This document provides an overview of access to the US market for Latin American and Caribbean exports from 2002-2003. It discusses import policies such as tariffs, which were low overall but highest for Central American countries. It also outlines US trade remedy legislation including several anti-dumping and countervailing duty determinations against Latin American steel exports. Standards, regulations and export subsidies that could impact Latin American trade are also reviewed.
2002-2003 Access of Latin American and Caribbean Exports to the U.S. Market Erika Nunez
This document provides an overview of barriers faced by Latin American and Caribbean exports in the US market in 2001-2002. It discusses US import policies such as tariffs, trade remedy laws, sugar quotas, steel safeguards, and textile restrictions. It also examines standards and regulations relating to phytosanitary measures, marine mammal protections, and shrimp embargoes. Finally, it analyzes US export subsidies and programs that can displace Latin American exports in third country markets. The document contains tables and boxes with statistical data on duty rates, trade volumes, investigations, and program allocations to support its analysis.
The document provides key information about Armenia including its location, climate, population, government, and economy. It highlights Armenia's open investment policies and incentives for foreign investors. Major sectors attracting foreign investment are mining, telecommunications, air transport, and agriculture. The largest investors in Armenia come from Russia, Lebanon, Greece, Argentina, and the United States.
This document discusses potential trade barriers related to climate change. It analyzes the Waxman-Markey Bill, which proposes border tax measures for imports into the US from countries that do not regulate greenhouse gas emissions. The document examines India's trade with the US and identifies sectors that would be most affected by such border taxes, such as precious metals, apparel, machinery, and organic chemicals. It outlines methods used to estimate sectors' greenhouse gas emission levels and potential impacts on India's export revenues. While the bill may not pass, the analysis identifies industries vulnerable to future climate-related trade barriers.
Venezuela's economy is heavily dependent on oil exports, which have declined significantly due to falling oil prices. This will lead to a large deficit in the country's balance of payments. The government has devalued the currency in the parallel market but not officially, and has restricted dollars at the official rate to try to manage imports and finances. However, with lower oil revenues, it will be difficult for the government to continue funding social programs and employment as it has in the past. The economic outlook for Venezuela is challenging without a recovery in oil prices.
This document summarizes the key findings from economic modeling on the potential impacts of a successful Doha Development Round agreement in global agricultural trade and food security. The modeling shows the agreement could significantly reduce bound and applied tariffs for developing countries, increase global agricultural trade volumes by over 5% and values by nearly 7%, and provide welfare gains of over 0.1% of global income. However, if negotiations fail, the global trading system would become less resilient and developing countries could face annual income losses of over $150 billion by 2025 compared to under a successful agreement.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in international marketing. It discusses the differences between domestic and international marketing, and strategic orientations like domestic, multidomestic, and global. It also covers environmental forces outside of a company's control, and how the marketing mix must adapt to different country environments. Global governance institutions that impact international trade are outlined, along with concepts like protectionism, trade barriers, and balance of payments accounting.
Ch 1 2 ppt introduction to international marketingAlain DELZONGLE
This document provides an overview of key concepts in international marketing. It discusses the differences between domestic and international marketing, and strategic orientations like domestic, multidomestic, and global. Environmental forces that marketing managers must consider are explored, including factors that are controllable versus uncontrollable. Global governance institutions that impact international trade are outlined. The document also examines topics like protectionism, trade barriers, and balance of payments accounts.
Marie is the trade services manager for the Massachusetts Export Center, part of the Massachusetts Small Business Development Center Network. She counsels companies on exporting, helps them to expand into new markets overseas and conducts international market research for clients.
Additionally, Marie helps to coordinate the Partners for Trade export seminar series, which delivers a broad range of training programs for Massachusetts businesses at every stage of the export process. She is also coordinator of the International Trade Reporter e-newsletter and manages the Export Centers intern program. Marie co-authored several papers in the area of international marketing and has presented her research at national and international conferences.
Marie graduated with a degree in international business, summa cum laude, from Salem State College and received Certified Global Business Professional designation from the North American Small Business International Trade Educators Association in 2006. Marie has lived and worked throughout the EU, is fluent in Czech and Slovak, and has traveled throughout the world.
2002-2003 Access of Latin American and Caribbean Exports to the U.S. Market Erika Nunez
This document provides an overview of barriers faced by Latin American and Caribbean exports in the US market in 2001-2002. It discusses US import policies such as tariffs, trade remedy laws, sugar quotas, steel safeguards, and textile restrictions. It also examines standards and regulations relating to phytosanitary measures, marine mammal protections, and shrimp embargoes. Finally, it analyzes US export subsidies and programs that can displace Latin American exports in third country markets. The document contains tables and boxes with statistical data on duty rates, trade volumes, investigations, and program allocations to support its analysis.
The document provides key information about Armenia including its location, climate, population, government, and economy. It highlights Armenia's open investment policies and incentives for foreign investors. Major sectors attracting foreign investment are mining, telecommunications, air transport, and agriculture. The largest investors in Armenia come from Russia, Lebanon, Greece, Argentina, and the United States.
This document discusses potential trade barriers related to climate change. It analyzes the Waxman-Markey Bill, which proposes border tax measures for imports into the US from countries that do not regulate greenhouse gas emissions. The document examines India's trade with the US and identifies sectors that would be most affected by such border taxes, such as precious metals, apparel, machinery, and organic chemicals. It outlines methods used to estimate sectors' greenhouse gas emission levels and potential impacts on India's export revenues. While the bill may not pass, the analysis identifies industries vulnerable to future climate-related trade barriers.
Venezuela's economy is heavily dependent on oil exports, which have declined significantly due to falling oil prices. This will lead to a large deficit in the country's balance of payments. The government has devalued the currency in the parallel market but not officially, and has restricted dollars at the official rate to try to manage imports and finances. However, with lower oil revenues, it will be difficult for the government to continue funding social programs and employment as it has in the past. The economic outlook for Venezuela is challenging without a recovery in oil prices.
This document summarizes the key findings from economic modeling on the potential impacts of a successful Doha Development Round agreement in global agricultural trade and food security. The modeling shows the agreement could significantly reduce bound and applied tariffs for developing countries, increase global agricultural trade volumes by over 5% and values by nearly 7%, and provide welfare gains of over 0.1% of global income. However, if negotiations fail, the global trading system would become less resilient and developing countries could face annual income losses of over $150 billion by 2025 compared to under a successful agreement.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in international marketing. It discusses the differences between domestic and international marketing, and strategic orientations like domestic, multidomestic, and global. It also covers environmental forces outside of a company's control, and how the marketing mix must adapt to different country environments. Global governance institutions that impact international trade are outlined, along with concepts like protectionism, trade barriers, and balance of payments accounting.
Ch 1 2 ppt introduction to international marketingAlain DELZONGLE
This document provides an overview of key concepts in international marketing. It discusses the differences between domestic and international marketing, and strategic orientations like domestic, multidomestic, and global. Environmental forces that marketing managers must consider are explored, including factors that are controllable versus uncontrollable. Global governance institutions that impact international trade are outlined. The document also examines topics like protectionism, trade barriers, and balance of payments accounts.
Marie is the trade services manager for the Massachusetts Export Center, part of the Massachusetts Small Business Development Center Network. She counsels companies on exporting, helps them to expand into new markets overseas and conducts international market research for clients.
Additionally, Marie helps to coordinate the Partners for Trade export seminar series, which delivers a broad range of training programs for Massachusetts businesses at every stage of the export process. She is also coordinator of the International Trade Reporter e-newsletter and manages the Export Centers intern program. Marie co-authored several papers in the area of international marketing and has presented her research at national and international conferences.
Marie graduated with a degree in international business, summa cum laude, from Salem State College and received Certified Global Business Professional designation from the North American Small Business International Trade Educators Association in 2006. Marie has lived and worked throughout the EU, is fluent in Czech and Slovak, and has traveled throughout the world.
US brewed beer exports have consistently grown for years now. Cross Border Consultants LLC, a trading and distribution company, takes a look at recent trends and which countries are the most promising for US brewers looking to sell their beers abroad.
This document summarizes India's trade policies and balance of trade/payments over time. Some key points:
1) India historically had trade deficits and balance of payments deficits until the 1970s due to imports exceeding exports. Surpluses emerged in the 1980s due to green revolution, Gulf remittances, and increased domestic production.
2) Deficits reemerged in the 1990s due to rising oil prices and imports. Liberalization policies in 1991 aimed to boost exports and reduce imports.
3) Exports grew significantly from the 2000s onward due to economic reforms, software growth, and new incentives. However, India's trade deficit persisted due to high oil imports. The Foreign Trade Policy
The document provides information about Indian customs duty calculation and types. It discusses how customs duty is calculated including basic customs duty, education cess, special CVD, and total duty payable. It also outlines what items customs duty is levied on for imports and exports. Various types of customs duties are defined including basic customs duty, CVD, antidumping duty, and export duty. The document explains customs valuation and classification principles and chapters in the customs tariff act.
The Global Oil Market and the Covid-19 CrisisEdouardLotz
La crise sanitaire, économique et énergétique provoquée par le coronavirus a bouleversé les grands équilibres mondiaux. Dans le domaine de l'énergie, l'effondrement de la demande, provoquée par les mesures de confinement, a entraîné le prix des matières premières à des niveaux historiquement bas, mettant en péril l'industrie de ce secteur.
Ce rapport (en anglais) vise à détailler comment le coronavirus a affecté l'économie mondiale et les marchés énergétiques, avec un focus sur le marché pétrolier, particulièrement touché par cette crise.
Les perspectives d'avenir pour la consommation, la production et les prix des différentes matières premières (pétrole, gaz naturel, charbon et électricité) sont analysées au sein de cette publication, afin de donner une idée globale du futur secteur énergétique.
Une dernière partie, rédigée par Ronan Fleckstein, est consacrée aux effets de cette crise sur l'économie, le secteur hospitaliers et la chute des revenus pétroliers des Etats africains.
Ce rapport est également disponible sur le site américain Energy Central : https://energycentral.com/c/og/global-oil-market-and-covid-19-crisis-impact-and-forecast
N'hésitez pas à partager, télécharger ou commenter cette publication.
Presentation titled, COVID-19: Implications and Policy Responses for the Caribbean,' delivered by CDB's Deputy Director, Economics Department, Ian Durant at the 31st Inter-Sessional Meeting of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Heads of Government on April 15, 2020.
