1) Polio cases were reported in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, India as well as Nigeria in 2008-2009.
2) A new bivalent oral polio vaccine was developed for use in 2009 that was superior to other vaccines.
3) World leaders like the UN Secretary General and US President Barack Obama have pledged support to eradicate polio globally.
ODA to reduce ocean pollution amounted to $1.9 billion annually from 2013-2018, with Southeast Asia receiving $270 million or 14% annually. Vietnam received the most at 52% of funds for the region, followed by Cambodia at 20% and Indonesia at 15%. The development community supports providing infrastructure capital, skills training, governance improvements, and technical assistance to increase waste management and reduce marine plastic pollution. Examples of successful projects include Indonesia-Norway's STOP Ocean Plastic project and various US partnerships in Vietnam, Philippines, and Indonesia. New global initiatives could further leverage over $7 billion in funding towards sustainable ocean economies.
The ADB is launching the Healthy Oceans Program to address issues threatening oceans through ecosystem management, pollution control, and sustainable development. The program will focus on restoring coastal ecosystems, reducing land-based pollution like plastic and waste, and improving port infrastructure sustainability. The target budget is $5 billion from 2019-2024. A key objective is to increase blue economy financing by enabling innovative financing mechanisms. Current activities include piloting the Oceans Finance Initiative in Southeast Asia through the ASEAN Catalytic Green Finance Facility, which blends public and private funds to prepare bankable projects in countries like Indonesia and Cambodia. A new regional technical assistance program called "From Source to Sea" also aims to boost investment in waste management and circular
CI is a global conservation organization with over 1000 employees working in 40 countries to protect biodiversity and empower societies to care for nature. Their Ecosystem Finance Division has invested $211 million through funds and partnerships, protecting over 89 million hectares of land. Verde Ventures provides loans to small businesses in priority conservation areas, investing $13.4 million across 73 loans to support over 400,000 hectares and 42,000 people. The Conservation and Community Carbon Fund supports forest carbon projects, having funded 6 projects that will store over 100 million tons of carbon.
Global Opportunities for Financing Climate ChangeACDI/VOCA
The IDB is assisting countries with climate change actions through technical support, expertise, and identifying climate change funding sources. It currently works with several climate funds including the Climate Investment Funds' Pilot Program for Climate Resilience, which provides $777 million for 44 adaptation projects in 9 countries. Jamaica receives funding from the PPCR for mainstreaming adaptation, creating financial mechanisms to support resilience, and knowledge management. The Green Climate Fund also provides climate financing and the IDB can access it as an accredited entity.
The World Bank Group provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries to reduce global poverty. In the Philippines, poverty remains high despite economic growth. The WBG's strategy focuses on inclusive growth through improving investment, public services, and reducing vulnerabilities. The current Philippines portfolio includes loans and grants totaling over $1.4 billion. The WBG is also exploring partnerships and innovative approaches such as working with development financing institutions and directly lending to local governments.
The document outlines plans to build on the strengths of the Global Water Partnership's (GWP) current strategy in developing a new "2020 Vision". It has a vision of a water secure world with enough water for all. The GWP network has grown significantly in recent years and its key strengths include being a neutral multistakeholder platform, inclusive structures, strong knowledge base, and moving from advocacy to implementation. The strategy will focus on four goals - promoting water as part of sustainable development, addressing critical challenges like climate change and food security, knowledge sharing, and building a stronger network. It will implement this vision through regional and country partnerships, knowledge dissemination, and building climate resilience through water security.
Consultation on the UN-REDD Programme Guidelines on Free, Prior and Informed ...Csdi Initiative
As a UN body, the UN-REDD Programme is obliged to promote respect for, and seek the full application of, the provisions of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), including the right to give or withhold free, prior and informed consent (FPIC), particularly at the country level (UNDRIP, Art 42).
To support UN-REDD Programme countries to implement the UNDRIP, the Programme conducted three regional consultations (Vietnam, June 2010; Panama, October 2010; Tanzania, January 2011) with representatives of Indigenous Peoples’ and civil society organizations, and other stakeholders to develop specific FPIC guidelines for countries participating in the Programme. This initiative responded to the demand from participating countries for concrete guidance on how to seek FPIC and provide effective grievance within the context of the UN-REDD Programme.
With this ppt, the UN-REDD Programme presents the framework for the consolidated draft guidelines resulting from the three regional consultations.
ODA to reduce ocean pollution amounted to $1.9 billion annually from 2013-2018, with Southeast Asia receiving $270 million or 14% annually. Vietnam received the most at 52% of funds for the region, followed by Cambodia at 20% and Indonesia at 15%. The development community supports providing infrastructure capital, skills training, governance improvements, and technical assistance to increase waste management and reduce marine plastic pollution. Examples of successful projects include Indonesia-Norway's STOP Ocean Plastic project and various US partnerships in Vietnam, Philippines, and Indonesia. New global initiatives could further leverage over $7 billion in funding towards sustainable ocean economies.
The ADB is launching the Healthy Oceans Program to address issues threatening oceans through ecosystem management, pollution control, and sustainable development. The program will focus on restoring coastal ecosystems, reducing land-based pollution like plastic and waste, and improving port infrastructure sustainability. The target budget is $5 billion from 2019-2024. A key objective is to increase blue economy financing by enabling innovative financing mechanisms. Current activities include piloting the Oceans Finance Initiative in Southeast Asia through the ASEAN Catalytic Green Finance Facility, which blends public and private funds to prepare bankable projects in countries like Indonesia and Cambodia. A new regional technical assistance program called "From Source to Sea" also aims to boost investment in waste management and circular
CI is a global conservation organization with over 1000 employees working in 40 countries to protect biodiversity and empower societies to care for nature. Their Ecosystem Finance Division has invested $211 million through funds and partnerships, protecting over 89 million hectares of land. Verde Ventures provides loans to small businesses in priority conservation areas, investing $13.4 million across 73 loans to support over 400,000 hectares and 42,000 people. The Conservation and Community Carbon Fund supports forest carbon projects, having funded 6 projects that will store over 100 million tons of carbon.
