This paper will outline the results of an online
survey about the perceptions of Indiana 4-H Youth
Educators on the use of retinal imaging for the purpose of
identifying 4-H livestock projects. Indiana has begun a
three year implementation period of retinal imaging and
doing away with nose printing as the method of permanent
livestock identification. The perceptions relate to the
benefits and disadvantages of utilizing retinal imaging
technology and the reasons why a particular educator
decided to purchase or not purchase the equipment during
the first year of the implementation.
This paper proposes a structured methodology following a full vulnerability analysis of the general biometric model outlined by Mansfield and Wayman (2002). Based on this analysis, a new multidimensional paradigm named the Biometric Architecture & System Security (BASS) model is proposed, which adds comprehensive security and management layers to the existing biometric model.
The vulnerabilities of biometric sensors have been
discussed extensively in the literature and popularized in films and
television shows. This research examines the image quality of an
artificial print as compared to a genuine finger, and examines the
characteristics of the two, including minutiae counts and image
quality, as repeated samples are taken.
This document describes a study introducing personalized feedback for students in an undergraduate automatic identification course. Students had previously indicated slow feedback was an issue. The implemented solution provided individualized feedback on lecture objectives using clickers before labs. Quiz and exam scores were compared between semesters with and without feedback. For higher-level modules, scores were significantly higher with personalized feedback, suggesting it helped student learning and performance. The feedback system was refined over iterations to best provide targeted, individualized guidance to students.
This study evaluated the performance of a
commercially available face recognition algorithm for the verification of an individual’s identity across three illumination levels
• The lack of research related to lighting conditions and face recognition was the driver for this evaluation
• This evaluation examined the influence of variations in illumination levels on the performance of a face recognition algorithm, specifically with respect to factors of:
– Age, gender, ethnicity, facial characteristics, and facial obstructions
Identity verification and authentication (binding a human to an electronic transaction) have become strategic
business issues. How does a voice biometric system perform for a typical remote authentication business scenario, and what conclusions can we make about the
use of such a system?
The study reported here evaluated retinal imaging technology as a means of permanent identification of 4-H
beef and sheep. The OptiReader» Device was used to capture digital images of 491 beef and 220 sheep
during 4-H enrollment. A total of 317 beef and 159 sheep were re-imaged. The on-site visual verification rate
was 96.2% for beef and 100% for sheep. A visual verification exercise showed that individuals could identify
a pair of retinal images as a match 98.6 % of the time for beef. Retinal imaging is a viable method for
enrolling beef and sheep.
This paper proposes a structured methodology following a full vulnerability analysis of the general biometric model outlined by Mansfield and Wayman (2002). Based on this analysis, a new multidimensional paradigm named the Biometric Architecture & System Security (BASS) model is proposed, which adds comprehensive security and management layers to the existing biometric model.
The vulnerabilities of biometric sensors have been
discussed extensively in the literature and popularized in films and
television shows. This research examines the image quality of an
artificial print as compared to a genuine finger, and examines the
characteristics of the two, including minutiae counts and image
quality, as repeated samples are taken.
This document describes a study introducing personalized feedback for students in an undergraduate automatic identification course. Students had previously indicated slow feedback was an issue. The implemented solution provided individualized feedback on lecture objectives using clickers before labs. Quiz and exam scores were compared between semesters with and without feedback. For higher-level modules, scores were significantly higher with personalized feedback, suggesting it helped student learning and performance. The feedback system was refined over iterations to best provide targeted, individualized guidance to students.
This study evaluated the performance of a
commercially available face recognition algorithm for the verification of an individual’s identity across three illumination levels
• The lack of research related to lighting conditions and face recognition was the driver for this evaluation
• This evaluation examined the influence of variations in illumination levels on the performance of a face recognition algorithm, specifically with respect to factors of:
– Age, gender, ethnicity, facial characteristics, and facial obstructions
Identity verification and authentication (binding a human to an electronic transaction) have become strategic
business issues. How does a voice biometric system perform for a typical remote authentication business scenario, and what conclusions can we make about the
use of such a system?
The study reported here evaluated retinal imaging technology as a means of permanent identification of 4-H
beef and sheep. The OptiReader» Device was used to capture digital images of 491 beef and 220 sheep
during 4-H enrollment. A total of 317 beef and 159 sheep were re-imaged. The on-site visual verification rate
was 96.2% for beef and 100% for sheep. A visual verification exercise showed that individuals could identify
a pair of retinal images as a match 98.6 % of the time for beef. Retinal imaging is a viable method for
enrolling beef and sheep.
The Fourth Annual Youth Field Day was held at the UF/IFAS Range Cattle Research and Education Center in Ona, Florida. 193 youth and adults from central and southern Florida counties attended the event, which featured six interactive stations on topics related to animal science and agriculture. Stations included examining parasites under a microscope, soil testing, weed identification, and learning about beef cattle breeds. The goal was to increase knowledge of livestock production, agriculture's role in food production, and animal science careers. Based on surveys, 48% of participants rated the stations as "awesome" and 93% said they would implement a new practice learned. The positive feedback indicates the event was successful in promoting the animal science industry.
The International Network for Simulation-based Pediatric Innovation, Research, and Education would like to present our research, grant funding, and publication information within the network.
(Stotler,2020) Using Audio and Videograph a form of BiofeedbackJacob Stotler
Special treatment approach topic in counseling. Using video and audio as a means for intervention with clients and children. Using Audio and Videograph as a biofeedback device in the clinical setting/as a treatment intervention.
An Assessment of Problems and Preferences in Medical Imaging of Pediatric Pat...ijtsrd
Medical Imaging is extremely valuable as a diagnostic tool in the pediatric population, but it comes with a number of distinct challenges as compared to the imaging of adults. This is because of the following: It requires dedicated imaging protocols to acquire the images, there is need for sedation or general anesthesia for longer procedures such as MRI, specific training is required for the healthcare personnel involved, thorough knowledge and expertise should be applied for evaluating the images, and most importantly, it requires consideration for radiation exposure if ionizing radiation is being used. One of the challenges for clinical care personnel is to gain the childs trust and co-operation before and throughout the duration of an examination, which can prove to be difficult in children who may be ill and have pain. This is important to acquire quality images and prevent repeat examinations. Even with a quality examination, the accurate interpretation of images requires a thorough knowledge of the intricate and dynamic face of anatomy and specific pathological presentations in children. The increased radiation sensitivity of growing organs and childrens longer expected life spans make them more susceptible to the harmful effects of radiation. Imaging pediatric patients in a dedicated pediatric imaging department with dedicated pediatric CT technologists may result in greater compliance with pediatric protocols and significantly reduced patient dose. In order to prevent the harmful effects of ionizing radiation, As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) principle should be strictly followed. This article seeks to draw attention to various challenges of pediatric imaging and the ways to overcome them Tamijeselvan S"An Assessment of Problems and Preferences in Medical Imaging of Pediatric Patients" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11012.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/radiology/11012/an-assessment-of-problems-and-preferences-in-medical-imaging-of-pediatric-patients/tamijeselvan-s
New ALERT - Biometric parameters of Critical Care Practitioners using HexoskinINSPIRE_Network
This study aims to measure biometric parameters such as heart rate, respiratory rate, and calorie expenditure of pediatric critical care physicians in simulated stressful environments using a wearable tracking device. Physicians will participate in simulations with and without viewing their real-time biometrics to see if biofeedback can alter their physiological responses. Data collection is underway with simulations completed on 7 subjects so far. The goals are to get feedback on improving the simulation experience and continue data collection and analysis to understand the effects of biofeedback on physician stress levels.