Non-Tariff Barriers such as import quotas can benefit domestic industries but hurt consumers. Import quotas fix the quantity of a good that can be imported, which raises the domestic price above the world price. This benefits domestic producers but harms consumers who face higher prices and less choice. The government also benefits from import quotas through increased tax revenue. However, free trade overall benefits consumers the most through lower prices and more options. There is an ongoing balance between protecting domestic jobs and pursuing economic efficiencies through open trade.
The document summarizes several U.S. trade preference programs including the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI), Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA), African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), and the maquiladora program between the U.S. and Mexico. It describes eligibility requirements, rules of origin, products that qualify for duty-free access, and exclusions under each program.
The document discusses different types of tariffs. It defines a tariff as a tax or duty levied on goods when they enter or leave a country. Tariffs can be classified in several ways: by purpose (such as revenue tariffs to generate income or protective tariffs to encourage domestic industries), by application between countries (single-column, double-column, or triple-column tariffs), or by quantification method (specific duty as a fixed amount per unit, ad-valorem duty as a percentage of value, compound duty combining the two, or sliding-scale duty varying with price).
Coronavirus Impact Assessment And Mitigation Strategies In Oil And Gas Indust...SlideTeam
The pandemic outbreak has deep impacts on the oil and gas industry. Due to COVID 19, there is a significant decrease in demand across regions such as the US, UK, India, and other European countries. The virus has forced companies to slow or stop the physical operations, which impacted the production of the upstream sector. There is an oil price crash in major oil and gas companies. We have created this deck to cover the impact of coronavirus in the oil and gas industry along with the mitigation strategies. In this template, we have focused on an overview of the oil and gas sector wherein pandemic impact on global and US economy, effects of COVID 19 in leading oil consuming countries, US oil price hit, implications, global lubricants market have been focused. Risks have been assessed such as disruption due to social distancing, employee productivity, supply chain, recession, unemployment, investment pull back, economic instability, and civil unrest has been covered in this deck. Risks mitigation strategies are analyzed which focuses on business impact analysis, risk readiness assessments, risk management plans, business continuity plans, policy management, and incident management. The risk maturity model survey questionnaire along with the results are also covered in this template. https://bit.ly/30zIqZj
This document provides an overview of the banana export market from Latin America and the Caribbean. It discusses the major import markets of the US, EU, and Japan. It describes the EU's current banana import regime, including country allocations and tariff rates. It notes that the EU system was found to violate WTO rules and outlines planned changes to establish country-specific quotas and base license allocation on past imports. The document also briefly discusses development issues like diversification and product differentiation through organic and fair trade bananas.
This document provides an overview of Bahrain's economy through a macroeconomic study including key indicators from 2005-2009. It finds that Bahrain is highly dependent on oil which accounts for over 60% of GDP, and it faces issues of a declining oil supply. When oil prices dropped in 2008-2009, the current account surplus fell dramatically and the government ran its first deficit since 2002. Other economic problems discussed include volatility in the aluminum and real estate sectors due to the global recession, high youth unemployment, and political/social tensions between the Sunni ruling family and Shia population. The document concludes by noting Bahrain's ongoing efforts to diversify its economy beyond oil.
This presentation on Mexican Customs International Trade Basics was made by Steve Haywood of Focus Solutions at The Offshore Group's Manufacturing in Mexico Summit. It provides an overview of the process of importing goods into Mexico, dealing with Mexican Customs, following NAFTA regulations and other important international trade details.
For more information please visit
http://www.offshoregroup.com/mexico-outsource-showcase/manufacturing-in-mexico-summit
Over half of all countries and two thirds of developing countries are commodity-dependent, with commodity dependence concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa and least developed countries. The number of commodity-dependent countries has increased over the past 20 years, mainly due to a rise in mineral-dependent countries, while the dominant export product group changed in only 25% of countries. Changes in commodity prices partly explain the evolution of commodity dependence by product group, with dependence on agricultural exports declining as prices fell.
Vietnam transported USD 219796 million worth of merchandise the world over in 2016, which expanded from 2015's USD 162016 million, Export Genius report uncovers. It is a main statistical surveying organization furnishing 100% precise Vietnam send out information with transportation subtle elements and worldwide exchange information of 60+ nations. Vietnam trades electrical apparatus and gear, under HS Code 85, the most to the world.
This paper presents a methodology to estimate the effects of the Uruguay Round agreements on developing country trade flows and balance of payments. It applies these methods to case studies of Egypt and Morocco. The methodology examines the impact on exports from trade partners' tariff cuts, preference erosion, and textiles and clothing liberalization. It analyzes import effects from tariff cuts and higher world food prices. For Egypt and Morocco, the analysis finds that the overall balance of payments impact is negative, though not very significant. Preference erosion and tariff cuts have small effects on exports. Textiles and clothing liberalization outcomes differ, with Egypt benefiting from quota expansion and Morocco potentially losing market share. Food import costs are also estimated
Belize External Trade Bulletin April 2014Adele Ramos
1. Belize's total imports in April 2014 were $159.8 million, a 1.3% decrease from April 2013. Imports of goods to free zones fell 29% and manufactured goods fell 14.5%.
2. Belize's domestic exports in April 2014 were $65.3 million, a 6.6% decrease from April 2013 mainly due to lower earnings from bananas, papayas, beans and animal feed. Sugar and crude oil remained the top exports.
3. Through the first four months of 2014, Belize's imports were up 24% to over $600 million due to increases in machinery, transport equipment and manufactured goods. Domestic exports were down $44 million to $
A tariff is a charge a nation imposes on imports of goods and services from another nation. Certain tariffs, which are set by the government and collected by the customs authorities, stipulate a fixed fee on a specific kind of commodity.
In the present era, tariffs have less of an impact on global trade. The emergence of international organisations aimed at enhancing free trade, such as the World Trade Organization, is one of the main causes of the drop (WTO). Such groups can lessen the risk of retaliatory levies and make it more difficult for a nation to impose tariffs and taxes on imported goods. As a result, nations have switched to non-tariff barriers including quotas and export restrictions.
There are always issues that are taken into consideration when creating foreign policy. History and public opinion had a role in the trade conflict that erupted between South Korea and Japan. The decision-makers take this into account when determining their foreign policy toward Japan. The historical element that the South Korean side of the two countries still views the World War II era as unsolved is a frequent source of friction in the bilateral relations. The topic of compensation demands for South Korean forced labourers today still has a connection to the past.
The problem of recompense for the World War II era and official acknowledgement or an apology from Japan, according to Holsti, is one of the internal elements that makes South Korea most commonly used against Japan. Every year, the public's perception of Japan's previous atrocities against South Korea likewise tends to worsen. However, internal forces still outweigh external ones, which tend to deteriorate relations between the two nations.
The document provides information about foreign-trade zones and tariffs. It begins with an overview of tariffs and how they affect prices. It then defines a foreign-trade zone as a designated area outside of US customs territory where goods can be brought without customs duties. The document outlines various financial benefits of foreign-trade zones including duty deferral, avoidance on re-exports, and relief from inverted tariffs. It provides an example cost-benefit analysis for a company. Finally, it outlines the steps a company took to establish a foreign-trade zone including applying, activating, and implementing software.
Pakistan's major exports include raw cotton, textiles, rice, leather products, carpets, surgical instruments, and sports goods. Exports were targeted to increase by 12.9% but food exports declined by 3.5% due to lower rice and fruit production from adverse weather. Textile exports grew slightly as exports of items like knitwear and readymade garments increased, while raw cotton and cotton cloth declined. The largest export markets are the US, UK, and Germany, though exports are highly concentrated in few countries and commodities. Issues to address include increasing value-added, quality, and diversifying exports.
The document outlines an action plan for Sri Lanka's garment sector to adapt to changes in 2005 when quotas were removed. It establishes the vision to become the top outsourcing choice and maintain consistent growth. The mission is to create a quality culture, proactive marketing, positive image, and increase exports to $3.6 billion by 2007. Stakeholders including exporters, government, educational institutions would benefit from supporting initiatives to control unemployment, establish quality systems, and focus on the EU market to deal with the post-2005 changes. The plan identifies objectives, actions, supporting parties, and priorities to achieve this mission.
This document provides color codes and descriptions for 4 different seasonal themes: Texas City, Rain Forest, Team Sport, and Florida Beach. Each theme includes inspiration descriptions emphasizing key elements, statements, and lists of colors, fabrics, knits, patterns, shapes, and details. The Texas City theme focuses on a retro 1950s Western style with denim, indigo, and faded colors. Rain Forest emphasizes tropical, animal-inspired prints and transparent fabrics. Team Sport features patriotic colors and fabrics for sports uniforms. Florida Beach combines chic and casual beachwear with bright colors and retro elements from the 1950s.
More Related Content
Similar to 2002-2003 Access of Latin American and Caribbean Exports to the U.S. Market 2002-2003
US brewed beer exports have consistently grown for years now. Cross Border Consultants LLC, a trading and distribution company, takes a look at recent trends and which countries are the most promising for US brewers looking to sell their beers abroad.
This document summarizes India's trade policies and balance of trade/payments over time. Some key points:
1) India historically had trade deficits and balance of payments deficits until the 1970s due to imports exceeding exports. Surpluses emerged in the 1980s due to green revolution, Gulf remittances, and increased domestic production.
2) Deficits reemerged in the 1990s due to rising oil prices and imports. Liberalization policies in 1991 aimed to boost exports and reduce imports.
3) Exports grew significantly from the 2000s onward due to economic reforms, software growth, and new incentives. However, India's trade deficit persisted due to high oil imports. The Foreign Trade Policy
The document provides information about Indian customs duty calculation and types. It discusses how customs duty is calculated including basic customs duty, education cess, special CVD, and total duty payable. It also outlines what items customs duty is levied on for imports and exports. Various types of customs duties are defined including basic customs duty, CVD, antidumping duty, and export duty. The document explains customs valuation and classification principles and chapters in the customs tariff act.
The Global Oil Market and the Covid-19 CrisisEdouardLotz
La crise sanitaire, économique et énergétique provoquée par le coronavirus a bouleversé les grands équilibres mondiaux. Dans le domaine de l'énergie, l'effondrement de la demande, provoquée par les mesures de confinement, a entraîné le prix des matières premières à des niveaux historiquement bas, mettant en péril l'industrie de ce secteur.
Ce rapport (en anglais) vise à détailler comment le coronavirus a affecté l'économie mondiale et les marchés énergétiques, avec un focus sur le marché pétrolier, particulièrement touché par cette crise.
Les perspectives d'avenir pour la consommation, la production et les prix des différentes matières premières (pétrole, gaz naturel, charbon et électricité) sont analysées au sein de cette publication, afin de donner une idée globale du futur secteur énergétique.
