The document summarizes the anatomy of the orbit and surrounding structures. It describes the seven bones that make up the borders of the orbit, including the frontal bone, sphenoid bone, maxilla, palatine bone, zygomatic bone, ethmoid bone, and lacrimal bone. It also details the muscles that control movement of the eyelids and eyeball, such as the orbicularis oculi, levator palpebrae superioris, and six extraocular muscles. Additionally, it outlines the anatomy and function of the lacrimal apparatus, including the lacrimal gland, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct. Diagrams are included to illustrate
The document discusses the anatomy of the orbit and structures within it. It describes 7 openings into the orbital cavity including the optic canal, superior orbital fissure, and inferior orbital fissure. It also summarizes the muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels in the orbit. These include the lacrimal, frontal, and oculomotor nerves as well as the ophthalmic artery. The 3 coats of the eye are described as the fibrous coat containing the sclera and cornea, the vascular pigmented coat containing the choroid and iris, and the nervous coat containing the retina. Some clinical notes on eye trauma and pupillary reflexes are also provided.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the orbital region. It describes the structures contained within the orbits, including the eyeballs, muscles, nerves, vessels and fat. It discusses the eyelids, lacrimal apparatus, openings into the orbital cavity, contents of the orbit, fascia of the orbit, and nerves of the orbit such as the optic nerve. The optic nerve enters the orbit through the optic canal and pierces the sclera to reach the eyeball.
The bony orbit is a quadrangular pyramidal cavity housing the eyeball and other structures. It is formed by 7 bones and has 4 walls - medial, lateral, roof and floor. The medial wall is formed by the frontal process of maxilla, lacrimal bone and orbital plates of ethmoid and sphenoid bones. The floor is formed by maxilla, zygoma and palatine bones. The lateral wall is formed by zygoma anteriorly and sphenoid wing posteriorly. The roof is formed mainly by frontal bone. The orbital cavity contains the eyeball, 6 extraocular muscles, lacrimal gland, blood vessels and nerves.
The document provides details on the anatomy of the orbit and its contents. It discusses the seven bones that form the orbit, its four walls, base and apex. It describes the structures contained within the orbit including the eyeball, extraocular muscles, nerves and vessels. The optic canal and superior orbital fissure which pass through the apex of the orbit are also mentioned. The document summarizes the anatomy of the orbit in detail.
The orbital region contains the eyeballs and associated structures. The orbits are bony cavities that contain the eyeballs, muscles, nerves, vessels and fat. Each orbit is a pyramidal cavity with openings that transmit nerves and vessels. The eyeball consists of three coats - fibrous, vascular and nervous - that contain the aqueous humor, vitreous body and lens. Muscles allow movement of the eyeball and eyelids to focus vision.
The lacrimal apparatus consists of the lacrimal gland, lacrimal drainage system, and associated structures that produce and drain tears from the eye.
The lacrimal gland develops from surface ectoderm and is located above and lateral to the eye. Tears produced by the gland drain through puncta and canaliculi into the lacrimal sac, then through the nasolacrimal duct into the nose.
The lacrimal sac is lodged in the lacrimal fossa of the medial orbital wall. It connects to the nasolacrimal duct, which courses posteriorly and laterally through bone to drain into the nasal cavity. Coordinated blinking and pressure differences aid
The lacrimal apparatus consists of the lacrimal gland, lacrimal drainage system, and associated structures that produce and drain tears from the eye.
The lacrimal gland develops from surface ectoderm and consists of an orbital and palpebral part. Tears are secreted into the superior fornix via 10-12 lacrimal ducts. The tears then drain through the puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct into the nasal cavity.
The lacrimal sac is located in the lacrimal fossa and connects to the nasolacrimal duct, which courses through the nasolacrimal canal before opening into the inferior
anatomy and physiology of lacrimal apparatus pptRohit Rao
This document summarizes key aspects of the lacrimal system including its embryology, anatomy, physiology and role in tear formation and drainage. It discusses the lacrimal gland, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct and meibomian glands. It also describes the layers of the tear film - glycocalyx, mucous, aqueous and lipid layers - and their functions in lubricating and protecting the eye. The document is a comprehensive overview of the lacrimal system and tear film.
