, utilities
have demonstrated great interest on computer programs and
digital devices able to evaluate the performance of protection
systems from the analysis of fault records taken from digital
relays or digital fault recorders (DFRs). A suitable analysis
of measured signals can clarify cases in which digital relays
misoperate, identifying, for instance, whether these devices
have been incorrectly set in the field [2].
In Brazil, when faults on transmission systems occur, util-
ities must send a disturbance report, called Protection Perfor-
mance Analysis Report (PPAR), to regulatory organizations,
which evaluate the power grid operation procedures. For this
This work was supported by the São Francisco’s Hydroelectric Company
(CHESF).
F. V. Lopes is with the Department of Electrical Engineering at University of
Brasília (UnB), 70910-900 Brasília, Brazil. (e-mail: felipevlopes@unb.br).
D. Barros, R. Reis, J. Nascimento, C. Costa, N. Brito and and W. Neves
are with the Department of Electrical Engineering of Federal University of
Campina Grande (UFCG) (e-mail: daphne.barros, raphael.reis, cecilia.costa,
jamile.nascimento@ee.ufcg.edu.br, nubia, waneves@dee.ufcg.edu.br).
S. Moraes is with São Francisco’s Hydroelectric Company (CHESF), Brazil.
(e-mail: srdias@chesf.gov.br).
Paper submitted to the International Conference on Power Systems
Transients (IPST2015) in Cavtat, Croatia, June 15-18, 2015.
purpose, in 2013, the São Francisco’s Hydroelectric Company
(CHESF), which is located in Brazil, signed a research contract
in partnership with the Federal University of Campina Grande
(UFCG) and researchers from other Brazilian institutions to
develop a software named DAPPE (Disturbance Analysis
and Protection Performance Evaluation). The main goal of
DAPPE is to give support for protection engineers during the
preparation of the PPAR, providing part of it automatically.
The first module of DAPPE was completed in 2014. It is
able to read COMTRADE files, to detect, classify and locate
faults, as well to estimate phasors and the circuit breakers
(CBs) opening time. Also, DAPPE has distance protection
functions based on both mho element (self-polarized and po-
larized ones) and quadrilateral element (self-polarized one) [3].
In this paper, the methodology used by DAPPE to diagnose
faults and analyze the protection performance is presented and
evaluated. Initially, to validate the DAPPE routines, digital
fault simulations in a 230 kV transmission system are per-
formed by using the Alternative Transients Program (ATP) and
the Computed-Aided Protection Engineering (CAPE). Then,
actual records provided by CHESF are analyzed.
The obtained results attest that the first module of DAPPE is
reliable. In cases in which the relay was correctly configured,
DAPPE confirmed that the trip signal was properly generated.
On the other hand, in cases for which the relay was incorrectly
configured, the software indicated a misoperation. Likewise,
when actual records were evaluated, the disturbance diagno-
sis reports were in agreement with the PPARs provided by
CHESF, highlighting the software reliability and effectiveness
for disturbance diagnosis and protection evaluation procedures.
II. DAPPE
Recent advancements in digital technologies have allowed
DFRs and numerical relays to capture voltage and current
waveform samples reliably and accurately. In fact, different
from the past, data-acquisition systems are not a problem any-
more [4], what has allowed further developments in the protec-
tion area, increasing the interest of utilities for methodologies,
computer programs and devices for disturbance diagnosis and
protection performance evaluations.
In 2013, the Brazilian National Electric Energy Agency
(ANEEL) issued a note in which the assessment of protec-
tion systems operating in 124 substations was requested [5].
Hence, to help CHESF engineers to carry out evaluations of
disturbances and protection systems’ performance, DAPPE has
been developed since 2013, focusing on the study of faults in
transmission systems.
2. In the literature, there are some strategies for the assessment
of data taken from DFRs and numerical relays for fault
diagnosis and protection performance evaluation purposes [6].
