This document discusses health and family welfare in India based on the mid-term appraisal of the Eleventh Five Year Plan. It outlines the plan's vision of health as a right for all citizens, goals of increasing public spending on health and reducing mortality rates, and objectives of reducing maternal mortality ratio, infant mortality rate, and total fertility rate. It assesses progress towards targets for maternal and infant mortality and emphasizes the need for home-based newborn care and community involvement to accelerate reductions in mortality rates and achieve health goals.
People in the world’s most populated continent are living longer, but not necessarily healthier, lives with overburdened, provider-led healthcare systems. As life expectancy across Asia-Pacific continues to rise, the region now carries a huge global burden of non-communicable diseases such as cancer and mental illnesses. As a result, governments in the Asia-Pacific region will need to consider policies and initiatives that prioritise improvements in care for people with a wide range of chronic conditions—but they must maintain vigilance against infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and hepatitis.
These are among the findings of a new study by The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU): The shifting landscape of healthcare in Asia-Pacific: A look at Australia, China, India, Japan and South Korea, sponsored by Janssen. Through in-depth desk research and interviews with healthcare experts, the study examines the disease-burden challenges facing healthcare systems in these countries.
For more information, please visit: http://www.economistinsights.com/healthcare/analysis/shifting-landscape-healthcare-asia-pacific
Systematic Review to Compare Serious Game and Traditional Learning to Engage ...IJERA Editor
Life style plays an important role in bio-psychological health. There is an interlock relationship between health problems and life style. In other words, life style is one of the most important influential factors on individual‟s health and illness. In Indonesia, regulated about lifestyle has been regulated by The Minister of National Development Planning (MNDP). From MNDP‟s report we know that nowadays children not live clean and healthy lifestyle correctly. Our aim in this article is to compare traditional learning and serious game to engage children do clean and healthy lifestyle. Our serious game is concern to help children get visualization about hand washing habit; how important to consume vegetable and fruit; drink adequate quantities of water that are free from contaminants. Our game was name “My Lifestyle” and bring on serious game concept. In an anonymous survey 33 students from the first year and 35 students from the second year of DukuhKupang Elementary School in Indonesia were involved. They were counterbalanced and randomly assigned to one of two conditions:a) Children at the experimental group who played My Lifestyle game first and then the traditional learning method; b) Children at the traditional learning group who listen explanation about healthy lifestyle first and then played My Lifestyle game. The results show that there is a significant difference between the two groups in learning the concepts of addition and subtraction ( < 0.05), and the experimental group has a higher mean score than the traditional learninggroup. Moreover, the results indicate that there a significant difference between the two groups in retention of the concepts of addition and subtraction ( < 0.05), with the experimental group scoring higher than the traditional learninggroup.
This document discusses promoting health in schools through a holistic approach. It summarizes evidence that taking a whole-school approach to health promotion, which addresses policies, environment, curriculum, community links and services, can improve both educational and health outcomes for students. Specifically, multi-faceted approaches that consider the social and emotional factors impacting learning are more effective than single-issue programs delivered only in the classroom. The evidence indicates schools should utilize all six components of a health promoting schools approach to enhance students' well-being and learning.
This document outlines India's school health service and programme. It discusses [1] the history and development of school health services in India dating back to 1909, [2] common health problems among school children like malnutrition and infectious diseases, and [3] the objectives of promoting positive health, preventing diseases, and providing healthful environments for children. It also describes the [4] services provided through the school health programme, such as health checkups, disease prevention, and referral services, as well as [5] strategies and a multi-level approach to healthcare delivery through schools, primary centers, and tertiary hospitals.
The document proposes the ACT4KIDS project, a health and hygiene training program conducted by Youth for the Nation for 40 street children in Bataan, Philippines from April 28 to May 27, 2017. The project aims to teach the children about their rights, health, and social skills through activities. A budget of 10,500 PHP is requested to fund materials for activities involving arts, cooking, sports, and nature appreciation.
Impact of Health Education on Preventive Practices of A.R.I among Mothers Liv...iosrjce
This study assessed the impact of health education on mothers' knowledge of preventive practices for acute respiratory infections (ARI) among children under five in urban slums in Bangalore, India. 476 mothers were surveyed before and after a structured teaching program on ARI. The results showed a significant increase in mothers' knowledge scores from a mean of 2.12 pre-test to 4.67 post-test. Mothers' knowledge scores also correlated significantly with their socio-demographic characteristics such as age, parity, family type, occupation, income, education and religion. The study concluded that community-based health education can effectively improve mothers' knowledge of preventing ARI in young children living in urban slums.
A PROPOSAL ON HEALTH PROMOTION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION PROGRAM ON SCHOOL...Mohammad Aslam Shaiekh
A PROPOSAL ON
HEALTH PROMOTION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION PROGRAM ON SCHOOL HEALTH NUTRITION AMONG THE PRIMARY LEVEL STUDENTS OF POKHARA METROPOLITAN-30, KASKI
This document summarizes current health issues and school health promotion efforts in Thailand. It provides an overview of 10 key Thai health indicators including dental health, unintended pregnancy, nutrition, alcohol/tobacco use, exercise, universal health care, traffic accidents, and more. It then discusses the components of Thailand's school health programs, strategies for success, and partnerships between the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health. Overall, it outlines both health challenges in Thailand and approaches to promoting health and wellness among school-aged children.
People in the world’s most populated continent are living longer, but not necessarily healthier, lives with overburdened, provider-led healthcare systems. As life expectancy across Asia-Pacific continues to rise, the region now carries a huge global burden of non-communicable diseases such as cancer and mental illnesses. As a result, governments in the Asia-Pacific region will need to consider policies and initiatives that prioritise improvements in care for people with a wide range of chronic conditions—but they must maintain vigilance against infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and hepatitis.
These are among the findings of a new study by The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU): The shifting landscape of healthcare in Asia-Pacific: A look at Australia, China, India, Japan and South Korea, sponsored by Janssen. Through in-depth desk research and interviews with healthcare experts, the study examines the disease-burden challenges facing healthcare systems in these countries.
For more information, please visit: http://www.economistinsights.com/healthcare/analysis/shifting-landscape-healthcare-asia-pacific
Systematic Review to Compare Serious Game and Traditional Learning to Engage ...IJERA Editor
Life style plays an important role in bio-psychological health. There is an interlock relationship between health problems and life style. In other words, life style is one of the most important influential factors on individual‟s health and illness. In Indonesia, regulated about lifestyle has been regulated by The Minister of National Development Planning (MNDP). From MNDP‟s report we know that nowadays children not live clean and healthy lifestyle correctly. Our aim in this article is to compare traditional learning and serious game to engage children do clean and healthy lifestyle. Our serious game is concern to help children get visualization about hand washing habit; how important to consume vegetable and fruit; drink adequate quantities of water that are free from contaminants. Our game was name “My Lifestyle” and bring on serious game concept. In an anonymous survey 33 students from the first year and 35 students from the second year of DukuhKupang Elementary School in Indonesia were involved. They were counterbalanced and randomly assigned to one of two conditions:a) Children at the experimental group who played My Lifestyle game first and then the traditional learning method; b) Children at the traditional learning group who listen explanation about healthy lifestyle first and then played My Lifestyle game. The results show that there is a significant difference between the two groups in learning the concepts of addition and subtraction ( < 0.05), and the experimental group has a higher mean score than the traditional learninggroup. Moreover, the results indicate that there a significant difference between the two groups in retention of the concepts of addition and subtraction ( < 0.05), with the experimental group scoring higher than the traditional learninggroup.
This document discusses promoting health in schools through a holistic approach. It summarizes evidence that taking a whole-school approach to health promotion, which addresses policies, environment, curriculum, community links and services, can improve both educational and health outcomes for students. Specifically, multi-faceted approaches that consider the social and emotional factors impacting learning are more effective than single-issue programs delivered only in the classroom. The evidence indicates schools should utilize all six components of a health promoting schools approach to enhance students' well-being and learning.
This document outlines India's school health service and programme. It discusses [1] the history and development of school health services in India dating back to 1909, [2] common health problems among school children like malnutrition and infectious diseases, and [3] the objectives of promoting positive health, preventing diseases, and providing healthful environments for children. It also describes the [4] services provided through the school health programme, such as health checkups, disease prevention, and referral services, as well as [5] strategies and a multi-level approach to healthcare delivery through schools, primary centers, and tertiary hospitals.