Une dernière partie, rédigée par Ronan Fleckstein, est consacrée aux effets de cette crise sur l'économie, le secteur hospitaliers et la chute des revenus pétroliers des Etats africains.
Ce rapport est également disponible sur le site américain Energy Central : https://energycentral.com/c/og/global-oil-market-and-covid-19-crisis-impact-and-forecast
N'hésitez pas à partager, télécharger ou commenter cette publication.
Presentation titled, COVID-19: Implications and Policy Responses for the Caribbean,' delivered by CDB's Deputy Director, Economics Department, Ian Durant at the 31st Inter-Sessional Meeting of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Heads of Government on April 15, 2020.
Non-Tariff Barriers such as import quotas can benefit domestic industries but hurt consumers. Import quotas fix the quantity of a good that can be imported, which raises the domestic price above the world price. This benefits domestic producers but harms consumers who face higher prices and less choice. The government also benefits from import quotas through increased tax revenue. However, free trade overall benefits consumers the most through lower prices and more options. There is an ongoing balance between protecting domestic jobs and pursuing economic efficiencies through open trade.
The document summarizes several U.S. trade preference programs including the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI), Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA), African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), and the maquiladora program between the U.S. and Mexico. It describes eligibility requirements, rules of origin, products that qualify for duty-free access, and exclusions under each program.
The document discusses different types of tariffs. It defines a tariff as a tax or duty levied on goods when they enter or leave a country. Tariffs can be classified in several ways: by purpose (such as revenue tariffs to generate income or protective tariffs to encourage domestic industries), by application between countries (single-column, double-column, or triple-column tariffs), or by quantification method (specific duty as a fixed amount per unit, ad-valorem duty as a percentage of value, compound duty combining the two, or sliding-scale duty varying with price).
Coronavirus Impact Assessment And Mitigation Strategies In Oil And Gas Indust...SlideTeam
The pandemic outbreak has deep impacts on the oil and gas industry. Due to COVID 19, there is a significant decrease in demand across regions such as the US, UK, India, and other European countries. The virus has forced companies to slow or stop the physical operations, which impacted the production of the upstream sector. There is an oil price crash in major oil and gas companies. We have created this deck to cover the impact of coronavirus in the oil and gas industry along with the mitigation strategies. In this template, we have focused on an overview of the oil and gas sector wherein pandemic impact on global and US economy, effects of COVID 19 in leading oil consuming countries, US oil price hit, implications, global lubricants market have been focused. Risks have been assessed such as disruption due to social distancing, employee productivity, supply chain, recession, unemployment, investment pull back, economic instability, and civil unrest has been covered in this deck. Risks mitigation strategies are analyzed which focuses on business impact analysis, risk readiness assessments, risk management plans, business continuity plans, policy management, and incident management. The risk maturity model survey questionnaire along with the results are also covered in this template. https://bit.ly/30zIqZj
This document provides an overview of the banana export market from Latin America and the Caribbean. It discusses the major import markets of the US, EU, and Japan. It describes the EU's current banana import regime, including country allocations and tariff rates. It notes that the EU system was found to violate WTO rules and outlines planned changes to establish country-specific quotas and base license allocation on past imports. The document also briefly discusses development issues like diversification and product differentiation through organic and fair trade bananas.
This document provides an overview of Bahrain's economy through a macroeconomic study including key indicators from 2005-2009. It finds that Bahrain is highly dependent on oil which accounts for over 60% of GDP, and it faces issues of a declining oil supply. When oil prices dropped in 2008-2009, the current account surplus fell dramatically and the government ran its first deficit since 2002. Other economic problems discussed include volatility in the aluminum and real estate sectors due to the global recession, high youth unemployment, and political/social tensions between the Sunni ruling family and Shia population. The document concludes by noting Bahrain's ongoing efforts to diversify its economy beyond oil.
This presentation on Mexican Customs International Trade Basics was made by Steve Haywood of Focus Solutions at The Offshore Group's Manufacturing in Mexico Summit. It provides an overview of the process of importing goods into Mexico, dealing with Mexican Customs, following NAFTA regulations and other important international trade details.
For more information please visit
http://www.offshoregroup.com/mexico-outsource-showcase/manufacturing-in-mexico-summit
Over half of all countries and two thirds of developing countries are commodity-dependent, with commodity dependence concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa and least developed countries. The number of commodity-dependent countries has increased over the past 20 years, mainly due to a rise in mineral-dependent countries, while the dominant export product group changed in only 25% of countries. Changes in commodity prices partly explain the evolution of commodity dependence by product group, with dependence on agricultural exports declining as prices fell.
Vietnam transported USD 219796 million worth of merchandise the world over in 2016, which expanded from 2015's USD 162016 million, Export Genius report uncovers. It is a main statistical surveying organization furnishing 100% precise Vietnam send out information with transportation subtle elements and worldwide exchange information of 60+ nations. Vietnam trades electrical apparatus and gear, under HS Code 85, the most to the world.
This paper presents a methodology to estimate the effects of the Uruguay Round agreements on developing country trade flows and balance of payments. It applies these methods to case studies of Egypt and Morocco. The methodology examines the impact on exports from trade partners' tariff cuts, preference erosion, and textiles and clothing liberalization. It analyzes import effects from tariff cuts and higher world food prices. For Egypt and Morocco, the analysis finds that the overall balance of payments impact is negative, though not very significant. Preference erosion and tariff cuts have small effects on exports. Textiles and clothing liberalization outcomes differ, with Egypt benefiting from quota expansion and Morocco potentially losing market share. Food import costs are also estimated
Belize External Trade Bulletin April 2014Adele Ramos
1. Belize's total imports in April 2014 were $159.8 million, a 1.3% decrease from April 2013. Imports of goods to free zones fell 29% and manufactured goods fell 14.5%.
2. Belize's domestic exports in April 2014 were $65.3 million, a 6.6% decrease from April 2013 mainly due to lower earnings from bananas, papayas, beans and animal feed. Sugar and crude oil remained the top exports.
3. Through the first four months of 2014, Belize's imports were up 24% to over $600 million due to increases in machinery, transport equipment and manufactured goods. Domestic exports were down $44 million to $
A tariff is a charge a nation imposes on imports of goods and services from another nation. Certain tariffs, which are set by the government and collected by the customs authorities, stipulate a fixed fee on a specific kind of commodity.
In the present era, tariffs have less of an impact on global trade. The emergence of international organisations aimed at enhancing free trade, such as the World Trade Organization, is one of the main causes of the drop (WTO). Such groups can lessen the risk of retaliatory levies and make it more difficult for a nation to impose tariffs and taxes on imported goods. As a result, nations have switched to non-tariff barriers including quotas and export restrictions.
There are always issues that are taken into consideration when creating foreign policy. History and public opinion had a role in the trade conflict that erupted between South Korea and Japan. The decision-makers take this into account when determining their foreign policy toward Japan. The historical element that the South Korean side of the two countries still views the World War II era as unsolved is a frequent source of friction in the bilateral relations. The topic of compensation demands for South Korean forced labourers today still has a connection to the past.
The problem of recompense for the World War II era and official acknowledgement or an apology from Japan, according to Holsti, is one of the internal elements that makes South Korea most commonly used against Japan. Every year, the public's perception of Japan's previous atrocities against South Korea likewise tends to worsen. However, internal forces still outweigh external ones, which tend to deteriorate relations between the two nations.
The document provides information about foreign-trade zones and tariffs. It begins with an overview of tariffs and how they affect prices. It then defines a foreign-trade zone as a designated area outside of US customs territory where goods can be brought without customs duties. The document outlines various financial benefits of foreign-trade zones including duty deferral, avoidance on re-exports, and relief from inverted tariffs. It provides an example cost-benefit analysis for a company. Finally, it outlines the steps a company took to establish a foreign-trade zone including applying, activating, and implementing software.
Pakistan's major exports include raw cotton, textiles, rice, leather products, carpets, surgical instruments, and sports goods. Exports were targeted to increase by 12.9% but food exports declined by 3.5% due to lower rice and fruit production from adverse weather. Textile exports grew slightly as exports of items like knitwear and readymade garments increased, while raw cotton and cotton cloth declined. The largest export markets are the US, UK, and Germany, though exports are highly concentrated in few countries and commodities. Issues to address include increasing value-added, quality, and diversifying exports.
Similar to 2002-2003 Access of Latin American and Caribbean Exports to the U.S. Market 2002-2003 (20)
The document outlines an action plan for Sri Lanka's garment sector to adapt to changes in 2005 when quotas were removed. It establishes the vision to become the top outsourcing choice and maintain consistent growth. The mission is to create a quality culture, proactive marketing, positive image, and increase exports to $3.6 billion by 2007. Stakeholders including exporters, government, educational institutions would benefit from supporting initiatives to control unemployment, establish quality systems, and focus on the EU market to deal with the post-2005 changes. The plan identifies objectives, actions, supporting parties, and priorities to achieve this mission.
This document provides color codes and descriptions for 4 different seasonal themes: Texas City, Rain Forest, Team Sport, and Florida Beach. Each theme includes inspiration descriptions emphasizing key elements, statements, and lists of colors, fabrics, knits, patterns, shapes, and details. The Texas City theme focuses on a retro 1950s Western style with denim, indigo, and faded colors. Rain Forest emphasizes tropical, animal-inspired prints and transparent fabrics. Team Sport features patriotic colors and fabrics for sports uniforms. Florida Beach combines chic and casual beachwear with bright colors and retro elements from the 1950s.
Fashion Forecast by CBI Fall winter 2006_2007Erika Nunez
This document provides color codes and descriptions for four different themes: Graphical Brightness, Comfort Classics, Urban Folklore, and Historical Richness. Each theme is summarized in 1-2 sentences:
Graphical Brightness features sharp contrasts in modern, new volumes using primary colors and greys. Comfort Classics takes a modern, comfortable approach to authentic classics inspired by English country style. Urban Folklore is a colorful mixture of folklore elements from around the world. Historical Richness features a theatrical, overdressed style decorated with embroidery, ruffles, and brocade inspired by old masters' paintings.