However, most of these solutions are not editable, what makes
it impossible to adapt their adjustments to different devices and
utility needs. In this context, DAPPE is presented as a great
tool for CHESF, since it is being developed in accordance
to the interests of the utility departments responsible for
fault diagnosis and protection performance analysis. The final
version of DAPPE will automatically generate a report with
relevant information about short-circuit cases, such as: fault
location, distance protection tripping data, CB opening time,
among others. This report will contain information typically
used in the technical reports PPAR mentioned before, greatly
facilitating its preparation. In Fig. 1, the block diagram of
DAPPE is illustrated.
Disturbance
diagnosis Output
reports
RELAY
ANALOG
CHANNELS
Oscillographic
records
Protection
function
routines
Comparison
between
expected and
actual tripping
Protection
performance
1
0
1
0
relay
tripping
Actual
1
0
1
0
Expected relay
tripping
RELAY
DIGITAL
CHANNELS
Fig. 1. DAPPE block diagram.
The input signals used by DAPPE are taken from numerical
relay analog and digital channels, which provide information
about voltage and current waveforms, and about the on/off
data of protection functions. These signals must be taken
from at least one protection device installed on the faulty line
and the records should contain, besides voltage and current
data, information about protection trip signals. By using these
information, DAPPE generates a report, which is divided into
two parts: the disturbance diagnosis report and protection
performance report (Fig. 1).
Basically, DAPPE runs routines similar to those in relays
that implement the protection functions chosen to be evalu-
ated. Thus, it is able to estimate basic disturbance features
and tripping signals of the implemented protection functions,
generating the disturbance diagnosis report. These estimated
tripping signals are treated here as expected relay tripping
signals, which are compared with the actual tripping signals
taken from the relay digital channels. From this comparison,
the protection performance report is built, making possible the
process of identifying cases in which relays misoperate and
providing a starting point for the fault analysis. Obviously, pro-
tection functions implemented in DAPPE will never be equal
to those in the relay. Even so, the most relevant information
about protection performance and disturbance features can be
reliably estimated using similar, but not identical routines. This
is enough to generate an initial sketch of the PPAR.
The first module of DAPPE is implemented so far in the
Matlab environment. Functions that have been implemented
are following described.
A. Phasor Estimation
Fundamental phasors are estimated using the Full Cycle
Discrete Fourier Transform with a mimic filter for decaying
DC component elimination [7], [8]. Although these algorithms
are consolidated, it is intended to evaluate possible benefits
on the use of other phasor estimation techniques, such as the
modified cosine filter, which has been successfully used in
actual relays available in the market [9].
B. Disturbance Detection
This function is crucial for DAPPE, since the other algo-
rithms implemented are triggered by such detection. The goal
of this routine is to indicate that the system is no longer in
its steady-state and a fault may has occurred. In DAPPE, the
algorithm reported in [10] is used, as it has shown to be able to
quickly detect faults in the initial moments of the disturbance,
irrespective of the sampling rate used.
C. Fault Classification
Fault type information is typically found in PPARs written
by all utilities. For this purpose, it is necessary to classify
faults among 11 possible types: AG, BG, CG, AB, AC, BC,
ABG, ACG, BCG, ABC and ABCG (for unbalanced systems).
In DAPPE, the overcurrent method is used for fault classi-
fication [11]. From the literature, it is known that this method
is not the most robust for applications in real-time, but it
presents a good performance in off-line procedures, in which
the thresholds can be adjusted in accordance to the higher
fault current. Even so, other solutions have been investigated,
so that, in future works, it is intended to improve this function.
D. Fault Location
To perform the fault location, one-terminal methods are used
in DAPPE. By using one-terminal algorithms, the need of syn-
chronized records is eliminated [12], making the DAPPE ap-
plication easier. Fault location is estimated from the impedance
seen by the relay during short-circuits. It is normalized and
then expressed in kilometers. Each fault distance is computed
taking the terminal from which the oscillographic records are
being taken as reference. Two-terminal techniques have been
also investigated and will be included in DAPPE in the next
steps of the research.
E. CB Opening Detection
CB opening is detected in DAPPE through the comparison
between the absolute values of current phasors and a threshold
computed from current phasor values during the steady-state.