The document discusses the anatomy of the orbit and structures within it. It describes 7 openings into the orbital cavity including the optic canal, superior orbital fissure, and inferior orbital fissure. It also summarizes the muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels in the orbit. These include the lacrimal, frontal, and oculomotor nerves as well as the ophthalmic artery. The 3 coats of the eye are described as the fibrous coat containing the sclera and cornea, the vascular pigmented coat containing the choroid and iris, and the nervous coat containing the retina. Some clinical notes on eye trauma and pupillary reflexes are also provided.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the orbital region. It describes the structures contained within the orbits, including the eyeballs, muscles, nerves, vessels and fat. It discusses the eyelids, lacrimal apparatus, openings into the orbital cavity, contents of the orbit, fascia of the orbit, and nerves of the orbit such as the optic nerve. The optic nerve enters the orbit through the optic canal and pierces the sclera to reach the eyeball.
The bony orbit is a quadrangular pyramidal cavity housing the eyeball and other structures. It is formed by 7 bones and has 4 walls - medial, lateral, roof and floor. The medial wall is formed by the frontal process of maxilla, lacrimal bone and orbital plates of ethmoid and sphenoid bones. The floor is formed by maxilla, zygoma and palatine bones. The lateral wall is formed by zygoma anteriorly and sphenoid wing posteriorly. The roof is formed mainly by frontal bone. The orbital cavity contains the eyeball, 6 extraocular muscles, lacrimal gland, blood vessels and nerves.
The document provides details on the anatomy of the orbit and its contents. It discusses the seven bones that form the orbit, its four walls, base and apex. It describes the structures contained within the orbit including the eyeball, extraocular muscles, nerves and vessels. The optic canal and superior orbital fissure which pass through the apex of the orbit are also mentioned. The document summarizes the anatomy of the orbit in detail.
The orbital region contains the eyeballs and associated structures. The orbits are bony cavities that contain the eyeballs, muscles, nerves, vessels and fat. Each orbit is a pyramidal cavity with openings that transmit nerves and vessels. The eyeball consists of three coats - fibrous, vascular and nervous - that contain the aqueous humor, vitreous body and lens. Muscles allow movement of the eyeball and eyelids to focus vision.
The lacrimal apparatus consists of the lacrimal gland, lacrimal drainage system, and associated structures that produce and drain tears from the eye.
The lacrimal gland develops from surface ectoderm and is located above and lateral to the eye. Tears produced by the gland drain through puncta and canaliculi into the lacrimal sac, then through the nasolacrimal duct into the nose.
The lacrimal sac is lodged in the lacrimal fossa of the medial orbital wall. It connects to the nasolacrimal duct, which courses posteriorly and laterally through bone to drain into the nasal cavity. Coordinated blinking and pressure differences aid
The lacrimal apparatus consists of the lacrimal gland, lacrimal drainage system, and associated structures that produce and drain tears from the eye.
The lacrimal gland develops from surface ectoderm and consists of an orbital and palpebral part. Tears are secreted into the superior fornix via 10-12 lacrimal ducts. The tears then drain through the puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct into the nasal cavity.
The lacrimal sac is located in the lacrimal fossa and connects to the nasolacrimal duct, which courses through the nasolacrimal canal before opening into the inferior
anatomy and physiology of lacrimal apparatus pptRohit Rao
This document summarizes key aspects of the lacrimal system including its embryology, anatomy, physiology and role in tear formation and drainage. It discusses the lacrimal gland, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct and meibomian glands. It also describes the layers of the tear film - glycocalyx, mucous, aqueous and lipid layers - and their functions in lubricating and protecting the eye. The document is a comprehensive overview of the lacrimal system and tear film.
Diagnosis, Management, and Surgery by Adam J. Cohen, Michael Mercandetti & Brian G. Brazzo. The dry eye , a practical approach by Sudi Patel & Kenny J Blades. Jack J Kanski’s clinical ophthalmology Clinical Anatomy of the Eye by Richard S. Snell & Michael A. Lemp.
