This document evaluates two methods for aerating piles during the composting of olive-mill by-product (AL): 1) forced ventilation coupled with mechanical turning, and 2) mechanical turning alone. Two identical piles were prepared mixing AL with bulking agents and inoculant. The process was completed faster with forced ventilation but the end product quality was similar with either method. Mechanical turning alone is recommended due to lower costs without equipment for forced ventilation. The study aims to optimize AL composting by controlling aeration conditions in the piles.
2009 Alburquerque et al al composting and humficationGermán Tortosa
The document evaluates the composting of "alperujo", a wet solid byproduct of the Spanish olive oil industry, using different bulking agents and aeration strategies. It finds that composting performance was most influenced by the type of bulking agent added and number of turnings. Cotton waste and fresh cow bedding performed best as bulking agents, improving organic matter degradation and leading to quality compost. Forced ventilation alone was insufficient. The resulting composts had good nutrient content and stability, with low heavy metals, demonstrating that composting can treat "alperujo" and produce safe, beneficial organic amendments.
1) Polysaccharide/protein nanomultilayer coatings were constructed by depositing alternating layers of κ-carrageenan and lysozyme on aminolyzed polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film.
2) The coatings were characterized and found to have low water vapor and oxygen permeability, indicating good barrier properties.
3) The nanomultilayer coating was then applied to fresh-cut and whole pears. Coated pears experienced less mass loss and maintained higher acidity and solid content than uncoated pears, demonstrating extended shelf-life.
Aluminum doped sba 15 silica as acid catalyst for the methanolysis of sunflow...Solange Quintella
The document summarizes research on using aluminum-doped SBA-15 silica materials as solid acid catalysts for the methanolysis (biodiesel production) of sunflower oil. Different Si/Al molar ratios were tested after post-synthesis alumination of SBA-15 silica. The catalyst with a Si/Al ratio of 20 achieved 96% biodiesel yield using only 10% catalyst at 200°C over 4 hours and showed good stability and recyclability. The catalysts were able to simultaneously catalyze transesterification of triglycerides and esterification of free fatty acids, even with 9% free fatty acids present.
Long term effect of integrated nutrient management on soil properties and ava...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— To study the long term effect of integrated nutrient management on soil properties and available nutrients, surface and subsurface soil samples were drawn from the long-term field experiment (LTFE) which is in progress on a Typic Hapludalfs at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India since Rabi, 1972. The rotation followed was maize-wheat and the treatments included various combinations of N, P, K, Zn, lime, hand weeding and farm yard manure. Results from the study showed that integrated nutrient management over the years resulted in improvement in the soil properties as well as status of available nutrients in the soil at both the depths. Continuous application of urea as a source of N has resulted in acidification of soils (pH 4.3) while lime application increased the pH to 6.2 in the surface soil and 6.0 in subsurface soil. The treatment 100 % NPK + FYM resulted in 66 per cent increase in soil organic carbon content over initial value. Similar effects were recorded on cation exchange capacity and available nutrients. It can be concluded from the study that integrated nutrient management is essential to maintain soil health.
The document summarizes research on the biodegradation kinetics of three nitrogen-substituted naphthalenes (1-aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene, and 1-amino-2-methylnaphthalene) under aerobic conditions in flooded soil. The researchers found that mineralization of the compounds proceeded in two phases - an initial fast phase followed by a slower second phase. Sorption of the compounds onto the soil followed hyperbolic isotherms described by the Langmuir model. Initial mineralization rates obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics and were directly proportional to aqueous concentrations, reaching a maximum at 100 μg/g soil slurry. The second phase mineralization rates were
The document describes a study of acid-base reactions on alumina-supported niobia catalysts. Catalysts containing 8-28% niobia supported on gamma-alumina were prepared by impregnation. The catalysts were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, CO2 adsorption, and UV-vis spectroscopy. The density and strength of Lewis acid and basic sites decreased with increasing niobia content, while the density of Brønsted acid sites increased. The catalysts were tested in isopropanol dehydration, 1-butene isomerization, and cumene dealkylation reactions. Reaction performance varied with different reactions responding differently to niobia addition depending on the changes in surface acid-base properties.
Short term properties of High Calcium Flyashbased Geopolymer binderIOSRJMCE
The past decades of research is diverted primarily in making concrete without cement or atleast partially replacing by suitable alternatives. For its availability and problems associated with, flyash has been given priority to use in concrete in high volume or total replacement of cement resulting in geopolymer concrete using activated flyash of low calcium type as the source material. However, few are dealt on the high calcium flyash that too mainly on achieving the required compressive strength and not much on the short term engineering properties like consistency and setting characteristicseven though itis essential to establish the time available for placing, compaction and transport of geopolymer. Therefore, a fundamental study on the setting characteristics and strength development of high calcium flyash based geopolymer with varying concentration of Sodium hydroxide(8-14M),varying liquid ratios (1.5-3.0) of the activator and curing at ambient and 65oCtemperature is made.It is observed that the consistency of flyash based geopolymer increases with increase of concentration of NaOH and is not at all influenced by the liquid ratios considered but, the setting time is reduced by oven curing obviously. Also, the mortar strength is atleast 10% more for hot curing than ambient curing.
1. The document discusses optimal and suboptimal control strategies for anaerobic digesters. Disturbances like inhibitors or changes in substrate concentration can cause digesters to become imbalanced.
2. Applying optimal control theory, the dilution rate can be adjusted optimally to minimize costs during transient imbalances and restore the digester. However, the optimal solution is usually impractical due to its complexity.
3. A simpler suboptimal control law is preferable, relating the dilution rate to easily measurable quantities. The paper considers disturbances from inhibitors entering the feed and changes in substrate concentration, developing optimal and suboptimal control models for each case.
2009 Alburquerque et al al composting and humficationGermán Tortosa
The document evaluates the composting of "alperujo", a wet solid byproduct of the Spanish olive oil industry, using different bulking agents and aeration strategies. It finds that composting performance was most influenced by the type of bulking agent added and number of turnings. Cotton waste and fresh cow bedding performed best as bulking agents, improving organic matter degradation and leading to quality compost. Forced ventilation alone was insufficient. The resulting composts had good nutrient content and stability, with low heavy metals, demonstrating that composting can treat "alperujo" and produce safe, beneficial organic amendments.
1) Polysaccharide/protein nanomultilayer coatings were constructed by depositing alternating layers of κ-carrageenan and lysozyme on aminolyzed polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film.
2) The coatings were characterized and found to have low water vapor and oxygen permeability, indicating good barrier properties.
3) The nanomultilayer coating was then applied to fresh-cut and whole pears. Coated pears experienced less mass loss and maintained higher acidity and solid content than uncoated pears, demonstrating extended shelf-life.
Aluminum doped sba 15 silica as acid catalyst for the methanolysis of sunflow...Solange Quintella
The document summarizes research on using aluminum-doped SBA-15 silica materials as solid acid catalysts for the methanolysis (biodiesel production) of sunflower oil. Different Si/Al molar ratios were tested after post-synthesis alumination of SBA-15 silica. The catalyst with a Si/Al ratio of 20 achieved 96% biodiesel yield using only 10% catalyst at 200°C over 4 hours and showed good stability and recyclability. The catalysts were able to simultaneously catalyze transesterification of triglycerides and esterification of free fatty acids, even with 9% free fatty acids present.
Long term effect of integrated nutrient management on soil properties and ava...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— To study the long term effect of integrated nutrient management on soil properties and available nutrients, surface and subsurface soil samples were drawn from the long-term field experiment (LTFE) which is in progress on a Typic Hapludalfs at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India since Rabi, 1972. The rotation followed was maize-wheat and the treatments included various combinations of N, P, K, Zn, lime, hand weeding and farm yard manure. Results from the study showed that integrated nutrient management over the years resulted in improvement in the soil properties as well as status of available nutrients in the soil at both the depths. Continuous application of urea as a source of N has resulted in acidification of soils (pH 4.3) while lime application increased the pH to 6.2 in the surface soil and 6.0 in subsurface soil. The treatment 100 % NPK + FYM resulted in 66 per cent increase in soil organic carbon content over initial value. Similar effects were recorded on cation exchange capacity and available nutrients. It can be concluded from the study that integrated nutrient management is essential to maintain soil health.