The document proposes the ACT4KIDS project, a health and hygiene training program conducted by Youth for the Nation for 40 street children in Bataan, Philippines from April 28 to May 27, 2017. The project aims to teach the children about their rights, health, and social skills through activities. A budget of 10,500 PHP is requested to fund materials for activities involving arts, cooking, sports, and nature appreciation.
Impact of Health Education on Preventive Practices of A.R.I among Mothers Liv...iosrjce
This study assessed the impact of health education on mothers' knowledge of preventive practices for acute respiratory infections (ARI) among children under five in urban slums in Bangalore, India. 476 mothers were surveyed before and after a structured teaching program on ARI. The results showed a significant increase in mothers' knowledge scores from a mean of 2.12 pre-test to 4.67 post-test. Mothers' knowledge scores also correlated significantly with their socio-demographic characteristics such as age, parity, family type, occupation, income, education and religion. The study concluded that community-based health education can effectively improve mothers' knowledge of preventing ARI in young children living in urban slums.
A PROPOSAL ON HEALTH PROMOTION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION PROGRAM ON SCHOOL...Mohammad Aslam Shaiekh
A PROPOSAL ON
HEALTH PROMOTION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION PROGRAM ON SCHOOL HEALTH NUTRITION AMONG THE PRIMARY LEVEL STUDENTS OF POKHARA METROPOLITAN-30, KASKI
This document summarizes current health issues and school health promotion efforts in Thailand. It provides an overview of 10 key Thai health indicators including dental health, unintended pregnancy, nutrition, alcohol/tobacco use, exercise, universal health care, traffic accidents, and more. It then discusses the components of Thailand's school health programs, strategies for success, and partnerships between the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health. Overall, it outlines both health challenges in Thailand and approaches to promoting health and wellness among school-aged children.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Dhenkanal_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
Project Proposal on Promotion of School Health and Nutrition (POSHAN) ProjectMohammad Aslam Shaiekh
The POSHAN Project aims to promote school health and nutrition in 4 villages in Nepal over 2 years. It will establish Child Care Centers in schools to provide health screenings, treatment, and nutrition services. It will implement several strategies, including developing school health policies, providing safe water and sanitation, delivering health education, and offering health and nutrition services in schools. The project expects to improve students' health, education outcomes, and social equity in a cost-effective manner by ensuring children are healthy, well-nourished, and able to fully participate in and benefit from their education.
PRACTICAL SKILL DEVELOPMENT IN PREPARATION OF PROTOTYPE PLAN ON HEALTH PROM...Mohammad Aslam Shaiekh
This document presents a practical skill development project on developing interpersonal health communication media and its application for counseling on maternal, infant, and young child nutrition. It was submitted by Mohammad Aslam Shaeikh and Sarmila Baral to fulfill partial requirements for a Master of Public Health degree. The project aims to address malnutrition among children under five in Nepal by developing counseling tools on optimal infant and young child feeding practices and maternal nutrition. It recognizes that the first 1,000 days after conception are critical for preventing undernutrition and its long-term consequences. The project will focus on promoting breastfeeding, complementary feeding, and micronutrient supplementation.
Misuse of food given by government by workers.
Government is spending a huge amount for welfare of childre,but if see the position of anganwadi’s in some villages , it is evident that this money is eaten away by people in between.
School is present but teachers visit only for 3 to 4 days in a month in some villagers.
From Uganda to Lebanon: Experiences with Integrating Early Childhood Developm...CORE Group
This document discusses International Medical Corps' experiences integrating early childhood development, health, and nutrition programs in various contexts. It provides three country examples of achieving integration in Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Lebanon. Key findings include that integration is feasible in emergency, transitional, and development settings, and that a hands-on learning approach in group sessions and home visits produces positive outcomes. Investing in a training of trainers model in the community is also essential for sustained early childhood development programming.
This is an example of a wellness plan to benefit the school and it's community. The goal is to improve education through improving the health of the students, employees, and members of the community.
Embarking on health policy changes for bringing oral health towards school ag...Alexander Decker
This article discusses the need for changes to health policies in developing countries like India to improve oral health outcomes for school-aged children. It notes that current WHO goals for reducing tooth decay have not been met. Barriers like cost and lack of access mean traditional dental care is not reaching many children. The article argues that governments must fund school-based oral health programs, which could include school dental clinics or programs using dentists, dental hygienists, or trained teachers to provide education and basic care. Without policy changes and dedicated funding for children's oral health, goals are unlikely to be achieved in the next decade.
critical evaluation ICDS( integrated child development services)Shameem Ganayee
Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) is an Indian government programme that offers a wide range of services to children under the age of 6 years, such as food, early education, primary healthcare, immunization, health control, and referral.
Top HR & Workplace Benefits Trends to Improve Employee Satisfaction + Family ...Aggregage
In this webinar, you will learn and understand how to offer flexible oral and vision benefits and convenient access to this type of care for children and families.
MDGs : Progress of Bangladesh
Bangladesh has made commendable progress in respect of eradication of poverty and hunger. It has sustained a GDP growth rate in excess of 6 percent in recent years that has played a positive role in eradicating poverty. The robust growth has been accompanied by corresponding improvements in several social indicators such as increased life expectancy and lower fertility rate despite having one of the world’s highest population densities.
Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education
Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
Goal 5 : Improve Maternal Health
Goal 4 : Reduce Child MortalityGoal 5 : Improve Maternal Health
Goal 6 :Combat HIV/AIDS,Malaria and other Deseases
Goal 7 : Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Goal 8 : Develop a Global Partnership for Development
1) The document discusses the importance of early intervention and prevention to give children the best start in life by establishing healthy behaviors and reducing inequalities from conception through age 5.
2) Key areas of focus include promoting healthy pregnancies, increasing breastfeeding rates, improving oral health, and supporting early childhood development.
3) An integrated, place-based approach is advocated, with strong local leadership, coordinated services between health and early years, and community engagement to develop effective policies and pathways of care.
The document calls for social entrepreneurs to establish medical colleges in India to address the shortage of doctors and improve access to healthcare. It notes that government initiatives like NRHM have improved health outcomes but more needs to be done. Encouraging social entrepreneurs to open medical colleges, as was done for engineering and management education, could increase the number of doctors and the quality of medical education. The document outlines eligibility criteria for social entrepreneurs and the process for applying to establish a new medical college to obtain necessary permissions.
Impact of awareness program on prevention of childhood obesityAlexander Decker
1. The study evaluated the impact of a school-based childhood obesity awareness program on the knowledge levels of 255 school children in Chennai, India.
2. There was a significant increase in knowledge about obesity, physical activity, and diet in normal and overweight children after the program, but not in obese children who had higher baseline knowledge.
3. The results suggest that while mass awareness programs are effective, obese children may require more targeted interventions like family-based programs to help change behaviors and BMI.
Running Head APPROPRIATE INTERVENTIONS FOR HEALTHY PEOPLE 20202MalikPinckney86
Running Head: APPROPRIATE INTERVENTIONS FOR HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020
2
APPROPRIATE INTERVENTIONS FOR HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020
Appropriate Interventions for Healthy People 2020
Norys Gil
South University
List of Support Needs for the Participant
1. Assisting the patients to change the lifestyle is one of the primary support needs. According to the participant response, quitting smoking and maintaining a healthy weight are some of the significant challenges. Educating the patient about healthy dietary and the need for vigorous physical exercise will help the patient in maintaining the right body weight. Smoking habits are highly addictive, and quitting becomes challenging and requires significant effort from both the patient and the caregiver.
2. Psychological counseling. The patient has a great concern of wondering if she would leave long to see grandchildren. She also takes medication such as propranolol and diazepam for managing the stress. Counseling will help the patient mitigate the effects of anxiety and possible depression. It will also change the mindset of imminent death as a result of chronic kidney complications. Physical exercise is essential for mental health and manages stress levels.
3. Accurate tests and prescriptions of the medical plan to the patient are essential in chronic disease management. According to the participant, she would like to follow the prescribed medical plan to manage this complication.