3. It is concerned with the tear formation & transport. Lacrimal passage includes : Lacrimal gland Conjunctival sac Lacrimal puncta Lacrimal canaliculi Lacrimal sac Nasolacrimal duct
4. The following components of the lacrimal apparatus are discussed : Embryology Osteology Secretory system Excretory system Physiology
5. Ectodermal origin Solid epithelial buds(first 2 months) Supero
Eyelids are two movable folds of skin that protect the eyes. They have several functions including protection from injuries and excessive light as well as secretion of tears. Eyelids are made up of various layers including skin, muscle, and connective tissue. They receive nerve innervation from cranial nerves III, VII, and the sympathetic nervous system to control blinking and eyelid movement. The eyelids have several glands that contribute to tear production and are supplied by branches of the ophthalmic artery. Blinking can occur voluntarily or involuntarily through spontaneous or reflex blinking.
The orbital region contains the eyeballs and associated structures. The orbit is a pyramidal cavity with openings for nerves, vessels and ducts. It is formed by bones of the skull. Within the orbit are the eyeball, extraocular muscles, nerves and vessels. The eyeball has three coats and contains aqueous humor, vitreous body and lens. The eyelids and conjunctiva protect the front of the eyeball.
Pyramidal, bony cavity facial skeleton
Base anterior, apex posterior
Contains and protects eyeball, muscles, nerves, vessels & most of the lacrimal apparatus
Bones forming orbit lined with periorbita
Forms Fascial sheath of the eyeball
This document outlines a course on ophthalmology for medical students. It covers the basic anatomy and physiology of the eye, examination of the eye, and diagnosis and management of various ocular disorders. The course begins with an overview of eye anatomy including the orbit, ocular appendages, eyeball layers, visual pathway and extraocular muscles. It then discusses examination techniques and various eye diseases affecting different parts of the eye like the conjunctiva, cornea and retina. The document provides detailed descriptions of eye anatomy and functions to equip medical students with foundational ophthalmology knowledge.
The document provides information on the anatomy of the eyelids, including their layers, nerves, blood supply, functions, and clinical correlations. The eyelids have several layers including skin, muscle, fibrous tissue and conjunctiva. They are supplied by nerves from the facial and trigeminal nerves and blood vessels from the ophthalmic artery. The eyelids have glands that secrete oils to form the tear film and protect the eye. Clinically, disorders of the eyelids or their nerves can cause issues like ptosis, entropion or exophthalmos.
The document provides an overview of the surgical anatomy of the eyelid. It discusses the key structures of the eyelid in 3 layers - skin, muscle, and fibrous layer. The skin is the thinnest in the body to allow for easy eyelid mobility. The muscle layer contains the orbicularis oculi muscle which helps protract the eyelid. The fibrous layer provides the framework and includes the tarsal plates, septum orbitale, and medial/lateral palpebral ligaments. It also describes important anatomical structures like the palpebral fissure, canthi, eyelid margins and creases. Blood supply comes from the medial and lateral palpebral arteries which form marginal arterial arc
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the eyelids. It begins with the embryological development of the eyelids, followed by a description of the layers that make up the eyelid including skin, muscle, fibrous tissue and mucous membrane. The document then discusses the anatomy and functions of specific structures like the tarsal plate, orbicularis oculi muscle, levator palpebrae superioris muscle, and glandular structures. Common congenital anomalies and clinical conditions involving the eyelids are also mentioned.
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Lecturer: Tatyana V. Ryazantseva
2. Outer eye: Eyelids The eyelids fulfill two main functions: protection of the eyeball secretion, distribution and drainage of tears
3. Lid movement The levator extends from an attachment at the orbital apex to attachments at the tarsal plate and skin. ● The lids are securely attached at either end to the bony orbital margin by the medial and lateral palpebral ligaments. Trauma to the medial ligament causes the lid to flop forward and laterally, impairing function and cosmesis.
4. Innervation - Sensory innervation is from the trigeminal (fifth) cranial nerve, via the ophthalmic division (upper lid) and maxillary division (lower lid). - The orbicularis oculi is innervated by the facial (seventh) nerve. - The levator muscle in the upper lid is supplied by the oculomotor (third) nerve.
5. Blood supply and lymphatics The eyelids are supplied by an extensive network of blood vessels which form an anastomosis between branches derived from the external carotid artery via the face and from the internal carotid artery via the orbit.