This document provides a country report on family planning activities in the Philippines from 2002-2007 through the AWARENESS Project. The report discusses objectives to expand natural family planning options and increase reproductive health awareness. Key accomplishments included efficacy trials of the Standard Days Method and TwoDay Method, training over 480 providers, and making the Standard Days Method available in over 110 cities. Challenges included the politically charged context around family planning in the predominantly Catholic country. Lessons learned focused on strategies for further integration and scale-up of natural methods.
A comprehensive study of clinical efficacy in cochlear implant surgery among ...Pubrica
Systematic review in accordance with the PRISMA standards. We conducted a comprehensive search of the PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases for relevant literature on the clinical efficacy of CI surgery using the proper key phrases (MeSH). The following information was retrieved from the selected articles: author's name, journal name, research design, sample size and age, devices, findings, and outcomes.
Visit us @ https://pubrica.com/insights/sample-work/cochlear-implant-surgery-among-children-and-adults/
One Health ethics: The need for policy before research and actionILRI
Poster by Tarni L. Cooper, Yumi Kirino, Silvia Alonso, Johanna Lindahl, Nga TH Le and Delia Grace presented at the 4th International One Health Congress and 6th Biennial Congress of the International Association for Ecology and Health (One Health EcoHealth 2016), Melbourne, Australia, 3–7 December 2016.
Pediatric Screen Time Review - Journal Club Fatima Farid
Journal club session - review of a study conducted on the effects of screen time on a pediatric population, includes effective paper reviewing strategies.
The International Network for Simulation-based Pediatric Innovation, Research, and Education has published an Annual Report 2014 for the simulation community. Learn more about what we have done, what we are, and what we aim to accomplish, at http://www.inspiresim.com/ .
Basic Study Recruitment and Regulatory Issues: Which Methods are Appropriate?CTSI at UCSF
Presentation by Laurie Herraiz, RD, CCRP in May 2012 at CHR sponsored workshop on UCSF Campus. Topics include, basics of regulatory and recruitment, iMedrRIS application instructions, waivers of consent/authorization for recruitment purposes, examples of approved recruitment materials, and common challenges to recruitment.
The document summarizes programs and projects from various science and technology councils under the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) in the Philippines. Some highlighted projects include developing organic fungicides from indigenous plants, creating a rapid diagnostic kit for dengue detection, and designing an electric vehicle fast charging system. The councils cover areas like agriculture, health, industry, and nuclear technology with the goal of supporting national progress through science and innovation.
EARLY METHODS SECTION1Early Methods Section.docxjacksnathalie
EARLY METHODS SECTION 1
Early Methods Section
Tony Williams
Argosy University
Yvonne Bustamante
20 May 2015
1. What is your research question?
Do the indirect or direct exposures have influence for misinformation effecting testimony and eyewitness memory?
2. What is your hypothesis or hypotheses? What is the null hypothesis?
Hypothesis: Exposure towards misinformation leads to human memory distortions for events that are genuinely experienced and also individual details, places, and things and observer’s are misinformed thus portraying untrue information.
Null Hypothesis: The human memory is unaffected on events that are experienced, also individual details, places, and things and observer’s are not misinformed which does not portray untrue information.
3. How many participants would you like to use and why? What are the inclusion characteristics, i.e., what must they have in order to be included in your study (for example, gender, diagnosis, age, personality traits, etc.)? Are there any exclusion characteristics, i.e. are there certain characteristics that would exclude them from being in your study? Does the sample need to be diverse? Why or why not?
For such study 120 contestants, 60 female and 60 male members are used. The group comprises of persons between 18-55 years age. I have chosen 120 contestants representing equal gender split. They are split in 3 age groups, like 18-30, 31-44, and 45-55. This places 40 individuals in every group. The ethnicity and race are divided evenly between the groups. Excluding one criteria that individuals below 18 and over 55 years cannot participate. I rely as the sample is not diversified for generalizing my findings to the adults. Study cannot be completed by females only and the results are expected for males too.
4. What sampling technique will be used to collect your sample? What population does your sample generalize to?
Sampling technique used to collect the sample is convenience sampling. This is due to cost effectiveness and ease. It also provides the ability for choosing number of participants required. Individuals are invited to participate in the study till the amount desired and diversity is fulfilled.
Though convenience sampling is not greatly reviewed for generalizing the population, but if properly conducted between the parameters suggested above, the study must be generalized to the population of adults. There is no specific exclusion or inclusion criteria can control the generalization of a particular group. I have planned for splitting the gender for getting the equal percentage of ethnicities/race involved in the study and uniformly representing it in every age group. This helps towards better generalization of general population study.
5. What are the variables in your study? HINT: Refer back to your hypothesis or hypotheses.
The variables in the study include gender, race, age and ethnicity. The environment must be variable and the person must present the informa ...
Business-Driven Innovation in Education by Saudy T. ManiegoSaudyManiego
This document summarizes a presentation on business-driven innovation in education. It discusses education-related patents filed in 2014 covering various technologies. It also discusses the context of intellectual property in the Philippines and criteria used to evaluate faculty innovations and research productivity for promotion purposes. Finally, it summarizes a study comparing the quantity of education research publications from the Philippines to other Southeast Asian countries from 1996 to 2018, finding the Philippines had significant growth but lower overall output than countries like Malaysia.
ABSTRACT- Background: Women of all races and ethnicities are at risk of cervical cancer. India, around 0.95 million new cases are detected yearly with high burden of 0.63 million. India bears about one fifth of the world’s burden of cervical cancer. Although fatality is high but cancers are largely preventable by effective screening programmes. Design: The present quasi-experimental study was conducted among female students studying in degree colleges from Feb. 2013 to Sept. 2013. Intervention: Educational intervention was conducted through sessions of participatory learning approach which included lectures using power-point, chalk and talk and question-answers method. Data was collected twice by administering predesigned questionnaire and conducting focus group discussion. Data Analysis: Data entered and analyzed using Epi Info 2000. To analyze qualitative information Atlas ti software was used. Paired t-test was used to measure the effect of intervention. Results: Total 149 students were the part of the study and successfully followed. Mean age of the participant was 18.5 years. Out of the 149 participants 4.1% had family history of the cancer. In the study it was observed that 18.8% had not ever heard about the cancer. In the post intervention test significant improvement was seen in all three parameters viz knowledge, attitude and practices. Conclusion: Continuing Educational interventions should be started at all level which highlights the importance of screening and prevention of cancer in women. Key-words- Cervical Cancer, Women, Perception Barriers, Effectiveness
This project identified opportunities for radical improvements in vaccine delivery and uptake towards the achievement of excellence and near-total vaccine coverage in regions similar to Bihar, India.
- Conduct user-centered research and design to improve vaccine delivery.
- Study behaviors, practices and attitudes of frontline workers and recipients.
- Identify key dimensions of the delivery challenge.
- Generate and validate concepts and solutions through collaborative brainstorming and dialogue with field data.
Presentation by Ted Hanss given at the University of Cape Town in South Africa on July 27, 2012....
PPT available for download at http://open.umich.edu/sites/default/files/20120727hanss-uct-healthoer.ppt
Presentation CC BY Regents of the University of Michigan.
The document describes NAO-Base, a multimedia database created to share socially assistive robot behaviors for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The database contains video demonstrations, programming files, and descriptions of movements tested in ABA therapy. It is intended to accelerate research and clinical use of robots like NAO for ASD. Clinical data shows many participants improved targeted social skills during robot-assisted therapy. The freely available NAO-Base has potential to further such research and applications.