4. They are assisting the patient in understanding the various prescribed medical plan. There is a need to educate the patient about how to administer medicines such as insulin.
Objectives Implementation of Healthy People 2020
Healthy people in 2020 policies and laws examined the various opportunities and approaches to achieve their primary goals. Different governments are using different strategies to promote the health wellness of society and public health. These initiatives serve as roadmaps for different countries and their objectives to health promotion (Pykett, 2019). They provide a way for the government and the community in general to understand the current and future health situation for effective planning and policymaking. For effective interventions for healthy nations, the government needs to engage public health stakeholders such as the healthcare providers, practitioners, and the community. This will helps in the identification of effective strategies for interventions and making healthy people 2020 ideas actionable.
Good health begins in our homes, workplaces, schools, and community in general. Social determinants of health directly impact all individuals. The healthy people 2020 determinants are divided into various categories, namely economic stability, education, healthcare, and the neighborhood, built environments as well as the community context (Pykett, 2019). The first step of implementing objectives of Health People 2020 is the identification of the national-wide health improvement priorities ...
This policy paper proposes alternatives to improve India's oral health care system. The current system has high rates of oral diseases but lacks access in rural areas. Three alternatives are proposed: 1) Strengthen the dental workforce by training them to provide primary care in rural areas. 2) Develop epidemiological research to inform needs-based policies. 3) Maintain the status quo. The alternatives are evaluated based on improving health, cost-effectiveness, and cost of implementation. Strengthening the workforce and research score highest by improving health while research is most cost-effective.
Knowledge, attitude, practice and associated factorsBeka Aberra
This document outlines a research proposal on assessing the knowledge, attitude, and practices of diabetes patients in Ethiopia. It discusses diabetes as a growing health problem worldwide and in Ethiopia. The study will use a cross-sectional design to survey 326 diabetes patients at a hospital in Addis Ababa regarding their knowledge, attitude, and self-management practices, and factors influencing these. It describes the methodology, including developing a scoring system and statistical analysis plan. The proposal discusses obtaining ethics approval and plans to disseminate results to stakeholders and through publication.
Background: Iodine deficiency disorder is common public health problem in developed and developing countries. In Worldwide, nearly 70% of the households only using adequate iodized salt in their regular food. To estimate the household salt utilization, prevalence of goiter, status of iodine deficiency disorder, and to find the iodine level at household level in the study areas.
Materials and Methods: We have done a community-based observational study on IDD in the coastal areas of Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu with examined households salt in 1233 households in selected eight villages. All data were analyzed using Chi-Square test. p–value<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results: Totally 1233 households were recruited and incorporated in this study. Among 1233 households, male 385 (31.2%) and female 848 (68.8%). The male and female age-group was showed statistically highly significant association with p<0.01. Out of 1233 individuals, 141 (11.4%) were found as total goiter. The prevalence of goiter was 105 (12.4%) in female than male was 36 (9.4%) and no statistical association between gender among goiter prevalence (p>0.05).
Conclusion: From our present study findings, we have concluded that majority of the study population was used iodized salt in their regular food. But, very less adequately iodized salts were available nearby study areas. Nevertheless, majority of the households didn’t know about the benefits about the usage of iodized salt. Health education is needed in to the shopkeepers and local vendors. This will be conducted by non-Governmental organization, Government organization and other nearby medical colleges.
Keywords: household salt, utilization, iodine, iodine deficiency disorder, coastal areas
Rogers diffusion of innovation theory is a particularly good th.docxdaniely50
Roger's diffusion of innovation theory is a particularly good theoretical framework to apply to an EBP project. However, students may also choose to use change models, such as Duck's change curve model or the transtheoretical model of behavioral change. Other conceptual models, such as a utilization model (Stetler's model) and EBP models (the Iowa model and ARCC model) can also be used as a framework for applying your evidence-based proposal in clinical practice. Apply one of the above models and carry your implementation through each of the stages, phases, or steps identified in the chosen model.
In 500-750 words (not including the title page and references page), discuss applying one of the change models to the implementation plan:
Identify the selected model or theoretical framework and discuss its relevance to your project.
Discuss each of the stages in the change model/framework.
Describe how you would apply each stage in your proposed implementation.
In addition, create a conceptual model of the project. Although you will not be submitting the conceptual model you design in Topic 4 with the narrative, you will include the conceptual model in the appendices for the final paper.
You are required to cite three to five sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and nursing content.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
Please add 5 references that are 5 years or less. I have attached my most current essay to help you with the essay.
Proposed Evidence-Based Practice Project
Solution
Diane Boll
Grand Canyon University: NUR 590
12-9-2020
Proposed solutions
Diabetes mellitus type 2 is generally considered a lifestyle condition and this makes it more prevalent among individuals from lower socioeconomic status. This is because of the many barriers that prevent such individuals from accessing quality healthcare. Thus, providing improved and better healthcare to such people can be very crucial in reducing the prevalence of Diabetes mellitus type 2 (Ong et al., 2018). Achieving this would require adequately funding the healthcare facilities especially in areas where people with lower socioeconomic status live to facilitate preventive care for type 2 diabetes. Also, ensuring there is an adequate number of healthcare providers such as nurses and physicians especially in the remote areas where an individual from low-income communities’ lives is crucial in reducing the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (Ong et al., 2018). This will ensure such individuals have access to quality healthcare concerning diabetes whenever they need it. Health promotional services that involve encouraging people to practice good dietary and healthy lifestyles can offer important solutions in the management of diabetes (Butler, 2017).
Organizational structure
The .
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Dhenkanal_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
Project Proposal on Promotion of School Health and Nutrition (POSHAN) ProjectMohammad Aslam Shaiekh
The POSHAN Project aims to promote school health and nutrition in 4 villages in Nepal over 2 years. It will establish Child Care Centers in schools to provide health screenings, treatment, and nutrition services. It will implement several strategies, including developing school health policies, providing safe water and sanitation, delivering health education, and offering health and nutrition services in schools. The project expects to improve students' health, education outcomes, and social equity in a cost-effective manner by ensuring children are healthy, well-nourished, and able to fully participate in and benefit from their education.
PRACTICAL SKILL DEVELOPMENT IN PREPARATION OF PROTOTYPE PLAN ON HEALTH PROM...Mohammad Aslam Shaiekh
This document presents a practical skill development project on developing interpersonal health communication media and its application for counseling on maternal, infant, and young child nutrition. It was submitted by Mohammad Aslam Shaeikh and Sarmila Baral to fulfill partial requirements for a Master of Public Health degree. The project aims to address malnutrition among children under five in Nepal by developing counseling tools on optimal infant and young child feeding practices and maternal nutrition. It recognizes that the first 1,000 days after conception are critical for preventing undernutrition and its long-term consequences. The project will focus on promoting breastfeeding, complementary feeding, and micronutrient supplementation.
Misuse of food given by government by workers.
Government is spending a huge amount for welfare of childre,but if see the position of anganwadi’s in some villages , it is evident that this money is eaten away by people in between.
School is present but teachers visit only for 3 to 4 days in a month in some villagers.
From Uganda to Lebanon: Experiences with Integrating Early Childhood Developm...CORE Group
This document discusses International Medical Corps' experiences integrating early childhood development, health, and nutrition programs in various contexts. It provides three country examples of achieving integration in Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Lebanon. Key findings include that integration is feasible in emergency, transitional, and development settings, and that a hands-on learning approach in group sessions and home visits produces positive outcomes. Investing in a training of trainers model in the community is also essential for sustained early childhood development programming.
This is an example of a wellness plan to benefit the school and it's community. The goal is to improve education through improving the health of the students, employees, and members of the community.
Embarking on health policy changes for bringing oral health towards school ag...Alexander Decker
This article discusses the need for changes to health policies in developing countries like India to improve oral health outcomes for school-aged children. It notes that current WHO goals for reducing tooth decay have not been met. Barriers like cost and lack of access mean traditional dental care is not reaching many children. The article argues that governments must fund school-based oral health programs, which could include school dental clinics or programs using dentists, dental hygienists, or trained teachers to provide education and basic care. Without policy changes and dedicated funding for children's oral health, goals are unlikely to be achieved in the next decade.
critical evaluation ICDS( integrated child development services)Shameem Ganayee
Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) is an Indian government programme that offers a wide range of services to children under the age of 6 years, such as food, early education, primary healthcare, immunization, health control, and referral.