The document summarizes research on the biodegradation kinetics of three nitrogen-substituted naphthalenes (1-aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene, and 1-amino-2-methylnaphthalene) under aerobic conditions in flooded soil. The researchers found that mineralization of the compounds proceeded in two phases - an initial fast phase followed by a slower second phase. Sorption of the compounds onto the soil followed hyperbolic isotherms described by the Langmuir model. Initial mineralization rates obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics and were directly proportional to aqueous concentrations, reaching a maximum at 100 μg/g soil slurry. The second phase mineralization rates were
The document describes a study of acid-base reactions on alumina-supported niobia catalysts. Catalysts containing 8-28% niobia supported on gamma-alumina were prepared by impregnation. The catalysts were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, CO2 adsorption, and UV-vis spectroscopy. The density and strength of Lewis acid and basic sites decreased with increasing niobia content, while the density of Brønsted acid sites increased. The catalysts were tested in isopropanol dehydration, 1-butene isomerization, and cumene dealkylation reactions. Reaction performance varied with different reactions responding differently to niobia addition depending on the changes in surface acid-base properties.
Short term properties of High Calcium Flyashbased Geopolymer binderIOSRJMCE
The past decades of research is diverted primarily in making concrete without cement or atleast partially replacing by suitable alternatives. For its availability and problems associated with, flyash has been given priority to use in concrete in high volume or total replacement of cement resulting in geopolymer concrete using activated flyash of low calcium type as the source material. However, few are dealt on the high calcium flyash that too mainly on achieving the required compressive strength and not much on the short term engineering properties like consistency and setting characteristicseven though itis essential to establish the time available for placing, compaction and transport of geopolymer. Therefore, a fundamental study on the setting characteristics and strength development of high calcium flyash based geopolymer with varying concentration of Sodium hydroxide(8-14M),varying liquid ratios (1.5-3.0) of the activator and curing at ambient and 65oCtemperature is made.It is observed that the consistency of flyash based geopolymer increases with increase of concentration of NaOH and is not at all influenced by the liquid ratios considered but, the setting time is reduced by oven curing obviously. Also, the mortar strength is atleast 10% more for hot curing than ambient curing.
1. The document discusses optimal and suboptimal control strategies for anaerobic digesters. Disturbances like inhibitors or changes in substrate concentration can cause digesters to become imbalanced.
2. Applying optimal control theory, the dilution rate can be adjusted optimally to minimize costs during transient imbalances and restore the digester. However, the optimal solution is usually impractical due to its complexity.
3. A simpler suboptimal control law is preferable, relating the dilution rate to easily measurable quantities. The paper considers disturbances from inhibitors entering the feed and changes in substrate concentration, developing optimal and suboptimal control models for each case.
Soil quality in the vicinity of palm oil mills in Umuahia, NigeriaPremier Publishers
The study focused on the effect of the palm oil mill effluent (POME) on the physico-chemical parameters of agricultural soil within Umuahia. The soil samples were collected from the areas where the POME was discharged. The following parameters were analyzed: particle size, organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, exchangeable cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg), electrical conductivity. Digested samples were also analyzed for heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu) using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results of the physico-chemical analysis showed that the discharge of POME onto the soil causes the degradation of soil physico-chemical properties and increase heavy metal contamination.
Production of Biofuels from the Seeds and Waste of the Mexican Poppy adoniaanastas
This document summarizes research on extracting both esters and biogas from Mexican poppy (Argemone mexicana). Key findings include:
- A. mexicana seed contains 30% oil that can be converted to methyl ester through transesterification, producing 1000 ml of ester and 200 ml of glycerol from 1 L of oil. Methanol gave better ester separation than ethanol.
- The calorific value of A. mexicana seed waste was 4621 Kcal/Kg with a C/N ratio of 11. Biogas production under sunlight was 10 times higher than at room temperature. Biogas contained 52% methane.
- Physical properties of the
IRJET - Influence of Additives on SepioliteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the influence of additives on the properties of sepiolite clay. Sepiolite clay was mixed with two additives - fly ash and kaolinite clay - at various percentages. The basic properties of the sepiolite, fly ash, and kaolinite used in the study are described. When fly ash was added to sepiolite at 2%, 4%, and 6% by weight, consistency limits decreased with increased additive content while unconfined compressive strength improved up to 48% with 4% fly ash. For sepiolite mixed with 25% and 50% kaolinite, consistency limits decreased and unconfined compressive strength improved up to 33%
Distribution of Possible Fatty Acids and Alkanones in some Thermally Immature...Premier Publishers
A total of Twenty-one coal and carbonaceous shale samples were collected from four boreholes in Mamu and Awgu Formations of Lower and Middle Benue Trough, Nigeria. The samples were subjected to Elemental analysis using Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).The saturated fraction was subjected to urea adduction to separate isoprenoids from n-alkanes and subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using a CE 5980 GC coupled to an HP Finnigan 8222 MS held at 80oC for three minutes and raised to 310oC at 3oC min-1 and held isothermally for 10 minutes in order to assess some molecular parameters used in source rock characterization. The short chain/long chain saturated fatty acid (ATRFA) ratios for the samples which ranges from 0.85-1.00 and the carbon preference index (CPIFA) of the long chain n-fatty acids (C24-C30) ranging between 1.27 and 3.29 indicates both terrestrial and marine organic matter derived materials. The distribution of straight chain n-alkan-2-ones ranges from nC14 to nC33, maximizing at nC17 is an indication of contribution from higher plants.
Increment of carbohydrate concentration of Chlorella minutissima microalgae f...IJERA Editor
Microalgae, like any other microorganism react to changes in the external environment with changes in their
intracellular environment. Thus, the manipulation of cultivation conditions, especially the presence or absence
of certain nutrients, stimulates the biosynthesis of compounds of interest. Their carbohydrates can be used to
produce bioethanol. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the medium and the concentrations
of nitrogen and phosphate components used in the culture medium of the microalgae Chlorella minutissima in
the carbohydrate concentration of the same. Box-Behnken Planning was used, totaling 15 trials. The cultivations
were carried out until early stationary phase of growth of the microalgae in closed 2 L reactors. At the end of the
cultivation, the carbohydrate concentrations of dry biomass (%) and yield in carbohydrates (g.L-1
.d-1
) were
determined. According to the analysis of effects, the microalgae Chlorella minutissima cultivated in Basal
medium, with the addition of 0.125 gL-1
of the nitrogenized component (KNO3) and without addition of
phosphatized components (K2HPO4 and KH2PO4) had a higher yield in carbohydrates in the cultivation (0,030 ±
0.002 g.L-1
.d-1
).
El documento define la World Wide Web como una colección de documentos electrónicos vinculados entre sí. Explica que la Web ha evolucionado hasta convertirse en un medio de publicación global y de comercio electrónico, lleno de aplicaciones e interconexiones entre páginas web con videos, fotos y contenido interactivo. Además, describe brevemente la evolución de la Web 1.0 a la Web 2.0 y 3.0.
El documento proporciona información sobre Yeastar, una compañía fundada en 2006 ubicada en China que se enfoca en proveer soluciones de comunicación VoIP. Ofrece una variedad de productos como conmutadores IP, gateways VoIP y software. Opera a nivel global a través de canales de distribución en más de 100 países.
El documento describe los conceptos fundamentales de los modelos de datos, incluyendo el modelo entidad-relación y el modelo relacional. Explica que el modelo entidad-relación representa entidades, atributos y relaciones para modelar el mundo real, mientras que el modelo relacional utiliza tablas y registros para almacenar y relacionar datos. También menciona otros modelos como el orientado a objetos y los semiestructurados.