Requisitos importacion a Corea para 14 productosErika Nunez
Este documento resume los requisitos de acceso al mercado coreano para 14 productos nuevos de exportación, incluyendo aranceles, certificados sanitarios y fitosanitarios, empaques, canales de distribución y principales países exportadores. Los productos incluyen palmito, pimienta, tilapia, muebles de madera, software, café especial, quinua orgánica, hierbas aromáticas, plátanos y concentrado de maracuyá. Cada producto tiene diferentes requisitos de importación como inspecciones, desinfecciones y leyes
REQUISITOS DE IMPORTACION A COREA DEL SURErika Nunez
Este documento describe los requisitos de importación a Corea del Sur. Corea ha eliminado la mayoría de las restricciones a las importaciones de acuerdo con sus compromisos con la OMC. Para importar, los bienes no requieren una licencia de importación a menos que estén en la lista negativa. Las declaraciones de importación pueden realizarse antes o después de la llegada de la mercancía y se requieren documentos como facturas y certificados de origen. Los alimentos importados deben cumplir con los requisitos de etiquetado y empaque y están sujetos
REQUISITOS FITOSANITARIOS PARA LA EXPORTACIÓN DE PRODUCTOS FRESCOS DESDE EL E...Erika Nunez
Este documento resume los requisitos fitosanitarios para la exportación de productos frescos desde Ecuador hacia Estados Unidos. Detalla los productos permitidos y sus tratamientos cuarentenarios requeridos, así como las áreas de los Estados Unidos donde pueden ingresar. Incluye tablas con productos autorizados y puertos de entrada permitidos.
Sector automotor Ecuador en cifras 2007Erika Nunez
El documento resume las principales cifras del sector automotor en Ecuador en 2007. El sector tuvo un buen desempeño ese año, con ventas récord de 91,778 vehículos. Pichincha fue la provincia con mayor participación en ventas (42.8%), aunque Guayas también tuvo una participación importante (25.5%). Las camionetas y vehículos todo terreno fueron los segmentos con mayor crecimiento en ventas.
Programa para Desarrollo Proveedores AndinosErika Nunez
El documento presenta un programa para mejorar la competitividad de los proveedores del sector automotriz en los países andinos. El programa utilizará un modelo de gestión que integra herramientas como el sistema de producción Toyota y el sistema de fabricación global para evaluar a los proveedores, diagnosticar sus capacidades, diseñar un sistema para enfrentar los desafíos de la globalización y brindar apoyo financiero. El objetivo general es contribuir a la sostenibilidad competitiva de los proveedores andinos a través del desarrollo e implementación de este modelo de gestión.
Analisis mercados sustitutivos de colombia metalmecanicaErika Nunez
El documento presenta un análisis de mercados sustitutivos para la exportación de aparatos de cocción de Colombia a otros países. Describe la metodología utilizada, que incluye variables como el tamaño del mercado, la distancia y los aranceles. Luego, analiza específicamente el mercado para aparatos de cocción en varios países, incluyendo datos sobre sus importaciones del producto y los principales proveedores. Finalmente, clasifica a cada país según su potencial como mercado y destaca algunos como destinos muy altamente potenciales para las exportaciones
Este documento presenta un resumen de tres oraciones del plan operativo propuesto por CORPEI para el sector forestal ecuatoriano durante los años 2009-2010. Incluye antecedentes sobre el sector forestal en Ecuador y América Latina, así como un análisis de la estructura actual de PROFORESTAL y una propuesta de plan operativo para los próximos dos años con el objetivo de impulsar el desarrollo sostenible del sector.
2005/ FORESTRY MANAGEMENT AND RAW MATERIAL SUPPLY FOR THE FURNITURE AND WOODE...Erika Nunez
This document discusses forestry management and raw material supply for wood exports in Ecuador. It finds that while potential sustainable timber production is over 6 million cubic meters per year, far exceeding projected demand of 1.4 million cubic meters by 2011, current production from natural and plantation forests faces limitations. Production from natural forests is inefficient with high costs due to issues like land tenure and infrastructure. Plantation timber has quality problems for solid wood products. The document proposes recommendations to help overcome these limitations and better supply wood needed for increased exports of furniture and wooden construction materials.
2008 / CLIMA DE NEGOCIOS PARA PROMOVER INVERSIONES EN NEGOCIOS FORESTALES SOS...Erika Nunez
El documento describe el sector forestal ecuatoriano y los esfuerzos para mejorar el clima de negocios a través del Proceso de Mejoría del Clima de Negocios para el Sector Forestal en Ecuador (PROMECIF). Analiza el potencial del sector forestal del país y las limitaciones asociadas con la falta de inversiones. Luego resume las etapas adoptadas por el PROMECIF para diagnosticar factores que afectan el clima de negocios e identificar elementos para una estrategia de mejora. Finalmente, presenta un análisis comparativo del desempeño de
El documento analiza el potencial forestal de Ecuador. Actualmente, solo se explota entre el 10-20% del potencial de los bosques nativos y plantaciones. El documento identifica varias oportunidades para aumentar la producción sostenible, como mejorar la tecnología, agregar valor a través de la industria, y expandir las plantaciones con un enfoque en el uso múltiple de la madera. Si Ecuador mejora su clima de inversiones y aprovecha más completamente su potencial forestal, este sector puede apoyar significativamente el desarrollo económic
EL ROL DE LAS PYMES DE MUEBLES Y PRODUCTOS DE VALOR AGREGADO DE MADERAS EN LA...Erika Nunez
1. BOSQUES EN EL MUNDO
2. COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL DE PRODUCTOS
FORESTALES
- TENDENCIAS Y PERSPECTIVAS
4. OPORTUNIDADES PARA LA PYMES EN EL
MERCADO
5. DESARROLLO FORESTAL DEL ECUADOR Y LAS
PYMES
6. CONCLUSIONES
buy old yahoo accounts buy yahoo accountsSusan Laney
As a business owner, I understand the importance of having a strong online presence and leveraging various digital platforms to reach and engage with your target audience. One often overlooked yet highly valuable asset in this regard is the humble Yahoo account. While many may perceive Yahoo as a relic of the past, the truth is that these accounts still hold immense potential for businesses of all sizes.
Storytelling is an incredibly valuable tool to share data and information. To get the most impact from stories there are a number of key ingredients. These are based on science and human nature. Using these elements in a story you can deliver information impactfully, ensure action and drive change.
How MJ Global Leads the Packaging Industry.pdfMJ Global
MJ Global's success in staying ahead of the curve in the packaging industry is a testament to its dedication to innovation, sustainability, and customer-centricity. By embracing technological advancements, leading in eco-friendly solutions, collaborating with industry leaders, and adapting to evolving consumer preferences, MJ Global continues to set new standards in the packaging sector.
Company Valuation webinar series - Tuesday, 4 June 2024FelixPerez547899
This session provided an update as to the latest valuation data in the UK and then delved into a discussion on the upcoming election and the impacts on valuation. We finished, as always with a Q&A
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...my Pandit
Dive into the steadfast world of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the grounded, stable, and logical nature of Taurus individuals, and explore their key personality traits, important dates, and horoscope insights. Learn how the determination and patience of the Taurus sign make them the rock-steady achievers and anchors of the zodiac.
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...my Pandit
Explore the fascinating world of the Gemini Zodiac Sign. Discover the unique personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights of Gemini individuals. Learn how their sociable, communicative nature and boundless curiosity make them the dynamic explorers of the zodiac. Dive into the duality of the Gemini sign and understand their intellectual and adventurous spirit.
IMPACT Silver is a pure silver zinc producer with over $260 million in revenue since 2008 and a large 100% owned 210km Mexico land package - 2024 catalysts includes new 14% grade zinc Plomosas mine and 20,000m of fully funded exploration drilling.
Structural Design Process: Step-by-Step Guide for BuildingsChandresh Chudasama
The structural design process is explained: Follow our step-by-step guide to understand building design intricacies and ensure structural integrity. Learn how to build wonderful buildings with the help of our detailed information. Learn how to create structures with durability and reliability and also gain insights on ways of managing structures.
At Techbox Square, in Singapore, we're not just creative web designers and developers, we're the driving force behind your brand identity. Contact us today.
Discover timeless style with the 2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men's Ring. Crafted from premium stainless steel, this 6mm wide ring embodies elegance and durability. Perfect as a gift, it seamlessly blends classic Roman numeral detailing with modern sophistication, making it an ideal accessory for any occasion.
https://rb.gy/usj1a2
B2B payments are rapidly changing. Find out the 5 key questions you need to be asking yourself to be sure you are mastering B2B payments today. Learn more at www.BlueSnap.com.
Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.AnnySerafinaLove
This letter, written by Kellen Harkins, Course Director at Full Sail University, commends Anny Love's exemplary performance in the Video Sharing Platforms class. It highlights her dedication, willingness to challenge herself, and exceptional skills in production, editing, and marketing across various video platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram.
Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.
2002-2003 Access of Latin American and Caribbean Exports to the U.S. Market 2002-2003
1. Access of Latin American
and Caribbean Exports to the
U.S. Market 2002-2003
E C L A C
WASHINGTON
Office
LC/WAS/L.67
Washington, D.C. December 2003
2.
3. 3
Table of contents
I. Introduction ................................................................................4
II. Import Policies...........................................................................5
1. Tariffs.....................................................................................5
2. Trade Remedy Legislation .....................................................7
3. Steel Safeguards ...................................................................13
4. Special 301 ...........................................................................15
III. Standards and Regulations..................................................16
1. Requirements for imports of fruit and vegetables....................17
2. Marine Mammal Protection Act...............................................18
3. Shrimp Embargo ......................................................................19
4. Prescription Drug Marketing Act.............................................19
IV. Export Subsidies.....................................................................20
1. Export Assistance Programs ....................................................21
2. The Export Credit Guarantee Programs...................................21
V. Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Act...................22
4. 4
I. Introduction
This report needs to be placed in the context of a trade relationship between the United
States and Latin America and the Caribbean, which has grown strongly over the years to the
benefit of both economies. Moreover, it must be viewed against the background of the
commitment to achieve the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), through which barriers
to trade and investment will be progressively eliminated. In this regard, it is hoped that this
report will further contribute to transparency and the elimination of obstacles to the free flow
of trade in the Americas.
The classification of trade inhibiting measures follows the definition used in the U.S.
Trade Representative’s (USTR) yearly publication National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign
Trade Barriers. Based on this structure, the report focuses on the three areas of greatest
relevance for Latin America and the Caribbean:
• Imports Policies (e.g., tariffs and other import charges, quantitative restrictions, import
licensing, customs barriers).
• Standards, testing, labeling and certification (e.g., unnecessarily restrictive application of
phytosanitary standards).
• Export subsidies (e.g., export financing on preferential terms and agricultural export
subsidies that displace other foreign exports in third country markets).