This document provides details about the reproductive and child health program (NRHM) implemented by four non-governmental organizations (FNGOs) across three blocks in Kinnaur district. The objectives of the program are to increase family planning, awareness of health facilities, reduce prevalence of reproductive tract infections, and increase antenatal care, institutional deliveries, and immunization coverage. From 2007-2010, the FNGOs organized health camps, STI treatment, counseling for eligible couples and adolescents. They generated awareness through household visits, group meetings, and information materials. Networking with health centers was also strengthened.
This research focused on classifying Human-Biometric Sensor Interaction errors in real-time. The Kinect 2 was used as a measuring device to track the position and movements of the subject through a simulated border control environment. Knowing, in detail, the state of the subject ensures that the human element of the HBSI model is analyzed accurately. A network connection was established with the iris device to know the state of the sensor and biometric system elements of the model. Information such as detection rate, extraction rate, quality, capture type, and more metrics was available for use in classifying HBSI errors. A Federal Inspection Station (FIS) booth was constructed to simulate a U.S. border control setting in an International airport. The subjects were taken through the process of capturing iris and fingerprint samples in an immigration setting. If errors occurred, the Kinect 2 program would classify the error and saved these for further analysis.
IT 34500 is an undergraduate course offered to Purdue West Lafayette students. The course gives an introduction into biometrics and automatic identification and data capture technologies
More Related Content
Similar to (2006) PERCEPTIONS OF RETINAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY FOR IDENTIFYING LIVESTOCK EXHIBITS
The Fourth Annual Youth Field Day was held at the UF/IFAS Range Cattle Research and Education Center in Ona, Florida. 193 youth and adults from central and southern Florida counties attended the event, which featured six interactive stations on topics related to animal science and agriculture. Stations included examining parasites under a microscope, soil testing, weed identification, and learning about beef cattle breeds. The goal was to increase knowledge of livestock production, agriculture's role in food production, and animal science careers. Based on surveys, 48% of participants rated the stations as "awesome" and 93% said they would implement a new practice learned. The positive feedback indicates the event was successful in promoting the animal science industry.
The International Network for Simulation-based Pediatric Innovation, Research, and Education would like to present our research, grant funding, and publication information within the network.
(Stotler,2020) Using Audio and Videograph a form of BiofeedbackJacob Stotler
Special treatment approach topic in counseling. Using video and audio as a means for intervention with clients and children. Using Audio and Videograph as a biofeedback device in the clinical setting/as a treatment intervention.
An Assessment of Problems and Preferences in Medical Imaging of Pediatric Pat...ijtsrd
Medical Imaging is extremely valuable as a diagnostic tool in the pediatric population, but it comes with a number of distinct challenges as compared to the imaging of adults. This is because of the following: It requires dedicated imaging protocols to acquire the images, there is need for sedation or general anesthesia for longer procedures such as MRI, specific training is required for the healthcare personnel involved, thorough knowledge and expertise should be applied for evaluating the images, and most importantly, it requires consideration for radiation exposure if ionizing radiation is being used. One of the challenges for clinical care personnel is to gain the childs trust and co-operation before and throughout the duration of an examination, which can prove to be difficult in children who may be ill and have pain. This is important to acquire quality images and prevent repeat examinations. Even with a quality examination, the accurate interpretation of images requires a thorough knowledge of the intricate and dynamic face of anatomy and specific pathological presentations in children. The increased radiation sensitivity of growing organs and childrens longer expected life spans make them more susceptible to the harmful effects of radiation. Imaging pediatric patients in a dedicated pediatric imaging department with dedicated pediatric CT technologists may result in greater compliance with pediatric protocols and significantly reduced patient dose. In order to prevent the harmful effects of ionizing radiation, As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) principle should be strictly followed. This article seeks to draw attention to various challenges of pediatric imaging and the ways to overcome them Tamijeselvan S"An Assessment of Problems and Preferences in Medical Imaging of Pediatric Patients" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11012.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/radiology/11012/an-assessment-of-problems-and-preferences-in-medical-imaging-of-pediatric-patients/tamijeselvan-s
New ALERT - Biometric parameters of Critical Care Practitioners using HexoskinINSPIRE_Network
This study aims to measure biometric parameters such as heart rate, respiratory rate, and calorie expenditure of pediatric critical care physicians in simulated stressful environments using a wearable tracking device. Physicians will participate in simulations with and without viewing their real-time biometrics to see if biofeedback can alter their physiological responses. Data collection is underway with simulations completed on 7 subjects so far. The goals are to get feedback on improving the simulation experience and continue data collection and analysis to understand the effects of biofeedback on physician stress levels.
This document provides a country report on family planning activities in the Philippines from 2002-2007 through the AWARENESS Project. The report discusses objectives to expand natural family planning options and increase reproductive health awareness. Key accomplishments included efficacy trials of the Standard Days Method and TwoDay Method, training over 480 providers, and making the Standard Days Method available in over 110 cities. Challenges included the politically charged context around family planning in the predominantly Catholic country. Lessons learned focused on strategies for further integration and scale-up of natural methods.
A comprehensive study of clinical efficacy in cochlear implant surgery among ...Pubrica
Systematic review in accordance with the PRISMA standards. We conducted a comprehensive search of the PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases for relevant literature on the clinical efficacy of CI surgery using the proper key phrases (MeSH). The following information was retrieved from the selected articles: author's name, journal name, research design, sample size and age, devices, findings, and outcomes.
Visit us @ https://pubrica.com/insights/sample-work/cochlear-implant-surgery-among-children-and-adults/
One Health ethics: The need for policy before research and actionILRI
Poster by Tarni L. Cooper, Yumi Kirino, Silvia Alonso, Johanna Lindahl, Nga TH Le and Delia Grace presented at the 4th International One Health Congress and 6th Biennial Congress of the International Association for Ecology and Health (One Health EcoHealth 2016), Melbourne, Australia, 3–7 December 2016.
Pediatric Screen Time Review - Journal Club Fatima Farid
Journal club session - review of a study conducted on the effects of screen time on a pediatric population, includes effective paper reviewing strategies.
The International Network for Simulation-based Pediatric Innovation, Research, and Education has published an Annual Report 2014 for the simulation community. Learn more about what we have done, what we are, and what we aim to accomplish, at http://www.inspiresim.com/ .
Basic Study Recruitment and Regulatory Issues: Which Methods are Appropriate?CTSI at UCSF
Presentation by Laurie Herraiz, RD, CCRP in May 2012 at CHR sponsored workshop on UCSF Campus. Topics include, basics of regulatory and recruitment, iMedrRIS application instructions, waivers of consent/authorization for recruitment purposes, examples of approved recruitment materials, and common challenges to recruitment.
The document summarizes programs and projects from various science and technology councils under the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) in the Philippines. Some highlighted projects include developing organic fungicides from indigenous plants, creating a rapid diagnostic kit for dengue detection, and designing an electric vehicle fast charging system. The councils cover areas like agriculture, health, industry, and nuclear technology with the goal of supporting national progress through science and innovation.
EARLY METHODS SECTION1Early Methods Section.docxjacksnathalie
EARLY METHODS SECTION 1
Early Methods Section
Tony Williams
Argosy University
Yvonne Bustamante
20 May 2015
1. What is your research question?
Do the indirect or direct exposures have influence for misinformation effecting testimony and eyewitness memory?