Top HR & Workplace Benefits Trends to Improve Employee Satisfaction + Family ...Aggregage
In this webinar, you will learn and understand how to offer flexible oral and vision benefits and convenient access to this type of care for children and families.
MDGs : Progress of Bangladesh
Bangladesh has made commendable progress in respect of eradication of poverty and hunger. It has sustained a GDP growth rate in excess of 6 percent in recent years that has played a positive role in eradicating poverty. The robust growth has been accompanied by corresponding improvements in several social indicators such as increased life expectancy and lower fertility rate despite having one of the world’s highest population densities.
Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education
Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
Goal 5 : Improve Maternal Health
Goal 4 : Reduce Child MortalityGoal 5 : Improve Maternal Health
Goal 6 :Combat HIV/AIDS,Malaria and other Deseases
Goal 7 : Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Goal 8 : Develop a Global Partnership for Development
1) The document discusses the importance of early intervention and prevention to give children the best start in life by establishing healthy behaviors and reducing inequalities from conception through age 5.
2) Key areas of focus include promoting healthy pregnancies, increasing breastfeeding rates, improving oral health, and supporting early childhood development.
3) An integrated, place-based approach is advocated, with strong local leadership, coordinated services between health and early years, and community engagement to develop effective policies and pathways of care.
The document calls for social entrepreneurs to establish medical colleges in India to address the shortage of doctors and improve access to healthcare. It notes that government initiatives like NRHM have improved health outcomes but more needs to be done. Encouraging social entrepreneurs to open medical colleges, as was done for engineering and management education, could increase the number of doctors and the quality of medical education. The document outlines eligibility criteria for social entrepreneurs and the process for applying to establish a new medical college to obtain necessary permissions.
Impact of awareness program on prevention of childhood obesityAlexander Decker
1. The study evaluated the impact of a school-based childhood obesity awareness program on the knowledge levels of 255 school children in Chennai, India.
2. There was a significant increase in knowledge about obesity, physical activity, and diet in normal and overweight children after the program, but not in obese children who had higher baseline knowledge.
3. The results suggest that while mass awareness programs are effective, obese children may require more targeted interventions like family-based programs to help change behaviors and BMI.
Running Head APPROPRIATE INTERVENTIONS FOR HEALTHY PEOPLE 20202MalikPinckney86
Running Head: APPROPRIATE INTERVENTIONS FOR HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020
2
APPROPRIATE INTERVENTIONS FOR HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020
Appropriate Interventions for Healthy People 2020
Norys Gil
South University
List of Support Needs for the Participant
1. Assisting the patients to change the lifestyle is one of the primary support needs. According to the participant response, quitting smoking and maintaining a healthy weight are some of the significant challenges. Educating the patient about healthy dietary and the need for vigorous physical exercise will help the patient in maintaining the right body weight. Smoking habits are highly addictive, and quitting becomes challenging and requires significant effort from both the patient and the caregiver.
2. Psychological counseling. The patient has a great concern of wondering if she would leave long to see grandchildren. She also takes medication such as propranolol and diazepam for managing the stress. Counseling will help the patient mitigate the effects of anxiety and possible depression. It will also change the mindset of imminent death as a result of chronic kidney complications. Physical exercise is essential for mental health and manages stress levels.
3. Accurate tests and prescriptions of the medical plan to the patient are essential in chronic disease management. According to the participant, she would like to follow the prescribed medical plan to manage this complication.
4. They are assisting the patient in understanding the various prescribed medical plan. There is a need to educate the patient about how to administer medicines such as insulin.
Objectives Implementation of Healthy People 2020
Healthy people in 2020 policies and laws examined the various opportunities and approaches to achieve their primary goals. Different governments are using different strategies to promote the health wellness of society and public health. These initiatives serve as roadmaps for different countries and their objectives to health promotion (Pykett, 2019). They provide a way for the government and the community in general to understand the current and future health situation for effective planning and policymaking. For effective interventions for healthy nations, the government needs to engage public health stakeholders such as the healthcare providers, practitioners, and the community. This will helps in the identification of effective strategies for interventions and making healthy people 2020 ideas actionable.
Good health begins in our homes, workplaces, schools, and community in general. Social determinants of health directly impact all individuals. The healthy people 2020 determinants are divided into various categories, namely economic stability, education, healthcare, and the neighborhood, built environments as well as the community context (Pykett, 2019). The first step of implementing objectives of Health People 2020 is the identification of the national-wide health improvement priorities ...
This policy paper proposes alternatives to improve India's oral health care system. The current system has high rates of oral diseases but lacks access in rural areas. Three alternatives are proposed: 1) Strengthen the dental workforce by training them to provide primary care in rural areas. 2) Develop epidemiological research to inform needs-based policies. 3) Maintain the status quo. The alternatives are evaluated based on improving health, cost-effectiveness, and cost of implementation. Strengthening the workforce and research score highest by improving health while research is most cost-effective.
Knowledge, attitude, practice and associated factorsBeka Aberra
This document outlines a research proposal on assessing the knowledge, attitude, and practices of diabetes patients in Ethiopia. It discusses diabetes as a growing health problem worldwide and in Ethiopia. The study will use a cross-sectional design to survey 326 diabetes patients at a hospital in Addis Ababa regarding their knowledge, attitude, and self-management practices, and factors influencing these. It describes the methodology, including developing a scoring system and statistical analysis plan. The proposal discusses obtaining ethics approval and plans to disseminate results to stakeholders and through publication.
Background: Iodine deficiency disorder is common public health problem in developed and developing countries. In Worldwide, nearly 70% of the households only using adequate iodized salt in their regular food. To estimate the household salt utilization, prevalence of goiter, status of iodine deficiency disorder, and to find the iodine level at household level in the study areas.
Materials and Methods: We have done a community-based observational study on IDD in the coastal areas of Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu with examined households salt in 1233 households in selected eight villages. All data were analyzed using Chi-Square test. p–value<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results: Totally 1233 households were recruited and incorporated in this study. Among 1233 households, male 385 (31.2%) and female 848 (68.8%). The male and female age-group was showed statistically highly significant association with p<0.01. Out of 1233 individuals, 141 (11.4%) were found as total goiter. The prevalence of goiter was 105 (12.4%) in female than male was 36 (9.4%) and no statistical association between gender among goiter prevalence (p>0.05).
Conclusion: From our present study findings, we have concluded that majority of the study population was used iodized salt in their regular food. But, very less adequately iodized salts were available nearby study areas. Nevertheless, majority of the households didn’t know about the benefits about the usage of iodized salt. Health education is needed in to the shopkeepers and local vendors. This will be conducted by non-Governmental organization, Government organization and other nearby medical colleges.
Keywords: household salt, utilization, iodine, iodine deficiency disorder, coastal areas
Rogers diffusion of innovation theory is a particularly good th.docxdaniely50
Roger's diffusion of innovation theory is a particularly good theoretical framework to apply to an EBP project. However, students may also choose to use change models, such as Duck's change curve model or the transtheoretical model of behavioral change. Other conceptual models, such as a utilization model (Stetler's model) and EBP models (the Iowa model and ARCC model) can also be used as a framework for applying your evidence-based proposal in clinical practice. Apply one of the above models and carry your implementation through each of the stages, phases, or steps identified in the chosen model.
In 500-750 words (not including the title page and references page), discuss applying one of the change models to the implementation plan:
Identify the selected model or theoretical framework and discuss its relevance to your project.
Discuss each of the stages in the change model/framework.
Describe how you would apply each stage in your proposed implementation.
In addition, create a conceptual model of the project. Although you will not be submitting the conceptual model you design in Topic 4 with the narrative, you will include the conceptual model in the appendices for the final paper.
You are required to cite three to five sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and nursing content.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
Please add 5 references that are 5 years or less. I have attached my most current essay to help you with the essay.