Global Opportunities for Financing Climate ChangeACDI/VOCA
The IDB is assisting countries with climate change actions through technical support, expertise, and identifying climate change funding sources. It currently works with several climate funds including the Climate Investment Funds' Pilot Program for Climate Resilience, which provides $777 million for 44 adaptation projects in 9 countries. Jamaica receives funding from the PPCR for mainstreaming adaptation, creating financial mechanisms to support resilience, and knowledge management. The Green Climate Fund also provides climate financing and the IDB can access it as an accredited entity.
The World Bank Group provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries to reduce global poverty. In the Philippines, poverty remains high despite economic growth. The WBG's strategy focuses on inclusive growth through improving investment, public services, and reducing vulnerabilities. The current Philippines portfolio includes loans and grants totaling over $1.4 billion. The WBG is also exploring partnerships and innovative approaches such as working with development financing institutions and directly lending to local governments.
The document outlines plans to build on the strengths of the Global Water Partnership's (GWP) current strategy in developing a new "2020 Vision". It has a vision of a water secure world with enough water for all. The GWP network has grown significantly in recent years and its key strengths include being a neutral multistakeholder platform, inclusive structures, strong knowledge base, and moving from advocacy to implementation. The strategy will focus on four goals - promoting water as part of sustainable development, addressing critical challenges like climate change and food security, knowledge sharing, and building a stronger network. It will implement this vision through regional and country partnerships, knowledge dissemination, and building climate resilience through water security.
Consultation on the UN-REDD Programme Guidelines on Free, Prior and Informed ...Csdi Initiative
As a UN body, the UN-REDD Programme is obliged to promote respect for, and seek the full application of, the provisions of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), including the right to give or withhold free, prior and informed consent (FPIC), particularly at the country level (UNDRIP, Art 42).
To support UN-REDD Programme countries to implement the UNDRIP, the Programme conducted three regional consultations (Vietnam, June 2010; Panama, October 2010; Tanzania, January 2011) with representatives of Indigenous Peoples’ and civil society organizations, and other stakeholders to develop specific FPIC guidelines for countries participating in the Programme. This initiative responded to the demand from participating countries for concrete guidance on how to seek FPIC and provide effective grievance within the context of the UN-REDD Programme.
With this ppt, the UN-REDD Programme presents the framework for the consolidated draft guidelines resulting from the three regional consultations.
World Bank Financing for Forests in Central AfricaCIFOR-ICRAF
Central Africa has borrowed less from the World Bank for forestry projects than expected. It has made little use of concessional finance for sustainable forest management. Only the DRC has accessed multiple sources of forest finance, including development policy loans, investment loans, GEF grants, carbon funds, and CIF/FIP funds. The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility needs to clarify its mission and roles as carbon markets evolve. The World Bank should discuss its overall REDD+ approach and how countries' REDD+ strategies will be supported after current facilities close.
Scaling up intervention on debt, climate and natureIIED
This is a presentation on debt relief, climate and nature in COVID-19 recovery by Stephany Griffith-Jones emeritis fellow at the Institute for Development Studies, and financial markets director at the Initiative for Policy Dialogue in New York.
It was given as part of an online webinar on 30 March 2021 that explored emerging research into sustainable and innovative post-pandemic debt management with outcomes for nature and climate.
This event was part of the IIED Debates series and was hosted by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) in partnership with the International Development Research Centre (IDRC).
More details: https://www.iied.org/triple-win-managing-debt-climate-nature-pandemic-recovery
Habitat for Humanity and Dow Chemical have partnered for over 30 years to provide adequate housing and improve living conditions in developing countries. Their goals for this campaign are to build homes and infrastructure in Argentina, Nepal, Columbia, and Ethiopia. They will promote their work through press releases, social media, and their websites. Success will be measured through feedback on how the new housing has positively impacted people's lives. The estimated budget to build homes for 100 families is $360,000.
Addressing debt, climate and nature in post-COVID-19 recovery across AfricaIIED
This is a presentation on addressing debt, climate and nature in post-COVID-19 recovery across Africa by Sejal Patel, researcher in the Climate Change research group of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).
It was given as part of an online webinar on 30 March 2021 that explored emerging research into sustainable and innovative post-pandemic debt management with outcomes for nature and climate.
This event was part of the IIED Debates series and was hosted by IIED in partnership with the International Development Research Centre (IDRC).
More details: https://www.iied.org/triple-win-managing-debt-climate-nature-pandemic-recovery
Debt relief, climate and nature in COVID-19 recoveryIIED
This document discusses debt relief efforts in the context of promoting a green and inclusive economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that public debt levels have increased significantly due to the crisis and calls for timely and sufficient debt relief for low-income countries and vulnerable middle-income countries. The debt structure in Africa has changed, with less bilateral and more commercial and Chinese creditors. Debt relief efforts should treat all creditors equally and could be linked to sustainable development programs. Reforms are needed to ensure the global debt relief framework supports comprehensive debt relief for a green and inclusive recovery.
Advancing the role of the African CSOs in the Administration of GCFAIDA_Americas
Presentation of Collins Otieno, PACJA, during the Session 3 of the GCF Watch international webinar series "Engaging with the GCF in different regions and countries".
This document discusses opportunities for sustainable development cooperation between Africa and China through the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC). It proposes strengthening corporate social and environmental responsibility of Chinese companies in Africa, collaborating to halt illegal natural resource extraction, and fostering sustainable commodities trade. It also recommends implementing green lending standards, contributing to conservation funds, promoting sustainable tourism, and increasing investment in Africa's renewable energy potential. The overall aim is to ensure environmental considerations underpin China-Africa development partnerships.
The document provides an overview of community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) in Namibia. It discusses the historical context of CBNRM since Namibian independence in 1990. It also summarizes some of the key policies and programs that have promoted CBNRM, including communal conservancies, which now cover over 12 million hectares. Finally, it outlines CBNRM's vision for empowering communities to sustainably manage natural resources, and discusses initiatives to develop long-term funding strategies to support this vision.