This solution considers that the magnitude of currents in
opened phases drops to zero after the electrical and mechanical
separation of the CB poles.
3. F. CB Opening Time
CB opening time is computed in DAPPE as the period
between the disturbance detection instant and the moment in
which the CBs open. Users of DAPPE can also choose whether
the CB opening time is computed as aforementioned, or using
as reference the moment in which the implemented distance
protection functions detect an internal fault in the monitored
line.
G. Distance Protection
The distance protection was the first function embedded in
DAPPE. Self-polarized mho element, polarized mho element
using positive sequence voltage memory and self-polarized
quadrilateral element are implemented [3]. The behavior of
these functions is depicted in the DAPPE output report, al-
lowing a more precise disturbance and protection performance
analysis. Phase selection procedure takes into account the
output of the fault classification stage and phase comparators
are used to distinguish the fault period from the steady-state
[3]. In DAPPE, one can set values for the reaching of the
protected zones 1 and 2, mho element torque angle, reaching
of the quadrilateral resistive element and the quadrilateral
directional element slope. The remaining parameters, such as
the slope of quadrilateral reactance and resistive elements, are
set using typical values [3], [13].
III. DAPPE EVALUATION
The evaluation of DAPPE’s first module is divided in two
parts. Firstly, oscillographic records taken from ATP and
processed in CAPE are analyzed. Then, in the second part,
actual fault records provided by CHESF are considered and
the obtained results are compared with those available in the
PPARs of each disturbance.
A. DAPPE Evaluation Using ATP and CAPE
In the first DAPPE evaluation part, simulated records are
analyzed in order to allow the study of cases not available in
the actual records provided by CHESF. Thus, the ATP is used
to generate voltage and current waveform signals, representing
the relay analog channels. These data are imported by CAPE
to generate the relay tripping signals, i.e., it represents the
relay digital channels. Fig. 2 illustrates how these simulations
were done respecting the DAPPE structure shown in Fig. 1.
An actual model of a distance relay available in the market
was used in CAPE [14], [15].
After each simulation, the expected relay tripping estimated
via DAPPE was compared with the "actual" relay tripping
signals, which are those obtained from CAPE simulations
considering as the correct settings: a zone 1 reaching of 80% of
the line positive-sequence impedance and a torque angle of 60◦
(for the mho element only). CAPE was chosen because it has
several models of actual relays available, which are supplied
by the manufacturers themselves. As a consequence, simula-
tions become quite realistic, allowing a reliable evaluation of
cases that are difficult to be reproduced in the field without
compromising the power system operation.
Disturbance
diagnosis Output
reports
Oscillographic
records
ATP
(Relay
analog
channels)
Oscillographic
records
Protection
function
routines
Comparison
between
expected and
actual tripping
Protection
performance
1
0
1
0
relay
tripping
“Actual”
CAPE
(Relay
digital
channels)
1
0
1
0
Expected relay
tripping
Fig. 2. DAPPE block diagram for disturbance analysis using ATP and CAPE.
Line T 1L
Fault
point
Line 2TL
Line 3TL
Thévenin
equivalent S1
ZS1
Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3
ZS2
Relay
CCVT
CT
VS1 VS2
Thévenin
equivalent S2
Fault
point
Fig. 3. 230 kV test power system.
Fig. 3 shows the power system modeled in ATP to simulate
faults. It is a 230 kV system, which has been proposed by the
IEEE in [16] for transmission line relaying studies. The power
system consists in two parallel lines 150 km long each (TL 1
and TL 2); a single circuit transmission line 150 km long (TL
3) and two Thévenin equivalent circuits connected to buses 1
and 3. The coupling capacitor voltage transformers (CCVTs)
and current transformers (CTs) were intentionally modeled as
ideal instruments, in order to allow the evaluation of DAPPE
itself.