Aida Córdoba, Ricardo Rivera, Fabio Alberto Ramírez y Juan Diego Ramírez.
Especialización en Comunicación Organizacional, Universidad de Manizales. Marzo 2012
APC partners is an independent specialist M&A advisory firm in Italy focused on the food and beverage, retail, and consumer goods sectors. It was founded in 2007 by Aldo and Paolo Cattapan to provide strategic and financial advisory services to entrepreneurs, boards, managers, and investors. APC partners helps clients achieve their strategic goals through innovative solutions and leveraging the founders' extensive experience in corporate finance and industry backgrounds.
El documento presenta 4 tendencias clave para 2011: 1) El regreso al cliente centrado, 2) La segmentación como estrategia fundamental, 3) La innovación conjunta de productos y servicios, y 4) El lujo accesible. También resume la evolución de una cervecera local hacia una compañía de bebidas orientada al cliente a través de una estrategia de segmentación que transforma la gestión de clientes en asociaciones de valor mutuo.
Este documento presenta el segundo número de un boletín dedicado a la literatura con temática rock. Incluye dos cuentos de autores pioneros de la narrativa rock en Cuba, José Ramón Fajardo y Sergio Cevedo. También incluye poesía de los beatniks Jack Kerouac y Allen Ginsberg, así como la continuación de un ensayo sobre el reflejo del rock en la literatura y la historia del heavy metal dedicada a Jimi Hendrix. El editorial anuncia la dirección de correo electrónico para contactar a los editores y que el bolet
ANURA Informatics Co. is a solution provider in telecom, security, and IT with over 20 years of experience. It has business units in security, telecommunication, IT software/infrastructure, and distribution. ANURA represents technology partners that provide solutions for video surveillance, access control, fleet management, smart homes, and more. ANURA aims to be a leading market provider known for quality services, innovative solutions, and trusting client relationships.
The document is a curriculum vitae for Pride Juwawa. It outlines his objective to become a professional engineer and provides details of his personal information, education qualifications, skills, and work experience. He has over 3 years of experience in network installations, planning and implementation for various companies. His roles have included network troubleshooting, server administration, software installations, and providing technical support to customers. He is proficient in technologies like Windows, Linux, Cisco routers and switches, and VOIP systems like Elastix.
El documento describe diferentes modelos de balanzas analíticas y de precisión de las series Talent, CP, Extend, Premium SE2, ME5 y ME36S fabricadas por Sartorius AG. Incluye información sobre la capacidad, resolución y platillo de pesada de cada modelo. También destaca funciones como display de cristal líquido, interfaz RS-232, programas de aplicación y protección contra corrientes de aire.
Este documento define el presupuesto como un plan financiero que contiene una previsión generalmente anual de los ingresos y gastos de una actividad económica. Explica que un presupuesto maestro proporciona un plan integral para un ejercicio económico futuro e incluye objetivos de utilidad y programas para lograrlos. También describe los flujos de presupuestos, incluidos los presupuestos de ventas que estiman volúmenes de ventas, precios unitarios y ventas totales esperadas por producto y región.
El magenta es un color rojo púrpura que originalmente proviene de la combinación de hidrocloruro de rosanilina. Es un color espiritual que representa compasión, ayuda y bondad, y es parte de la bandera del orgullo bisexual y transgénero.
Terapias reflexivas sistémicas. Colaboración Cuba EspañaJosep Segui Dolz
Este documento describe una colaboración entre Cuba y España sobre el proyecto "Impacto del Equipo Reflexivo y consultantes durante el proceso de la Terapia Reflexiva Sistémica" dirigido por las doctoras Rosario Fraga y Elsa Araujo. El documento detalla cómo tres personas de España utilizaron herramientas como correo electrónico, blogs y Skype para comunicarse con las doctoras en Cuba y generar reflexiones e ideas sobre el proyecto, lo que llevó a un intercambio de perspectivas que enriqueció el diálogo entre los grup
Soil quality in the vicinity of palm oil mills in Umuahia, NigeriaPremier Publishers
The study focused on the effect of the palm oil mill effluent (POME) on the physico-chemical parameters of agricultural soil within Umuahia. The soil samples were collected from the areas where the POME was discharged. The following parameters were analyzed: particle size, organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, exchangeable cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg), electrical conductivity. Digested samples were also analyzed for heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu) using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results of the physico-chemical analysis showed that the discharge of POME onto the soil causes the degradation of soil physico-chemical properties and increase heavy metal contamination.
Production of Biofuels from the Seeds and Waste of the Mexican Poppy adoniaanastas
This document summarizes research on extracting both esters and biogas from Mexican poppy (Argemone mexicana). Key findings include:
- A. mexicana seed contains 30% oil that can be converted to methyl ester through transesterification, producing 1000 ml of ester and 200 ml of glycerol from 1 L of oil. Methanol gave better ester separation than ethanol.
- The calorific value of A. mexicana seed waste was 4621 Kcal/Kg with a C/N ratio of 11. Biogas production under sunlight was 10 times higher than at room temperature. Biogas contained 52% methane.
- Physical properties of the
IRJET - Influence of Additives on SepioliteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the influence of additives on the properties of sepiolite clay. Sepiolite clay was mixed with two additives - fly ash and kaolinite clay - at various percentages. The basic properties of the sepiolite, fly ash, and kaolinite used in the study are described. When fly ash was added to sepiolite at 2%, 4%, and 6% by weight, consistency limits decreased with increased additive content while unconfined compressive strength improved up to 48% with 4% fly ash. For sepiolite mixed with 25% and 50% kaolinite, consistency limits decreased and unconfined compressive strength improved up to 33%
Distribution of Possible Fatty Acids and Alkanones in some Thermally Immature...Premier Publishers
A total of Twenty-one coal and carbonaceous shale samples were collected from four boreholes in Mamu and Awgu Formations of Lower and Middle Benue Trough, Nigeria. The samples were subjected to Elemental analysis using Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).The saturated fraction was subjected to urea adduction to separate isoprenoids from n-alkanes and subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using a CE 5980 GC coupled to an HP Finnigan 8222 MS held at 80oC for three minutes and raised to 310oC at 3oC min-1 and held isothermally for 10 minutes in order to assess some molecular parameters used in source rock characterization. The short chain/long chain saturated fatty acid (ATRFA) ratios for the samples which ranges from 0.85-1.00 and the carbon preference index (CPIFA) of the long chain n-fatty acids (C24-C30) ranging between 1.27 and 3.29 indicates both terrestrial and marine organic matter derived materials. The distribution of straight chain n-alkan-2-ones ranges from nC14 to nC33, maximizing at nC17 is an indication of contribution from higher plants.
Increment of carbohydrate concentration of Chlorella minutissima microalgae f...IJERA Editor
Microalgae, like any other microorganism react to changes in the external environment with changes in their
intracellular environment. Thus, the manipulation of cultivation conditions, especially the presence or absence
of certain nutrients, stimulates the biosynthesis of compounds of interest. Their carbohydrates can be used to
produce bioethanol. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the medium and the concentrations
of nitrogen and phosphate components used in the culture medium of the microalgae Chlorella minutissima in
the carbohydrate concentration of the same. Box-Behnken Planning was used, totaling 15 trials. The cultivations
were carried out until early stationary phase of growth of the microalgae in closed 2 L reactors. At the end of the
cultivation, the carbohydrate concentrations of dry biomass (%) and yield in carbohydrates (g.L-1
.d-1
) were
determined. According to the analysis of effects, the microalgae Chlorella minutissima cultivated in Basal
medium, with the addition of 0.125 gL-1
of the nitrogenized component (KNO3) and without addition of
phosphatized components (K2HPO4 and KH2PO4) had a higher yield in carbohydrates in the cultivation (0,030 ±
0.002 g.L-1
.d-1
).