Local Solutions for Poverty, Environment, Climate Change, and the MDGs: UNDP’...Poverty Environment Net
This presentation was delivered by Veerle Vandeweerd at the 14th Poverty Environment Partnership meeting in Geneva, Switzerland. www.povertyenvironment.net/pep14
Through the financial solutions it offers and the partnerships it forges, the World Bank is focusing on moving from degraded landscapes, poverty and low productivity to creating economic returns, high productivity levels and secured livelihoods. Combining and coordinating public and private resources is seen as the only way to reduce poverty and reach national climate change commitments that REDD+ Emission Reductions programs contribute to, while investments across sectors have the capacity to shift business-as-usual land use practices towards a greener future. The presentation uses the example of Mozambique to illustrate work done in rural development and natural resource management focusing on REDD+.
The Green Climate Fund Board met in Indonesia to advance key operations and make progress on essential requirements. The Board agreed on parameters for allocating resources including aiming for a 50:50 balance between mitigation and adaptation over time and a floor of 50% of adaptation funds going to vulnerable countries. The Board also discussed frameworks for results, risks, investments, and accreditation. Speaking after, the Board co-chairs and an Indonesian official emphasized the Fund's role in helping developing countries mitigate and adapt to climate change.
3.2b effective multi stakeholder engagement in south sudanNAP Events
South Sudan has engaged stakeholders in developing its national climate plans and programs through multi-stakeholder consultation processes. Key stakeholders identified include line ministries, local governments, civil society organizations, the private sector, and researchers. Their roles include coordinating on thematic areas, providing technical expertise, advocating, implementing projects, and conducting research. Stakeholders have been engaged in projects such as developing South Sudan's National Adaptation Program of Action and National Biodiversity Strategy through consultation workshops. Ensuring ownership of projects, government support, capacity building, and involvement of stakeholders at all project stages are some best practices for sustainable stakeholder engagement.
Development partners engage the private sector on green growth and climate change in several ways:
(1) Providing financial support such as loans, guarantees, and blended finance to promote private sector development and mobilize private investment for green projects. (2) Partnering through technical support on feasibility studies, policy advice, and capacity building to harness private sector skills and exchange knowledge. (3) Bilateral donors provide grants while development banks provide loans, guarantees, and direct financing to companies. However, challenges include lack of evidence on development outcomes, managing multiple drivers for engagement, and defining successful approaches.
The 2016 Annual Performance Report of the UNDP Global Environmental Finance (UNDP-GEF) Unit highlights how UNDP's partnership with environmental vertical funds has helped to transform markets, empower and strengthen the resilience of vulnerable communities, and build the capacity of countries to safeguard their natural capital as the foundation of sustainable development. 2016 marked UNDP’s 50th year as a leader in international development, and the 25th year of the outstanding partnership with the Global Environment Facility (GEF).
The ‘Demonstrating Impact’ section of this report provides a snapshot of progress made in delivering impact in 143 countries through 810 active projects. The ‘Gender in Action’ section features areas of impact including: supporting women’s economic empowerment, closing gender gaps in natural resource management, and building gender responsive national policies. Infographics highlighting global and regional results and alignment of UNDP-GEF’s work with the SDGs are present throughout the report. Also, included for the first time, is a corporate scorecard that tracks the efficiency and effectiveness of the portfolio of GEF-financed projects, demonstrating UNDP’s commitment to deliver value for money to those who support UNDP’s mission.
Presentation- Seventh Roundtable on Financing Agricultural Water - Richard co...OECD Environment
Presentation- Seventh Roundtable on Financing Agricultural Water - Richard Colback, Industry Specialist, Agricultural Water, International Finance Corporation
This document discusses key takeaways from a session on demystifying free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC):
- FPIC is an international standard protected by human rights law regarding indigenous peoples' right to self-determination and participation in decisions affecting them.
- FPIC foremost serves as a safeguard for indigenous peoples' universal rights, and is part of social safeguards in climate agreements.
- FPIC is captured in some national policies but overall implementation is still limited.
The document provides examples of FPIC approaches from organizations in Southeast Asia. It also notes challenges in FPIC processes and the need to build understanding and capacity around FPIC for communities, governments, and companies.
3.2a effective multi stakeholder engagement in south sudanNAP Events
South Sudan engages stakeholders in developing and implementing its climate change plans and commitments. It identified key stakeholders including government ministries, private sector, civil society, and researchers. It established a coordination mechanism where the Ministry of Environment and Forestry oversees overall coordination. Stakeholders have defined roles like line ministries providing technical expertise, CSOs conducting advocacy and implementation, and the private sector providing financing and technology. South Sudan involves stakeholders in projects like its NAPA, agriculture plans, and biodiversity strategy. Ensuring ownership, capacity building, and participation at all stages are best practices for sustainable stakeholder engagement.
1. Daiwa Securities placed impact investing bonds for retail clients between March 2008 and March 2013 totaling 697.2 billion yen, with 65% (450.2 billion yen) allocated to climate change, poverty alleviation, vaccines, food, and education.
2. The bonds funded projects related to vaccines, microfinance, poverty reduction, climate change, water, agriculture, and economic development in developing countries.
3. The bonds were denominated in various currencies and had coupon rates and maturities tailored to each project category and issuer's needs.
The document discusses polio cases in India and Nigeria between 2008 and 2009. It notes that Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in India saw wild poliovirus cases in 2009. Nigeria also saw wild poliovirus cases between 2008 and 2009. The document also states that as of September 9, 2009, a new bivalent oral polio vaccine targeting types 1 and 3 polio was being developed and was superior to the trivalent oral polio vaccine and as effective as the monovalent oral polio vaccines.
World Bank Financing for Forests in Central AfricaCIFOR-ICRAF
Central Africa has borrowed less from the World Bank for forestry projects than expected. It has made little use of concessional finance for sustainable forest management. Only the DRC has accessed multiple sources of forest finance, including development policy loans, investment loans, GEF grants, carbon funds, and CIF/FIP funds. The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility needs to clarify its mission and roles as carbon markets evolve. The World Bank should discuss its overall REDD+ approach and how countries' REDD+ strategies will be supported after current facilities close.