Faults were applied in lines TL1 and TL3 to analyze cases
of external and internal faults. Several cases were simulated,
but, for simplification, results of 15 fault cases are presented
in this first evaluation part. The obtained results are separated
in accordance to the fault type, resulting in four sets of cases:
single line-to-ground faults, line-to-line faults, double-line-to-
ground faults and three-phase faults. Also, a fifth set of cases
is analyzed, in which relays in CAPE are intentionally put
to operate with incorrect setup in order to simulate possible
human errors during the relay adjustment. Besides the fault
type, in each simulation, different values of fault resistance,
fault inception angle and fault location were considered.
Table I describes the analyzed cases and Figs. 4 to 7 show
the obtained results. Only self-polarized mho and quadrilateral
elements are shown in these figures, since the polarized ones
vary dynamically during the disturbance, making its graphical
representation more complicated.
For all fault cases in which the relay is correctly set,
the results obtained via DAPPE match those obtained by
CAPE, confirming that DAPPE routines are reliable. Also, it
shows that differences between DAPPE algorithms and those
implemented in the relay do not result in relevant tripping
deviations when the analysis is performed considering voltage
and current samples taken from the steady-state of the fault.
4. TABLE I
SIMULATED FAULT CASES.
Set of cases Fault Description
Single-line-to-
AG, Zone 1, 25 km, 10 Ω, 30◦
ground faults
BG, Zone 2, 150 km, 20 Ω, 0◦
CG, External (in TL 1), 150 km, 1 Ω, 60◦
Line-to-
AB, Zone 1, 75 km, 1 Ω, 0◦
line faults
BC, Zone 2, 125 km, 10 Ω, 30◦
AC, External (in TL 1), 125 km, 10 Ω, 60◦
Double-line-to-
BCG, Zone 1, 50 km, 20 Ω, 90◦
ground faults
ACG, Zone 2, 125 km, 1 Ω, 60◦
ABG, External (in TL 1), 100 km, 1 Ω, 0◦
Three-phase
ABC, Zone 1, 25 km, 10 Ω, 0◦
faults
ABCG, Zone 2, 150 km, 1 Ω, 60◦
ABC, External (in TL 1), 150 km, 1 Ω, 90◦
ABC, 1st zone, 25 km, 10 ?, 0o
Relays with (Zone 1 reaching of 60% instead of 80%)
incorrect setup ABC, 1st zone, 25 km, 10 ?, 0o
(Torque angle equal to 75◦ instead of 60◦)
∗In this case, an incorrect setup was intentionally used in CAPE relay
models, whereas DAPPE remained operating with correct configuration.
-500 0 500
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
Resistance ( )
Reactance()
CAPE
DAPPE
Zone 1
fault (AG) Zone 2
fault (BG)
External
fault (CG)
Fig. 4. Single line-to-ground fault simulations.
-200 -100 0 100 200
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
CAPE
DAPPE
Zone 1
fault (AB) Zone 2
fault (BC)
External
fault (AC)
Resistance ( )
Reactance()
Fig. 5. Line-to-line fault simulations.
-200 -100 0 100 200
-200
-100
0
100
200
CAPE
DAPPE
Zone 2
fault (ACG)
Zone 1
fault (BCG)
External
fault (ABG)
Resistance ( )
Reactance()
Fig. 6. Double-line-to-ground fault simulations.
-200 -100 0 100 200
-200
-100
0
100
200
CAPE
DAPPE
Zone 2
fault (ABC)
Zone 1
fault (ABC)
External
fault (ABC)
Resistance ( )
Reactance()
Fig. 7. Three-phase fault simulations.
In Fig. 7, both mho and quadrilateral elements resulted
in similar tripping signals. However, in Fig. 4 and 5, for
BG and BC faults, respectively, the mho element did not
detect the fault, whereas the quadrilateral element correctly
detected a fault into the zone 2. Meanwhile, in Fig. 6, for the
BCG fault, the mho element detected a fault into the zone
2, whereas the quadrilateral element detected the disturbance
into the zone 1, as expected. In these cases, the errors have
occurred due to the high fault resistance value (10-20 Ω).
