Oxygen therapy aims to increase oxygen levels in tissues by administering oxygen at concentrations higher than room air. It is used to treat conditions involving hypoxemia or respiratory distress. Oxygen can be delivered through masks, nasal cannulas, or tents. When administering oxygen therapy, the patient's oxygen saturation levels and general condition should be monitored, and their care maintained, such as keeping airways clear and changing positions regularly. Complications are rare but can include respiratory depression or irritation if not properly humidified.
oxygen is very very important for the human being. so i tried here to provide best content from the books and easy way to understand, if you like this slide comment it.
Oxygen administration is the process of delivering oxygen to a person who has a medical condition that results in low oxygen levels in their blood. Adequate oxygenation is essential for the proper functioning of the body, and oxygen therapy is a common medical intervention to ensure that the body receives sufficient oxygen. Indications: Oxygen therapy is used in various medical situations, including respiratory disorders (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or pneumonia), heart conditions, trauma, and other conditions that result in low blood oxygen levels (hypoxemia). Delivery Methods:
Nasal Cannula: A thin tube with two small prongs is inserted into the nostrils, delivering oxygen from a portable oxygen source. It's comfortable and allows the patient to talk and eat while receiving oxygen.
Oxygen Mask: Oxygen masks cover the nose and mouth, delivering a higher concentration of oxygen. They are used when a higher flow rate is required.
oxygen is very very important for the human being. so i tried here to provide best content from the books and easy way to understand, if you like this slide comment it.
Oxygen administration is the process of delivering oxygen to a person who has a medical condition that results in low oxygen levels in their blood. Adequate oxygenation is essential for the proper functioning of the body, and oxygen therapy is a common medical intervention to ensure that the body receives sufficient oxygen. Indications: Oxygen therapy is used in various medical situations, including respiratory disorders (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or pneumonia), heart conditions, trauma, and other conditions that result in low blood oxygen levels (hypoxemia). Delivery Methods:
Nasal Cannula: A thin tube with two small prongs is inserted into the nostrils, delivering oxygen from a portable oxygen source. It's comfortable and allows the patient to talk and eat while receiving oxygen.
Oxygen Mask: Oxygen masks cover the nose and mouth, delivering a higher concentration of oxygen. They are used when a higher flow rate is required.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
2. GOALS
The purpose is to increase oxygen saturation
in tissues where the saturation levels are too
low due to illness or injury
3. OXYGEN THERAPY
•Oxygen therapy is the administration of
oxygen at concentrations greater than that
in room air to treat or prevent hypoxia.
•Oxygen delivery systems are classified as
stationary, portable, or ambulatory, and
oxygen can be administered by mask,
nasal cannula ,or teint.
5. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
It is providing the body with extra oxygen
• It is used in the following conditions:
gas gangrene
decompression sickness
air embolism
smoke inhalation
carbon monoxide poisoning
cerebral hypoxic event
6. • CONTRA-INDICATIONS
The oxygen should never be used in an explosive environment
Smoking during oxygen therapy is a fire hazard
Untreated pneumothorax
• OXYGEN SOURCES
Environment
Oxygen is processed and stored in oxygen cylinders
Liquid storage: liquid oxygen is stored in chilled tanks
Compressed gas storage: the oxygen gas is compressed in a gas cylinder
which provides convenient storage
7. METHOD OF OXYGEN ADMINISTRATION
Nasal cannula: offers the gas flow of 4-6L/min
Oxygen mask: the oxygen flow is maintained at
the rate of 6-10L/min when using this method of
administration.
Oxygen tent: the oxygen flow is maintained at
the rate of 6-10L/min.
8. GENERAL CARE OF THE CLIENT UNDER
OXYGENOTHERAPY
Care of the mouth and nose frequently and regularly.
Verify proper connection of oxygen tube to the oxygen
apparatus
Verify if the prescribed amount of oxygen is the amount
given
The client must be advised not to change the flow of
oxygen
Maintain all adequate measures to protect explosion.
Keep free air ways to permit the passage of air.
If the client is unconscious, place him/her in the lateral
position
If the client is conscious, install him in fowler's position to
facilitate the thoracic expansion
9. GENERAL CARE OF THE CLIENT UNDER
OXYGENOTHERAPY
Change the client position at least every two hours to avoid
bed sores.
Provide daily hygiene in particular mouth care.
Verify the oxygen flow and insure that it remains stationary
Verify the content of the oxygen cylinder in order to change
it immediately when it will be empty
Assess the clients general condition noting skin color and
vital signs client
Record all observations on the client's file or medical record.