Scaling up intervention on debt, climate and natureIIED
This is a presentation on debt relief, climate and nature in COVID-19 recovery by Stephany Griffith-Jones emeritis fellow at the Institute for Development Studies, and financial markets director at the Initiative for Policy Dialogue in New York.
It was given as part of an online webinar on 30 March 2021 that explored emerging research into sustainable and innovative post-pandemic debt management with outcomes for nature and climate.
This event was part of the IIED Debates series and was hosted by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) in partnership with the International Development Research Centre (IDRC).
More details: https://www.iied.org/triple-win-managing-debt-climate-nature-pandemic-recovery
Habitat for Humanity and Dow Chemical have partnered for over 30 years to provide adequate housing and improve living conditions in developing countries. Their goals for this campaign are to build homes and infrastructure in Argentina, Nepal, Columbia, and Ethiopia. They will promote their work through press releases, social media, and their websites. Success will be measured through feedback on how the new housing has positively impacted people's lives. The estimated budget to build homes for 100 families is $360,000.
Addressing debt, climate and nature in post-COVID-19 recovery across AfricaIIED
This is a presentation on addressing debt, climate and nature in post-COVID-19 recovery across Africa by Sejal Patel, researcher in the Climate Change research group of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).
It was given as part of an online webinar on 30 March 2021 that explored emerging research into sustainable and innovative post-pandemic debt management with outcomes for nature and climate.
This event was part of the IIED Debates series and was hosted by IIED in partnership with the International Development Research Centre (IDRC).
More details: https://www.iied.org/triple-win-managing-debt-climate-nature-pandemic-recovery
Debt relief, climate and nature in COVID-19 recoveryIIED
This document discusses debt relief efforts in the context of promoting a green and inclusive economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that public debt levels have increased significantly due to the crisis and calls for timely and sufficient debt relief for low-income countries and vulnerable middle-income countries. The debt structure in Africa has changed, with less bilateral and more commercial and Chinese creditors. Debt relief efforts should treat all creditors equally and could be linked to sustainable development programs. Reforms are needed to ensure the global debt relief framework supports comprehensive debt relief for a green and inclusive recovery.
Advancing the role of the African CSOs in the Administration of GCFAIDA_Americas
Presentation of Collins Otieno, PACJA, during the Session 3 of the GCF Watch international webinar series "Engaging with the GCF in different regions and countries".
This document discusses opportunities for sustainable development cooperation between Africa and China through the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC). It proposes strengthening corporate social and environmental responsibility of Chinese companies in Africa, collaborating to halt illegal natural resource extraction, and fostering sustainable commodities trade. It also recommends implementing green lending standards, contributing to conservation funds, promoting sustainable tourism, and increasing investment in Africa's renewable energy potential. The overall aim is to ensure environmental considerations underpin China-Africa development partnerships.
The document provides an overview of community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) in Namibia. It discusses the historical context of CBNRM since Namibian independence in 1990. It also summarizes some of the key policies and programs that have promoted CBNRM, including communal conservancies, which now cover over 12 million hectares. Finally, it outlines CBNRM's vision for empowering communities to sustainably manage natural resources, and discusses initiatives to develop long-term funding strategies to support this vision.
Local Solutions for Poverty, Environment, Climate Change, and the MDGs: UNDP’...Poverty Environment Net
This presentation was delivered by Veerle Vandeweerd at the 14th Poverty Environment Partnership meeting in Geneva, Switzerland. www.povertyenvironment.net/pep14
Through the financial solutions it offers and the partnerships it forges, the World Bank is focusing on moving from degraded landscapes, poverty and low productivity to creating economic returns, high productivity levels and secured livelihoods. Combining and coordinating public and private resources is seen as the only way to reduce poverty and reach national climate change commitments that REDD+ Emission Reductions programs contribute to, while investments across sectors have the capacity to shift business-as-usual land use practices towards a greener future. The presentation uses the example of Mozambique to illustrate work done in rural development and natural resource management focusing on REDD+.
The Green Climate Fund Board met in Indonesia to advance key operations and make progress on essential requirements. The Board agreed on parameters for allocating resources including aiming for a 50:50 balance between mitigation and adaptation over time and a floor of 50% of adaptation funds going to vulnerable countries. The Board also discussed frameworks for results, risks, investments, and accreditation. Speaking after, the Board co-chairs and an Indonesian official emphasized the Fund's role in helping developing countries mitigate and adapt to climate change.
3.2b effective multi stakeholder engagement in south sudanNAP Events
South Sudan has engaged stakeholders in developing its national climate plans and programs through multi-stakeholder consultation processes. Key stakeholders identified include line ministries, local governments, civil society organizations, the private sector, and researchers. Their roles include coordinating on thematic areas, providing technical expertise, advocating, implementing projects, and conducting research. Stakeholders have been engaged in projects such as developing South Sudan's National Adaptation Program of Action and National Biodiversity Strategy through consultation workshops. Ensuring ownership of projects, government support, capacity building, and involvement of stakeholders at all project stages are some best practices for sustainable stakeholder engagement.
Development partners engage the private sector on green growth and climate change in several ways:
(1) Providing financial support such as loans, guarantees, and blended finance to promote private sector development and mobilize private investment for green projects. (2) Partnering through technical support on feasibility studies, policy advice, and capacity building to harness private sector skills and exchange knowledge. (3) Bilateral donors provide grants while development banks provide loans, guarantees, and direct financing to companies. However, challenges include lack of evidence on development outcomes, managing multiple drivers for engagement, and defining successful approaches.
The 2016 Annual Performance Report of the UNDP Global Environmental Finance (UNDP-GEF) Unit highlights how UNDP's partnership with environmental vertical funds has helped to transform markets, empower and strengthen the resilience of vulnerable communities, and build the capacity of countries to safeguard their natural capital as the foundation of sustainable development. 2016 marked UNDP’s 50th year as a leader in international development, and the 25th year of the outstanding partnership with the Global Environment Facility (GEF).