In fact, although the torque angle used in the mho element
provides a better relay reaching for faults with high resistance,
the quadrilateral element has the advantage of setting the
reach in resistive and reactive direction independently [3],
[13]. Because of this, DAPPE contains functions of both
mho and quadrilateral elements, what allows the detection of
short-circuits with high fault resistances when tripping signals
generated by both mho and quadrilateral elements do not
coincide between themselves.
Fig. 8 depicts the obtained results when the relay model
in CAPE is incorrectly set. The correct parameters considered
here are: mho and quadrilateral element reaching equal to 80%
for zone 1, 120% for zone 2 and a torque angle equal to
60◦
(only for the mho element). These cases simulate human
errors during the relay configuration in the field. Thus, DAPPE
should be able to detect the problem and signalize that there is
something incorrect in the setup. In Fig. 8(a), the zone 1 was
intentionally reduced from 80% to 60% and, in Fig. 8(b), the
mho element torque angle was increased from 60◦
to 75◦
.
5. -50 0 50 100
-50
0
50
100
150
CAPE
DAPPE
Resistance ( )
Reactance()
Inadequate
Mho Zone 1
(CAPE) Correct
Mho Zone 1
(DAPPE)
(a)
-50 0 50 100
-50
0
50
100
150
Resistance ( )
Reactance()
CAPE
DAPPE
Inadequate
Mho Zone 1
(CAPE)
Correct
Mho Zone 1
(DAPPE)
(b)
Fig. 8. Three-phase fault simulations using relays incorrectly set: (a) Zone
1 with 60% instead of 80%), (b) Torque angle equal to 75◦ instead of 60◦.
In Fig. 8(a), owing the errors induced in the protection setup,
the relay detected a fault in zone 2, when it was actually into
the zone 1. Furthermore, in Fig. 8(b)), the relay detected a
fault in zone 2, when it was actually in the zone 1. However,
in both cases, DAPPE properly detected relevant differences
between the estimated tripping signals and those taken from
the relays in CAPE, reliably indicating a problem that could be
difficult to be realized by the engineers during the disturbance
analysis.
B. DAPPE Evaluation Using Actual Fault Records
In this evaluation part, several actual fault records provided
by CHESF were analyzed. These records were taken from
numerical relays installed in 230 kV transmission systems
located in Brazilian Northeast. For each evaluated case, the
results obtained by using DAPPE were compared with those
in the respective PPARs.
Firstly, it is performed the analysis of cases for which
records from both faulty line ends are available. For this
situation, faults occurred in two transmission lines were con-
sidered, i.e., DAPPE was applied four times. The analyzed
lines are: line 04S3 PAF-CCD, 133.8 km, which connects the
substations Paulo Afonso II (PAF) and Cícero Dantas (CCD);
and line 04F1 GNN-MRD, 50.6 km, which connects the
substations Goianinha (GNN) and Mussuré II (MRD). Then,
the same analysis is carried out considering cases for which
records from only one terminal of the faulty line are available.
For these cases, fault records taken from four lines were
studied: line 04L1 PRI-SBD, 167.50 km, which connects the
substations Piripiri (PRI) and Sobral II (SBD); line 04L3 STJ-
FNL, 162 km, which connects the substations Santo Antônio
de Jesus (STJ) and Funil (FNL); line 04S1 TSA-PRI, 154.70
km, which connects the substations Teresina (TSA) and Piripiri
(PRI); and line 04M5 CTG-CMD, 23.5 km, which connects
the substations Cotegipe (CTG) and Camaçari II (CMD). The
sampling rate of all relays from which the analyzed records
were taken is 1440 Hz (24 samples/cycle). However, it should
be highlighted that DAPPE is able to self-adjust its routines to
different sampling frequencies, so that the user does not need
to inform such data to the software.
1) Line 04S3 PAF-CCD: The short-circuit in the line 04S3
PAF-CCD occurred on July 7, 2014, due to a lightning strike,
as described in the respective PPAR. Voltage and current
waveform records during the disturbance are shown in Figs. 9
and 10. In Table II, the comparison between the disturbance
information estimated using DAPPE and those available in the
PPAR is presented.