El documento define la World Wide Web como una colección de documentos electrónicos vinculados entre sí. Explica que la Web ha evolucionado hasta convertirse en un medio de publicación global y de comercio electrónico, lleno de aplicaciones e interconexiones entre páginas web con videos, fotos y contenido interactivo. Además, describe brevemente la evolución de la Web 1.0 a la Web 2.0 y 3.0.
El documento proporciona información sobre Yeastar, una compañía fundada en 2006 ubicada en China que se enfoca en proveer soluciones de comunicación VoIP. Ofrece una variedad de productos como conmutadores IP, gateways VoIP y software. Opera a nivel global a través de canales de distribución en más de 100 países.
El documento describe los conceptos fundamentales de los modelos de datos, incluyendo el modelo entidad-relación y el modelo relacional. Explica que el modelo entidad-relación representa entidades, atributos y relaciones para modelar el mundo real, mientras que el modelo relacional utiliza tablas y registros para almacenar y relacionar datos. También menciona otros modelos como el orientado a objetos y los semiestructurados.
Aida Córdoba, Ricardo Rivera, Fabio Alberto Ramírez y Juan Diego Ramírez.
Especialización en Comunicación Organizacional, Universidad de Manizales. Marzo 2012
APC partners is an independent specialist M&A advisory firm in Italy focused on the food and beverage, retail, and consumer goods sectors. It was founded in 2007 by Aldo and Paolo Cattapan to provide strategic and financial advisory services to entrepreneurs, boards, managers, and investors. APC partners helps clients achieve their strategic goals through innovative solutions and leveraging the founders' extensive experience in corporate finance and industry backgrounds.
El documento presenta 4 tendencias clave para 2011: 1) El regreso al cliente centrado, 2) La segmentación como estrategia fundamental, 3) La innovación conjunta de productos y servicios, y 4) El lujo accesible. También resume la evolución de una cervecera local hacia una compañía de bebidas orientada al cliente a través de una estrategia de segmentación que transforma la gestión de clientes en asociaciones de valor mutuo.
Este documento presenta el segundo número de un boletín dedicado a la literatura con temática rock. Incluye dos cuentos de autores pioneros de la narrativa rock en Cuba, José Ramón Fajardo y Sergio Cevedo. También incluye poesía de los beatniks Jack Kerouac y Allen Ginsberg, así como la continuación de un ensayo sobre el reflejo del rock en la literatura y la historia del heavy metal dedicada a Jimi Hendrix. El editorial anuncia la dirección de correo electrónico para contactar a los editores y que el bolet
ANURA Informatics Co. is a solution provider in telecom, security, and IT with over 20 years of experience. It has business units in security, telecommunication, IT software/infrastructure, and distribution. ANURA represents technology partners that provide solutions for video surveillance, access control, fleet management, smart homes, and more. ANURA aims to be a leading market provider known for quality services, innovative solutions, and trusting client relationships.
The document is a curriculum vitae for Pride Juwawa. It outlines his objective to become a professional engineer and provides details of his personal information, education qualifications, skills, and work experience. He has over 3 years of experience in network installations, planning and implementation for various companies. His roles have included network troubleshooting, server administration, software installations, and providing technical support to customers. He is proficient in technologies like Windows, Linux, Cisco routers and switches, and VOIP systems like Elastix.
El documento describe diferentes modelos de balanzas analíticas y de precisión de las series Talent, CP, Extend, Premium SE2, ME5 y ME36S fabricadas por Sartorius AG. Incluye información sobre la capacidad, resolución y platillo de pesada de cada modelo. También destaca funciones como display de cristal líquido, interfaz RS-232, programas de aplicación y protección contra corrientes de aire.
Este documento define el presupuesto como un plan financiero que contiene una previsión generalmente anual de los ingresos y gastos de una actividad económica. Explica que un presupuesto maestro proporciona un plan integral para un ejercicio económico futuro e incluye objetivos de utilidad y programas para lograrlos. También describe los flujos de presupuestos, incluidos los presupuestos de ventas que estiman volúmenes de ventas, precios unitarios y ventas totales esperadas por producto y región.
El magenta es un color rojo púrpura que originalmente proviene de la combinación de hidrocloruro de rosanilina. Es un color espiritual que representa compasión, ayuda y bondad, y es parte de la bandera del orgullo bisexual y transgénero.
Terapias reflexivas sistémicas. Colaboración Cuba EspañaJosep Segui Dolz
Este documento describe una colaboración entre Cuba y España sobre el proyecto "Impacto del Equipo Reflexivo y consultantes durante el proceso de la Terapia Reflexiva Sistémica" dirigido por las doctoras Rosario Fraga y Elsa Araujo. El documento detalla cómo tres personas de España utilizaron herramientas como correo electrónico, blogs y Skype para comunicarse con las doctoras en Cuba y generar reflexiones e ideas sobre el proyecto, lo que llevó a un intercambio de perspectivas que enriqueció el diálogo entre los grup
El documento describe los pasos del proceso de fabricación de papel, incluyendo la preparación de las fibras a partir de papel reciclado o pasta virgen, el funcionamiento de la máquina de papel con elementos como la cabeza de máquina, la tela, las prensas y secadores para eliminar la humedad, y las lisas y calandras para dar el acabado final al papel.
La comunicación es el proceso de transmitir y recibir información entre personas. Consta de tres elementos: emisor, transmisor y receptor. Puede ser formal e informal, vertical u horizontal, verbal, escrita o no verbal. Para ser efectiva, la comunicación debe ser oportuna, sencilla, integradora, concisa y creíble; además de aprovechar la organización informal y difundirse ampliamente pero de forma concisa. Las barreras como la desconfianza, ruido y mala interpretación dificultan la comunicación.
Hacktivity2011 be ef-preso_micheleorruMichele Orru
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Activation of Spent Bleaching Earth for Dehumidification Application World-Academic Journal
This document summarizes research on activating spent bleaching earth (SBE) for use in dehumidification applications. The researchers conducted experiments to regenerate SBE through three steps: 1) solvent extraction with hexane to remove entrained oil, extracting up to 25% of oil; 2) oxidation with hydrogen peroxide to remove remaining carbonaceous materials; and 3) heat reactivation at 550°C to remove hydrocarbons and open clay adsorption sites. Batch experiments tested the regenerated SBE and found sorption capacities of 27.07-26.63% at activation temperatures of 550-650°C, higher than commercial clay desiccants. The regenerated SBE shows potential as a low-
This study examined the bioregeneration of granular activated carbon (GAC) contaminated with hydrocarbon using Pseudomonas putida bacteria. The rate of bioregeneration was analyzed by varying the volume of bacteria from 10-40ml and the temperature from 25-45°C over 21 days. Increasing the bacteria volume and temperature both increased the rate of bioregeneration. The highest regeneration efficiency occurred with 40ml of bacteria at 40°C, as increasing temperature further to 45°C did not provide additional benefit. Characterization of the GAC before and after regeneration showed that its properties were largely preserved through the bioregeneration process.
Experimental Studies on Bioregeneration of Activated Carbon Contaminated With...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes an experimental study on bioregenerating activated carbon contaminated with hydrocarbons. The researchers characterized virgin and regenerated activated carbon and found the regeneration process maintained the carbon's key properties. They conducted experiments regenerating contaminated carbon using different volumes of Pseudomonas Putida bacteria and temperatures. Increasing bacteria volume and temperature both increased regeneration rates by reducing total hydrocarbon content more quickly. The optimal conditions were 30-40ml of bacteria at 35-40°C, providing effective regeneration while remaining economical.
Response of maize to soil amended with oil palm effluent, fibre and n.p.k fer...Alexander Decker
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3. Maize plants grown in the amended soils showed increases in growth parameters like plant height, leaf length, and stem girth, and higher yields compared to the unamended control soils.
Response of maize to soil amended with oil palm effluent, fibre and n.p.k fer...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effects of amending soil with oil palm effluent, fiber, and NPK fertilizer on maize growth. The study found that:
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2) When the soil was amended with these waste products at rates of 10kg/ha and 20kg/ha, its chemical properties like organic carbon, nitrogen, and mineral levels improved compared to unamended soil.