2. What is your hypothesis or hypotheses? What is the null hypothesis?
Hypothesis: Exposure towards misinformation leads to human memory distortions for events that are genuinely experienced and also individual details, places, and things and observer’s are misinformed thus portraying untrue information.
Null Hypothesis: The human memory is unaffected on events that are experienced, also individual details, places, and things and observer’s are not misinformed which does not portray untrue information.
3. How many participants would you like to use and why? What are the inclusion characteristics, i.e., what must they have in order to be included in your study (for example, gender, diagnosis, age, personality traits, etc.)? Are there any exclusion characteristics, i.e. are there certain characteristics that would exclude them from being in your study? Does the sample need to be diverse? Why or why not?
For such study 120 contestants, 60 female and 60 male members are used. The group comprises of persons between 18-55 years age. I have chosen 120 contestants representing equal gender split. They are split in 3 age groups, like 18-30, 31-44, and 45-55. This places 40 individuals in every group. The ethnicity and race are divided evenly between the groups. Excluding one criteria that individuals below 18 and over 55 years cannot participate. I rely as the sample is not diversified for generalizing my findings to the adults. Study cannot be completed by females only and the results are expected for males too.
4. What sampling technique will be used to collect your sample? What population does your sample generalize to?
Sampling technique used to collect the sample is convenience sampling. This is due to cost effectiveness and ease. It also provides the ability for choosing number of participants required. Individuals are invited to participate in the study till the amount desired and diversity is fulfilled.
Though convenience sampling is not greatly reviewed for generalizing the population, but if properly conducted between the parameters suggested above, the study must be generalized to the population of adults. There is no specific exclusion or inclusion criteria can control the generalization of a particular group. I have planned for splitting the gender for getting the equal percentage of ethnicities/race involved in the study and uniformly representing it in every age group. This helps towards better generalization of general population study.
5. What are the variables in your study? HINT: Refer back to your hypothesis or hypotheses.
The variables in the study include gender, race, age and ethnicity. The environment must be variable and the person must present the informa ...
Business-Driven Innovation in Education by Saudy T. ManiegoSaudyManiego
This document summarizes a presentation on business-driven innovation in education. It discusses education-related patents filed in 2014 covering various technologies. It also discusses the context of intellectual property in the Philippines and criteria used to evaluate faculty innovations and research productivity for promotion purposes. Finally, it summarizes a study comparing the quantity of education research publications from the Philippines to other Southeast Asian countries from 1996 to 2018, finding the Philippines had significant growth but lower overall output than countries like Malaysia.
ABSTRACT- Background: Women of all races and ethnicities are at risk of cervical cancer. India, around 0.95 million new cases are detected yearly with high burden of 0.63 million. India bears about one fifth of the world’s burden of cervical cancer. Although fatality is high but cancers are largely preventable by effective screening programmes. Design: The present quasi-experimental study was conducted among female students studying in degree colleges from Feb. 2013 to Sept. 2013. Intervention: Educational intervention was conducted through sessions of participatory learning approach which included lectures using power-point, chalk and talk and question-answers method. Data was collected twice by administering predesigned questionnaire and conducting focus group discussion. Data Analysis: Data entered and analyzed using Epi Info 2000. To analyze qualitative information Atlas ti software was used. Paired t-test was used to measure the effect of intervention. Results: Total 149 students were the part of the study and successfully followed. Mean age of the participant was 18.5 years. Out of the 149 participants 4.1% had family history of the cancer. In the study it was observed that 18.8% had not ever heard about the cancer. In the post intervention test significant improvement was seen in all three parameters viz knowledge, attitude and practices. Conclusion: Continuing Educational interventions should be started at all level which highlights the importance of screening and prevention of cancer in women. Key-words- Cervical Cancer, Women, Perception Barriers, Effectiveness
This project identified opportunities for radical improvements in vaccine delivery and uptake towards the achievement of excellence and near-total vaccine coverage in regions similar to Bihar, India.
- Conduct user-centered research and design to improve vaccine delivery.
- Study behaviors, practices and attitudes of frontline workers and recipients.
- Identify key dimensions of the delivery challenge.
- Generate and validate concepts and solutions through collaborative brainstorming and dialogue with field data.
Presentation by Ted Hanss given at the University of Cape Town in South Africa on July 27, 2012....
PPT available for download at http://open.umich.edu/sites/default/files/20120727hanss-uct-healthoer.ppt
Presentation CC BY Regents of the University of Michigan.
The document describes NAO-Base, a multimedia database created to share socially assistive robot behaviors for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The database contains video demonstrations, programming files, and descriptions of movements tested in ABA therapy. It is intended to accelerate research and clinical use of robots like NAO for ASD. Clinical data shows many participants improved targeted social skills during robot-assisted therapy. The freely available NAO-Base has potential to further such research and applications.
This document provides details about the reproductive and child health program (NRHM) implemented by four non-governmental organizations (FNGOs) across three blocks in Kinnaur district. The objectives of the program are to increase family planning, awareness of health facilities, reduce prevalence of reproductive tract infections, and increase antenatal care, institutional deliveries, and immunization coverage. From 2007-2010, the FNGOs organized health camps, STI treatment, counseling for eligible couples and adolescents. They generated awareness through household visits, group meetings, and information materials. Networking with health centers was also strengthened.
Similar to (2006) PERCEPTIONS OF RETINAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY FOR IDENTIFYING LIVESTOCK EXHIBITS (20)
This research focused on classifying Human-Biometric Sensor Interaction errors in real-time. The Kinect 2 was used as a measuring device to track the position and movements of the subject through a simulated border control environment. Knowing, in detail, the state of the subject ensures that the human element of the HBSI model is analyzed accurately. A network connection was established with the iris device to know the state of the sensor and biometric system elements of the model. Information such as detection rate, extraction rate, quality, capture type, and more metrics was available for use in classifying HBSI errors. A Federal Inspection Station (FIS) booth was constructed to simulate a U.S. border control setting in an International airport. The subjects were taken through the process of capturing iris and fingerprint samples in an immigration setting. If errors occurred, the Kinect 2 program would classify the error and saved these for further analysis.
IT 34500 is an undergraduate course offered to Purdue West Lafayette students. The course gives an introduction into biometrics and automatic identification and data capture technologies
The human signature provides a natural and publically-accepted legally-admissible method for providing authentication to a process. Automatic biometric signature systems assess both the drawn image and the temporal aspects of signature construction, providing enhanced verification rates over and above conventional outcome assessment. To enable the capture of these constructional data requires the use of specialist ‘tablet’ devices. In this paper we explore the enrolment performance using a range of common signature capture devices and investigate the reasons behind user preference. The results show that writing feedback and familiarity with conventional ‘paper and pen’ donation configurations are the primary motivation for user preference. These results inform the choice of signature device from both technical performance and user acceptance viewpoints.
The inherent differences between secret-based authentication (such as passwords and PINs) and biometric authentication have left gaps in the credibility of biometrics. These gaps are due, in large part, to the inability to adequately cross-compare the two types of authentication. This paper provides a comparison between the two types of authentication by equating biometric entropy in the same way entropy of secrets are represented. Similar to the method used by Ratha, Connell, and Bolle [1], the x and y dimensions of the fingerprints were examined to determine all possible locations of minutiae. These locations were then examined based on the observed probability of minutiae occurring in each of the designated locations. The results of this work show statistically significant differences in the frequencies and probabilities of occurrence for minutiae location, type, and angle, across all possible minutiae locations. These components were applied to Shannon’s Information Theory [2] to determine the entropy of fingerprint biometrics, which was estimated to be equivalent to an 8.3-character, randomly chosen password
This course covers biometric usability testing with a focus on border control and mobile devices. The course objectives are to understand biometric systems, how people use them, testing methodologies, limitations, and research methods. Topics include genuine users, usability, attacks, border security, tokens, qualitative/quantitative research, and focus groups. Students will complete a research-based group project, assignments, and quizzes. The course uses lectures, discussions, guest speakers and students are expected to regularly attend and complete all work.