1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18
-2
0
2
4
x 10
5
Time (s)
Voltage(V)Current(A)
-5
-2.5
0
2.5
5
x 103
va vb vc vn
ia
ib
ic
in
1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18
Time (s)
Fig. 9. Voltage and current records taken from the substation PAF.
0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58
-5
0
5
x 10
5
va vb vc vn
-4
-2
0
2
4
Voltage(V)
2.5
-2.5
x 103
0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58
Current(A)
Time (s)
Time (s)
ia
ib
ic
in
Fig. 10. Voltage and current records taken from the substation CCD.
One can see that the DAPPE report provides disturbance
information quite similar to those in the PPAR. Such similarity
attests that the relay operation was as expected and that it is
correctly configured. Also, it shows that DAPPE routines are
reliable and able to properly classify the fault, estimate the
impedance seen by the relay and reliably estimate the CB
opening time and the fault location.
6. TABLE II
ANALYSIS OF THE FAULT OCCURRED IN THE LINE 04S3 PAF-CCD.
Disturbance Data
Substation PAF Substation CCD
PPAR DAPPE PPAR DAPPE
Fault Type BG BG BG BG
Protection Tripping Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1
CB Opening Time 83.33 ms 83.50 ms 58.33 ms 58.38 ms
Fault Location 47.3 km 48.1 km 87.8 km 88.3 km
2) Line 04F1 GNN-MRD: The line 04F1 GNN-MRD was
disconnected from the power system on February 24, 2012,
due to an ACG fault, as described in the respective PPAR.
Voltage and current records during the disturbance are shown
in Figs. 11 and 12. In Table III, the comparison between the
DAPPE outputs and PPAR data is presented.
1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18
-2
0
2
x 10
5
-10
-5
0
5
10
Time (s)
Voltage(V)Current(A)
x 10
3
1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18
Time (s)
ia
ib
ic
in
va
vb
vc
vn
Fig. 11. Voltage and current records taken from the substation GNN.
1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.2 1.22
-2
0
2
x 10
5
-2
-1
0
1
2
x 10
3 Time (s)
Voltage(V)Current(A)
1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.2 1.22
Time (s)
ia
ib
ic
in
va vb vc vn
Fig. 12. Voltage and current records taken from the substation MRD.
Again, the disturbance information estimated by DAPPE
was satisfactory. The estimated fault type and protection
tripping were equal to those available in the PPAR. Also, the
obtained values for the CB opening time and fault location
were very similar to those the report provided by CHESF.
It is important to point out that the fault analysis from the
substation MRD was hampered by the CB opening in the
substation GNN. This led voltages and currents to present
additional oscillations during the short-circuit, resulting in a
difference between the estimated fault location and the one in
TABLE III
ANALYSIS OF THE FAULT OCCURRED IN THE LINE 04F1 GNN-MRD.
Disturbance Data
Substation GNN Substation MRD
PPAR DAPPE PPAR DAPPE
Fault Type ACG ACG ACG ACG
Protection Tripping Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1
CB Opening Time 65.00 ms 65.00 ms 200.0 ms 200.2 ms
Fault Location 12.9 km 12.8 km 46.5 km 42.1 km
PPAR of about 4.4 km. Even so, one can consider that DAPPE
provided coherent reports regarding the fault diagnosis and
protection performance, attesting its reliability.
3) Line 04L1 PRI-SBD: On April, 3, 2014, the transmission
line 04L1 PRI-SBD was disconnected from the Brazilian
power grid due to an AG fault, as explained in the PPAR
made by CHESF. Voltage and current records taken from the
numerical distance relay installed at the substation SBD are
shown in Fig. 13, where currents ia and in are superimposed.
In Table IV, the obtained results using DAPPE are compared
against those available in the PPAR.
For this fault case, the protection tripping and the fault type
were properly estimated. Also, the fault location and the CB
opening time computed by DAPPE diverged from those shown
in the PPAR by 0.6 km and 5.05 ms only, respectively. By
representing the CB opening time in number of power cycles,
one can obtain identical results. Thus, one can conclude that,
if used in the date of this fault, DAPPE could have provided
a very reliable sketch of the PPAR, without requiring major
case studies.