Proposed Evidence-Based Practice Project
Solution
Diane Boll
Grand Canyon University: NUR 590
12-9-2020
Proposed solutions
Diabetes mellitus type 2 is generally considered a lifestyle condition and this makes it more prevalent among individuals from lower socioeconomic status. This is because of the many barriers that prevent such individuals from accessing quality healthcare. Thus, providing improved and better healthcare to such people can be very crucial in reducing the prevalence of Diabetes mellitus type 2 (Ong et al., 2018). Achieving this would require adequately funding the healthcare facilities especially in areas where people with lower socioeconomic status live to facilitate preventive care for type 2 diabetes. Also, ensuring there is an adequate number of healthcare providers such as nurses and physicians especially in the remote areas where an individual from low-income communities’ lives is crucial in reducing the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (Ong et al., 2018). This will ensure such individuals have access to quality healthcare concerning diabetes whenever they need it. Health promotional services that involve encouraging people to practice good dietary and healthy lifestyles can offer important solutions in the management of diabetes (Butler, 2017).
Organizational structure
The .
Nutrition Condition in Bangladesh and National Plan of Action for NutritionHazrat Ali
The document summarizes the nutrition condition in Bangladesh and outlines the goals of the National Plan of Action for Nutrition (NPAN 1&2). It finds that 36% of children under 5 are stunted, 14% are wasted, and malnutrition remains a public health problem. The first NPAN aimed to eliminate malnutrition by 2010 through objectives like ensuring food security, reducing micronutrient deficiencies, and promoting nutrition education. The second NPAN expands this to focus on children, adolescent girls, and mothers with the goal of improving nutritional status for all citizens and reducing all forms of malnutrition.
This document summarizes a research poster presentation about preventing and treating childhood obesity. It finds that childhood obesity rates have tripled in the last 30 years and 3 million more children will become obese in the next 2 years. Nurses are well-positioned to help through community-based treatment programs that focus on early assessment, education, and prevention. The poster recommends using models like Roger's Diffusion of Innovation and Kotter's Change Model to implement physical activity programs, healthy school meals, and family education to promote lifestyle changes.
The Mobius Foundation is the eco friendly ngo promoting environmental sustainability through sustainable, relevant solutions that enable communities to break longstanding practices that are detrimental to human existence on Earth.
ASEFSU23 Background Paper Child Obesity In IndiaNathan Mathis
This document discusses the growing crisis of childhood obesity in India, focusing on Delhi. It finds that childhood obesity levels are increasing, especially in urban areas and among affluent families. This is linked to factors of urbanization like reduced physical activity and increased access to unhealthy, calorie-dense foods. Children in Delhi are 5 times more likely to be overweight than rural children due to different diets and lifestyles. If left unaddressed, childhood obesity can lead to lifelong health issues and economic costs. The document calls for policy measures that consider the urban factors driving obesity and link urban development programs to addressing this issue.
national health progrmmes for children.pptxpayalgakhar
This document summarizes several national health programs in India for children, including the Reproductive and Child Health Program, Universal Immunization Program, Integrated Child Development Services, School Health Program, and nutritional programs. It provides details on the objectives, services provided, implementation, and strategies of these programs, which aim to improve child health, reduce mortality and malnutrition, and make health services more accessible to children and mothers across India.
Similar to 2012 icsa gs indian economics lecture 4 (20)
This document discusses the IS-LM model, which jointly determines the equilibrium interest rate and level of income in the goods/commodity market and the money market. It describes the demand and supply factors in each market. The commodity market equilibrium depends on consumption, investment, and government spending functions. The money market equilibrium depends on the transactions, precautionary, and speculative demand for real money balances, given the money supply. General equilibrium is reached where the commodity market and money market equations are simultaneously satisfied.
OMR Sheet Design for Internal Assessment designed by me.Dr. Subir Maitra
The document provides instructions for students taking an exam at Heramba Chandra College. It instructs students to fill in their details correctly, use black or blue pen only, and put a cross on the correct answer choice for each question. It also notes that students should darken incorrect answers and select the correct choice, and that putting a cross on multiple choices will be marked as wrong. Students are told to do any rough work on the attached sheets only and that using mobile devices is prohibited during the exam.
This document provides an overview of a simple Keynesian model in an open economy. It defines an open economy and the three types of openness. It then outlines the key components of the model, including consumption, disposable income, taxes, investment, government expenditure, exports, and imports. It shows how these are used to derive the equilibrium income and various multipliers in the open economy model. Specifically, it shows the investment, government expenditure, export, tax, and transfer payment multipliers, as well as demonstrating that the balanced budget multiplier in this open economy model is not equal to one.
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Educating the Tribal Population in the Era of GlobalisationDr. Subir Maitra
The document discusses approaches to educating India's tribal population in the era of globalization, noting that while literacy rates have increased, tribal students still lag behind with high dropout rates. It analyzes both supply-side interventions like building schools and demand-side interventions like stipends or scholarships, arguing that a combination of improving access through infrastructure while also incentivizing attendance through conditional cash transfers may be most effective at reducing dropout rates and improving educational attainment for tribal communities.
Self Financing Courses in Higher Education--Pricing and Quality IssuesDr. Subir Maitra
This document summarizes the debate around who should pay for higher education and discusses self-financed courses in India. It notes that globally, there is a debate between those who believe higher education is a private good that students should pay for, versus those who believe the state should finance universities. In India, self-financed courses have a wide range of prices depending on the type of institution, with private universities charging the highest fees to cover all costs, while government colleges can only charge fees to cover recurring expenses. The document examines issues of pricing and quality for self-financed courses in India.
This document discusses quality and employability issues in technical education in India. It notes that while technical education has expanded greatly since the 1990s, around 75% of engineering graduates are reportedly unemployable. This points to poor quality of education lacking necessary technical skills. The document explores definitions of quality in higher education and factors that make it difficult to define, such as the inseparability of production and consumption of educational services. It also examines stakeholders' perspectives on quality and issues that impact the employability of technical graduates.
The document discusses the development of technical education in India from its origins in the late 18th century to the present day. It notes that technical education grew out of the need for a skilled workforce during the Industrial Revolution. Some key points:
- The first technical schools were established in India in the late 18th/early 19th century by the British to train personnel for public works departments.
- Formal technical education expanded slowly until after independence, when the government established more institutions like IITs, NITs, and regional engineering colleges.
- Most growth has occurred since the 1990s, as the number of engineering colleges and student intake has increased dramatically, especially driven by private institutions.
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Governance of Higher Education:The Global Scenario, University News, Nov 21-2...Dr. Subir Maitra
Higher education governance has undergone significant changes in recent decades. Governments have shifted from direct control of higher education institutions to more indirect supervision and governance involving multiple actors and levels. This reflects an ideological shift towards market-based coordination and new public management approaches. As a result, higher education institutions have been granted greater autonomy over organizational structure, policies, finances, and operations while also facing increased accountability. However, governments still play an important role in agenda-setting, regulation, and facilitating market forces in the higher education sector.
Cu m com-mebe-mod-i-multiplier theory-keynesian approach-lecture-1Dr. Subir Maitra
1) The Simple Keynesian Model (SKM) is used to analyze business cycles and fluctuations in economic activity. It assumes prices are fixed in the short-run and demand determines output.
2) The SKM equilibrium occurs when actual expenditure (aggregate supply) equals planned expenditure (aggregate demand). This is shown as the point where the 45-degree aggregate supply line intersects the aggregate demand line.
3) In a closed economy without government, aggregate demand consists of consumption (C) and investment (I). Equilibrium income is determined by the consumption function C=C0+cY and investment function I=I0.
CU M Com-MEBE-Mod-I-National Income Accounting-Lecture-3Dr. Subir Maitra
This document provides sample problems and explanations related to national income accounting concepts. It begins with 16 questions asking students to explain or demonstrate concepts like gross domestic product, national income, value added, the basic macroeconomic identity for an open economy, and deriving personal income from national income. It then provides sample numerical problems demonstrating how to calculate GDP, NDP, NI and other measures using the value added, income and expenditure methods. It concludes with abbreviations commonly used in national income accounting.
CU M Com-MEBE-MOD-I-National Income Accounting-Lecture-2Dr. Subir Maitra
The document discusses three methods for measuring national income:
1) Product method - Summing the value added of all sectors in the economy through production.
2) Income method - Summing incomes from factors of production like wages, profits, interest.
3) Expenditure method - Summing expenditures in the economy through consumption, investment, government spending, and trade. It shows how these methods are equivalent.