3) Maize plants grown in the amended soil showed increased growth characteristics like plant height, leaf length, and stem girth compared to the control
nternational Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
The document describes a soil remediation program at a contaminated site in southeastern Australia. Approximately 4,300 cubic meters of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons above 1,000 mg/kg was treated via co-composting. The contaminated soil was stockpiled into four windrows with green waste, manure, gypsum and nutrients added. After 6 months, the average hydrocarbon level had been reduced to 730 mg/kg, meeting cleanup criteria. Co-composting successfully remediated the petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in the soil.
Investigations into physical and fuel characteristics of briquettes produced ...Alexander Decker
This document investigates the physical and fuel characteristics of briquettes produced from cassava and yam peels. The moisture content, density, heating value, and other properties of briquettes made from the peels were measured and compared. Results showed that yam peel briquettes had more desirable properties as a biomass fuel than cassava peel briquettes, including a higher density, heating value, and compressive strength. However, both briquette types showed potential as biomass fuels for applications like cooking and heating. The study suggests briquetting agricultural waste could provide a renewable energy source and reduce waste.
A remediation program was designed and implemented at a site in southeastern Australia that had become contaminated with fuels. The site was successfully remediated after managing the bioremediation process.
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1) Forming a chemically cross-linked gel of CNTs in solution using a chemical cross-linker.
2) Drying the gel using supercritical CO2 to produce an aerogel without shrinkage.
3) Thermally annealing the aerogel in air, which improves electrical conductivity, mechanical stability, surface area, and porosity by reopening pores.
The resulting annealed CNT aerogels are highly porous (>99%), electrically conductive (1-2 S/cm), and have a large specific surface area (590
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The document evaluates the adsorption kinetics and equilibrium potential of eggshell and eggshell membrane for removing phenol from wastewater. Eggshell and its membrane were tested as natural adsorbents for phenol. Batch experiments were conducted to examine the effect of operating conditions on phenol removal. The kinetics data fitted well to the second-order model. The Langmuir isotherm model also fit the equilibrium data well without pH control. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of functional groups like hydroxyl and carbonyl that contribute to phenol adsorption. The results indicate that eggshell could be effectively used as a low-cost, natural adsorbent for residual phenol removal from effluents.
Soil Organic Carbon stabilization in compost amended soilsExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Riccardo Spaccini, from Universitá di Napoli Federico II - Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
The Potential of Local Materials on The Manufacturing Cost of A Cylindrical F...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This work aims to study the impact of using local materials on the manufacturing cost of a cylindrical floating digester. Black basalt stones cut, several stones uncut and sheets have been chosen. During construction the gas tank is built from two types of metal. The black sheets of 15/10 and 8/10 obtained from ordinary metal drums of 200 L. The results show that a modified cylindrical digester gas tank float was built with stone. Its volume is 25m3 , its diameter and height are respectively 3.2 m and 3.1 m. The biogas tank is capable of storing 9.8 m3 of this one. The average quantities of other materials like cut stones, various stones, sand are respectively 0.88, 0.62 and 0.484 ton/m3 digester. The use of sheet 8/10 recovered from metal drums is not appropriate. The financial evaluation shows that the construction work cost is approximately 52.000CFA/m3 digester. Using local materials reduces the cost of construction of a biogas unit.
Effectiveness of Some Techniques for Fly Ash BeneficiationIRJET Journal
This document discusses techniques for beneficiating fly ash to reduce its carbon content. It examines the effectiveness of froth flotation and fluidized bed separation processes. Froth flotation alone could reduce the loss on ignition (LOI) of an industrial fly ash sample from 15% to around 10%. The combination of screening followed by froth flotation further reduced the LOI to around 8%. Fluidized bed separation in a shallow bed also showed LOI reduction, to around 11.5%. Both froth flotation and the combined screening and froth flotation processes were able to concentrate the carbon and produce fractions with LOIs over 40%, showing potential for extracting and utilizing the carbon.
A review of imperative technologies for for waste water tratament 1Edgy Rod
This document summarizes five oxidation processes for wastewater treatment: cavitation, photocatalytic oxidation, Fenton's chemistry, ozonation, and hydrogen peroxide. It discusses the basics of each process, including optimal operating parameters and reactor design. The processes generate hydroxyl radicals that can oxidize many organic and inorganic compounds. While individually the processes can partially degrade compounds, a hybrid approach may be needed to fully treat wastewater and reduce toxicity to levels for further biological treatment. More research is still needed to scale up some technologies.
master seminar on role of biochar on enhancing the crop productivity.pptxSagen Hansda
the presentation discusses the role of biochar in enhancing crop productivity and heavy metal remediation. Soil contamination with heavy metals is a major concern due to its harmful effects on soil, microbial diversity, groundwater, and agricultural productivity, ultimately affecting human health and environment (Gogoi et al., 2021). Managing heavy metal is a bit difficult due to its persistent nature. On the other hand, intensive agricultural practices such as indiscriminate use of agrochemicals over the years have led to soil degradation, reducing crop yield. Suitable management options need to be explored to enhance crop yield sustainably. In this situation, biochar, a multipurpose carbonaceous material, has shown concurrently promising results in improving crop yield regardless of standard or stressful conditions and managing the heavy metals from the soil. Biochar refers to the carbon-rich solid product when biomass is thermally decomposed under anoxic conditions i.e., pyrolysis (Lehmann et al., 2006). It has a highly porous structure, a large surface area, and plenty of surface functional groups. Due to such properties, biochar plays a prominent role in immobilizing heavy metals and reduces their bioavailability in soil. Possible mechanisms for heavy metal remediation include: 1) direct/non-mediated mechanisms i.e., ion exchange, electrostatic attraction, precipitation and complexation, 2) indirect/ mediated mechanism i.e., reduced mobility of heavy metal as a result of biochar impact on pH, CEC, mineral composition and soil organic carbon in soil (Mansoor et al., 2021). The application of lantana biochar has reduced the available heavy metals Zn, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Cd, and Pb contents by 48.4%, 41.4%, 36.9%, 35.7%, 34.3%, 33.2% and 30.4% respectively in soil due to surface adsorption and precipitation caused by an increase in soil pH (Masto et al., 2013). Abbas et al. (2017) reported that as compared to the control, Cd concentration in wheat grains decreased by 26%, 42% and 57% after the application of 1.5%, 3.0%, and 5.0% rice straw biochar, respectively. The adsorption capacity of biochar can be further enhanced by chemical and physical modification (Wang and Wang, 2019). Biochar application improves water and nutrition retention in soil, promotes microbial activity and creates a fertile environment that is favourable for plant growth and development. Pandian et al. (2016) reported that applying biochar to acidic red soil favoured good soil physical, chemical and biological environment, and these positive changes influenced growth and yield attributes and yield. Given the numerous benefits of biochar, the government should establish policies to encourage its application in soil.
Keywords: Heavy metal, crop yield, biochar, soil.
References
Abbas, T., Rizwan, M., Ali, S., Zia-ur-Rehman, M., Qayyum, M. F., Abbas, F., ... & Ok, Y. S. (2017). Effect of biochar on cadmium bioavailability and uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a soi
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2) Under optimized conditions, both strains of S. elongatus metabolized CO2 trapped from the local air according to Monod kinetics.