6. Blood supply and lymphatics Lymphatic fluid drains into the preauricular and submandibular nodes. Preauricular lymphadenopathy is a useful sign of infective eyelid swelling (especially viral).
anatomy of eye orbit, bones involved , boundaries of orbit, contents of orbit, orbital fat, openings of the orbit and contents passing through the openings
This document describes the anatomy and structure of the lacrimal apparatus, which produces and drains tears from the eyes. It includes the main lacrimal gland located in the orbit, accessory lacrimal glands in the eyelid, and the lacrimal drainage system consisting of puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct leading to the nose. The main lacrimal gland is a serous gland made of acini and ducts and receives blood supply from the lacrimal artery and drains to the ophthalmic vein. Tears produced drain through puncta and canaliculi into the lacrimal sac then through the nasolacrimal duct to
The conjunctiva is the mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the anterior surface of the sclera and cornea. It has three layers - an epithelial layer, adenoid layer, and fibrous layer. The conjunctiva receives its blood supply from the marginal arterial arcade, peripheral arterial arcade, and anterior ciliary arteries. It drains into the venous plexus of the eyelids and then into the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins. Lymphatic drainage is to the preauricular and submandibular lymph nodes. Pterygium is a wing-shaped growth of conjunctiva that extends onto the cornea, caused by exposure to sun and dust, and is
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the eye. It describes the structures of the eye including the orbit, extraocular muscles, eyelids, lacrimal apparatus, uveal tract, retina, optic nerve and blood supply. Key anatomical landmarks are also outlined.
these slide are modified or upgraded from the slid belonging to this website.i had added some of the content.hope that it will be more helpful to you all.
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the lacrimal apparatus. It discusses the following key points:
- The lacrimal apparatus includes the lacrimal gland and associated structures that produce and drain tears such as the puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct.
- The lacrimal gland is divided into orbital and palpebral parts. Tears are produced by serous acinar cells and drained through a series of ducts.
- Tears drain from the eye through the puncta and canaliculi into the lacrimal sac, then through the nasolacrimal duct and into the nose. Drainage is aided by
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the lacrimal apparatus. It discusses the following key points:
- The lacrimal apparatus includes the lacrimal gland and associated drainage system for tear production and transport.
- The main structures are the lacrimal gland, puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct. Tears drain from the puncta through these structures and into the nose.
- The lacrimal gland secretes tears in response to sensory nerve stimulation. Contraction of surrounding muscles aids in drainage and prevents backflow through the puncta.
- Obstruction at any point can cause excess tearing (epiphora) by
The document summarizes the anatomy of the orbit, including its development, walls, contents, surgical spaces, and age-related changes. Key points:
- The orbit develops around the eyeball from cranial neural crest cells that form the frontal, maxillary, and lateral nasal processes. Bones differentiate and ossify during fetal development.
- The orbit has medial, lateral, floor, and roof walls formed by several bones including the frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, zygomatic, sphenoid, and palatine. It contains the eye, extraocular muscles, nerves, vessels, lacrimal gland, and fat.
- There are subperiosteal, subtendon's
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and embryology of the lacrimal apparatus. It describes the secretory and drainage portions, including the main and accessory lacrimal glands, puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct. Details are given on histology, blood supply, innervation and functions. The structure and layers of the tear film are explained. The dynamic process of tear secretion, formation, distribution, evaporation and drainage is summarized.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Diagnosis, Management, and Surgery by Adam J. Cohen, Michael Mercandetti & Brian G. Brazzo. The dry eye , a practical approach by Sudi Patel & Kenny J Blades. Jack J Kanski’s clinical ophthalmology Clinical Anatomy of the Eye by Richard S. Snell & Michael A. Lemp.
3. It is concerned with the tear formation & transport. Lacrimal passage includes : Lacrimal gland Conjunctival sac Lacrimal puncta Lacrimal canaliculi Lacrimal sac Nasolacrimal duct
4. The following components of the lacrimal apparatus are discussed : Embryology Osteology Secretory system Excretory system Physiology
5. Ectodermal origin Solid epithelial buds(first 2 months) Supero
Eyelids are two movable folds of skin that protect the eyes. They have several functions including protection from injuries and excessive light as well as secretion of tears. Eyelids are made up of various layers including skin, muscle, and connective tissue. They receive nerve innervation from cranial nerves III, VII, and the sympathetic nervous system to control blinking and eyelid movement. The eyelids have several glands that contribute to tear production and are supplied by branches of the ophthalmic artery. Blinking can occur voluntarily or involuntarily through spontaneous or reflex blinking.