CU M Com-MEBE-MOD-1-National Income Accounting-Lecture-1Dr. Subir Maitra
This document provides an overview of macroeconomics and the key issues addressed in macroeconomics. It discusses long-term economic growth, business cycles and fluctuations in economic activity, unemployment, inflation, international economic links, and the role of fiscal and monetary policy in economic performance. The main topics in macroeconomics are determining a nation's long-run growth, causes of short-term economic fluctuations, sources of unemployment, drivers of inflation, effects of globalization and trade, and how government policy can influence prosperity and stability.
- Taxes have existed for a long time and are referenced in both the Bible and Koran. They are a means for governments to legally extract money from individuals and organizations.
- This chapter will explore the theory behind designing tax systems and the fundamental principles of taxation. Specifically, it will discuss how to make tax systems both efficient by minimizing costs and equitable by fairly distributing the tax burden.
- An efficient tax system is one that imposes small deadweight losses from distorting incentives and small administrative burdens on taxpayers. The deadweight loss is the inefficiency created when taxes cause people to allocate resources based on tax incentives rather than true costs and benefits.
Indian economic planning aimed to achieve predetermined goals through state regulation and control of economic activity. Planning involved setting priorities, mobilizing resources, and creating organizations to execute comprehensive economic plans. Early plans focused on infrastructure, agriculture, and industrial development to raise savings rates and productivity. Later plans prioritized capital goods to rapidly industrialize and fulfill targets in a nearly closed economy with inelastic exports. Indian planning was democratic, indicative, decentralized, and development-oriented to solve issues like poverty and inequality through growth.
This document provides an overview of a chapter on supply and demand. It begins by listing four learning objectives for the chapter, which are to describe the supply and demand curves and how they determine equilibrium price and quantity, illustrate how shifts in the curves affect prices and quantities, and explain the efficiency and equilibrium principles. It then introduces the topic of the chapter by contrasting New York City's efficient food distribution system, which relies on market forces, with its inefficient housing market, which is regulated. The document goes on to discuss how centralized economic planning is difficult for large societies and markets typically allocate resources more efficiently through the decentralized decisions of individuals and firms.
Horizontal equity aims for equal tax treatment of those in the same economic situation, treating equals equally based purely on income figures. However, exactly equal treatment is difficult to achieve due to tax breaks and incentives. Vertical equity maintains that those with more wealth and income should pay more in taxes than those with less, as they are better able to do so. This principle is fulfilled through progressive taxation where higher income brackets face higher tax rates, with revenues redistributed to poorer members of society through benefits and tax credits.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
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Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
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The event will cover the following::
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
1. UPSC Civil Services Examination,2012
Health and Family Welfare in India
Incorporating the Mid-term Appraisal of Eleventh Five Year Plan
Prof. Subir Maitra,
Institute for Civil Service Aspirants, Salt Lake ,Kolkata
(in collaboration with Confedaration of Indian Industries--CII)
iasstudymat.blogspot.com
21.01.2012
Prof. S.Maitra
21 January, 2012 1
iasstudymat.blogspot.com
10. Health: Eleventh Plan Vision
•Health as a right for all citizens is the goal that the Plan will strive towards.
•A comprehensive approach that encompasses individual health care, public
health, sanitation, clean drinking water, access to food, and knowledge of
hygiene, and feeding practices.
•To transform public health care into an accountable, accessible, and affordable
system of quality services.
•Convergence and development of public health systems and services that are
responsive to the health needs and aspirations of the people.
•Public provisioning of quality health care to enable access to affordable and
reliable heath services, especially in the context of preventing the non-poor from
entering into poverty or in terms of reducing the suffering of those who are
already below the poverty line.
•Reducing disparities in health across regions and communities by ensuring
access to affordable health care.
•Good governance, transparency, and accountability in the delivery of health
services that is ensured through involvement of Panchayati Raj Institutions
(PRI)s, community, and civil society groups.
Prof. S.Maitra
21 January, 2012 10
iasstudymat.blogspot.com
11. Health: Eleventh Plan Goals
•To raise public spending on health from 0.9 per cent of GDP to 2-3
per cent of GDP, with improved arrangement for community
financing and risk pooling.
•To undertake architectural correction of the health system to
enable it to effectively handle increased allocations and promote
policies that strengthen public health management and service
delivery in the country.
•Reduction in child and maternal mortality.
•Universal access to public services for food and nutrition,
sanitation and hygiene.
•Universal access to public health care services, integrated
comprehensive primary health care, with emphasis on services
addressing women’s and children’s health and universal
immunization.
•Prevention and control of communicable and non-communicable
diseases, including locally endemic diseases.
•Population stabilization, gender and demographic balance.
•Revitalize local health traditions and mainstream AYUSH.
•Promotion of healthy lifestyles. S.Maitra
21 January, 2012
Prof.
11
iasstudymat.blogspot.com
12. Health: Eleventh Plan Objectives
•Reducing Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) to 1 per 1,000 live births.
•Reducing Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) to 28 per 1,000 live births.
•Reducing Total Fertility Rate (TFR) to 2.1.
•Providing clean drinking water for all by 2009 and ensuring no slip-backs.
•Reducing malnutrition among children in the age group 0–3 year to half its present level.
•Reducing anaemia among women and girls by 50 per cent.
•Raising the sex ratio in the age group 0–6 years to 935 by 2011–12, and to 950 by 2016–17.
•Malaria Mortality Reduction Rate: 50 per cent up to 2010, additional 10 per cent by 2012.
•Kala Azar Mortality Reduction Rate: 100 per cent by 2010 and sustaining elimination until
2012.
•Filaria / Microfilaria Reduction Rate: 70 per cent by 2010, 80 per cent by 2012 and
elimination by 2015.
•Dengue Mortality Reduction Rate: 50 per cent by 2010 and sustaining at that level until 2012.
•Cataract operations: Increase to 46 lakhs by 2012.
•Leprosy Prevalence Rate: Reduce from 1.8 per 10,000 in 2005 to less that 1 per 10,000
thereafter.
•Tuberculosis DOTS series: Maintain 85 per cent cure rate through entire mission period and
also sustain planned case detection rate.
In terms of systems improvements the NRHM targets were:
•Upgrade all PHCs into 24x7 PHCs by the year 2010.
•Upgrading all Community Health Centres to Indian Public Health Standards.
•Increase utilization of first referral units from bed occupancy by referred cases of less than 20
per cent to over 75 per cent.
•Engaging 4,00,000 female Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs).
Prof. S.Maitra
21 January, 2012 12
iasstudymat.blogspot.com
14. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)
To reach the MMR target of 100 by 2012, the required rate of decline from 254
(SRS 2004-06) has to be, on an average, 22 per year. Unfortunately, no data are
available on the progress of MMR during the Eleventh Plan period i.e. the period
beginning 2007-08. However, earlier data shows that MMR came down from 301
(SRS 2001-03) to 254 (SRS 2004-06), i.e., an average decline of 16 per year.
Achieving the Eleventh Plan target clearly requires much faster progress. State wise
decline during the pre-Eleventh Plan period varied from an average of 26 per year for
Uttar Pradesh/Uttarakhand, 20 per year for Bihar/Jharkhand, 19 per year for
Rajasthan, 18 per year for Orissa/ West Bengal to 15 per year for Madhya Pradesh/
Chhattisgarh.
When 52.2 per cent of the deliveries are conducted at home (DLHS-3, 2007-8)
and comprehensive obstetric care continues to be a problem in many States, the
scope for expanding timely access to quality institutional care is limited, particularly
for those living in remote and inaccessible areas. In such a scenario, the MMR goal
Prof. S.Maitra
of 21 January,achievable only through appropriate area specific interventions.
100 is 2012 iasstudymat.blogspot.com
14
15. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
Although IMR is showing a downward trend, but the rate of improvement here
too has to be three times that in the past so as to attain the level expected by the end
of Eleventh Plan. All India IMR was 57 in 2006 and 53 in 2008 (SRS), a decrease of 4
in two years. High focus States of NRHM have shown marginally better performance
in rural areas, where IMR has decreased by 5 in two years. Tamil Nadu has also
shown marginally better performance, a decline of 6 in two years. To achieve IMR of
28 by 2012, the required rate of decrease has to be an average of 6 per year.