The ‘Demonstrating Impact’ section of this report provides a snapshot of progress made in delivering impact in 143 countries through 810 active projects. The ‘Gender in Action’ section features areas of impact including: supporting women’s economic empowerment, closing gender gaps in natural resource management, and building gender responsive national policies. Infographics highlighting global and regional results and alignment of UNDP-GEF’s work with the SDGs are present throughout the report. Also, included for the first time, is a corporate scorecard that tracks the efficiency and effectiveness of the portfolio of GEF-financed projects, demonstrating UNDP’s commitment to deliver value for money to those who support UNDP’s mission.
Presentation- Seventh Roundtable on Financing Agricultural Water - Richard co...OECD Environment
Presentation- Seventh Roundtable on Financing Agricultural Water - Richard Colback, Industry Specialist, Agricultural Water, International Finance Corporation
This document discusses key takeaways from a session on demystifying free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC):
- FPIC is an international standard protected by human rights law regarding indigenous peoples' right to self-determination and participation in decisions affecting them.
- FPIC foremost serves as a safeguard for indigenous peoples' universal rights, and is part of social safeguards in climate agreements.
- FPIC is captured in some national policies but overall implementation is still limited.
The document provides examples of FPIC approaches from organizations in Southeast Asia. It also notes challenges in FPIC processes and the need to build understanding and capacity around FPIC for communities, governments, and companies.
3.2a effective multi stakeholder engagement in south sudanNAP Events
South Sudan engages stakeholders in developing and implementing its climate change plans and commitments. It identified key stakeholders including government ministries, private sector, civil society, and researchers. It established a coordination mechanism where the Ministry of Environment and Forestry oversees overall coordination. Stakeholders have defined roles like line ministries providing technical expertise, CSOs conducting advocacy and implementation, and the private sector providing financing and technology. South Sudan involves stakeholders in projects like its NAPA, agriculture plans, and biodiversity strategy. Ensuring ownership, capacity building, and participation at all stages are best practices for sustainable stakeholder engagement.
1. Daiwa Securities placed impact investing bonds for retail clients between March 2008 and March 2013 totaling 697.2 billion yen, with 65% (450.2 billion yen) allocated to climate change, poverty alleviation, vaccines, food, and education.
2. The bonds funded projects related to vaccines, microfinance, poverty reduction, climate change, water, agriculture, and economic development in developing countries.
3. The bonds were denominated in various currencies and had coupon rates and maturities tailored to each project category and issuer's needs.
The document discusses polio cases in India and Nigeria between 2008 and 2009. It notes that Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in India saw wild poliovirus cases in 2009. Nigeria also saw wild poliovirus cases between 2008 and 2009. The document also states that as of September 9, 2009, a new bivalent oral polio vaccine targeting types 1 and 3 polio was being developed and was superior to the trivalent oral polio vaccine and as effective as the monovalent oral polio vaccines.
This document provides instructions for converting between metric unit prefixes using a mnemonic device called the "King Henry Doesn't Usually Drink Chocolate Milk" method. Several examples are worked through, showing how to determine the number of places to move the decimal point left or right based on the prefixes in the original and target units, such as moving three places right to convert kilometers to meters. Step-by-step solutions are provided for converting between kilometers and millimeters, meters and kilometers, decimeters and millimeters, and kilometers and meters.
SEO Meets Semantic Web - Saint Patrick's Day 2015-Meetup Eric Franzon
Schema.org didn't just appear out of thin air in 2011. It was built upon a foundation of web standards and technologies that have been in development for decades. In this presentation, Eric Franzon, Managing Partner of SemanticFuse provides an introduction to Semantic Web standards such as RDF and SPARQL. He explores who's using them today and why (hint: it involves money), and takes a look at how Semantic Web, Linked Data, and schema.org are related.
This document outlines the schedule and goals for an interactive service design class. The class will cover four parts: discover, define, develop, and deliver. It will help students understand service design methodologies, observe users to develop new service ideas, and design prototypes. The goals are for students to explore service cases, learn methods, generate ideas through observations, design new services, and complete feasible interactive prototypes. Today's goals are to define service design, understand why students joined, and form diverse groups for future presentations. Keywords and techniques are also introduced, like discovering user needs and creating empathic service experiences.
San Diego Meetup - Sem Web Overview - 2009.04.27Eric Franzon
This document introduces semantic technologies and the semantic web. It explains that the semantic web (Web 3.0) aims to link data on the web through the use of unique identifiers and relationships between things represented as triples. It provides examples of triples and how they can be used to represent relationships between entities. It also gives an overview of RDF, schemas for linked data, and the SPARQL query language for querying linked data.
Seminario sulla sicurezza stradale, illustrato nei licei romani dal Rotary Club di Roma a oltre 600 giovani nell\'anno rotaruano 2008-2009. (Claudio Sordi, Part Presidente Rotary Club di Roma 2008-2009)
This study evaluated risk behaviors in 153 HIV-positive adolescents receiving care in Bucharest, Romania. While most acquired HIV perinatally during Nicolae Ceausescu's regime, 20% reported sexual acquisition, suggesting sexual transmission is increasing. Participants showed deficits in HIV knowledge, attitudes, norms, control, and intentions regarding risk behaviors. Many reported unprotected sex with both HIV-positive and negative partners, despite access to treatment. Results imply Romania's HIV epidemiology is changing, with growing sexual transmission among adolescents. Discussion centers on interpreting these patterns and improving HIV prevention for young people.
Semantic Web Intro - St. Patrick's Day 2016 UpdateEric Franzon
This document provides an introduction to the semantic web. It begins by defining the semantic web as a web-scale architecture that adds a layer of meaning to data on the web using metadata. It discusses who is using semantic web standards like schema.org and linked open data. The document then explains the key technologies that make the semantic web work, including Resource Description Framework (RDF) for describing data as subject-predicate-object triples, ontologies for describing relationships between data like RDFS and OWL, and SPARQL for querying semantic data. It provides examples of how these standards and technologies allow data to be connected and interpreted by machines.