The orbital region contains the eyeballs and associated structures. The orbit is a pyramidal cavity with openings for nerves, vessels and ducts. It is formed by bones of the skull. Within the orbit are the eyeball, extraocular muscles, nerves and vessels. The eyeball has three coats and contains aqueous humor, vitreous body and lens. The eyelids and conjunctiva protect the front of the eyeball.
Pyramidal, bony cavity facial skeleton
Base anterior, apex posterior
Contains and protects eyeball, muscles, nerves, vessels & most of the lacrimal apparatus
Bones forming orbit lined with periorbita
Forms Fascial sheath of the eyeball
This document outlines a course on ophthalmology for medical students. It covers the basic anatomy and physiology of the eye, examination of the eye, and diagnosis and management of various ocular disorders. The course begins with an overview of eye anatomy including the orbit, ocular appendages, eyeball layers, visual pathway and extraocular muscles. It then discusses examination techniques and various eye diseases affecting different parts of the eye like the conjunctiva, cornea and retina. The document provides detailed descriptions of eye anatomy and functions to equip medical students with foundational ophthalmology knowledge.
The document provides information on the anatomy of the eyelids, including their layers, nerves, blood supply, functions, and clinical correlations. The eyelids have several layers including skin, muscle, fibrous tissue and conjunctiva. They are supplied by nerves from the facial and trigeminal nerves and blood vessels from the ophthalmic artery. The eyelids have glands that secrete oils to form the tear film and protect the eye. Clinically, disorders of the eyelids or their nerves can cause issues like ptosis, entropion or exophthalmos.
The document provides an overview of the surgical anatomy of the eyelid. It discusses the key structures of the eyelid in 3 layers - skin, muscle, and fibrous layer. The skin is the thinnest in the body to allow for easy eyelid mobility. The muscle layer contains the orbicularis oculi muscle which helps protract the eyelid. The fibrous layer provides the framework and includes the tarsal plates, septum orbitale, and medial/lateral palpebral ligaments. It also describes important anatomical structures like the palpebral fissure, canthi, eyelid margins and creases. Blood supply comes from the medial and lateral palpebral arteries which form marginal arterial arc
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the eyelids. It begins with the embryological development of the eyelids, followed by a description of the layers that make up the eyelid including skin, muscle, fibrous tissue and mucous membrane. The document then discusses the anatomy and functions of specific structures like the tarsal plate, orbicularis oculi muscle, levator palpebrae superioris muscle, and glandular structures. Common congenital anomalies and clinical conditions involving the eyelids are also mentioned.
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Lecturer: Tatyana V. Ryazantseva
2. Outer eye: Eyelids The eyelids fulfill two main functions: protection of the eyeball secretion, distribution and drainage of tears
3. Lid movement The levator extends from an attachment at the orbital apex to attachments at the tarsal plate and skin. ● The lids are securely attached at either end to the bony orbital margin by the medial and lateral palpebral ligaments. Trauma to the medial ligament causes the lid to flop forward and laterally, impairing function and cosmesis.
4. Innervation - Sensory innervation is from the trigeminal (fifth) cranial nerve, via the ophthalmic division (upper lid) and maxillary division (lower lid). - The orbicularis oculi is innervated by the facial (seventh) nerve. - The levator muscle in the upper lid is supplied by the oculomotor (third) nerve.
5. Blood supply and lymphatics The eyelids are supplied by an extensive network of blood vessels which form an anastomosis between branches derived from the external carotid artery via the face and from the internal carotid artery via the orbit.
6. Blood supply and lymphatics Lymphatic fluid drains into the preauricular and submandibular nodes. Preauricular lymphadenopathy is a useful sign of infective eyelid swelling (especially viral).