Intensive and urgent efforts are required to adopt homebased newborn care based on
validated models such as the Gadchiroli model and make focused efforts for
encouraging breast feeding and safe infant and child feeding practices. While
emphasis on early breast feeding is part of ASHAs training, special training on
neonatal care for community and facility level health functionaries will facilitate a
faster reduction in IMR.
Prof. S.Maitra
21 January, 2012 15
iasstudymat.blogspot.com
20. HOME BASED NEWBORN CARE (HBNC)
•Efforts to improve home based care have proven successful at improving
child survival. Home Based Newborn and Child Care is to be provided by a
trained Community Health Worker (such as the ASHA) who guides and
supports the mother, family, and TBA in the care of newborn, and attends
the newborn at home if she is sick. The worker is supervised by a field
person (ANM/LHV or a doctor) who visits the community once in 15 days.
Community acceptance and coverage of such care has been quite good.
•The GoI approved the implementation of HBNC based on the Gadchiroli
model, where appreciable decline in IMR has been documented on the basis
of work done by a VO called SEARCH. Gadchiroli has shown how ordinary
women can do extraordinary things: a well-trained local woman can not
only lower neonatal mortality but can also bring about attitudinal change.
The women Shishu Rakshaks of Gadchiroli have managed to dispel many
myths surrounding pregnancy and have been able to ensure better
nutrition, care, immunization, and hygiene.
•The national strategy during the Plan will be to introduce and make
available high-quality HBNC services in all districts/areas with an IMR
more than 45 per 1000 live births. Apart from performance incentive to
ASHAs, an award will be given to ASHAs and village community if no
mother–newborn or child death is reported in a year.
Prof. S.Maitra
21 January, 2012 20
iasstudymat.blogspot.com
21. National Rural Health Mission
•NRHM was launched on April 12, 2005, to provide accessible, affordable and accountable quality
health services to the poorest households in the remotest rural regions. Allocation has been increased to
Rs. 12,070 crore in interim budget for 2009-10 compared to Rs. 12,050 crore in 2008-09. NRHM is
being operationalized throughout the country, with special focus on 18 states which includes 8
Empowered Action Group States (Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, Orissa and Rajasthan), 8 NE states, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir.
•The main aim of NRHM is to provide accessible, affordable, accountable, effective and reliable
primary health care facilities, especially, to the poor and vulnerable sections of the population. It also
aims at bridging the gap in rural health care services through the creation of a cadre of Accredited Social
Health Activists (ASHA) and improved hospital care, decentralization of programme to district level to
improve intra and inter-sectoral convergence and effective utilization of resources. NRHM further aims
to provide overarching umbrella to the existing programmes of health and family welfare including
RCH-II, malaria, blindness, iodine deficiency, filaria, kala-azar, tuberculosis, leprosy and for integrated
disease surveillance. Further, it addresses the issue of health in the context of sector-wide approach
towards sanitation and hygiene, nutrition and safe drinking water as basic determinants of good health in
order to have greater convergence among the related social sector departments i.e. AYUSH, Women &
Child Development, Sanitation, Elementary Education, Panchayati Raj and Rural Development. The
mission further seeks to buildgreater ownership of the programme among the community through
involvement of Panchayati Raj Institutions, NGOs and other stakeholders at national, state, district and
sub-district levels to achieve the goals of National Population Policy 2000 and National Health Policy.
The expected outcomes of the mission include reduction of IMR to below 30/1000 live births, MMR to
below 100/100,000 live births & TFR to 2.1 by 2012.
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24. Performance of NRHM:
•7.49 lakh Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) have been selected though the total number of
those who have completed all training modules is low. Against the target of 6 lakh fully trained ASHAs by
2008 there are 5.19 lakh ASHAs positioned with drug kits, but their training is still to be completed. Only
about 1.99 lakh ASHAs have completed all five modules and 5.65 lakh have completed up to fourth
training module.
•4.51 lakh Village Health and Sanitation Committees (VHSCs) have been set up against the target of 6
lakh VHSCs by 2008. The operational effectiveness of the VHSCs, however, needs considerable
improvement.
•40,426 Sub-centres (SCs) have been provided two ANMs against the target of 1.05 lakh SCs by 2009.
8,745 SCs are without even a single ANM.
•8,324 Primary Health Centres (PHCs) are functional on 24X7 basis and 5,907of them have three Staff
Nurses against the target of 18,000 PHCs by 2009.
•3,966 Community Health Centres (CHCs) are functional on 24X7 basis. However, information regarding
the target of strengthening 3250 CHCs with seven specialists and nine staff nurses by 2009 is not
available. In any case, the number of CHCs/Sub-Divisional Hospitals or equivalent, which have been
upgraded to First Referral Unit (FRU) has increased from 750 (as on 31 March 2005) to 1934 (as on 31
December 2009).
•510 out of total 578 District Hospitals (DHs) have been strengthened to act as FRUs.
•29,223 Rogi Kalyan Samitis (RKSs)/Hospital Development Committees have been constituted at
PHC/CHC/DH levels against the target of 37,100 RKSs by 2009.
•State & District Societies are in place except at the State level in West Bengal. District Programme
Managers and District Accounts Managers are in position in 581 and 579 districts respectively.
•356 Districts have operational Mobile Medical Units (MMUs) against the target of 600 MMUs by 2009
(one for each district). In addition, boat clinics in Assam & West Bengal, emergency transport system in
Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Goa, Uttarakhand, Assam and Rajasthan, GPS enabled MMUs in
Gujarat, Haryana and Tamil Nadu are operational.
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26. Human Resources for Health
•Measures have been taken during the Eleventh Five Year Plan period to solve
the problem of shortage of basic education infrastructure and human
resources:.
•Ensure availability of medical professionals in rural areas on a permanent
basis, posting of doctors with adequate monetary as well as non-monetary
incentives, such as suitable accommodation, class I status, preferential school
admissions for children of doctors living in remote areas, transfer or posting of
choice after a stipulated length of stay and training opportunities.
•States to expand the pool of medical practitioners including a cadre of
Licentiate Medical Practitioners and practitioners of Indian Systems of Medicine
and Homeopathy (AYUSH).
••Increase age of retirement of doctors (all Central and State Government
including Defence, Railways, etc.) to 62 years. States will be encouraged to
retain public health doctors on contract basis for further period of three years
till the age of 65 years, especially in the notified hardship areas.
•• A series of one-year duration Certificate Courses for MBBS graduates will be
launched in deficit disciplines like public health, anaesthesia, psychiatry,
geriatric care, and oncology. The private sector will also be encouraged to
participate
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27. Qualitative Feedback of NRHM: Voices from the Field
Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs)
The appointment of locally recruited women as Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) who would link
potential beneficiaries with the health service system is an important element of the NRHM. The good part
is that
7.49 lakh ASHAs have been appointed; but several issues still need to be resolved. Not only is there a
lack of transparency in the selection, ASHAs are often inadequately trained. Besides, their only focus
seems to be on facilitating institutional deliveries. The ASHA who accompanies the expectant mother
faces considerable hardship because she has nowhere to stay for the duration of confinement as
institutional accommodation facilities are non-existent. They also often experience long delays in payment
of incentives.
Village Health and Nutrition Day (VHND)
An important activity of NRHM, Village Health and Nutrition Day is to
promote regular community-oriented health and nutrition activities. The
event is held on a fixed day every month to sensitise the community and is
popularly known as ‘Tika Karan Divas’. However, implementation is ad-
hoc in most villages of the high focus States. Surveys revealed that only a
few pockets in some States like Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal
and Assam were aware of VHND. The other drawback of the programme
was that it often restricted itself to immunisation and antenatal check up
are done on the day. There is no nutrition education. To have the desired
impact, VHNDs need to be implemented with the full intended content of
activities and with regularity. This can be achieved through more active
involvement of NGOs and community based organizations.
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28. Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY)
Launched to promote institutional deliveries, JSY provides cash
incentive to expectant mothers who opt for institutional delivery.
Poor women from the remote districts in Bihar, Orissa and other
States are reported to be visiting institutions to avail JSY benefits.
However, except for parts of Southern States, most public health
institutions are not well equipped for conducting deliveries at the
community or even at the block level. The beneficiaries are often
asked to purchase gloves, syringes and medicines from the market.