10. MONITORING OF THE CLIENT UNDER OXYGEN THERAPY
Skin appearance: Is the client cyanotic or pale? Is the client
sweating?
General signs: check blood pressure (usually high blood
pressure), check respiratory rate and check physical condition
of client.
Neuropsychiatric signs: the client may present signs of
agitation, anxiety, confusion, or unconsciousness. Agitation
may persist in case of excessive oxygen administration.
11. PRECAUTIONS
•Oxygen supports combustion, therefore no
open flame or products that are
combustible should be permitted when
oxygen is in use.
•Special care must be given when
administering oxygen to premature
infants, because of the danger of high
oxygen levels causing retinopathy
12. DESCRIPTION
• In the hospital, O2 is supplied to each client room and is available
via an outlet in the wall.
• A flow meter attaches to the wall outlet to access the oxygen.
• Oxygen is most commonly delivered to the client via a nasal
cannula or mask attached to the tubing.
• Another delivery option is transtracheal oxygen therapy, which
involves a small flexible catheter inserted in the trachea or
windpipe through a tracheostomy tube.
• In this method, the oxygen bypasses the mouth, nose, and throat,
and a humidifier is required at flow rates of 2Lpt (1 l) per
minute and above.
14. • PREPARATION
• A physician's order is required for oxygen therapy except in emergency use.
• The need for supplemental oxygen is determined by inadequate oxygen
saturation, as determined by blood gas measurements, pulse oximetry, or
clinical indications.
• No special preparation of the client is required to administer oxygen therapy.
• AFTER CARE
• Once oxygen therapy is initiated, periodic assessment and documentation of
oxygen saturation levels is required.
• If the client is using a mask or a cannula, gauze can be tucked under the tubing
to prevent irritation of the cheeks or the skin behind the ears.
• Water-based lubricants can be used to relieve dryness of the lips and nostrils.
15. • COMPLICATIONS
In normal conditions, complications from oxygen therapy are
infrequent.
Respiratory depression, oxygen toxicity, and absorption
atelectasis are the most serious complications with overuse of
oxygen.
High pressure of oxygen can alter the bronchia and lungs
irritating the alveoli membrane leading to acute edema of the
lungs
Non humidified oxygen causes irritation of the respiratory tract
Blindnes
16. •Delivery equipment may present other problems.
Perforation of the nasal septum as a result of using a
nasal cannula and non–humidified oxygen has been
reported.
In addition, bacterial contamination of the nebulizer and
humidification systems can occur, potentially leading to
the spread of pneumonia.
17. RESULTS
• The client demonstrates adequate oxygenation through pulse oximetry,
blood gases, and clinical observation.
• Signs and symptoms of inadequate oxygenation include cyanosis,
drowsiness, confusion, restlessness, anxiety, or slow, difficult, or
irregular breathing.
• Clients with obstructive airway disease may exhibit "aerophagia" or "air
hunger," as they work to pull air into the lungs.
• In cases of carbon monoxide inhalation, the oxygen saturation can be
falsely elevated.
aerophagia is the medical term used to describe excessive and
repetitive air swallowing
18. HEALTH CARE TEAM ROLE
• Health care team members may check and document that
oxygen therapy is being used appropriately and the oxygen
flow is as ordered.
• Physicians are responsible for ordering oxygen therapy ( flow
rate and when the client will need to use the oxygen).
• Nurses are responsible for assessing clients, ensuring that
oxygen therapy is initiated as prescribed, monitoring oxygen
delivery systems, and recommending changes in therapy.
• Respiratory therapists may assess clients, initiate and monitor
oxygen delivery systems, and recommend changes in therapy.
19. Specific Care of the Client Receiving Oxygen
by Nasal Cannula
clean the cannula at least every 8 hours to avoid
mucus obstructing the cannula
decrease the irritation of the mucous membrane,
alternate nostril
Provide mouth care to avoid dryness
Check if the catheter is attached well (fixed)
20. REFERENCES
• Hess, D. (Ed.). (2014). Nebulizers and inhalers: Advances in delivery
science and technology. CRC Press.
• Dolovich, M., & Newman, S. (Eds.). (2015). Aerosols in medicine:
Principles, diagnosis and therapy (3rd ed.). CRC Press
• Dexter, J.R., Wilkins, R.L., & Gold, P.M. (2019). Respiratory Disease: A
Case Study Approach to Patient Care. F.A. Davis Company.
• Kacmarek, R.M., Dimas, S., & Mack, C.W. (2019). Essentials of
Respiratory Care. Elsevier.