5. 5
II. Import Policies
1. Tariffs
As it is well known, U.S. tariffs do not constitute a major barrier to Latin American
countries’ (LAC) exports. In 2002, 76.9% of all U.S. imports from the LAC region entered
duty-free1
, down slightly from 78.6% in 2001. The trade-weighted tariff for all U.S.
imports stayed about the same, from 1.64% to 1.65% in 2002. The duties collected on U.S.
imports from Latin America and the Caribbean to the U.S. increased slightly, from $1.15
billion in 2001, to $1.31 billion in 2002 (Table 1).
While the Ad Valorem Equivalent (AVE)2
total for U.S. imports from the LAC
region in 2002 was 0.65%, U.S. imports from the world paid an average duty rate of 1.65%.
Within the region, countries from the Central American Common Market (CACM) paid an
AVE total of 3.62%, the highest of any regional trading group in the Western Hemisphere.
Exports from MERCOSUR paid 1.88%, CARICOM 0.40 %, and the Andean Community
0.86%. Overall, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which includes
Canada and Mexico, had the lowest duty rate of 0.09%.
In 2002, 75.6% of all U.S. imports from the CACM entered the market duty-free,
but the AVE on dutiable goods3
was 14.84%, the highest among all Latin American
countries. With Ad Valorem duty rates above 15%, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and
Nicaragua are the countries facing the highest tariff rates, mostly due to textile and apparel
exports.
Over 60% of all imports from MERCOSUR entered duty-free into the U.S. in 2002,
while nearly 50% of all imports from the countries of the Andean Community entered duty-
free and 63.7% of imports from the Caribbean were duty-free. Duty-free imports from
Venezuela, which accounted for 46.4% of the total in 2002, increased in part due to
Venezuela’s falling petroleum exports.
1
The share of duty free imports is calculated by the (Total value - Dutiable value) / Total value.
2
The Ad Valorem Equivalent is the average duty rate, expressed as the percentage of duties collected over the total value of all imports
entering the U.S.
3
The AVE dutiable is the average duty rate, expressed as a percentage of duties collected over the amount of the dutiable value of
imports.
7. 7
2. Trade Remedy Legislation
A. Antidumping (AD) and Countervailing Duties (CVD) by outcome
In 2002-2003, the U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) and the International
Trade Commission (ITC) announced six positive AD/CVD determinations and one
negative CVD determination. In addition, nine Administrative Reviews were conducted
during the year.
Box 1
ANTIDUMPING LAW
(a) Positive AD and CVD determination
i. Certain cold rolled carbon steel flat products from Argentina (A-357-816)
On Oct 3, 2002 the DOC announced its final determination in AD investigations and
issued the final dumping margins:
Siderar S.A.I.C. 27.18
All Others 27.18
ii. Certain cold rolled carbon steel flat products from Brazil (A-351-834)
(C-351-835)
On September 24, 2002 the DOC announced its final antidumping margins:
USIMINAS/COSIPA 33.88
(effective net margin will be 30.53% after adjusting the CVD rates)
All Others 33.88
On March 4, 2002 the DOC published the countervailing duties as follows:
USIMINAS/COSIPA 13.99
CSN 7.90
All Others 13.07
Under the anti-dumping (AD) law, duties are imposed on U.S. imported products when the U.S. Department
of Commerce (DOC) determines merchandise is being sold at a price that is below what the producers sell it
for in the country of origin (home market), or at a price that is lower than the cost of production. The
difference between the price in the foreign market and the price in the U.S. market is called the “dumping”
margin.
Domestic producers that believe imports are sold at less than fair value or are subsidized by a foreign
government can file an anti-dumping (AD) or countervailing duty (CVD) petition with both the DOC and the
International Trade Commission (ITC) file. The domestic industry may claim that it is being materially
injured, that it is in threat of such injury, or that the establishment of a domestic industry is prevented by the
above actions.
After an initial review, a preliminary determination is made either rejecting the petition and dropping the
case, or agreeing that either dumping or subsidization has occurred and has or will cause harm to the
domestic industry. Then a preliminary duty is established.
For the AD case, the duty amount should equal the difference between the good’s price in its home market
and the price of the import in the U.S. For CVD cases, the duty should equal the amount of the subsidy per
unit produced. A final review is then issued and final duties are determined in the same manner as above if
the preliminary duty is upheld. If the decision dismisses the case, all bonds posted to the U.S. Customs
office during the temporary duty period are returned.
8. 8
iii. Prestressed Concrete Steel Wire Strand from Brazil (A-351-837)
On July 17, 2003, the DOC preliminarily determined the dumping margins as
follows:
Belgo Bekaert Arames S.A 118.75
All Others 118.75
iv. Individually quick frozen raspberries from Chile (A-337-806)
On July 9, 2002 the DOC amended its final determination of the weighted
average dumping margins as follows:
Comercial Fructicola (excluded)
Exportadora Frucol (excluded)
Fruticola Olmue 6.33
All Others 6.33
v. Prestressed Concrete Steel Wire Strand from Mexico (A-201-831)
On July 17, 2003, the DOC preliminarily determined the weighted-average
dumping margins as follows:
Aceros Camesa S.A. de C.V. 57.64
Cablesa S.A. de C.V. 77.20
All Others 57.64
vi. Certain cold rolled steel flat products from Venezuela (A-307-822):
The DOC announced its final determinations of antidumping margins on October
3, 2002 as follows:
SIDOR 58.95
All Others 53.90
(b) Administrative review
Upon requests of interested parties, the DOC conducted fourteen Administrative
Reviews of dumping margins and subsidy rates. The DOC and the ITC are authorized
under Section 751 of the Tariff Act to review certain outstanding determination that
shows “changed circumstances” that warrant review or revocation.
i. Oil country tubular goods, other than drill pipe from Argentina (A-357-810):
On July 2, 2003, the DOC made the following final weighted average dumping
margin:
Acindar 60.73
ii. Honey from Argentina (A-357-812)
On October 9th
, 2003, the DOC rescinded the review in its entirety for Nutrin
S.A., Apicola S.A. and Mielar S.A.
iii. Frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ) from Brazil (A-351-605):
9. 9
The DOC decided on August 15, 2002 to rescind the review of the antidumping
duty order on frozen concentrated orange juice from Brazil from the four Brazilian
exporters (Citrovita, Branco Peres, CTM, Surrico)for the period of May 1, 2001 through
April 30, 2002.
Furthermore, on August 18, 2003, the DOC rescinded the review of the
antidumping duty order on frozen concentrated orange juice from Brazil for the period of
May 1, 2002, through April 30, 2003, for Branco Peres, CTM, Citrovita, and Sucorrico
because they had no shipments of FCOJ during the POR.
iv. Silicon metal from Brazil (A-351-806):
On August 8, 2002 the DOC published the preliminary results of administrative
review of the antidumping duties order on silicon metal from Brazil. The review covered
three manufacturers/exporters, Rima, Minasligas, CBCC. The period of review (POR) is
July 1, 2000 through June 30, 2001. The DOC determined the following percentage
weighted average margins for the POR:
Rima 0.00
Minasligas 4.30
CBCC 0.00
Furthermore, for the period of review (POR) July 1, 2001, through June 30, 2002,
the DOC on October 6, 2003, revoked the order, in part, with respect to CBCC, because it
found that CBCC had met all of the requirements for revocation and they rescinded the
review with respect to Rima.
v. Fresh Atlantic salmon from Chile (A-337-803):
On July 1, 2003, the DOC preliminarily revoked this order for all entries that
were entered, or withdrawn from warehouse, on or after July 1, 2001.
vi. Gray Portland cement and clinker from Mexico (A-201-802):
On January 14, 2003, the DOC published the final results of administrative
review of the antidumping duty order on gray portland cement and clinker from Mexico.
The review covers one manufacturer/exporter, CEMEX, S.A. de C.V., and its affiliate,
GCC Cemento, S.A. de C.V. The period of review is August 1, 2000, through July 31,
2001. The final antidumping duty margins are 80.75 and a per-unit cash-deposit amount
of $52.42 per metric ton.
vii. Cut to length carbon steel plate from Mexico (A-201-809)
On March 19, 2003 the DOC announced its final results for the period August 1,
2000 through July 31, 2001. The DOC determined that AHMSA made no sales of steel
plate below the normal value.
Moreover, for the period August 1, 2001, to July 31, 2002, the review has been
rescinded because Altos Hornos de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. (AHMSA) did not have any
shipments during the period of review (POR).
viii. Stainless Steel Sheet and Strip in Coils from Mexico (A-201-822)
10. 10
On February 11, 2003 the DOC determined that the following percentage margin
exist for the period July 1. 2000 to June 30, 2001:
Mexinox 6.15
ix. Certain Large Diameter Carbon and Alloy Seamless Standard, Line and
Pressure Pipe from Mexico (A-201-827)
On July 8th
, 2003, the DOC determined that the antidumping duty administrative
review of Tubos de Acero de Mexico, S.A. (TAMSA) should be rescinded.
(c) Negative AD and CVD Determinations
i. Certain cold rolled carbon steel flat products from Argentina (C-357-817):
On October 3, 2002 the DOC made a final determination that countervailable
subsidies are not being provided to producers and exporters of certain cold rolled steel
flat products from Argentina for the period July 1, 2000 through June 30, 2001.
(d) Sunset Review
The Uruguay Round Agreements Act amended the Tariff Act of 1930, requiring
the DOC to conduct reviews of existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders no
later than five years after the order was issued. The DOC and the ITC must determine
whether revoking the order or terminating a suspended investigation is likely to lead to a
recurrence of dumping or subsidies (DOC) and of material injuries (ITC).
i. Fresh tomatoes from Mexico
On December 4, 2002 the DOC and producers/exporters accounting for
substantially all imports of fresh tomatoes from Mexico signed an agreement suspending
the antidumping investigation on fresh tomatoes from Mexico. The basis for the
agreement is a commitment for each signatory producer/exporter to sell the subject
merchandise at or above the reference price, which will eliminate completely the
injurious effects of exports of fresh tomatoes to the United States.
ii. Fresh Atlantic salmon from Chile
On July 25, 2003, the DOC determined to revoke the order on fresh Atlantic
salmon from Chile, effective July 1, 2001, because domestic interested parties expressed
no interest in the continuation of this order.
(e) AD and CVD orders in effect as of October, 2003
As shown in Table 2, there are 32 antidumping orders in effect as of October 23,
2003 against Latin America and Caribbean countries, Argentina (6), Brazil (14), Chile
(2), Mexico (8), Trinidad and Tobago (1), and Venezuela (1).