The general view, endorsed by visits to the field is that the health
centres and subdivisional hospitals remain understaffed and are
poorly run and maintained. A very large number are unhygienic and
incapable of catering to the patient load. Women who deliver at the
health facility are discharged a few hours after delivery. Sometimes,
deliveries take place on the way to the health facility or even outside
the locked labour rooms. Lack of co-ordination and mutual
understanding between the ANM and ASHA results in the suffering
of pregnant women.
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29. Maternal & Child Health
NRHM has been able to provide an extensive network of transport facilities in
States that have established emergency transport systems. On the other hand,
there is very little awareness about the Integrated Management of Neonatal and
Childhood Illnesses (IMNCI) strategy. In the event of illness of either the mother or
the neo-nate, RMPs (some times even local quacks) are consulted. Home-based
new born care based on Gadchiroli model and other community based innovations
have yet to be made an integral part of the child health strategy.
Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY)
Launch of RSBY by Ministry of Labour & Employment in 2007 has been an important step to
supplement the efforts being made to provide quality health care to the poor and
underprivileged population. It provides cashless health insurance cover up to Rs.30,000 per
annum per family. The premium is paid by the Centre and State Governments on a 75:25
sharing basis with the beneficiary paying only a registration fee.
Twenty-five States are in the process of implementing the RSBY and till February 2010, more
than 1.25 crore biometric enabled smart cards have been issued for providing health
insurance cover to more than 4 crore people, from any empanelled hospital throughout the
country. Around 4.5 lakh persons have already availed hospitalisation facility. The scheme is
now being gradually extended to the non-BPL category of workers as well. Linkages with
RSBY in public sector hospitals need to be strengthened.
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30. National AIDS Control Programme (NACP)
The NACP goal was to halt and reverse the epidemic in India
over the five years period of the Eleventh Plan. This was to be
done by integrating programmes for prevention, care, support
and treatment, as well as addressing the human rights issues
specific to people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).. Although
the achievement of physical targets under the programme is
satisfactory, MoHFW has yet to introduce a HIV/AIDS Bill to
protect the rights of children, women and HIV infected persons
and avoid discrimination at work place. A National Blood
Transfusion Authority is to be established during the
remaining period of the Plan. Voluntary blood donation has to
be encouraged further to bridge the gap in demand and
supply of blood. Expenditure under National AIDS Control
Programme including STD control during 2007-08 and
2008-09, has been 112.60 per cent and 91.91 per cent of the
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31. Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY)
•The PMSSY envisages substantial expansion of central and state government
medical institutions. Phase 1 of PMSSY envisages establishment of six new AIIMS
like institutions at Patna (Bihar), Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh), Bhubaneswar
(Orissa), Jodhpur (Rajasthan), Raipur (Chhattisgarh) and Rishikesh (Uttarakhand).
The original estimate of each institute was Rs. 332 crore and the latest estimate
is about Rs. 820 crore. For these new ‘AIIMS like institutions’, construction of
medical colleges and hospital complexes and construction of residential
complexes have been taken up as separate activities. Construction of housing
complex at all six sites has commenced and work for medical colleges and
hospital complexes is likely to start in the second quarter of 2010-11.
The second component of PMSSY Phase 1 includes upgradation of 13 State
Government medical college institutions. These are at Government Medical
College, Jammu (Jammu & Kashmir); Government Medical College, Srinagar
(Jammu & Kashmir); Kolkata Medical College, Kolkata (West Bengal); Sanjay
Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh);
Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh); Nizam Institute of
Medical Sciences, Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh); Sri Venkateshwara Institute of
Medical Sciences, Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh); Government Medical College,
Salem (Tamil Nadu); Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi
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32. •(Jharkhand); B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad (Gujarat); Bangalore Medical College,
Bangalore (Karnataka); Grants Medical College & Sir J.J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai,
(Maharashtra) and Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, (Kerala). The outlay provided is
Rs.120 crore per institution, of which Rs. 100 crore would be borne by the Central Government
(for SVIMS, Tirupati, it is Rs.60 crore) and the remaining amount will be contributed by the
respective States. The State Governments will also provide the resources (human resources
and recurring expenditure) for running the upgraded facilities. Upgrading of two State
Government medical college institutions is over. Another four are expected to be upgraded by
July 2010, two by December, 2010 and the remaining in 2011.
•Phase II of PMSSY, approved recently, provides for the establishment of two new AIIMS like
institutions in Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal and upgrading of six State Government medical
college institutions at Government Medical College, Amritsar (Punjab); Government Medical
College, Tanda (Himachal Pradesh); Government Medical College, Nagpur (Maharashtra);
Jawaharlal Nehru College of Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (Uttar Pradesh); Government
Medical College, Madurai (Tamil Nadu) and Pandit B.D. Sharma Postgraduate Institute of
Medical Sciences, Rohtak (Haryana).
•Overall expenditure under PMSSY had shown improvement in 2008-09
with expenditure of 92.86 per cent as against 58.33 per cent in 2007-08.
However, the anticipated expenditure based on RE figures in the current
year (2009-10) is only 47.21 per cent of the approved outlay for 2009-10.
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33. AYURVEDA, YOGA AND NATUROPATHY, UNANI, SIDDHA,
AND HOMEOPATHY (AYUSH)
•There is a resurgence of interest in holistic systems of health care,
especially, in the prevention and management of chronic lifestyle related
non-communicable diseases and systemic diseases. To mainstream
AYUSH by designing strategic interventions for wider utilization of AYUSH
both domestically and globally, the thrust areas in the Eleventh Five Year
Plan are: strengthening professional education, strategic research
programmes, promotion of best clinical practices, technology upgradation
in industry, setting internationally acceptable pharmacopoeial standards,
conserving medicinal flora, fauna, metals, and minerals, utilizing human
resources of AYUSH in the national health programmes, with the ultimate
aim of enhancing the outreach of AYUSH health care in an accessible,
acceptable, affordable, and qualitative manner.
•During the Tenth Plan, the Department continued to lay emphasis on
upgradation of AYUSH educational standards, quality control, and
standardization of drugs, improving the availability of medicinal plant
material, R&D, and awareness generation about the efficacy of the systems
domestically and internationally. Steps were taken in 2006–07 for
mainstreaming AYUSH under NRHM with the objective of optimum
utilization of AYUSH for meeting the unmet needs of the population.
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34. Health Care Services under AYUSH
•The AYUSH sector across the country supported a network of
3203 hospitals and 21351 dispensaries. The health services
provided by this network largely focused on primary health care.
The sector has a marginal presence in secondary and tertiary
health care. In the private and not-for-profit sector, there are
several thousand AYUSH clinics and around 250 hospitals and
nursing homes for in patient care and specialized therapies like
Panchkarma.
•In clinics and nursing homes there are anecdotal reports of the
role of AYUSH in the successful management of several
communicable and noncommunicable diseases. However, there is
no macrodata available about the contribution of AYUSH to major
national programmes for the management of communicable and
NCDs. A major challenge in Eleventh Five Year Plan is to identify
reputed clinical centres and support upgradation of their facilities
via PPP schemes so that the country can boast of a national
network of high-quality clinical facilities developed for rendering
specialized health care in strength areas of AYUSH.
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35. AYUSH under NRHM
•Despite having a different scheme of diagnosis, drug
requirements, and treatments as compared to the mainstream
health care system, preliminary efforts to integrate AYUSH in
NRHM were initiated during the Tenth Plan. It is too early to assess
if the AYUSH interventions in NRHM have had significant health
impact by way of complementing the conventional national health
programmes. Integrating AYUSH into NRHM has the potential of
enhancing both the quality and outreach of NRHM, especially with
the availability of a large number of practitioners in this field.
Supporting strategic pilot action research projects in the Eleventh
Five Year Plan to evolve viable models of integration seems
necessary.
Mainstreaming AYUSH
•NRHM has mainstreamed AYUSH into the rural health services by
co-locating AYUSH personnel in primary health care facilities
resulting in increase in utilization of AYUSH treatment. AYUSH
practitioners are also used to fill in the position of Allopaths in
Primary Health Centres particularly in States that have a
substantial shortage of MBBS doctors. While this is a positive
development, efforts have to be made for training AYUSH
Prof. S.Maitra
practitioners in public health.
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