This document examines the stability of iris recognition over short periods of time. It analyzes iris scan data from 60 participants in a single visit lasting 10 minutes or less. The stability of each iris is measured using a stability score index. Statistical analysis finds no significant difference in stability scores between age groups, gender, or ethnicity. This suggests the iris remains stable within a single visit. Future work could examine stability over longer time periods and whether it decreases with more extended testing.
In this research, intra-visit match score stability was examined for the human iris. Scores were found to be statistically stable in this short time frame.
In this research, intra-visit match score stability was examined for the human iris. Scores were found to be statistically stable in this short time frame.
In this research, intra-visit match score stability was examined for the human iris. Scores were found to be statistically stable in this short time frame.
In this research, intra-visit match score stability was examined for the human iris. Scores were found to be statistically stable in this short time frame.
A lot of work done in Center recently has focused around different topics concerning "time". Iris stability across different "times" has been in the forefront due to work in the undergraduate class, IT345, the graduate class IT545, as well as work in Ben Petry's thesis. Of course "time" is a fairly inaccurate word to use. Assessing stability over time is very ambiguous to the research question. For example time may mean millisecond, months, years, or even life of the user. Upon further examination of other academic literature, the reporting of research duration, collection interval, and specific time frame of interest are sporadic at best and missing completely at worst. To solve this issue, the Center has created the biometric duration scale (BDS) model with associated suggested best practices for reporting time duration in biometrics.
The BDS model marries the general biometric model with HBSI model to create a logical flow of five phases: the presentation definition phase, sample phase, processing phase, and enrollment or matching phase. By tracking information through this progression such as specific subject presentations made, HBSI error, and FTE/Enrollment score (to name a few), performance within the general biometric model can be examined. The BDS model goes one step further by creating specific durations to report research specific metrics. By creating this model, outcomes that effect a yearly performance metrics can be looked at by examining monthly performance, daily performance, or even specific user presentations and how those subcomponents effect the whole system.
Additionally, best practices for the reporting of duration is also included. The reporting methodology stems from ISO 8601 and is in compliance with ISO 21920. In the common reporting structure, start date, duration, number of visits at how many intervals, and time scope of interest for the specific research are given in a logical, readily available format along with the very specific, detailed ISO 8601 methodology. The goal of creating a formal script for reporting research duration was to eliminate ambiguity and create an environment where replication and drawing parallels between research is encouraged.
The document examines the stability of iris recognition over a short period of time. It discusses how iris recognition works and why the iris is considered unique and stable over time. The research presented in the document analyzed iris image data collected over four weekly visits. The results showed no statistically significant difference in iris matching scores between the different visits, suggesting the iris is stable over a short time period. This supports the idea that the iris can be used for biometric identification applications that require stability over time.
ICBR has been involved in standards development for over 14 years through committees like INCITS M1 and ISO/IEC JTC1 SC37. To provide students real-world experience, students participated on these committees by submitting documents, comments, and reviews. This engagement between academia and standards development benefits both fields by allowing applied research and education in new and emerging technical areas.
The stability score index, conceptualized in 2013, was designed to address the weaknesses of the zoo menagerie and other performance metrics by quantifying the relative stability of a user from on condition to another. In this paper, the measure of interoperability is the stability score from enrolling on one sensor and verifying on multiple sensors. The results showed that like performance, individual performance were not stable across these sensors. When examining stability by sensor family (capacitance, optical and thermal) we find that capacitive as the enrollment sensor were the least stable. Both enrolling and verifying on a thermal sensor, individuals were the most stable of the three family types. With respect to interaction type, enrolling on touch and verifying on swipe was more stable than enrolling on swipe and verifying on swipe, which was an interesting finding. Individuals using the thermal sensor generated the most stable stability scores.
This document discusses advances in testing and evaluating human-biometric sensor interaction using a new model. It describes gaps in traditional biometric testing, such as how users interact with systems. A new Human Biometric Sensor Interaction model is presented and has been tested on iris and fingerprint biometrics. The model has been expanded to more complex systems like border gates. Testing looks at how users interact with biometric systems in different environments and factors like throughput. The goal is to better test and evaluate systems without overburdening test facilities.
This document discusses biometric testing and evaluation. It covers traditional biometric algorithm testing and more complex operational testing. There are gaps in areas like training, accessibility, human factors, and determining what causes errors. Filling these gaps is an ongoing work in progress as biometric devices become more complex and deployed in more environments and applications. Different types of testing include technology, scenario, and operational evaluations to adequately assess performance and usability.
This course provides an overview of biometric technology as it relates to security, access control, and authentication. It examines basic biometric terminology and various biometric modalities such as fingerprint, face, and iris recognition. Students will learn about biometric data evaluation and interpretation, standards, integration, and challenges. The course is divided into fundamental, modality, integration, and research building blocks to cover topics like identification, matching, fusion, standards, and interoperability.
This document outlines the structure and goals of a research study on the stability of iris recognition match scores over time. It introduces the problem statement around the lack of quantification of match score stability, and previews the research question, significance, purpose and scope, assumptions, limitations, and delimitations that will be discussed in the following chapters which focus on the literature review, methodology, results, and conclusions of the study.
According to a report by Frost and Sullivan in 2007, revenues for non-AFIS fingerprint devices in notebook PC's and wireless devices is anticipated to grow from $148.5 million to $1588.0 million by 2014, a compound annual growth rate of 40.3% [1]. The AFIS market has a compound annual growth rate of 15.2% with revenues of $445.0 million in 2007. With the development of mobile applications in a number of different market segments, such as healthcare, retail, and law enforcement, this paper analyzed the performance of fingerprints of different sizes, from different sensors...
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2. Indiana was the first state in the US to use retinal adoption" [6]. Innovations are often introduced to
imaging as a means of permanent identification of 4-H individuals or units of adoption by a change agent,
livestock projects. Other states have shown interest, but someone who may try to sway the innovation-decision
the technology and process are still gaining acceptance for process in the direction deemed desirable by the change
this application. [4] found retinal imaging be a superior form agency [6]. Change agents do not always try to speed up
of livestock identification compared to nose printing, the diffusion of an innovation; if the change agent does not
although no data has been collected about how people feel deem the innovation to be advantageous to the population
about the retinal imaging process and how well the process he or she may try to slow the diffusion process.
might work when administered by county Extension Once an innovation has been introduced to a population,
educators and volunteers. This research seeks to news of the innovation is spread through various
determine the aKtitudes and perceptons about the utilizing communication channels. There is a variety of
the retinal imaging technology from three different communicaton channels that may influence the innovation-
populations, and to identify the perceived strengths and decision process of an individual. Mass media such as
weaknesses of the retinal imaging process. news print, radio, television, and flyers are effective ways
for change agents to reach a large audience. Personal
B. Program Organization interaction with sales people has been found to have a
considerable influence on the innovation-decision process.