1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2
-5
0
5
x 10
5
-2
-1
0
1
2 x 10
4
Time (s)
1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2
Current(A)
Time (s)
Voltage(V)
ia
ib
ic
in
va vb vc vn
Fig. 13. Voltage and current records taken from the substation SBD.
TABLE IV
ANALYSIS OF THE FAULT OCCURRED IN THE LINE 04L1 PRI-SBD.
Substation
Disturbance Information
SBD
Fault Protection CB Fault
Type Tripping Opening Time Location
PPAR AG Zone 1 71.67 ms 5.3 km
DAPPE AG Zone 1 66.62 ms 5.9 km
7. 4) Line 04L3 STJ-FNL: According to CHESF’s mainte-
nance and operational crews, the line 04L3 STJ-FNL was
disconnected from the power system on July 11, 2014, due
to a CG short-circuit caused by the contact of the phase C
with the vegetation in the area where the line passes through.
Voltage and current waveform fault records taken from the
distance relay installed at the substation FNL are depicted in
Fig. 14. DAPPE outputs and the data available in the respective
PPAR are compared in Table V.
0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8
-5
0
5
x 10
5
-5
-2.5
0
2.5
5
x 10
4
Time (s)
Time (s)
0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8
Current(A)Voltage(V)
ia
ib
ic
in
va vb vc vn
Fig. 14. Voltage and current records taken from the substation FNL.
TABLE V
ANALYSIS OF THE FAULT OCCURRED IN THE LINE 04L3 STJ-FNL.
Substation
Disturbance Information
FNL
Fault Protection CB Fault
Type Tripping Opening Time Location
PPAR CG Zone 1 58.33 ms 21.3 km
DAPPE CG Zone 1 59.68 ms 27.5 km
In this case, the fault was well-established since its first
cycles, making it easy to estimate the fault type and the
protection tripping signals. The results were in accordance of
those in the respective PPAR. The CB opening time and the
fault location estimated by DAPPE were also very close to
those values found in the PPAR, presenting differences of 1.35
ms and 6.2 km, respectively, which are within an acceptable
range of values for disturbance diagnosis purposes.
5) Line 04S1 TSA-PRI: On March 8, 2014, during a heavy
rain, an ACG fault occurred in the line 04S3 PAF-CCD due to
a lightning strike, as described in the respective PPAR. Voltage
and current records during the disturbance are shown in Fig.
15. In Table VI, the comparison between the disturbance
information estimated via DAPPE and those available in the
PPAR is presented.
As in the previous cases, DAPPE properly estimated the
fault type and protection tripping, detecting the short-circuit
into the zone 1 as expected. Also, the estimated values of both
CB opening time and fault location presented small differences
from those found in the PPAR, presenting differences of about
0.6 ms and 1.2 km only, respectively.
0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58
-5
0
5
x 10
5
-5
-2.5
0
2.5
5
x 10
4
0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58
Time (s)
Time (s)
Current(A)Voltage(V)
ia
ib
ic
in
va vb vc vn
Fig. 15. Voltage and current records taken from the substation PRI.
TABLE VI
ANALYSIS OF THE FAULT OCCURRED IN THE LINE 04S1 TSA-PRI.
Substation
Disturbance Information
PRI
Fault Protection CB Fault
Type Tripping Opening Time Location
PPAR ACG Zone 1 61.67 ms 24.9 km
DAPPE ACG Zone 1 61.10 ms 26.1 km
6) Line 04M5 CTG-CMD: As reported by CHESF’s main-
tenance and operational crews, on May 1, 2014, the trans-
mission line 04M5 CTG-CMD was disconnected from the
power system due to a CG fault caused by a shield wire which
broke and fell down on phase C conductor. The oscillographic
records of voltages and currents during the disturbance are
depicted in Fig. 16, whereas Table VII shows the comparison
between DAPPE outputs and the disturbance data found in the
respective PPAR.
For this case, the results obtained by DAPPE were again
very similar to those found in the PPAR provided by CHESF.