Of the 33 antidumping duty orders, 5 correspond to AG (Agricultural, Forest and
processed food products), 10 correspond to ISM (Iron and Steel Mill products), 3
11. 11
correspond to ISO (Iron and Steel Other products), 9 correspond to ISP (Iron and Steel
Pipe products), and 5 correspond to MM (Minerals and Metals).
There are 7 CVD orders in effect as of October 23, 2003 against Latin America
and Caribbean countries, Argentina (2), Brazil (4), and Mexico (1).
Of the 7 CVD orders, 1 corresponds to AG products, 4 correspond to ISM
products, 1 corresponds to ISO products, and 1 corresponds to MM products.
12. 12
Table 2
Antidumping duty orders for Latin America and Caribbean
(in effect as of October 23, 2003)
Table 3
Countervailing duty orders for Latin America and Caribbean
(in effect as of October 23, 2003)
Source: International Trade Administration www.usitc.gov/7ops/ad_cvd_orders.htm
COUNTRIES ITEM DATE BEGUN ORDER DATE
ARGENTINA
A-357-405 Barbed wire & barbless wire strand 12/12/1984 11/13/1985
A-357-802 Welded carbon steel pipe and tube 06/27/1988 05/26/1989
A-357-809 Seamless line and pressure pipe 07/20/1994 08/03/1995
A-357-810 Oil country tubular goods 07/26/1994 08/11/1995
A-357-812 Honey 11/02/2000 12/10/2001
A-357-814 Hot rolled carbon steel flat products 12/12/2000 09/19/2001
BRAZIL
A-351-503 Iron construction castings 06/07/1985 05/09/1986
A-351-602 Carbon steel butt-weld pipe fittings 03/24/1986 12/17/1986
A-351-603 Brass sheet & strip 04/07/1986 01/12/1987
A-351-605 Frozen concentrated orange juice 06/04/1986 05/05/1987
A-351-804 Industrial nitrocellulose 10/17/1989 07/10/1990
A-351-806 Silicon metal 09/20/1990 07/31/1991
A-351-809 Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe 10/21/1991 11/02/1992
A-351-817 Cut lo length carbon steel plate 07/29/1992 08/19/1993
A-351-819 Stainless steel wire rod 01/26/1993 01/28/1994
A-351-824 Silicomanganese 12/08/1993 12/22/1984
A-351-825 Stainless steel bar 01/27/1994 02/21/1995
A-351-826 Line and pressure pipe 07/20/1994 08/03/1995
A-351-828 Hot rolled carbon steel flat products 10/22/1998 07/06/1999
A-351-832 Carbon steel wire rod 10/02/2001 10/29/2002
CHILE
A-337-804 Preserved mushrooms 02/02/1998 12/02/1998
A-337-806 Individually quick frozen raspberries 06/28/2001 07/09/2002
MEXICO
A-201-802 Gray portland cement & clinker 10/23/1989 08/30/1990
A-201-805 Circular welded non-alloy steel pipe 10/21/1991 11/02/1992
A-201-809 Cut to length carbon steel plate 07/29/1992 08/19/1993
A-201-817 Oil country tubular goods 07/26/1994 08/11/1995
A-201-822 Stainless steel sheet & strip in coils 07/13/1998 07/27/1999
A-201-827 Welded large diameter seamless pipe 07/28/1999 08/11/2000
A-201-828 Welded large diameter line pipes 02/23/2001 02/27/2002
A-201-830 Carbon steel wire rod 10/02/2001 10/29/2002
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
A-274-804 Carbon steel wire rod 10/02/2001 10/29/2002
VENEZUELA
A-307-820 Silicomanganese 05/03/2001 05/23/2002
COUNTRY ITEM DATE BEGUN ORDER DATE
ARGENTINA
C-357-815 Hot rolled carbon steel flat products 12/12/2000 09/11/2001
C-357-813 Honey 11/02/2000 12/10/2001
BRAZIL
C-351-504 Heavy iron construction castings 06/10/1985 05/05/1986
C-351-604 Brass sheet & strip 04/07/1986 01/08/1987
C-351-818 Carbon steel flat products 07/24/1992 08/17/1993
C-351-833 Carbon steel wire rod 10/01/2001 10/22/2002
MEXICO
C-201-810 Carbon steel flat products 07/24/1992 08/17/1993
13. 13
B. Steel Safeguards
On December 4, 2003, President Bush lifted the tariffs on imported steel, nearly
21 months after imposing safeguard measures which had increased such duties. The
decision averted a potential trade war, as the European Union had indicated it planned to
retaliate with tariffs of its own. The administration cited the safeguard had achieved its
purpose by giving the U.S. steel industry time to consolidate and restructure. Domestic
steel producers claimed the tariffs were still needed to complete industry consolidation.
However, the decision appeased domestic steel-consuming industries, such as
auto and auto parts manufacturers, which had been negatively impacted by the safeguard,
as well as industries that would have been hurt by the retaliatory tariffs. The
administration stopped short of providing new measures that would aid or protect the
domestic steel industry, but noted it would continue to monitor steel imports closely and
would be prepared to respond quickly if imports were to suddenly surge. The
administration also pledged to vigorously enforce U.S. trade laws and to continue
pursuing global negotiations aimed at reducing subsidies and overcapacity in steel
production.
In March 2002, President Bush had announced a temporary safeguard on imports
of steel products as a protective measure for the U.S. steel industry.4
These measures
were imposed for a period of three years and one day. In March 2003, the steel safeguard
remedy was automatically adjusted to the levels laid out in the President’s proclamation.5
This adjustment resulted in a decrease in the tariff levels and an increase in the tariff-rate
quotas established by the initial restrictions. The maximum tariff for some steel products
was decreased from 30% to 24%.6
Also in March 2003, the United States announced a
set of 295 products to be excluded from the steel safeguard remedy because it was
determined that excluding them would not undermine the effectiveness of the safeguard,
and that they were not available in sufficient quantities from U.S. producers. These
products were added to the 727 products that were initially excluded from the safeguard.
Exclusions were also granted to countries which had free trade agreements with the U.S.
(Canada, Israel, Jordan, and Mexico), as well as nations that did not export a significant
amount of steel to the U.S. such as Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Peru, and the nations of
Central America and the Caribbean.
On March 26, 2003, the Panel formed by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) of
the World Trade Organization (WTO) released an interim decision declaring the steel
tariffs illegal. The initial complaint in the WTO was brought against the U.S. by Brazil,
China, the European Communities, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Norway and
Switzerland. On July 11, 2003, the panel officially ruled against the import duties,
issuing eight reports which concluded that the safeguard measures imposed by the United
4
Fact Sheet: The Presidential Determination on Steel. White House office of Communications, December 4, 2003.
5
Press Release: DOC and USTR Announce Products to be Excluded from Steel Safeguard Remedy and the Automatic Adjustment of
the Remedy. DOC and USTR, March 21, 2003.
6
Fact Sheet: Exclusion of Products from Safeguard on Steel Products and Automatic Adjustment of the Remedy, DOC and USTR,
March 21, 2003.
14. 14
States were inconsistent with the Agreement on Safeguards and the GATT 1994.7
The
panel recommended that the DSB request the United States to bring all the safeguard
measures into conformity with its obligations under the Agreement on Safeguards and the
GATT 1994. The U.S. appealed this decision, and on November 10, 2003, the Appellate
Body upheld most of the panel’s conclusions8
, again recommending that the DSB request
the United States to bring those safeguard measures which were found to be inconsistent
with the Agreement on Safeguards and the GATT 1994 into conformity with its
obligations under those agreements.
In September 2003, the International Trade Commission released a midterm
report of the trade remedy, assessing the impact of the safeguard on U.S. steel producers
and steel consuming industries.9
Although the tariffs generated $650 million in revenue,
they cost steel consuming industries about $680 million, creating an overall loss in GDP
of $30.4 million. In another estimate, the ITC review claims the tariffs brought about a
general reduction in the economic welfare of the American public of $41.6 million
(0.04% of GDP). The ITC noted, however, that it was difficult to isolate the impact of
the tariffs from broader economic developments, indicating that the poor overall
condition of the U.S. economy reduced demand for steel. Moreover, while steel imports
from countries covered by the safeguard decreased, imports of steel from countries that
were granted exclusions increased. The most significant impacts were felt in the auto,
auto parts, and steel fabrication industries. The report found that employment in steel
consuming industries fell or remained flat during 2000-2003, but that there was a more
significant decrease in employment the year before the safeguard was imposed than the
first year it was in place. The ITC found that since the implementation of the safeguard,
there were major mergers, significant restructuring, and consolidation efforts in the steel
industry.
In a related development, the U.S. is considering modifying its laws on unfair
trade that would penalize steel importers even if the safeguard were removed.10
Under
current law, antidumping duties are determined by calculating the difference between the
price received in the importer’s home market and the lower price received in the U.S.
market. The new proposal would change the calculation to include the effect of the
safeguard tariffs on steel imports over the last year and a half. Specifically, the tariff (as
high as 30%) would be deducted from the U.S. selling price, meaning the difference
between prices received at home and in the U.S. would be greater, implying increased
antidumping duties. Foreign companies that imported steel into the U.S. during 2002 and
2003 would face retroactive penalties even if Bush removed the safeguard. Domestic
steel producers support this change, as it would minimize the impact of the elimination of
the safeguard. However, such action could lead to another dispute at the WTO.
C. Special 301
7
Document WTO No. 03-3480, Final Reports of the Panel, July 11, 2003.
8
Document WTO No. 03-5966, Report of the Apellate Body, November 10, 2003.
9
USITC: Steel: Monitoring Developments In The Domestic Industry (Investigation No. TA-204-9) and Steel-Consuming Industries:
Competitive Conditions With Respect To Steel Safeguard Measures (Investigation No. 332-452), in: Publication 3632, September
2003.
10
Financial Times, November 12, 2003.
15. 15
Under Special 301, the USTR must identify countries that deny adequate and
effective protection for intellectual property rights (IPR). While a country can be subject
to a Section 301 investigation and retaliatory measures taken without previous action by
the USTR, three levels of consideration are commonly applied prior to the imposition of
new tariffs or duties. Countries that raise concerns in regards to lax laws or limited
enforcement in an area can initially be placed on the “Watch List”. Lack of action by the
country or a worsening of the situation as noted by the USTR, can lead to placement on
the “Priority Watch List”. Barring further action while at this level can result in
categorization as a “Priority Foreign Country”. Reserved for countries that are thought to
have trade policies that severely impact the importation of U.S. products, and thus requiring
a Section 301 investigation.