anatomy of eye orbit, bones involved , boundaries of orbit, contents of orbit, orbital fat, openings of the orbit and contents passing through the openings
This document describes the anatomy and structure of the lacrimal apparatus, which produces and drains tears from the eyes. It includes the main lacrimal gland located in the orbit, accessory lacrimal glands in the eyelid, and the lacrimal drainage system consisting of puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct leading to the nose. The main lacrimal gland is a serous gland made of acini and ducts and receives blood supply from the lacrimal artery and drains to the ophthalmic vein. Tears produced drain through puncta and canaliculi into the lacrimal sac then through the nasolacrimal duct to
The conjunctiva is the mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the anterior surface of the sclera and cornea. It has three layers - an epithelial layer, adenoid layer, and fibrous layer. The conjunctiva receives its blood supply from the marginal arterial arcade, peripheral arterial arcade, and anterior ciliary arteries. It drains into the venous plexus of the eyelids and then into the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins. Lymphatic drainage is to the preauricular and submandibular lymph nodes. Pterygium is a wing-shaped growth of conjunctiva that extends onto the cornea, caused by exposure to sun and dust, and is
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the eye. It describes the structures of the eye including the orbit, extraocular muscles, eyelids, lacrimal apparatus, uveal tract, retina, optic nerve and blood supply. Key anatomical landmarks are also outlined.
these slide are modified or upgraded from the slid belonging to this website.i had added some of the content.hope that it will be more helpful to you all.
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the lacrimal apparatus. It discusses the following key points:
- The lacrimal apparatus includes the lacrimal gland and associated structures that produce and drain tears such as the puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct.
- The lacrimal gland is divided into orbital and palpebral parts. Tears are produced by serous acinar cells and drained through a series of ducts.
- Tears drain from the eye through the puncta and canaliculi into the lacrimal sac, then through the nasolacrimal duct and into the nose. Drainage is aided by
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the lacrimal apparatus. It discusses the following key points:
- The lacrimal apparatus includes the lacrimal gland and associated drainage system for tear production and transport.
- The main structures are the lacrimal gland, puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct. Tears drain from the puncta through these structures and into the nose.
- The lacrimal gland secretes tears in response to sensory nerve stimulation. Contraction of surrounding muscles aids in drainage and prevents backflow through the puncta.
- Obstruction at any point can cause excess tearing (epiphora) by
The document summarizes the anatomy of the orbit, including its development, walls, contents, surgical spaces, and age-related changes. Key points:
- The orbit develops around the eyeball from cranial neural crest cells that form the frontal, maxillary, and lateral nasal processes. Bones differentiate and ossify during fetal development.
- The orbit has medial, lateral, floor, and roof walls formed by several bones including the frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, zygomatic, sphenoid, and palatine. It contains the eye, extraocular muscles, nerves, vessels, lacrimal gland, and fat.
- There are subperiosteal, subtendon's
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and embryology of the lacrimal apparatus. It describes the secretory and drainage portions, including the main and accessory lacrimal glands, puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct. Details are given on histology, blood supply, innervation and functions. The structure and layers of the tear film are explained. The dynamic process of tear secretion, formation, distribution, evaporation and drainage is summarized.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
1. Done by
Dr. Rafid Remthan AL-Temimi.
Clinical Radiology
CABM ,DMRD,MBCHB,
2. Dr, Rafid Remthan Al-Temimi, Clinical Radiology, CAMB 2
The orbits are a pair of bony cavities that contain the eyeballs; their associated muscles, nerves, vessels, and fat; and
most of the lacrimal apparatus. The orbital opening is guarded by two thin, movable folds, the eyelids.
The orbital region
3. Dr, Rafid Remthan Al-Temimi, Clinical Radiology, CAMB 3
Borders and Anatomical Relations
The orbit can be thought of as a pyramidal structure, with the apex
pointing posteriorly and the base situated anteriorly. The boundaries of the
orbit are formed by seven bones.
4. Dr, Rafid Remthan Al-Temimi, Clinical Radiology, CAMB 4
The borders and anatomical relations of the bony orbit are as follows:
Roof (superior wall) – Formed by the orbital plate of frontal bone and the lesser wing of the sphenoid. The frontal bone separates the orbit
from the anterior cranial fossa.
Floor (inferior wall) – Formed by the maxilla, palatine and zygomatic bones. The maxilla separates the orbit from the underlying
maxillary sinus.
Medial wall – Formed by the ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal and sphenoid bones. The ethmoid bone separates the orbit from the ethmoid sinus.
Lateral wall – Formed by the zygomatic bone and greater wing of the sphenoid.
Apex – Located at the opening to the optic canal, the optic foramen.
Base – Opens out into the face, and is bounded by the eyelids. It is also known as the orbital rim.