Extension programs, such as 4-H and Youth The most influental communication channel is often
Development, receive funds from the federal, state and interaction with peers and neighbors who have already
county governments [5]. Each Indiana county has at least started using the innovation [6], [7].
one Extension educator employed by Purdue University. In The most influential diffusion study in agriculture to date
addition to the work done by the Extension educator, began in the 1930s with a study of hybrid corn. In [7] the
volunteer assistance is vital to the success of the 4-H rate at which farmers integrated hybrid seed corn into their
Youth Development program in every county. These farming operations was studied. The behavior of the
volunteers often sit on committees that make decisions farmers was also observed. Ryan chose hybrid seed com
concerning the 4-H Youth Development programs, and to study how social relationships of farmers influenced their
provide the manpower necessary to make the various economic decisions [6].
programs run. A team of specialists at Purdue University The Cooperative Extension Service has played an
helps develop policies and procedures and administers the important role in the diffusion of innovations since its
4-H Youth Development program. Counties are given the inception [6], [5]. The Smith-Lever Act of 1914, which
freedom to run the county program as the educator and essentially established the modern Cooperative Extension
county volunteers see fit, as long as all rules and guidelines Service (CES) at Land Grant Universities, states the
mandated by the state are met [6],[5].. following mission for CES:
Extension educators often serve as change agents for to aid in diffusing among the
communities by making Land Grant University research people of the United States useful
accessible to local citizens [6]. The Smith-Lever Act of and practical information on subjects
1914 challenged Extension Educators to diffuse research relating to agriculture and home
information from their state university to local citizens and economics, and to encourage the
encouraged the application of this research. application of the same... (Seevers
1997, p. 7)"
C. Diffusion of Innovation Through the years, Extension educators have diffused the
research conducted at Land Grant Universities to the
The theory of "diffusion of innovations" outlined in [61 people in the communities they serve. Many times the goal
served as the theoretical framework for this study. was to introduce mechanical or technological innovations to
Diffusion research has been fundamental since the early the home or farm. Often times, Extension educators take
days of Extension programs. Diffusion is defined in [6] as on the role of "change agent." A change agent is someone
"the process by which an innovation is communicated who attempts to influence people while they are making the
through certain channels over tme among the members of decision to adopt or not adopt an innovation [6]. Extension
a social system. It is a special type of communication, in educators learn of an innovation from the research done at
that the messages are concemed with new ideas". the state university and either introduces R to the
Diffusion is related to the work of Extension educators, as community or hold off, depending on their idea of the
they work to disseminate knowledge and research findings benefit the innovation will provide. Change agents lean on
in an effort to improve people's quality of life [5]. the support of opinion leaders, who are influential members
The four main elements necessary for diffusion are: the of the community and often respected by other members of
innovation itself, communication channels, time, and the the community.
social system [61. All of these elements play a role in how
a new idea or type of technology is accepted into an D. Characteristics of an Innovation
organization or society. Extension Educators often play
important roles in introducing an innovation through various The characterstics that individuals perceive an
communication channels. innovation to possess have an effect on how quickly the
An innovation is defined as "an idea, practice, or object innovation will be diffused [81416]. Both 18] and [6) outline
that is perceived as new by an individual or other unit of the following characterstics that help influence an
145
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3. individual's innovation-decision process: relative The respondent of this survey are all employed by the
advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability and Purdue Extension Service and work in the field of 4-I
observability. Youth Development. Demographics such as gender, age,
The innovation-decision process can be divided into five and whether or not the county of employment had
major stages (Rogers 2003). Communication channels, purchased the retinal imaging equipment for 2005 was
such as the social system and mass media, influence each collected. The survey respondents consisted of 76
of these stages. individuals, 46 women and 30 men, and the majority age
1. Knowledge is when an individual learns about an range of these individuals was 41-50 years old (39.5
innovation and begins to understand how it percent of respondents). The percentage of respondents
functions. indicating their county of employment had purchased the
2. Persuasion is the stage in which a person forms retinal imaging equipment for use in 2005 was 48.7 percent
an opinion about the innovation. (37 of 76 counties).
3. Decision is when an individual has obtained
enough informaton to choose whether or not to B. Survey Results
adopt the innovation. Respondents completed separate questions based on
4. Implementation is when a new idea is put into whether or not their county of employment had purchased
practice. the retinal imaging equipment. Participants were asked
5. Confirmation is when an individual has begun why they chose to purchase the retinal imaging equipment
using an innovation and seeks reinforcement for and given a list of choices, including an "other opton.
their decision. During this stage, an individual will Table 4 shows the frequency of responses to this question.
decide whether or not to continue using the The percentages do not add up to 100 percent, because
innovation depending on the information gathered educators were able to select more than one answer.
from the use of the innovation.
TABLE 1
11. METHODOLOGY RESPONSES FROM EDUCATORS AS TO WHY THEY
PURCHASED RETINAL IMAGING EQUIPMENT (n = 37)
For this study questions asked of Extension educators Response Fmuency Percentage
were focused on how they came to the decision to use the Other reasons 32 86.5
retinal imaging process. They were the gatekeepers and
decided if the county would purchase the equipment and We have had problems with nose
use the process. The researchers were interested in how prints in the past and wanted to see
they came to the decision and if they made the decision on if retinal imaging would be an
their own. Educators were asked who they consulted improvement 30 81.1
before making the decision of whether or not to purchase This is the direction Purdue
the equipment, such as livestock committees. Educators Cooperative Extension will be going
were also asked what they feel is the greatest advantage or in the future 13 35.1
disadvantage of the retinal imaging process.
The Extension educator questionnaire asked for We wanted to get the equipment
demographic characteristics in addition to whether or not while it was being offered at a
reduced price 13 35.1
they purchased the retinal imaging equipment for use in
2005: which determined the specific questions they would like to try new things 11 29.7
answer later in the survey. For those educators who
purchased the retinal imaging equipment, additional felt this would improve my
questions asked why they purchased the equipment, which county's 4-H livestock program 11 29.7
species were enrolled using the retinal imaging process,
and how volunteers were selected to use the equipment. Eighty-six percent (32 of 37) of respondents indicated
Educators who had not purchased the equipment were there were nother reasons" they purchased the retinal
asked why they didn't purchase the equipment, what they imaging equipment besides the reasons listed in the
would like to know about the equipment before purchasing survey. Seven respondents actually listed "other reasons",
it, and how they plan to meet the state mandate requiring including: "Wanted to test the system and see how it
retinal images for all 4-H beef catte, goats and sheep works."; "The 4-H volunteers were in favor of the
being exhibited at the 2007 Indiana State Fair. Educators purchase."; "The State was requiring this procedure by
were also asked if they consulted any boards or groups 2007."; "After being a pilot [county] for beef [imaging] in
before making the decision to purchase the equipment and 2004, we saw there could be benefits to using the
why they approached or didn't approach these groups. equipment."; "More accurate information."; "We purchased
Open-ended questions asked what the educators [the equipment] in 2006 without the discount because we
perceived as advantages and disadvantages of the will need it in 2007 and wanted to start early."
equipment. Respondents who had not purchased the retinal imaging
equipment were asked why they had not made the
A. Demographics purchase. Table 2 shows the frequency of responses to
this question. Again, the percentages do not add up to 100
146f
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4. percent because educators were able to select more than TABLE 4
one answer to this question. EDUCATORS' PERCEPTIONS OF THE BENEFITS OF RETINAL
IMAGING (n = 69)
TABLE 2 Category Frequency Percentage
RESPONSE OF EDUCATORS AS TO WHY THEY DID NOT
PURCHASE RETINAL IMAGING EQUIPMENT IN 2005 (n = 42) Improved accuracy and belter
quality of identification 45 65.2
Response Frequency Percentage No more nose pints to
handle 17 24.6
Lack of funds 32 76.2
It will reduce cheating 5 7.3
Other reasons 29 69.1
None/no response 14 20.3
Wanted to see how it worked for
others before purchasing it for my Sixty-five percent (45 of 69) of the respondents indicated
county 21 50.0 that retinal imaging provides greater accuracy and a higher
quality identification system. Responses included: "All
Did not know enough about the scans are the same."; "We understand that it will eliminate
technology 12 28.6 any question of the right animal being shown and sold.";
Lack of support from families involved "More efficient, more accurate."; "Easier to read than nose
in livestock projects 7 16.7 prnts."; "Fool proof identification at the state level."; "Once
our livestock volunteers are educated on the technology,
Livestock committees did not approve they can easily check all animals at fair check-in to assure
the purchase 6 14.3 honesty of 4-H families."; "Hopefully this will improve the
quality of the identification procedure."