In this years’s review, USTR devotes special attention to the growing issue of
counterfeiting and piracy, with particular emphasis on the ongoing campaign to reduce
production of unauthorized copies of optical media products such as CD’s, VCD’s, DVD’s,
and CD-ROM’s. In addition, USTR continues to focus on other important issues including
internet piracy, proper implementation of the TRIPS Agreement by developing country
WTO members.
(a) Priority Foreign country11
The USTR identified Paraguay as a Priority Foreign Country in January 1998 as
part of Special 301 Out of Cycle Review. The subsequent 301 investigation terminated
with the signing of a comprehensive Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on the
protection of intellectual property in 1998. However the USTR remains concerned by
several issues, including: the involvement of organized crime in piracy and counterfeiting
operations; the relatively few resources that are provided for criminal investigations,
raids and investigations, and the attendant lack of those activities; and the lack of
willingness on the part of the judiciary to impose deterrent sentences. The MOU expired
in January of 2003, but USTR and Paraguay have agreed to extend the provisions of the
understanding until it can be renegotiated.
(b) Priority Watch List12
From last year’s Special 301 report only Bahamas was added to the Priority
Watch List, while Colombia, Dominican Republic and Uruguay were removed.
2001 2002 2003
Argentina Argentina Argentina
Costa Rica Brazil Bahamas
Dominican Republic Colombia Brazil
Uruguay Dominican Republic
Uruguay
11
Source: USTR, http://www.ustr.gov/reports/2003/special301-306.htm#paraguay
12
Source: USTR, http://www.ustr.gov/reports/2003/special301-pwl.htm
16. 16
(c) Watch List13
This year’s Special 301 report included twelve Latin America and Caribbean
countries with Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico and Uruguay as new
additions this year.
2001 2002 2003
Bolivia Bahamas Bolivia
Brazil Bolivia Chile
Chile Chile Colombia
Colombia Costa Rica Costa Rica
Guatemala Guatemala Dominican Republic
Jamaica Jamaica Ecuador
Peru Peru Guatemala
Venezuela Venezuela Jamaica
Mexico
Peru
Uruguay
Venezuela
Even though the U.S. and Chile signed a Free Trade Agreement14
(April 3, 2003),
the USTR claims Chile’s IPR laws are not fully TRIPS-consistent. Shortcomings with
respect to enforcement remain and the U.S is concerned with Chile’s large backlog of
pending patent applications. Furthermore, this is the first time that Mexico has been
placed on the Watch List since 1999. Despite some signs of progress, the United States
remains concerned that several TRIPS and NAFTA issues, including lax enforcement
against copyright piracy and counterfeiting, remain problems.
The copyright industry estimates losses of $731 million in 2002: the U.S. is also
concerned about recent copyright amendments which were proposed and did not appear
to meet international obligations, nor address implementation of the WIPO 15
Internet
Treaties.
III. Standards and Regulations
Gaining access to the U.S. market can be a cumbersome and costly process that
may take years. Exporters are responsible for all USDA requirements for their products
and getting them approved. Still despite the money and effort, many of those products
never quite escape the restrictions placed on them.
13
Source: United States Trade Representative www.ustr.gov/reports/2003/special301-wl.htm
14
Source: United States Trade Representative www.ustr.gov/new/fta/Chile/text/index.htm see chapter seventeen for Intellectual
Property Right
15
World Intellectual Property Organization
17. 17
Phytosanitary barriers affect a large portion of the fruits and vegetables entering
the U.S. market. All these products also need specific documentation certified by the
(APHIS) representative in their respective country and are usually submitted to various
tests and treatments before they are even shipped off..
A. Requirements for Imports of Fruit and Vegetables
There are different types of regulations and each one entails different costs. Some
of the treatments used in Latin America and the Caribbean for post-harvest insect control
for fresh fruits (e.g., mangos, papaya, persimmon, citrus, bananas, carambola), fresh
vegetables (e.g., peppers, eggplant, tomatoes, cucumber, and zucchini squash) are hot-
water immersion, high temperature forced air, and/or vapor heat treatments. For example,
in the case of mangos the only approved quarantine treatment is the hot water immersion
treatment, which can be damaging and stressful for the fruit. Additionally, the cost to
build a hot water immersion facility averages about $200,000. APHIS/PPQ must certify
each facility and ensure that inspectors are on site.
For other fruits, such as pineapples from Brazil or pitayas from Colombia, require
vapor heat and/or forced hot-air treatment systems. Even though these treatments are
more sensitive to the fruits, they are just as expensive. For example, both vapor heat and
hot-air treatment systems may initially require larger capital investments, ranging from
$20,000 to $200,000 for large commercial facilities.16
Another form of treatment for fruits such as apples from Argentina, oranges from
El Salvador and blueberries from Bolivia, require a cold treatment and are treated mostly
when in transit to the United States. However, APHIS allows imported fruit to undergo
cold treatment at an approved facility in either the country of origin or after arrival in the
United States.
Currently, cold treatment for imported fruits in the United States is limited to
Atlantic ports north of, and including, Baltimore, MD.; ports on the Great Lakes and St.
Lawrence Seaway; Canadian border ports on the North Dakota border and east of North
Dakota; the maritime ports in Wilmington, N.C., Seattle, Washington., Hartsfield-Atlanta
International Airport, Atlanta GA; and Dulles International Airport, Chantilly, VA., and
the Port of Corpus Christi, Texas.
16
U.S. Environment and Protection Agency
18. 18
Table 4
Imported Fruit requirements for the elimination of pests
B. Marine Mammal Protection Act
Under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) the U.S. bans tuna imports
from countries that fail to protect dolphins when fishing in the Eastern Tropical Pacific
Ocean, extending from Mexico and Venezuela to northern Chile and 700 miles out to sea.
In 1997, it was amended to include yellow fin tuna imports from countries that submit
evidence that they participate in the International Dolphin Conservation Program (IDCP),
as well as evidence that dolphin mortality limits have not been exceeded by the exporting
country. Exporting countries are also required to have taken steps to become a member
of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission.
Additionally, current U.S. law requires that tuna labeled as dolphn safe meet certain
criteria17
. There is no prohibition on importing tuna into the U.S. that does not meet the
17
The criteria requires the dolphin-safe tuna to be caught without the chase and encirclement of dolphins in the entire trip and without
killing or seriously injuring any dolphins in the set in which the tuna was caught.
Country Pest: Fruit Requirements and type of treatment
Mexico
Mexican fruit fly,
Western Indian fruit fly,
and black fruit fly
Mango
Standard weight and size of fruit
Hot water immersion, either at the entry port or in
Mexico.
Chile Mediterranean fruit fly
Grape
Fruit
Minimum maturity standards and applicable
sampling.
Cold Treatment or Irradiation.
Mexico Mediterranean fruit fly Avocados
All Avocados with seeds are prohibited from
South America, Central America, or Mexico: only
Hass avocados from Michoacan can be imported
into 19 Northeastern States during the months of
November through February.
Brazil
Mediterranean fruit fly,
Oriental fruit fly and
Melon fly
Pineapple
Vapor heat treatment.
Colombia
Mediterranean fruit fly
and South American
fruit fly
Yellow
Pitaya
Vapor heat treatment.
Argentina
Mediterranean fruit fly
and species of
Anastrepha
Apple
Cold Treatment
Bolivia External feeders Blueberry
Methyl Bromide Fumigation or Irradiation
Ecuador
Mediterranean fruit fly
and species of
Anastrepha
Tangerine
Cold Treatment or Irradiation
El Salvador Mexican fruit fly Orange
Cold Treatment or Irradiation
Uruguay
Mediterranean fruit fly
and species of
Anastrepha
Plum
Cold Treatment or Irradiation
19. 19
dolphin safe labeling requirements, provided the exporting country nation meets certain
requirements and has an affirmative finding issued by the U.S. Department of Commerce
Marine Fisheries Services. However, U.S. tuna canners have instituted a voluntary
dolphin-safe tuna campaign wher they purchase only dolphin-safe tuna for introduction
to the U.S. market.
Producers meeting these requirements may label their products as dolphin safe
tuna. The import ban currently applies to the following Latin American and Caribbean
Countries: Belize, Bolivia, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Panama, Peru and Venezuela.
C. Shrimp Embargo
Public Law 101-162 (Section 609) prohibits the imports of shrimp harvested in
ways that are harmful to sea turtles, unless the U.S. Department of State (USDOS)
certifies that the harvesting nation either has a sea turtle protection program similar to
that of the U.S., or has a fishing environment in which there is no threat to sea turtles.
U.S. sea turtle conservation programs include commercial ship boats required to use sea
turtle excluder devices, or TEDs, to prevent their drowning in shrimp trawls. All
shipments of shrimp and shrimp products into the United States must be accompanied by
a declaration attesting that they have been harvested either under conditions that do not
adversely affect sea turtles or in waters subject to the jurisdiction of a nation currently
certified pursuant to Section 609.
In 2003, the Department of State determined that Honduras, Venezuela and Costa
Rica no longer meet the requirements set by Section 609 related to the protection of sea
turtles in the course of commercial shrimp harvesting. As a result of this determination,
imports of shrimp harvest in Honduras, Venezuela and Costa Rica with commercial
fishing technology that may adversely affect endangered sea turtles will be prohibited.
However, imports of shrimp harvest from Honduras, Venezuela and Costa Rica by other
means, including by aquaculture and with artisanal methods, may continue.
As of April 30, 2003 the countries that remain certified are: Argentina, Bahamas,
Belize, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago and
Uruguay. Imports of shrimp from all other nations will be prohibited unless harvested by
aquaculture, in cold water, or by a specialized technique that does not threaten sea turtles.
D. The Prescription Drug Marketing Act
The pharmaceutical industry in the U.S. has been a carefully regulated sector for
many years. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates most food and
pharmaceuticals domestically, and overseeing the majority of imported food and drug
products.
The Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987 made it illegal for anyone other
than drug manufacturers to import pharmaceuticals into the United States. Drugs are
restricted from importation unless they are covered under an Investigational New Drug
20. 20
Exemption (IND) or by an approved New Drug Application (NDA). The FDA has
standards and regulations that require drug companies to maintain a detailed chain of
custody for all pharmaceuticals imported into the U.S. (Randall and Vogt 2002).
Furthermore, all drugs imported into the U.S. by manufacturers, have to be FDA-
approved and properly labeled. As a general procedure, an importer of a pharmaceutical
good or their representative must file an entry notice and an entry bond with U.S.
Customs pending a decision regarding the admissibility of the product (FDA, 2003).