Situatia tinerelor din România practicante ale sexului comercialAntdesign
Revista de cercetare [i interven]ie social\, 2009, vol. 24, pp. 21-40
The online version of this article can be found at:
www.ceeol.com
www.asistentasociala.ro
www.expertprojects.ro
Perspective internationale în asistenta socialaAntdesign
The modern social work systems created at the end of the last century are now
facing post-modern challenges — on one hand the global social trends, and on
the other hand the local practices. Structurally, all social work systems have
commonalities, but they differ, sometimes fundamentally, in their degree of development.
While the social work systems in the West Europe and North America
have achieved remarkable results, the social work systems in Asia and Africa are
fighting the burden of poverty, malnutrition, infant mortality, HIV/AIDS or other
infectious diseases, limited access to running water, starvation, illiteracy etc.
Asistenta sociala, structura, istorie si dezbateri recenteAntdesign
This study is targeting social work students and those who want to become
familiar with the social work field, a highly interesting area in recent years both
Romania, but much more so internationally. With a history that goes back
centuries and even millenniums, the social work became an active partner of the
public policies in their fight with what was named by Lord Beveridge, at the
beginning of the XXth century, the five giants: Want (today we would call it
poverty), Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness (unemployment). Moreover,
we can consider that the social work is adding to the social change significant
contributions to the reconfiguration of the social structures in the larger context
of globalization. Through its involvement in the social inclusion of at-risk groups,
through the increase in the quality of life of certain socially vulnerable groups,
through its anti-poverty programs, the social work contributes, with no doubt, to
the social development process.
The document discusses how Conversys can repurpose print publications across multiple online formats and channels to enhance the customer experience and drive sales for retailers. Conversys provides services to convert print publications into virtual online publications that can be accessed from websites, emails, mobile devices, and more. This allows customers to view the same print content digitally with added benefits like searchability, clickable product details, and printable shopping lists.
INDIA - POLIO ERADICATION FIGURES - Rotary International Operation manual ins...Pablo Ruiz Amo
These are the latest figures in the worldwide effort to eradicate polio. Rotary International has since 1988 spent millions of dollars to make this dream a reality.
To learn more of this effort please visit our site and be a part of history: http://thisclose.endpolio.org/en
This document provides an overview of national contraceptive funding landscapes and perspectives from global and national levels. It discusses investments from key organizations like UNFPA Supplies and the national basket fund. While there are enabling policies and plans, funding gaps remain due to challenges with implementation and supply chain management. Emerging issues like states independently procuring contraceptives could help address gaps if proper guidelines are developed. The document recommends increasing domestic funding, finalizing state procurement guidelines, and improving commodity security and sustainability.
This document is Rotary International and The Rotary Foundation's annual report for 2012-13. It summarizes achievements over the past year, including progress made toward polio eradication with India being removed from the list of endemic countries. It discusses Rotary's continued commitment of funds toward the global polio eradication effort through 2018. It also provides an overview of Rotary's new grant model, Future Vision, which was piloted in 100 districts, and highlights some global grant projects that addressed issues like water, sanitation, literacy, and disease prevention.
Rotary has committed to raise $50 million each year for polio eradication through 2020. Does your club need fundraising inspiration? Learn how to leverage some of Rotary's biggest, newest End Polio Now fundraising projects for your own efforts to support polio eradication.
On MDGs, the Post-2015 Development Agenda, and the World Bank GroupSDGsPlus
The document discusses financing for development goals after 2015, including the transition from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It outlines key components of financing, such as domestic resource mobilization, better and smarter aid, private sector financing, and a supportive framework. The World Bank Group is well-positioned to implement the SDGs through its global practices and "One Bank" approach, which align with the integrated nature of the goals. Youth engagement is important for delivering and financing the post-2015 development agenda.
The document summarizes Rotary's efforts to eradicate polio globally through their PolioPlus program. It provides statistics on polio cases from 2016-2019 and details how Rotary funds vaccination and immunization efforts in over 120 countries. Rotary has committed over $2.2 billion to polio eradication including $985 million in matching funds from the Gates Foundation. Their support accounts for 10% of total contributions and 31% of private sector giving to eradicate this disease.
This document summarizes information about global aid for development. It discusses reasons for providing aid, categories of aid like humanitarian and development aid. It lists top aid-giving countries and sectors that receive aid in India like education, health, etc. It provides information on impact of various aid organizations like UNICEF, WHO, Room to Read and their contributions to reducing poverty, disease, and improving access to education and sanitation globally.
Rotary foundation goals for 2013 2014-by Michel JazzarMichel Jazzar
The Rotary Foundation has four main goals for 2013-2014: 1) eradicate polio by continuing immunization efforts and taking advantage of a 2-to-1 matching fund from Gates Foundation; 2) build ownership and pride in the Foundation by reaching an Annual Fund goal of $120 million; 3) launch the new Rotary grant model with three grant types; and 4) engage in innovative partnerships and projects to expand reach and impact.
- Polio eradication efforts have made progress since 1988, but 4 countries never stopped polio and over 40 had importations of the virus.
- New tactics were developed including engaging local leaders in Nigeria and improving access to children in central Bihar, India.
- The new strategic plan for 2010-2012 is already stopping polio globally with support from organizations like the UN, US, and Bill Gates.
Delivering on the Dream of a Polio free World_Presentation.pdfRILearn
This document provides an overview and update on global polio eradication efforts. It discusses the extraordinary but fragile progress made, along with ongoing challenges including COVID-19, conflict, competition for funds, and key funding gaps. It outlines advocacy messages and fundraising goals to fully fund global polio eradication by 2026. Progress to date on fundraising is provided, with totals still below overall targets.