3) Higher concentrations of NO3-N, SO4-S, NaCl, and O2 inhibited
V. Belgiorno et al. / Waste Management 23 (2003) 1–15
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Universidad Nacional de Temuco
Enero de 2020
Microbiología aplicada
al desarrollo de una
agricultura sostenible
Dr. Germán Tortosa Muñoz (@germantortosa)
Dept. Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas
Simbióticos
Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC)
http://www.compostandociencia.com
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2006 Cegarra et al forced ventilation al composting
1. Waste Management 26 (2006) 1377–1383
www.elsevier.com/locate/wasman
Effects of the forced ventilation on composting of a solid olive-mill
by-product (‘‘alperujo’’) managed by mechanical turning
a,*
J. Cegarra , J.A. Alburquerque a, J. Gonzalvez a, G. Tortosa a, D. Chaw
´ b
a
Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Organic Waste Management, Centro de Edafologıa y Biologıa Aplicada del Segura,
´ ´
CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
b
Visitor Scientist, Olds College, Composting Technology Centre, Alta., Canada
Accepted 18 November 2005
Available online 19 January 2006
Abstract
The evaluation of the most suitable aeration technology for olive-mill by-product ‘‘alperujo’’ (AL) composting was carried out by
using two identical piles prepared by mixing AL with a bulking agent (fresh cow bedding) and a mature compost (as inoculant). Forced
ventilation was employed in conjunction with mechanical turning in one of the piles, whereas only mechanical turning was used in the
other pile. These two treatment methods were evaluated by assessing process efficiency and end-product quality.
The results show that the composting process was completed in less time when forced ventilation was coupled with mechanical turn-
ing. A slight delay in the evolution of pH, C/N ratio, and biodegradation of fats and organic matter was observed when only turning was
employed. However, the recommended method for composting AL was mechanical turning without forced ventilation since the compo-
sition of the end-product in this case was comparable to the composted AL using forced ventilation coupled with mechanical turning.
Furthermore, there were substantial economic savings by selecting mechanical turning alone, which included capital costs for equipment.
Ó 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction main agrochemical characteristics have been previously
described (Alburquerque et al., 2004).
The olive oil extraction industry has great economic and Composting has been used as a simple, suitable, and low
social importance in many Mediterranean countries such as cost technology for processing and adding value to the
Spain, Italy, Greece, Tunisia, Turkey and Morocco, but is olive-mill wastes and by-products in order to obtain com-
often associated with the generation of wastes and by- posts useful either as organic fertilisers or soil amendments
products that provoke adverse environmental problems. ´
(Tomati et al., 1995; Madejon et al., 1998; Paredes et al.,
Improving the appropriate management of these materials 2001, 2002; Filippi et al., 2002; Ait Baddi et al., 2004;
urgently needs more intensive research. At present, the Baeta-Hall et al., 2005). Also, composting is known to
most abundant olive-mill by-product in Spain (the yearly require appropriate conditions of particle size, porosity,
production of which may exceed 4 million tons) is ‘‘alper- and free air space (all related with the substrate physical
ujo’’ (AL), a very wet material with a lack of consistency structure and correct air distribution in the mass); a bal-
and low porosity (poor physical structure) obtained by anced equilibrium of nutrients and C/N ratio; and accurate
the most recent technology employed for olive oil extrac- conditions of temperature, moisture and oxygen supply
tion (the continuous two-phase centrifugation system). (De Bertoldi et al., 1985; Verdonck, 1988; McCartney
AL has a unique pungent odour and shows a certain and Chen, 2001), all of which influence optimal conditions
hydrophobic character due to its residual fat content. Its for microbial development.
Moreover, the main problem that must be resolved in
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 968 396313; fax: +34 968 396213. open composting systems is the even distribution of oxygen
E-mail address: jcegarra@cebas.csic.es (J. Cegarra). to the mass, which is especially important in substrates
0956-053X/$ - see front matter Ó 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2005.11.021
2. 1378 J. Cegarra et al. / Waste Management 26 (2006) 1377–1383
with poor physical structure such as AL. The addition of Table 1
appropriate bulking agents, such as wheat straw, poplar Main characteristics of the ‘‘alperujo’’ (AL), fresh cow bedding (FCB) and
mature compost (MC) employed to prepare the composting substrate (dry
sawdust and bark chips, grape stalk and cotton waste weight)
´
(Madejon et al., 1998; Filippi et al., 2002; Baeta-Hall
Parameters AL FCB MC
et al., 2005; Alburquerque et al., 2005), has been shown
to decisively influence AL composting by improving its Moisture (% f.w.) 55.6 46.1 15.2
pHa 5.08 7.47 8.99
scarce porosity. ECa (dS mÀ1) 4.76 7.53 2.96
Among the different composting systems, the use of sta- OM (g kgÀ1) 942.3 664.0 912.2
tic piles aerated by forced ventilation allows a sustained Lignin (g kgÀ1) 335.0 185.0 399.2
supply of oxygen and removes heat, decomposition gases Cellulose (g kgÀ1) 205.0 122.1 208.0
and water vapour, so that effective control of the substrate Hemicellulose (g kgÀ1) 406.0 325.3 291.4
TOC (g kgÀ1) 523.3 369.1 484.9
temperature can be performed. However, preferential air TN (g kgÀ1) 13.2 19.4 23.1
channels and anaerobic pockets can also be formed, and C/N ratio 39.6 19.0 21.0
the homogenisation of the mass (redistribution of microor- P (g kgÀ1) 0.8 2.5 1.5
ganisms, nutrients and water) is not allowed. On the con- K (g kgÀ1) 27.3 35.8 36.2
trary, mechanical turning mainly homogenises the Ca (g kgÀ1) 6.6 63.7 9.4
Mg (g kgÀ1) 1.2 8.8 1.9
composting substrate and is the most simple and inexpen- Fe (mg kgÀ1) 690 1442 525
sive composting method, but the oxygen supply can not Cu (mg kgÀ1) 14 23 33
be kept at a constant level and temperature control is more Mn (mg kgÀ1) 9 191 44
limited than in the forced ventilation system (Finstein and Zn (mg kgÀ1) 18 159 50
Hogan, 1993; Stentiford, 1996). Therefore, the combina- a
Water extract 1:10.
tion of forced ventilation and turning can overcome the
main disadvantages of both systems, but also involves a
major cost (Stentiford, 1996). The composting experiment was developed in two cham-
The key to optimisation of AL composting is controlling bers of a pilot plant. Each chamber was constructed with
the aeration conditions of the piles. Therefore, the aim of three sides made of concrete and the front was closed off
this work was to comparatively study the effectiveness of by metal doors. A metal roof structure provided shade
two aeration composting strategies: only mechanical turn- and also housed the irrigation system. The experiment
ing, and forced ventilation coupled with mechanical was conducted inside this chamber to avoid the drying
turning. effect of the extreme heat, which can reach above 40 °C
in this region. Pile 1 was only aerated by mechanical turn-
2. Materials and methods ing whereas the pile 2 was subjected to both mechanical
turning and forced ventilation with temperature feedback
2.1. Composting performance control, based on the Rutgers strategy (Finstein et al.,
1985). On/off cycles of 5/15 min for intermittent ventilation
The mixture used for the composting experiments was were employed by using a blower (1/6 HP) attached to an
made by mixing 90% of AL with 9% of a fresh cow bedding easily-removable air distribution system composed of seven
(FCB) and 1% of a mature AL compost (MC), based on flexible polyvinyl chloride tubes, 3 m in length and 3.5 cm
fresh weight (87/11/2 on a dry weight basis). Later the mix- in diameter, with aeration holes on the horizontal and ver-
ture was separated into two equal sized piles (2 m wide, 3 m tical axis of the tubes. The tubes were placed approximately
long and 1.5 m high) of about 4000 kg each. at one-third of the total pile height from the base of the
´
The AL used was supplied by ‘‘Fabrica y Envasadora de pile. To avoid high temperatures that could limit the pro-
´
Aceite de Oliva Vırgen OLIBAZA S.L.’’ from Baza (Gra- cess, the ceiling temperature for continuous air blowing
nada, Spain), the bulking agent FCB by ‘‘Grupo Carnico´ was fixed at 55 °C, the ventilation system was automati-
´
Angelın’’ from Santomera (Murcia, Spain), while the com- cally connected when the temperature was higher and the
post added (MC) to inoculate the mixture was previously ventilation demand measured as the time necessary to
obtained in another composting experiment where AL maintain temperature below 55 °C.