The fault type and protection tripping information were prop-
erly estimated, and both CB opening time and fault location
values presented small differences, which were of about 0.74
ms and 0.6 km only, respectively. Therefore, from the eval-
uation of simulated and actual records shown in this paper,
one can conclude that the first module of DAPPE is reliable
and able to provide a good starting point to protection engi-
neers during disturbance diagnosis and protection performance
evaluation procedures, which are needed for the preparation of
PPARs.
In future works, it is intended to improve the routines,
minimizing differences between the algorithms in DAPPE and
those in the evaluated relays. Besides, new two-terminal fault
location algorithms and routines related to other types of
protection will be included in DAPPE, such as overcurrent,
differential and teleprotection functions. It will minimize the
influence of fault resistance variations, power flow and capaci-
tive effect of the line on the estimated fault locations, and will
provide more detailed disturbance diagnosis and protection
performance evaluation reports.
8. 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
-5
0
5
x 10
5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1 x 10
4
0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
Time (s)
Time (s)
Current(A)Voltage(V)
ia
ib
ic
in
va vb vc vn
Fig. 16. Voltage and current records taken from the substation CTG.
TABLE VII
ANALYSIS OF THE FAULT OCCURRED IN THE LINE 04M5 CTG-CMD.
Substation
Disturbance Information
CTG
Fault Protection CB Fault
Type Tripping Opening Time Location
PPAR CG Zone 1 66.67 ms 13.2 km
DAPPE CG Zone 1 65.93 ms 13.9 km
IV. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, the evaluation of a software which is being
developed by the São Francisco’s Hydroelectric Company
(CHESF) in partnership with Federal University of Campina
Grande and researchers invited from other Brazilian institu-
tions for disturbance diagnosis and protection performance
analysis was presented. The software was named DAPPE (Dis-
turbance Analysis and Protection Performance Evaluation).
The main goal is to create a computer program able to
automatically generate reliable sketches of the Protection
Performance Analysis Report (PPAR) that must be sent to
Brazilian regulatory agencies after the occurrence of short-
circuits in transmission lines. These reports contain informa-
tion about the fault, such as fault type and fault location, as
well as regarding the protection tripping process, such as the
CB opening time and the distance protection behavior.
DAPPE’s main objective is to reproduce the algorithms
embedded into the numerical relay as similar as possible.
Thus, it estimates basic information that should be used in
PPARs and then compares it with tripping signals available in
fault records taken from the relays installed in the faulty line.
DAPPE’s first module evaluated in this paper has algorithms
for phasor estimation, fault detection, fault classification, fault
location, CB opening detection, CB opening time estimation
and distance protection functions, such as the self-polarized
and polarized mho and quadrilateral elements. The DAPPE
output is a report, in which the main features of the fault and
basic information about the protection performance are found.
The evaluation of DAPPE was performed in two parts. In
the first one, fault records simulated in ATP were imported
by CAPE, generating tripping signals. CAPE was chosen for
this analysis because it has models of actual relays, which
are supplied by the manufacturers themselves. Also, by using
ATP fault records as inputs of DAPPE, the disturbance diag-
nosis and protection performance were estimated and, then,
compared against the tripping signals obtained from CAPE.
It allowed the evaluation of DAPPE performance considering
more adverse cases for which there are no actual records
available. In the second evaluation part, DAPPE was tested
considering several actual fault records provided by CHESF.
Basically, DAPPE outputs were compared with the information
in the PPARs of each disturbance, generating the disturbance
diagnosis ans protection performance reports.
From the obtained results, one can conclude that DAPPE
is reliable, as it provided information quite similar to those
found in the PPARs, properly detecting cases in which relays
were incorrectly set. Some improvements for DAPPE and
additional analysis were also proposed in order to make the
software more robust. Even so, for both simulated and actual
case studies, the obtained results were considered satisfactory
for the application in which DAPPE will be used in CHESF,
demonstrating its usefulness and reliability.
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the São Francisco’s Hy-
droelectric Company (CHESF) for the technical and financial
support.
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