5. Dr, Rafid Remthan Al-Temimi, Clinical Radiology, CAMB 5
The eyelids protect the eye from injury and excessive light by their closure.
The upper eyelid is larger and more mobile than the lower, and they meet each other at the medial and lateral angles.
The palpebral fissure is the elliptical opening betweenthe eyelids and is the entrance into the conjunctival sac.
The superficial surface of the eyelids is covered by skin, and the deep surface is covered by a mucous membrane
called the conjunctiva.
Eyelids
6. Dr, Rafid Remthan Al-Temimi, Clinical Radiology, CAMB 6
The eyelashes are short, curved hairs on the free edges of
the eyelids. They are arranged in double or triple rows at
the mucocutaneous junction.
The sebaceous glands (glands of Zeis) open directly into
the eyelash follicles. The ciliary glands (glands of Moll)
are modified sweat glands that open separately between
adjacent lashes.
The tarsal glands (Meibomian glands) are long, modified
sebaceous glands that pour their oily secretion onto the
margin of the lid; their openings lie behind the eyelashes.
This oily material prevents the overflow of tears and helps
makethe closed eyelids airtight.
7. Dr, Rafid Remthan Al-Temimi, Clinical Radiology, CAMB 7
Near the medial angle of the eye a small elevation, the papilla
lacrimalis, is present. On the summit of the papilla is a small
hole, the punctum lacrimale, which leads into the
canaliculus lacrimalis,The punctum and canaliculus carry
tears down into the nose.
8. Dr, Rafid Remthan Al-Temimi, Clinical Radiology, CAMB 8
The conjunctiva is a thin mucous membrane that lines the
eyelids and is reflected at the superior and inferior
fornices onto the anterior surface of the eyeball.
The conjunctiva thus forms a potential space, the
conjunctival sac, which is open at the palpebral fissure.
Beneath the eyelid is a groove, the subtarsal sulcus,
which tends to trap small foreign particles introduced into
the conjunctival sac and is thus clinically important. The
framework of the eyelids is formed by a fibrous sheet, the
orbital septum, which thickened at the margins of the lids
to form the superior and inferior tarsal plates.
The lateral ends of the plates are attached by the lateral
palpebral ligament to a bony tubercle just within the
orbital margin.The medial ends of the plates are attached
by the medial palpebral ligament to the crest of the
lacrimalbone.
9. Dr, Rafid Remthan Al-Temimi, Clinical Radiology, CAMB 9
The eyelids are closed by the contraction of the orbicularis oculi and the relaxation ofthe levator palpebrae superioris muscles.
The eye is opened by the levator palpebrae superioris raising the upper lid.
On looking upward, the levator palpebrae superioris contracts, and the upper lid moves with the eyeball.
On looking downward, both lids move, the upper lid continues to cover the upper part of the cornea, and the lower lid is pulled
downward slightly by the conjunctiva, which is attached to the sclera and thelower lid.
Movements of the Eyelids
10. Dr, Rafid Remthan Al-Temimi, Clinical Radiology, CAMB 10
Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Supply Action
Sphincter pupillae of iris Parasympathetic via oculomotor nerve Constricts pupil
Dilator pupillae of iris Sympathetic Dilates pupil
Ciliary muscle Parasympathetic via oculomotor nerve
Controls shape of lens; in accommodation,
makes lens more globular
Intrinsic Muscles of Eyeball (Smooth Muscle)
Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Supply Action Muscle Origin
Orbicularis oculi
Palpebral part
Medial palpebral
ligament
Lateral palpebral raphe Facial nerve
Closes eyelids and
dilates lacrimal sac
Palpebral part
Medial palpebral
ligament
Orbicularis oculi
Orbital part
Medial palpebral
ligament
and adjoining bone
Loops return to origin Facial nerve
Throws skin around
orbit into folds
to protect eyeball
Orbital part
Medial palpebral
ligament
and adjoining bone
Levator palpebrae
superioris
Back of orbital cavity
Anterior surface and
upper margin of
superior tarsal plate
Striated muscle
oculomotor nerve,
smooth muscle
sympathetic
Raises upper lid
Muscles of Eyelids
The origins and insertions of the muscles of the eyelids and eye ball are summarized in three following Tables
11. Dr, Rafid Remthan Al-Temimi, Clinical Radiology, CAMB 11
Extrinsic Muscles of Eyeball (Striated Skeletal Muscle)
1- Superior Rectus
2- Inferior Rectus
3- Medial Rectus
4- Lateral Rectus
5- Superior Oblique
6- Inferior Oblique
• They are 6 skeletal striated voluntary muscles
• The are all supplied by oculomotor nerve except superior oblique muscle by trochlear nerve and lateral rectus by abducent nerve.