was mixed with olive leaves. As shown in Table 1, AL Both piles were turned over 14 times, once a week
exhibited a considerable moisture content, acidic pH and during the first 2 months and every 2 weeks afterwards,
high organic matter content, mainly composed by hemicel- as shown in Fig. 1 using a tractor with a shovel. The active
lulose and lignin; FCB, which was formed by liquid and phase was considered finished when the temperature of the
solid livestock wastes including abundant cereal straw, piles was close to ambient and re-heating did not occur (26
had neutral pH, high electrical conductivity, considerable weeks). The air blowing and the mechanical turning were
hemicellulose and nutrient contents, low C/N ratio and then stopped to allow the composts to mature over a per-
good water-retention characteristics, whereas MC had iod of approximately 3 months. The moisture was checked
basic pH, high organic matter and lignin load and low and controlled weekly so that the necessary amount of
nutrient content. water was added by irrigation to maintain moisture within
3. J. Cegarra et al. / Waste Management 26 (2006) 1377–1383 1379
80 method based on Berthelot’s reaction (Sommer et al.,
70 1992); NOÀ –N was measured by using an ion-selective elec-
3
Temperature (oC)
trode on the water extract and phytotoxicity was deter-
60
mined from the germination index (GI) according to
50
Zucconi et al. (1981). Other parameters, including electrical
40 conductivity (EC) and pH, organic matter content (OM),
30 total nitrogen (TN), total organic carbon (TOC), P, K,
20
Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn, total fat content,
ambient temperature
water-soluble phenols (WSPH), lignin, cellulose and hemi-
10
cellulose were determined according to the methods previ-
ously described by Alburquerque et al. (2004). Losses of
80
pile 1 total organic matter and its main components, lignin, cellu-
70 lose and hemicellulose, were calculated taking into account
pile 2
60 the apparent increase in the ash content resulting from the
Moisture (%)
50 loss of dry matter weight in order to better reflect the over-
40 all changes (Stentiford and Pereira Neto, 1985; Nuntagij
30
et al., 1989; Paredes et al., 2002).
20
2.3. Statistical analyses
10
0
The least significant difference was used to compare
parameter values (P < 0.05).
4000
Cumulative water spent (l)
3500 3. Results and discussion
3000
2500 A rapid increase in temperature was recorded in both
2000 piles during the first days of composting (Fig. 1), which
1500 suggested a clear improvement of the physical structure
1000
of the composting substrate due to the addition of the bul-
500
king agent to AL. Moreover, FCB also provided an avail-
able nutrient source and had an inoculum effect similar to
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 MC. Mechanical turning also favoured the increase of tem-
Composting time (weeks) perature by reducing compaction and homogenising and
re-inoculating the substrates, since other AL composting
Fig. 1. Temperature profile (arrows indicate turnings), moisture content
and water added during composting (pile 1: mechanical turning and pile 2:
experiments have demonstrated that forced ventilation
forced ventilation combined with mechanical turning). alone is scarcely effective for the advance of the process
(Baeta-Hall et al., 2005; Alburquerque et al., 2005, 2006).
Temperatures in both piles clearly reached thermophilic
the range of 40–55%; excess water leached from the piles range, and pile 1 showed higher, less variable thermophilic
was re-circulated. temperatures for a longer duration than in pile 2. This
Composting materials were sampled from randomised could be explained by the cooling effect from the forced
sites around the pile coinciding with each turning opera- ventilation that caused greater water evaporation in pile
tion, and then after maturation. The representative samples 2, particularly during the ventilation demand. At the end
were homogenised and subdivided into three sub-samples of the 24th week, the temperatures progressively fell in
at the laboratory. One of them was frozen (À20 °C) and both piles to reach the mesophilic phase and continued to
kept for the determination of NHþ –N and NOÀ –N, the
4 3 cool down until the end of maturation.
second was dried in an oven at 105 °C for 24 h to determine In the periods of maximum activity, the forced ventila-
the moisture content, while the third sub-sample was tion treatment was unable to maintain the temperature
freeze-dried and ground to less than 0.5 mm prior to below 55 °C in the central zone of pile 2, probably due to
analysis. the excessive pile size. In spite of the above fact, the average
temperature in pile 2 was still lower than in pile 1 most of
2.2. Analytical methods the composting time, thus forced ventilation most likely
favoured more diverse microbial activity in pile 2, as it is
The water-soluble organic carbon (WSC) was deter- known that temperature acts as a selective factor for micro-
mined by using an automatic carbon analyser for liquid bial populations. Moreover, the heat dissipated by the
samples; NHþ –N was extracted with 2 M KCl from the
4 ascending air currents could have generated large thermic
frozen sub-samples and determined by a colorimetric variations in the vertical profile of pile 2, also favouring
4. 1380 J. Cegarra et al. / Waste Management 26 (2006) 1377–1383
the existence of greater microbial diversity in the different 1 led to insufficient oxygen conditions to satisfy the intense
layers of this pile which was subjected to both forced ven- demand of the bio-oxidative reactions during the initial
tilation and turning. Also, it is to be noted that forced ven- composting period, when the greatest microbial activity
tilation of pile 2 enhanced the process performance during occurred (Nakasaki et al., 1990; Michel and Reddy,
the initial stages of composting, when the oxygen was more 1998). During the rest of the process, from week 16
limited due to the intense microbial activity. On the con- onwards, the pH remained practically stable in both piles
trary, pile 1 was submitted to a less constant oxygenation until the maturation phase was reached, although it was
and higher temperatures; both are factors which contribute slightly higher in the non-ventilated pile.
to the delay of OM decomposition (Sikora and Sowers, High losses of total OM (Fig. 2) were observed in both
1985; Darbyshire et al., 1989; Nakasaki et al., 1990; Vuori- piles, the degradation was greater and faster in pile 2 due to
nen and Saharinen, 1997). its generally lower temperatures and more sustained and
As mentioned by Li et al. (2004), an ideal aeration sys- intense oxygen supply compared with pile 1. The greatest
tem must reach an optimal balance between the enhance- losses were associated to the thermophilic phase of the pro-
ment of airflow (oxygen supply) and other factors, cess, when total losses higher than 50% were reached. Also,
including moisture, in order to achieve the maximum bio- the absolute lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose contents
degradation. Thus, an undesirable consequence of using fell, and were more evident for the third component. Total
the forced ventilation technique was the difficulty in main- losses for lignin were 30.2% (pile 1) and 41.4% (pile 2); for
taining a suitable level of moisture in pile 2, which showed cellulose, 60.0% (pile 1) and 66.1% (pile 2) and for hemicel-
moisture values under 40% during most of the initial weeks lulose, 68.1% (pile 1) and 70.0% (pile 2). The greater resis-
of the process, coinciding with the long ventilation tance of lignin to the microbial metabolic activity
demand. Adding abundant quantities of water only raised compared to the susceptibility of cellulose and hemicellu-
the moisture content close to 40% at the beginning of the lose was observed by Whitney and Lynch (1996). More-
third month. The values of this parameter remained almost over, lignin biodegradation was enhanced by the forced
the same during the rest of the experiment in both piles ventilation conditions of pile 2 since according to Haider
(Fig. 1). The results show that the forced air pile needed (1994), this process occurs much faster under well aerated
approximately 21% more water during the whole process. conditions.