Once at the port of entry, the FDA may or may not examine the shipment for a laboratory
evaluation.18
In order to have a drug approved by the FDA, pharmaceutical companies have to
conduct pre-clinical tests to determine safety of chemical compounds, file an
Investigational New Drug (IND) application to seek permission to perform clinical trial
and submit clinical studies data in a New Drug Application (NDA).19
The FDA
subsequently samples the drug’s ingredient quality, labeling and the production process
to determine if they meet Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs). Imported
pharmaceuticals must be accompanied by information stating place of production, name
and address of the importer, and evidence that the production took place in FDA-
inspected facilities (Randall and Vogt 2002). In addition, imports must comply with
standards and procedures of the Federal Trade Commission and Consumer Product
Safety Commission, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Public Health Service
Centers for Disease Control, depending on the type of drug and its ingredients. Drugs that
do not meet U.S. standards, and/or are not FDA-approved, cannot be legally imported
into the United States, even if they are for personal use.20
IV. U.S. EXPORT SUBSIDIES
The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Foreign Agricultural Service allocated
about $2.8 billion under USDA’s export credit guarantee programs for fiscal year 2004.
These allocations cover sales of U.S. agricultural commodities to 20 countries and
regions. USDA’s credit guarantees have helped sell about $3.4 billion in U.S.
agricultural products in 29 countries and regions in 2003.
In the Mexican market, for example, exporters have used USDA’s export credit
guarantees in 2003 to support nearly $750 million in sales of feed grains, oilseeds, cotton,
wheat, beef, wood products and other U.S. food and farm products. Under these
programs, the Commodity Credit Corporation guarantees repayment by foreign banks or
importers for the commercial financing of U.S. agricultural exports.
18
If the sample collected from a shipment indicates the product is in compliance with FDA’s regulations, it may be released to its
destiny. Otherwise, the product will be refused admission, and the importer would be required to either re-export or destroy the
article under Customs supervision.
19
Source: Library of Congress Report, Importing Prescription Drugs
20
FDA does not take enforcement actions against importers of unapproved drugs if: its intended use is for a serious condition for
which treatment is not available in the US; there is no commercialization of the drug to US residents; the drug does not represent a
risk to the consumer; the importer affirms in writing that the) product is for his/her personal use and is only importing a 3-month
supply; the importer provides the name of a US licensed doctor responsible for his/her treatment (FDA, Office of Regulatory
Affairs.
21. 21
For FY 2003, which ended Sept. 30, USDA announced more than $6.2 billion in
available allocations under its four export credit guarantee programs. Total allocations for
FY 2004, are also expected to top $6 billion, including about 95 programs covering sales
to more than 100 countries. Among the FY 2004 allocations are $850 million in
available credit guarantees for sales to Mexico, $390 million for sales to Central America
and $370 million for sales to the Caribbean.
The GSM-102 Export Credit Guarantee Program and GSM-103 Intermediate
Export Credit Guarantee Program help ensure that credit is available to finance
commercial exports of U.S. agricultural products to developing countries, while
providing competitive credit terms in these countries. GSM-102 covers credit periods of
90 days to 3 years, while GSM-103 covers periods of more than 3 years.
The Supplier Credit Guarantee Program (SCGP) helps exporters offer
competitive, open-account financing to foreign buyers on credit terms of up to 180 days.
The Facility Guarantee Program (FGP) guarantees payments for credit sales of U.S.
goods and services used to improve agricultural infrastructure, such as ports and
warehouses, in importing countries, with terms of up to 8 years.
Table 5
Export Credits, Export Credit Guarantees, and Export Credit Insurance
PROGRAM FTAA
COUNTRIES
PRODUCTS FY 200321
US$ million
FY 200422
US$ million
GSM 102 Caribbean Corn, feed grains, oilseeds, rice,
vegetable fats and oils, wheat
350 350
Central America Cotton, grain, oilseeds, rice, tallow,
vegetable fats and oil, wheat
400 300
Mexico Cotton, feed grains, hides and skins,
meat, oilseeds, rice, tallow, vegetable
oils, wheat
500 300
South America Aquaculture feed, cotton, corn, grain,
lyocell, oilseeds, rice, tallow, wheat,
vegetable fats and oil
700 700
GSM 103 Central America Animal genetics, livestock 10 10
Mexico Animal genetics, livestock, poultry 35 35
South America Animal genetics, feeder cattle, livestock,
poultry
5 5
SCGP Caribbean Feed grain, meat, rice, soup, wine 10 10
Mexico Cotton, feed grains, meat, oilseeds, rice,
wine, wood products
500 500
Central America Alcoholic beverages, cereal, condiments,
cotton, diary, feed grains, meat, fruit,
rice, soup, vegetable oils, wheat
50 50
South America Alcoholic beverages, cotton, fruit, meat,
rice, wheat, wood
20 20
FGP Caribbean Manufactured goods and services 10 10
Central America Manufactured goods and services 30 30
Mexico Manufactured goods and services 50 50
South America Manufactured goods and services 10 10
Source: FAS/USDA
21
http://www.fas.usda.gov/excredits/Monthly/2003/03_09_30.pdf Announced Allocations through September 30th
, 2003.
22
http://www.fas.usda.gov/excredits/Monthly/2004/04_12_12.pdf Announced Allocations through December 12th
, 2003.
22. 22
V. Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response
Act of 2002
The Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act
(Bioterrorism Act) of 2002, was implemented on December 12, 2003. It seeks to protect
the public from a threatened or actual terrorist attack on the U.S. food supply.23
The Act
is reported to be motivated by concerns about deliberate contamination (food sabotage by
terrorists24
), but it also serves to protect consumers from foods that have been
unintentionally contaminated (through processing failures or handling errors).25
The final regulations of the Bioterrorism Act include the regulation on Prior Notice of
Imported Food and the Registration of Food Facilities. Except for specified exemptions
directly monitored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (some meat, poultry and egg
products) these new regulations apply to all facilities for all foods and animal feed
products regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Some highlights of the
Act include the following:
1. Prior Notice of Imported Food
The regulation requires advance notice for human or animal food shipments
imported or offered for import on or after December 12, 2003. This advance
information will allow the FDA, working with the U.S. Customs and Border
Protection (CBP), to more effectively control imported foods.
The notice of shipment must include among other information: name of person
submitting the notice, entry type and CBP identifier, identification of the article of
food and manufacturer, grower, country of production, shipper, arrival
information, importer, carrier and mode of transportation.
2. Registration of Food Facilities
Domestic and foreign food facilities that manufacture, process, pack or hold food
for human or animal consumption in the U.S. are required to register with the
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) by December 12, 2003. Non-U.S.
companies, moreover, have to designate a registered agent in the U.S. such as the
facility’s importer or broker. As a result, the FDA will have an official (yet secret
under the Freedom of Information Act) data base of foreign and domestic food
facilities. There is no fee associated with registration.
These regulations might have an impact on exports coming from Latin American
countries. The problems they are confronted with are manifold. Critical are the
procedures for handling countries’ primary export products26
(generally perishable foods)
such as mangoes from Mexico, bananas from Ecuador and cantaloupes from Costa Rica.
Financing the compliance with the new regulations could turn out to be a major problem
23
U.S. Food And Drug Administration, Protecting the Food Supply, October 2003.
24
The overwhelming majority of acts of deliberate food contamination, however, have occurred inside U.S. territory, with no
interference of foreign producers.
25
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Risk Assessment for Food Terrorism and Other Food Safety Concerns, October 13, 2003.
26
U.S. Food And Drug Administration, Protecting the Food Supply: FDA Actions on New Bioterrorism Legislation Proposed
Regulation: Administrative Detention, May 2003.
23. 23
for producing countries27
, as it has been the case for the Container Security Initiative
(CSI)28
. Many countries inquired about the technical cooperation assistance the Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) could offer countries to assist with their compliance so as to
lessen the negative economic impact of the regulation. A further aspect for foreign
producers is the necessary representation in the U.S. in order to handle issues of detention
resulting from the new rules29
.
The Act requires the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to issue regulations
for procedures for instituting on an expedited basis, certain enforcement actions against
perishable foods. While the penalties for failure to register include delay of the release of
the goods, mandatory removal of goods to a secure facility, re-export to originating
country, civil and criminal action and debarment; the FDA and Customs Border
Protection issued a Compliance Policy Guide on December 11, 200330
that will outline
how FDA intends to exercise its enforcement discretion31
.
The Department of Transportation has implemented new security procedures and
programs aimed to decrease irregularities and increase seaport security:
1. The Container Security Initiative (CSI), part of CBP, implemented in 2002
with the purpose of coordinating with authorities of the world’s major ports in the
fight against terrorism32
. Under the CSI program, U.S customs officers and
inspectors work with host nation counterparts to target high-risk cargo containers.
2. The 24-hour Vessel Manifest Rule, a new U.S. maritime program that
requires the presentation of cargo declarations to U.S. Customs 24 hours prior to
loading a container or vessel in a U.S. port, usually through an electronic
system.33
27
World Bank GDLN document, http://lac.gdln.org/news/fda_bioterrorism_eng.htm
28
Organización de los Estados Americanos, Recientes Regulaciones de Seguridad Portuaria, 16 March, 2003.
http://www.oas.org/cip/esp/comite ejecutivo/uruguay02/docuru02/cecip-doc18-02.htm
29
World Bank interactive video conference with several countries in Latin America and FDA officials.
30
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Compliance Policy Guide, December 2003. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~pn/cpgpn.html
31
As the rule becomes effective, FDA and CBP expect a "good faith" effort at compliance. The policy guide makes it clear that during
the next 8 months, the two agencies will primarily rely on educating the affected firms and individuals. During this period, the
agencies will utilize communication and education initiatives, escalating imposition of civil monetary penalties, and ultimately
refusal of shipments. This phase-in period will end on August 12, 2004.
32
As of June 2003 the twenty ports in the world that handle about 70% of U.S. trade have already implemented the CSI program under
Phase I. These include ports in Canada, Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan, Germany, France, Belgium, Sweden, United Kingdom, and
The Netherlands. Under Phase 2, CSI will be implemented at other foreign ports that handle high volumes of cargo in the attempt
to cover over 80% of sea trade to the United States.
33
The ’24-hour rule’ took effect on December 2, 2002 and is applied uniformly to all exports from foreign countries (shipments
arriving in the Northern Marianas, Guam and American Samoa do not fall under the 24-hour rule, but it does apply in these
locations for cargo that is destined to the United States. A final decision on whether the 24-hour rule applies to Puerto Rico has
not been declared).