• They are responsible for movement of the eyeball in different directions and paralysis of any one may cause squint of the eye.
12. Dr, Rafid Remthan Al-Temimi, Clinical Radiology, CAMB 12
Muscles of the eyeball and eyelids.
Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Supply Action
Superior rectus
Tendinous ring on
posterior wall of
orbital cavity
Superior surface of
eyeball just posterior to
corneoscleral junction
Oculomotor nerve
(3rd cranial nerve)
Raises cornea upward and
medially
Inferior rectus
Tendinous ring on
posterior wall of
orbital cavity
Inferior surface of eyeball just
posterior to corneoscleral
junction
Oculomotor nerve
(3rd cranial nerve)
Depresses cornea
downward and medially
Medial rectus
Tendinous ring on
posterior wall of
orbital cavity
Medial surface of eyeball just
posterior to corneoscleral
junction
Oculomotor nerve
(3rd cranial nerve)
Rotates eyeball so that
cornea looks medially
Lateral rectus
Tendinous ring on
posterior wall of
orbital cavity
Lateral surface of eyeball just
posterior to corneoscleral
junction
Abducent nerve (6th
cranial nerve)
Rotates eyeball so that
cornea looks laterally
Superior oblique
Posterior wall of
orbital cavity
Passes through pulley and
is attached to superior
surface of eyeball beneath
superior rectus
Trochlear nerve
(4th cranial nerve)
Rotates eyeball so that
cornea looks downward
and laterally
Inferior oblique Floor of orbital cavity
Lateral surface of eyeball
deep to lateral rectus
Oculomotor nerve
(3rd cranial nerve)
Rotates eyeball so that
cornea looks upward and
laterally
Extrinsic Muscles of Eyeball (Striated Skeletal Muscle)
14. Dr, Rafid Remthan Al-Temimi, Clinical Radiology, CAMB 14
The lacrimal gland consists of a large orbital part and a small palpebral part, which are continuous with each other around the lateral
edge of the aponeurosis of the levator palpebrae superioris. It is situated above the eyeball and opens by 12 ducts into the lateral part of
the superior fornix of the conjunctiva. The parasympathetic secretomotor nerve supply is derived from the lacrimal nucleus of the
facial nerve. The sympathetic postganglionic nerve supply is from the internal carotid plexus and travels in the deep petrosal nerve, the
nerve of the pterygoid canal, the maxillary nerve,the zygomatic nerve, the zygomaticotemporal nerve, and finally the lacrimal nerve.
Lacrimal Apparatus
Lacrimal Gland
15. Dr, Rafid Remthan Al-Temimi, Clinical Radiology, CAMB 15
Lacrimal Ducts
The tears circulate across the cornea and enter the canaliculi lacrimales through the puncta lacrimalis. The canaliculi
lacrimales open into the lacrimal sac , which lies behind the medial palpebral ligament. The nasolacrimal duct emerges
from the lower end of the lacrimal sac. It descends downward in a bony canal and opens into the inferior meatus of the
nose. The opening is guarded by a fold of mucous membrane known as the lacrimal fold. This prevents air from being
forced up the ductinto the lacrimal sac on blowing the nose.
16. Dr, Rafid Remthan Al-Temimi, Clinical Radiology, CAMB 16
FIGURE : Left eye of a 29-year-old woman. A. The names of structures seen in the examination of the
eye. B. An enlarged view of the medial angle between the eyelids. C. The lower eyelid pulled downward
and slightly everted to reveal the punctum lacrimale.
17. Dr, Rafid Remthan Al-Temimi, Clinical Radiology, CAMB 17
FIGURE : Muscles and nerves of the right orbit viewed from the
lateral side.
FIGURE 5: Right and left orbital cavities viewed from above.
18. Dr, Rafid Remthan Al-Temimi, Clinical Radiology, CAMB 18
Reference
1. Snell RS: Clinical anatomy by regions. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011.
Thank you