Skeptical of Purdue giving us new Twenty-four percent (17 of 49) of the respondents said it
things to learn 3 7.1 will be a benefit to no longer handle nose prnts.
Responses included: aLeaving out-dated nose prnt process
Sixty-nine percent (29 of 42) of respondents indicated there behind."; "Reduce the ability to get away with things as can
were "other reasons" they did not purchase the retinal sometmes happen with nose printing (hard to read, etc.)";
imaging equipment besides the reasons listed in the "Use of electronic transfer of images and less likely to lose
survey. The reasons included: low livestock enrollment, prints. No need to wipe noses."; "Nose prints for the most
funding not approved, lack of information/skeptical of the part were useless."; "Ease in transferring data, less of a
process, concems with the manufacturing company, and hassle than nose prnt cards, better quality than nose
other reasons. Several responses fit into more than one prints."
category. Table 3 shows the frequency of responses given Five respondents indicated that retinal imaging will
by Educators for not purchasing the retinal imaging reduce cheating. Responses included: "Reduce the
equipment. number of animals that are switched."; "Fewer avenues for
cheating."; "Decreases the opportunity for switching
TABLE 3 animals (cheating)."; "Deters cheating at junior shows."
REASONS, OTHER THAN THOSE LISTED ON THE SURVEY, Twenty percent (14 of 69) of the respondents did not
FOR NOT PURCHASING THE RETINAL IMAGING EQUIPMENT provide a response to this question, or indicated there were
(n = 30)
no benefits to using this equipment. Responses included:
Category Frequency Percentage "No Response."; ul don't currently see any benefit."; " For us
Funding not approved 14 46.7 at the county level, there are essentially none. While I don't
Low livestock enrollment 13 43.3 argue that the technology is an improvement over nose
printng, I feel the majority of the benefit goes to the state-
Lack of information/skeptical of the process 9 30.0 level, not the county, even though the cost of this
Concems with the manufacturing company 3 10.0 technology comes from the county level."; "I see very little
benefit. It DOES take away the nose printing, but it is a
Other reasons 2 6.7 very steep price to pay."
C. Perceived Benefits of Retinal Imaging D. Perceived Disadvantages
Although not all of the educators completing this survey Educators were also asked about the disadvantages of
had purchased the equipment even those that had not the retinal imaging process. Answers varied and several
purchased it at this time were able to see some of the responses fit into more than one category. Responses
benefits of using the technology. Table 4 shows the were broken down into seven categories which include:
frequency of responses given about the perceived benefits cost, the amount of time required to learn how to use the
of using retinal imaging to individually identify livestock equipment and obtain a scan, technology and
enrolled in the Indiana 4-H Program. maintenance, volunteer training and understanding,
manufacturer concems, questioning how long the process
will be viable, and no response. Table 5 illustrates the
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5. frequency of responses of disadvantages of retinal imaging equipment, etc. either work or they don't work and other
provided on the survey. than equipment from other counties, there is no backup.";
"So far, the 4-H families have been pretty accepting of it
TABLE 5 there are a few, however, that queston the ability to store
EDUCATORS' PERCEPTIONS OF THE DISADVANTAGES OF and retrieve the retinal images."; "Need for repairs on
RETINAL IMAGING (n = 69) equipment from tme to time."; uI have concern over the use
Category Frequency Percentage of this equipment in extremely hot or cold conditions.";
"GPS lock, there are some times GPS has black outs."
Cost 28 40.6 Fifteen percent (11 of 69) of the respondents said
that one disadvantage of the retinal imaging process was
Amount of time required to learn the training and understanding of the equipment that is
how to use the equipment and required. Responses included: "Intelligent people are
obtain a scan 25 36.2 required to administer the equipment"; "Not having enough
trained people, not enough trainings offered, lack of
Technology and maintenance 18 26.1
understanding of the process."; "Limited amount of
Volunteer training and technicians. Malfunction of technology."
understanding 11 15.9 Five respondents expressed concerns about the
company that manufactures the equipment and charges a
Manufacturer concems 5 7.3 fee for every image that is uploaded into the system.
Responses included: "Once they have all of the counties on
Questioning how long the board, look for the per animal cost to go up to $1.50 or
process will be viable 3 4.4 greater per animal. I just love their business plan.";
No response _ 5 7.3
"Indiana is the only current state participating in this
technology. There is only one company that does not have
loyalty to continue supporting Purdue."; "The fact there is
Forty percent (28 of 69) of the respondents indicated that no market compettion. The fact that there is no long-term
cost is one of the major disadvantages of this equipment. contract with the manufacturer that fixes the pricing
Responses included: uHow much will it cost to update the schedule. The fact that the manufacturer could fail, leaving
equipment? AMother challenge will be paying for the (potentially) 92 counties with valueless equipment."; "One
images scanned each year.n; "New technology brings vendor."; "We're now subservient to this one company as to
uncertainty. It is an effective yet very expensive means of whatever they want to charge. We don't know what the
policing cheaters ... a cost none of us wish we had to pay."; cost is in fixing the equipment... too many "ifs" that aren't
"Cost. It is very expensive for a county that has less than discussed."
10 kids go to the State Fair in these species.n; "Upkeep Three respondents questioned how long the
could be expensive once the warranty is expired."; "How technology and process would be viable before something
much will it cost to repair equipment and how long will it else takes its place. Responses included: "What happens
last. (Just like a computer, eventually the technology gets in three years when something new comes along?; "The
better.)" fact that technology will be changing rapidly, we may not be
Thirty-six percent (25 of 69) of the respondents able to keep up or have to continually update for a period of
expressed a concern about the time required to learn how time..."; "Rapid changes in technology that might possibly
to use the equipment and obtain scans during enrollment. make the equipment, etc. obsolete in a short time."