The World Bank's global practices and climate change cross cutting solutionsDevex
The document provides information on the World Bank Group's Energy & Extractives Global Practice. It discusses how providing reliable electricity and managing extractive industries is important for poverty reduction, shared prosperity, sustainability, and climate change goals. The Global Practice delivers comprehensive energy and extractives solutions through financing of around $7 billion annually, technical assistance, knowledge work, and partnerships with IFC and MIGA. Its priorities include achieving universal energy access, shifting to more sustainable energy systems, and improving the investment climate for energy.
Verde Ventures is a $6.75 million fund that provides debt financing to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) with conservation and sustainability goals. It has invested $3.9 million in 15 projects across Latin America, Asia, and Africa, supporting enterprises that employ over 9,000 people and conserve over 600,000 hectares of land. However, investing in conservation SMEs in Africa faces significant challenges related to currency risk, lack of business capacity, high costs, insufficient collateral, few co-investors, and poor communications. To address these challenges, Verde Ventures partners with organizations like UNDP to provide business development services, uses grant funds to reduce costs, and is exploring guarantee facilities and engaging
This document discusses various types of development indicators and aid, including:
1. Bilateral, multilateral, and non-governmental aid which can come in the form of money, goods, or services with some aid including conditions.
2. Employment structure varies between countries and changes over time, from primarily primary sector to incorporating more secondary and tertiary sectors.
3. Case studies examine how economic activity affects the environment and what governments and groups are doing to reduce pollution and encourage sustainability.
Get an update on this quarter’s new funding streams. Our team will share donor trends, upcoming new funding streams, and programs from USAID, the EU, GIZ, Nordic donors, and the United Nations.
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This document discusses sources and types of climate financing mechanisms. It outlines key messages on climate finance including the need to address how much funding is required and where it will come from. It then provides an overview of existing global funding mechanisms like the Global Environmental Facility and Adaptation Fund. It also discusses sources of climate finance including private, public, and multilateral sources. The document outlines instruments used to disburse funds like loans, equity, and grants. It notes that most financing supports mitigation efforts while a smaller portion goes to adaptation. Innovative means to leverage more funds are also proposed.
Way back in 2006, I call for an end to ecologically hostile finance system with reasons and movements across the world for the same. Describing concrete examples, hurdles , there is called for respecting the inter-faith common commands against usury.
The document provides an overview of the World Bank Group, including its origins working to rebuild Europe and Japan after World War II. It discusses the Bank's organizational structure and how it has evolved its development paradigm over time from a focus on physical and natural capital to today's focus on sustainable and inclusive globalization. The document also reviews the Bank's projects around the world, largest borrowing countries and sectors, as well as its online resources.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
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10. Rapid development of new bivalent OPV (types 1 & 3) for use in 2009 Superior to tOPV & as good as mOPVs
11. United Nations Secretary General “ I am with you in this great campaign…now is the time to finish the job.” Mr. Ban Ki MOON RI Convention 21 June 2009
12. President of the United States President Barack Obama Cairo, Egypt 4 June 2009 “ And today I am announcing a new global effort with the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) to eradicate polio.”
24. Operational Support: activities that ensure the polio vaccine reaches all children Surveillance: highly labor intensive process to report all potential polio cases Social Mobilization : raise community awareness of polio immunization activities and the Benefits of immunization Research : scientifically-based activities to provide data to ensure that the goal of a polio-free world is met Categories of Expenditures
25. *The terms of the Gates Challenge grant include a small component of funding for research. PolioPlus has not traditionally funded research. DISTRIBUTION OF POLIOPLUS GRANTS 2002-2009 in US$ millions Operational Support Costs $186.65 (61%) Administrative Grants to National PolioPlus Committees $1.92 (1%) Research $9.4 (3%)* Social Mobilization $33.55(11%) Surveillance $72.3 (24%) *The terms of the Gates Challenge grant include a small component of funding for research. Rotary (PolioPlus) has not traditionally funded research. [Operational Support Costs include manpower, training and meetings, supplies and equipment, and transportation.]
Polio is more geographically focused than ever before, and political commitment in the polio-endemic countries is stronger than ever, yet some challenges remain. This presentation will provide an update on the status of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, what Rotarians can do to support Rotary’s US$200 Million Challenge, and identify what polio eradication activities are supported by Rotary funding. We must End Polio Now! Rotary is not alone in its effort to eradicate polio. We are one of four spearheading partners of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative which also includes the World Health organization, UNICEF and the Centers for Disease Control… Click …in support of the governments of the world, both in the polio affected and donor countries… Click With the recent tremendous support of the bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Rotary is not alone in its effort to eradicate polio. We are one of four spearheading partners of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative which also includes the World Health organization, UNICEF and the Centers for Disease Control… Click …in support of the governments of the world, both in the polio affected and donor countries… Click With the recent tremendous support of the bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
When Rotary launched its PolioPlus program in 1985, there were over 350,000 cases of polio each year- 1,000 cases per day, in over 125 countries. Today ( click ), annual cases of polio paralysis are down to less than 1700 a year—that’s a 99% reduction in the number of infections worldwide. In 2009, only four countries remain polio endemic – India, Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan. This is the lowest number in history and, more importantly, polio only circulates in limited geographic areas in each country.
For example (click), most of southern India is polio free as you can see from this map. The Indian Expert Advisory Committee that met in June 2009 determined that the epidemiologic, virologic, genetic, operational and technical evidence all suggest that India is firmly on the right path to finish eradication. A primary focus will be on improving vaccination activities in the Kosi river area of Bihar and accessing mobile populations moving out of Uttar Pradesh.
Nigeria has made tremendous progress in reducing the number of the more dangerous type 1 polio cases (indicated by the red dots) in the northern states from 2008 (click) to 2009. Because of the aggressive use of the monovalent type 1 polio vaccine, the northern states are now reporting more type 3 cases. Efforts are underway to significantly improve campaign quality in the entire country with renewed political commitment at the federal and state level.