As shown in Fig. 2, the pH rose rapidly from 6 around 9 The C/N ratio decreased continuously from approxi-
in pile 2 at the end of the second month. In pile 1 the pH mately 33 in the initial mixtures to 17 in the mature com-
rose more slowly, where it rose to pH 7 during the first posts (Fig. 3). This behaviour, more rapid in pile 2, was
week and only exceeded this value at the beginning of the caused by the decrease in the content of organic carbon
third month, and continued to rise steadily thereafter until and the increase in the total nitrogen due to the concentra-
it reached similar values to those attained in the pile with tion effect provoked by the OM biodegradation (weight
forced ventilation. These results are directly related to the loss).
aeration system used, since the oxygen supply was more Also, a clear decrease in the NHþ –N content was
4
sustained in pile 2 than in pile 1. Periodic turning in pile observed from initial values of about 1200 mg kgÀ1 to
10 100
90
Lignin
Pile 1
9 80 Hemicellulose
70 Cellulose
Losses (% of initial content)
8 60
pH
50
7 pile 1 40
pile 2 30
6 20
10
OM-losses (% of initial OM content)
5 0
90 90 Pile 2
80 80
70 70
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
Composting time (weeks)
Fig. 2. Evolution of the pH (bars correspond to the least significant difference at P < 0.05), organic matter, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose losses during
composting (pile 1: mechanical turning and pile 2: forced ventilation combined with mechanical turning).
5. J. Cegarra et al. / Waste Management 26 (2006) 1377–1383 1381
40 10
36 pile 1 9 pile 1
pile 2 8 pile 2
32
7
WSC (%)
28 6
C/N ratio
24 5
4
20
3
16 2
12 1
0
1400 +
NH -N pile 1 450
1300 4 1.2
1200 + 400
NH -N pile 2
1100 4
NH 4-N (mg/kg)
NO3--N (mg/kg)
- 350 1.0
1000 NO 3-N pile 1
WSPH (%)
900 300
800
-
NO -N pile 2 0.8
3 250
700
600 200 0.6
+
500
150 0.4
400
300 100
200 0.2
50
100
0 0 0.0 100
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 9
GI
Composting time (weeks) 8 80
Fats
7
Fig. 3. Evolution of the C/N ratio and inorganic nitrogen (NHþ –N and
4
Fats (%)
6 60
GI (%)
NOÀ –N) during composting (pile 1: mechanical turning and pile 2: forced
3 5
ventilation combined with mechanical turning). The bars correspond to
4 40
the least significant difference at P < 0.05.
3
2 20
À1 1
114 and 119 mg kg for mature composts 1 and 2, respec- 0 0
tively (Fig. 3). This reduction proceeded faster in pile 2, 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
probably due to the more rapid pH increase and the intense Composting time (weeks)
ventilation periods applied during the thermophilic phase. Fig. 4. Changes in water-soluble organic carbon (WSC), water-soluble
In agreement with our data, it is to be added that high phenols (WSPH), fat content and germination index (GI) during compo-
pH, mixing and increased aeration have been revealed to sting (pile 1: mechanical turning and pile 2: forced ventilation combined
enhance ammonia loss during composting (Sikora and with mechanical turning). The bars correspond to the least significant
Sowers, 1985; Jeong and Kim, 2001). Mineralisation of difference at P < 0.05.
the organic nitrogen is a frequently observed phenomenon
during composting. It is generally accepted that the ammo- mophilic phase, after which the values gradually decreased
nium form is first generated, then the nitrate towards the until the mesophilic phase was reached. The evolution of
end of composting, hence the common belief that a good the WSC content was approximately similar in both piles,
compost should contain substantial quantities of mineral although it might have been expected to fall more in pile
nitrogen and a preferably higher concentrations of nitrate 2 due to its presumed higher biological activity resulting
than ammonium. However, the formation of important from better ventilation and lower temperatures. The rela-
NOÀ –N quantities was not detected during our experiment
3 tive constancy of this parameter in the final stage of com-
(Fig. 3), which probably was due to the low NHþ –N con-
4 posting showed an equilibrium between the rates of
centration in the last phase of composting, unfavourable depolymerisation of complex materials and the mineralisa-
pH for nitrifiers or to the predominance of the nitrogen tion of the resultant fractions (Canet and Pomares, 1995).
immobilisation. Studies carried out with olive-mill wastes and by-prod-
Changes in the WSC content were monitored during ucts have shown that phytotoxic effects currently ascribed
composting because of its close relationship with the micro- to them are related mainly to lipids, phenolic compounds
bial activity and the fact that WSC constitutes the most ´ ´
and organic acids (Estaun et al., 1985; Madejon et al.,
immediate source of directly available organic compounds. 1998; Filippi et al., 2002; Linares et al., 2003; Sampedro
This organic fraction is considered to be made up of pep- et al., 2005). The total fat content decreased from nearly
tides, amino-acids, sugars and other easily biodegradable 9.0% to 0.5% half-way through the fourth month, the
compounds. Its initial value was near 8% in both piles decrease was even more rapid in pile 2 coinciding with its
and fell to about 3% in the mature composts (Fig. 4). How- better aeration conditions compared with pile 1. Also, the
ever, the fall was much more pronounced during the first 12 WSPH content fell from an initial value of 0.9% to below
weeks, coinciding with the higher temperatures of the ther- 0.4% in both piles at the end of the process. The decreases
6. 1382 J. Cegarra et al. / Waste Management 26 (2006) 1377–1383
Table 2 Acknowledgements
Main characteristics of the mature composts (dry weight)
Parameters Pile 1 Pile 2 This research was carried out in the framework of the
pH a
8.86 8.67 EU contract FAIR5-CT97-3620 in collaboration with the
ECa (dS mÀ1) 4.52 4.81 Universities of Milan, Molise and Udine (Italy), Athens
OM (g kgÀ1) 815.5 792.9 (Greece) and Murcia (Spain), Centre for Theoretical and
Lignin (g kgÀ1) 405.7 387.2
Cellulose (g kgÀ1) 166.1 156.7
Applied Ecology (Italy) and Instituto Nacional de Enge-
Hemicellulose (g kgÀ1) 245.9 260.5 nharia e Tecnologia Industrial (Portugal). The stay of
TOC (g kgÀ1) 442.3 434.8 ´ ´
Dr. D. Chaw was financed by the Fundacion Seneca of
TN (g kgÀ1) 26.3 26.2 ´
the Comunidad Autonoma de Murcia.
NHþ –N (mg kgÀ1)
4 114 119
NOÀ –N (mg kgÀ1)
3 33 31
C/N ratio 16.8 16.6 References
P (g kgÀ1) 1.9 1.9
K (g kgÀ1) 42.7 42.5
´
Ait Baddi, G., Alburquerque, J.A., Gonzalvez, J., Cegarra, J., Hafidi, M.,
Ca (g kgÀ1) 24.0 29.7
2004. Chemical and spectroscopic analyses of organic matter trans-
Mg (g kgÀ1) 5.1 5.7
formations during composting of olive mill wastes. International
Na (g kgÀ1) 4.1 4.1
Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 54, 39–44.
Fe (mg kgÀ1) 1365 1468
´ ´
Alburquerque, J.A., Gonzalvez, J., Garcıa, D., Cegarra, J., 2004.
Cu (mg kgÀ1) 34 36
Agrochemical characterisation of ‘‘alperujo’’, a solid by-product of
Mn (mg kgÀ1) 86 98
the two-phase centrifugation method for olive oil extraction. Biore-
Zn (mg kgÀ1) 125 138
source Technology 91, 195–200.
a
Water extract 1:10. ´ ´
Alburquerque, J.A., Gonzalvez, J., Garcıa, D., Cegarra, J., 2005.
Composting of a solid olive-mill by-product (‘‘alperujo’’) and the
in these potentially phytotoxic compounds coincided with a potential of the resulting compost for cultivating pepper under
gradual increase in GI, which was more rapid in pile 2 commercial conditions. Waste Management (in press).
´ ´
Alburquerque, J.A., Gonzalvez, J., Garcıa, D., Cegarra, J., 2006. Effects of
(Fig. 4). Thus, the more aerobic conditions in this pile bulking agent on the composting of ‘‘alperujo’’, the solid by-product of
probably favoured the fat degradation, whereas the WSPH the two-phase centrifugation method for olive oil extraction. Process
content seemed to be unaffected. Also, the persistence of Biochemistry 41, 127–132.
phytotoxic effects in pile 1 coincided with low pH values; `´
Baeta-Hall, L., Saagua, M.C., Bartolomeu, M.L., Anselmo, A., Rosa,
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´ ´
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