Responses included: "...the time needed by volunteers to Five respondents did not respond to this question. Two
acquire competency in its use. Until then, it will be a responses were not able to be categorized. They included:
significant inconvenience."; "The challenge that presents "Change is not easy in a small county."; "If a person wants
itself is the willingness of volunteers to practice a significant to cheat then that person will find a way. I have already
amount to become quick at collecting images. Time should been told by several other people that beef people know
not be the main focus, but rather collecting quality how to put a contact in a cow's eye to have it scanned,
images."; "...will take a process that currently takes us 6-8 then move it to another cow's eye to have the exact same
hours and stretch it into a multi-day process unless we scan. lthink this is a large investment to try to stop a
eliminate all those who are not going to State Fair."; "Right handful from cheating."
now, we do not have enough people trained to use the
scanner. We are working to create some training Ill. CONCLUSIONS
opportunities for volunteers in our county. Also, when we
used it, it took a lot longer than the nose prints. This goes Demographic information obtained from the Youth
back to needing to practice more before the event and Educator population was limited to a few categories.
making sure all variables (lightng, space, etc.) are Education and race were not considered, as this population
addressed before the weigh-in.m "Learning to use it is fairly homogeneous for educational background and
properly and getting a good scan; keeping volunteers ethnicity. All educator positions require a Masters Degree
trained." and all but two of the Educators were Caucasian. The
Twenty-six percent (18 of 69) of respondents typical respondent to the Youth Educator survey was a
expressed concem about maintenance of the technology. female between the ages of 41-50 who had not purrchased
Responses included, "Breakdown of parts."; "Nose prints and used the retinal scanning equipment in 2005. Sheep
are a hard copy and can be photocopied. The card,
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6. and goats were the most common species that were retinal
scanned. All respondents had access to a computer and B. Limitations and Recommendations
possessed at least some computer skills, as all responses The first limitation of this study is the population does not
to the Educator survey were submitted online through an lend itself to be a true innovation-diffusion study.
Intemet website. This is consistent survey of Educators' According to [61 age, race, education levels, and income
peroeived computer skills, where over 98 percent of the are significant factors to classify innovators. The race,
respondents indicated they could utilize the Internet [9]. Of education levels and income are similar for this particular
those educators who did not purchase the equipment, the population. In this study, the age and gender of Educators
majority said they did not have the funds to purchase the could be the reason just under half of them purchased the
equipment or they wanted to see how the system worked retinal scanning equipment. People in the age range of the
for other counties before they used it. Of the educators majority of respondents to this survey (41-50 years old)
who purchased the retinal scanning equipment, the tend to fall in the ulate majority" innovator category. When
majorty did so because of previous problems with nose asked why Educators had not purchased the equipment,
prnting, and the fact that they were ready for an altemative the frequency of the response uWanted to see how retinal
system to identfy livestock. imaging worked for others before purchasing it for my
county" implies that these Educators are going to rely on
A. Impltications second-hand knowledge of the innovation. This is
Attitudes about the retinal imaging equipment and consistent with the findings in [7] that later adopters depend
process were mostly positve. Although responses ranged on word-of-mouth knowledge to obtain information about
from extremely positive to very negative, many the innovaton rather than first-hand knowledge.
respondents balanced the positive and negative aspects of The second limitaton of this study is the perceptions
retinal imaging. The affirmative attitudes towards the were collected after the first year of implementation of
retinal imaging equipment were based on the ability to retinal imaging into counties. At this point in time, the use
positively identify animals with retinal scans. Negative of the equipment is voluntary and could be contributing to
attitudes centered on the training required for volunteers to resistant attitudes of using high tech methods of
properly use the equipment and the increase in time identification. It is recommended that additonal research
needed to acquire a retinal image compared to the time it of perceptions of retinal imaging technology be completed
takes to obtain a nose print. In the orginal retinal imaging after the methodology becomes mandatory and choice is
study, [4] noted that it does take longer to obtain a retinal no longer an option. The perceptions of collecting retinal
image than a nose prnt but the quality of the retinal image images may change as the educators work with the
is consistently higher and easier for an untrained person to technology on a yearly basis
match images and verfy the identity of an animal. A third limitaton of this study is approximately half of the
When Educators who purchased the retinal scanning educators responding to the survey have not experenced
equipment were asked why they did so, the majority using the technology. Therefore the perception of the
indicated they had experienced problems with nose printing technology is more based on opinion and secondhand
in the past and were looking for an improved method to knowledge of the technology than individual experience. A
verify the identity of livestock projects. Educators who did comparative study after the full implementation of retinal
not purchase the retinal imaging equipment said they did imaging technology would be useful in determining the
not have the funds to purchase the equipment. Only perception of the technology after its implementation.
twenty-eight percent of non-purchasers said that a lack of
knowAedge about the equipment kept them from purchasing
the retinal scanner. When considering whether or not IV. REFERENCES
Educators feel that retinal imaging is a viable method to
verity the identity of livestock projects, the responses imply [1] Whitter, J., Shadduck, J.A, and Golden, B.L.
that Educators are confident in the ability of the technology (2003). Secure Identificaton, Source Verification
to identify livestock by retinal images. This is also of Livestock - The Value of Retnal Images and
supported by the response of Educators who approached GPS. Precision Livestock Farming. S Cox (Ed).
county groups to gather support for purchasing the Wageningen Acad. Pub. The Netherlands. 167-
equipment. Arguments against the purchase focused on 172.
cost, while the acknowledgement of retinal imaging as a [2] Rusk, C.P. (2005). Beef Cattle. In Kay Peterson
better identification system was the most common reason (Ed). 4HIFFA HandbooklPremium List (pp73-96).
given in favor of purchasing the equipment. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana State Fair.
Based on individual responses, the Educators who had [3] Rusk, C. P. (2002). Electronic Identificaton of 4-H
used the retinal imaging equipment felt that it was Livestock Projects. Joumal of Extension, 40(6).
beneficial to the Indiana 4-H Youth Development program. Retrieved June 20, 2003at http:/Avww.joe.org.
Some Educators who had not purchased the equipment [4] Blomeke, C. R. (2004) An evaluation of retinal
indicated they felt it would be beneficial, but other reasons imaging technology for 4-H beef and sheep
had prevented them from purchasing the equipment. The identification. Unpublished masters thesis.
Educators who were strongly opposed to utilizing the Purdue University, West Lafayette.
equipment did not feel as though it would be a good use of [5] Seevers, B., Graham, D., Gamon, J., & Conklin,
funds, or were not fully educated about the process and the N. (1997). Education through cooperative
science behind the procedure. extension. Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers.
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7. [61 Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations;
Fifth Edition. New York: Free Press.
[71 Ryan, B., and Gross, N. C. (1943). The diffusion of
hybrid seed corn in two Iowa communities. Rural
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(8] Lionberger, H. F., & Gwin, P. H. (1991).
Technology transfer from researchers to users; A
textbook of successful research extension
strategies used to develop agriculture. Uhiversity
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V. VITA
Christy Blomeke is a member of the Biometrics,
Standards, Performance, & Assurance Laboratory in the
Department of Industrial Technology at Purdue University.
She is currentiy pursuing a Ph.D. in Technology at Purdue
University. Christy holds a Masters degree in Agrcultural
and Extension Education and a Bachelors degree in
Biology with a specialization in Genetics. Christy's
experience with biometric technologies has been in the
area of animal biometrics.
Brian Howell is currently pursuing a Masters degree in
Agricultural and Extension Education at Purdue University.
Brian holds a Bachelors degree in Animal Science. Brian's
future goals include employment as an Extension Educator
in the areas of Ag and Natural Resources and
4-H Youth Development.
Dr. Stephen Elliott is an Associate Professor in the
Department of Industrial Technology at Purdue University.
Dr. Elliott is involved in a variety of activities relating to
biometrics and security. He is actively involved in biometric
standards, acting as Secretary on INCITS Ml Biometric
Committee. Dr. Elliott has given numerous lectures on
biometric technologies, the latest conference presentations
being specifically aimed at the banking industry. Dr. Elliott
is also involved in educabonal initiatives as they relate to
biometric technologies, where he is responsible for the
Biometrics Standards, Performance, & Assurance
Laboratory as well as two classes related to biometrc
technologies. Dr. Elliott is also involved in educational
initiatives for the American Natonal Standards Institute, is
a member of Purdue University's e-Enterprise, Leaming
and Center for Educational Research In Information
Assurance Security (CERIAS) Centers.
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