In Pakistan and Afghanistan (click), polio transmission continues especially in the highly populated Sindh province of Pakistan, among mobile groups, and in communities who live in insecure areas. To reach these “hard to reach” populations, immunization posts have been set up at key migrant gathering areas and known border crossings between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Rotary this year supplied two immunisation booths at one of the crossings on each side of the border. Immunization campaigns are being synchronized in these areas to vaccinate children that are traveling within these groups. In addition, Days of Tranquility have been negotiated in 11 of the highest risk districts in Afghanistan and children fleeing conflict in Pakistan are being immunized in refugee camps.
In 2008 there were 1652 cases of polio. As of 9 September 2009, there have been 969 reported cases. Pakistan and Afghanistan have nearly eradicated polio. In India, a majority of the cases are the less virulent type 3. Work needs to be done in Nigeria, but recent political commitments from Nigeria along with intense advocacy efforts by Rotary and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation make us optimistic that we will see progress very soon. Nigeria is responsible for infecting several other previously polio-free countries with the polio virus as indicated by the “others” category.
As noted earlier, countries such as Nigeria and India have effectively dealt with one type of polio only to suffer a major outbreak of the other type of polio (click). To address this issue, a new bivalent vaccine has been developed that is superior to the trivalent vaccine that worked against all three types of polio and is almost as effective as the monovalent vaccines that work against just one type of polio. This new vaccine will be used strategically where both types of polio are circulating to more effectively reduce the number of polio cases.
Political commitment in support of polio eradication is high not only in the endemic countries, but also globally. Rotary International was privileged to have the Secretary General of the Untied Nations address the 2009 Convention in Birmingham. The Secretary General has been very supportive of Rotary and polio eradication efforts. He has personally administered polio vaccine to children, written to the heads of state of the four remaining polio endemic countries, and negotiated Days of Tranquility in conflict countries such as Afghanistan in order to allow polio vaccinations to take place. He is a good friend to Rotary and to polio eradication.
At this critical time in the effort, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative is enjoying unprecedented political support not only from the United Nations Secretary General, but from other world leaders such United States President Barack Obama. Three of the four remaining polio endemic countries are member states of the Organization of the Islamic Conference: Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan. This statement of commitment from the US government has energized the polio eradication effort and galvanized support for the program.
Rotary was privileged to have another recognized world leader at the International Assembly in January 2009 (click). At that meeting, Bill Gates announced that the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation had awarded US$255 million to Rotary International to support the global effort to eradicate polio, in addition to the Gates Foundation’s 2007 grant of $100 million. Click The two challenge grants now total $355 million, of which Rotary has committed to matching $200 million by 30 June 2012.
This new fundraising effort is called Rotary’s US$200 Million Challenge.
At the June 2009 Convention in Birmingham, The Trustee Chair announced that Rotarians had already raised over US$90 million—almost one-half--of the US$200 million goal. Momentum and enthusiasm are strong as Rotarians see that while there is hard work ahead, the end of polio is in sight with global commitment at the highest level yet.
Each club is being challenged to organize a public fundraising event each year for the three years of the challenge. Rotaract and Interact clubs are also asked to participate and contribute to the challenge. They can organize fundraising events independently or in conjunction with their sponsor clubs. The entire family of Rotary is invited to participate in Rotary’s US$200 Million Challenge.
Clubs are being asked to commit to a goal for next three years. Clubs are encouraged to reach out to the public to secure contributions for Rotary’s US$200 Million Challenge.
Individual Rotarians are also invited to personally take part in the challenge, with special emphasis on newer members and clubs who have not had the opportunity to participate in PolioPlus, Rotary’s priority program.
There is no limit to the creativity of Rotarians and the family of Rotary when it comes to raising money for polio eradication. Here, an Interact student paints a child’s finger purple—in this case in return for a contribution-- just as is done during national immunization days to indicate that a child has been immunized.
Raising awareness about Rotary’s role in polio eradication is also an important element of Rotary’s US$200 Million Challenge. A car magnet sold as a fundraiser also communicates a message to the community. And local Rotarians braved the cold waters off of Scotland at a New Year’s Day fundraiser for his club. For more fundraising ideas, subscribe to the End Polio Now electronic newsletter via the Rotary website.
Both Cash and District Designated Funds will be accepted to help meet the challenge. ( click again ). Contributions to the Challenge will qualify for Paul Harris Fellow and Major Donor recognition
This is a tool available in the U.S and a limited number of other countries. You can use it at your fundraisers or public events as a way to make giving even easier.
While focusing on raising funds for polio eradication, it is important for Rotarians to know how PolioPlus funds are spent and today I’d like to provide an overview for you.
PolioPlus funds for the most part are spent in three major categories of activities: operational support, surveillance and social mobilization which are defined on this slide. A very small amount of funding is allocated for research as per our agreement with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Almost 100% of the funding is granted to WHO and UNICEF. These organizations submit joint proposals to the International PolioPlus Committee which meets three times per year. The proposals are vetted with input from our advisors. The International PolioPlus Committee then makes recommendations for funding to the Trustees who make the final decisions. A very small amount of funding supports the administrative requirements of our National PolioPlus Committee Chairs in the polio endemic and polio-affected countries.
This pie chart shows the distribution of polio funds since 2002. As you can see, most of the funding has been granted for operational support; those activities required to get the vaccine in to the mouths of children, followed by surveillance and social mobilization. Since 2002, grant expenditures are just over US$300 million.
This pie chart shows in which countries Rotary makes grants. The majority of funding since 2002 has been spent in the four remaining polio endemic countries: India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria. The balance of funding supports activities in the high risk and importation countries such as Angola, Chad, Ethiopia, Nepal, Niger, Sudan, and others.
The world is on the brink of eradicating polio (click). Political commitment is at a high point. There is evidence of progress in India and Nigeria. It has been documented that over a 20 year period, the cost of controlling and treating polio would be higher, in human suffering and dollars, than the cost of finishing eradication. Over 200,000 children a year would be paralyzed, if we don't finish. We cannot—will not-- let that happen. We made a promise to the children of the world that we must keep. I ask you to support Rotary’s US$200 Million Challenge. We must End Polio Now!