There are two main types of fundamental particles: quarks and leptons. Quarks combine to form composite particles like protons and neutrons, and there are six types of quarks including up, down, strange, charm, top, and bottom quarks. Leptons interact via gravitational, weak nuclear, and electromagnetic forces but not the strong nuclear force. There are three main types of leptons: electrons, muons, and tauons. Fundamental particles are the basic building blocks of matter and studying them has helped build an understanding of what matter is and how it works at the most fundamental level.

1. 2 TYPES OF
FUNDAMENTAL
PARTICLE

2. FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLE
It is also called as an elementary particle, a subatomic particle that is not
composed of other particles.
A particle containing two or more elementary or fundamental particles are
what we call composite particles.
It has also a goal of theoretical elementary particle physics which is to
understand the most fundamental law which govern our universe and to
understand the structure and nature of the universe at the deepest level.

3. QUARKS
These quarks are considered as one of the main types of fundamental
particles.
They are combined to produce composite particles which is hadrons, the
most stable of it are neutrons and protons which are components of
atomic nuclei.
George Zweig (1964) & Murray Gell-Mann (1964) were the ones who
theorized its existence.
These can’t exist independently but as a constituent part of matter.
It describes the unobserved particles.

4. 6 TYPES OF QUARK
1. UP Quark – These are the lightest among all the quarks. They have the
maximum stability due to the lowest mass. The symbol used is u, its
antiparticle is also denoted as u.
2. DOWN Quark – The down quark comes next to up quarks regarding its
light mass. Therefore, it has also high stability. It is denoted by d, and its
antiparticle is also denoted as d.
3. STRANGE Quark – The third lightest of all. Denoted by s, antiparticle is
also denoted as S.

5. …
4. CHARM Quark – Its example is meson which is called a
J/Psi. Denoted by C, its antiparticle is also denoted by C.
5. TOP Quark – Denoted by t, and its antiparticle is denoted
also by t.
6. BOTTOM Quark – It is symbolized by b and its
antiparticle is denoted by b.

6. LEPTONS
These are also subatomic particles that are only influenced by
gravitational force, weak nuclear force and electromagnetic force.
Leptons are not influenced by the strong nuclear force.
Unlike protons and neurons which are held together within the nucleus of
an atom that uses strong nuclear force, leptons use weak nuclear force.
Its Greek word leptos means small, subtle, delicate or threshed out.
Began to be used in 1948.

7. TYPES OF LEPTON
ELECTRON (e)
This was discovered by J.J. Thomson in 1897 while he
experimented with cathode rays. He was able to determine that
cathode rays were actually comprised of subatomic particles with
little mass and a negative charge. Since cathode rays were repelled
by a negative charge and attracted to a positive charge, they were
determined to exhibit a negative charge. The amount the cathode
rays were displaced by a magnet allowed him to determine their
mass.

8. …
MUON
This was discovered in 1936 by the American Physicists namely Carl D.
Anderson and Seth Neddermeyer in determining the cosmic rays that
were made up of another member of the lepton group of particles.
They were able to determine this by demonstrating the constituent
particles of cosmic rays were not affected by the strong nuclear force. It
was also determined that muons are unstable and each quickly decays
by weak nuclear force into an electron and two types of neutrinos.

9. …
TAUON (T)
This was discovered by a series of experiments conducted by
Martin Lewis Perl at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC)
which lasted from 1974-1977. The particle’s discovery was
anticipated by Yung-su Tsai in1971who theorized how it may be
detected. This particle was determined to pretty massive relative to
the electron and neuron. Like the muon, tau also decays into other
particles.

10. IMPORTANCE OF FUNDAMENTAL
PARTICLE
Enables a picture to be built up of what matter is and how it works
Used in the sense that these so called building blocks are simple and
structureless and can’t be made up of anything smaller
TO SUM EVERYTHING UP:
Many of the fundamental constituents have large masses and require
correspondingly high energies for their creation and study. This can be
seen from Einstein’s famous equation [E=(m)(c)(c)] read as I EM SI
SQUARED

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