The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicles and scapulae. The upper limbs are divided into the arm, forearm, and hand. The arm contains the humerus, while the forearm contains the radius and ulna. The hand includes carpal bones, metacarpal bones, and phalanges. The pelvic girdle attaches the lower limbs and supports pelvic organs, consisting of paired hip bones and the sacrum fused from three bones in adults. The lower limbs are divided into the thigh, leg, and foot. The thigh

1. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Boon college

2. THE PECTORAL GIRDLE
• The pectoral girdle, or
shoulder girdle, consists of a
1. clavicle anteriorly and
2. a scapula posteriorly

3. Clavicles
• Also known as collar bone

4. Scapulae
• The scapulae, or shoulder blades, are thin, triangular flat bones
located on the dorsal surface of the ribcage,

5. THE UPPER LIMB
• They are grouped into bones of the :
1. Arm: between the shoulder and elbow only
2. Forearm: between the elbow and the wrist
3. hand:

6. ARM
• humerus is the only bone
of the arm.

7. Forearm
• are two parallel long
bones, the radius and
ulna. Ulna is longer
than the radius

8. Hand
• The skeleton of the hand includes:
1. the bones of the carpus, or wrist;
2. the bones of the metacarpus, or palm; and
3. the phalanges, or bones of the fingers

10. Carpus
• The carpus contains eight short bones.
• In the proximal row, from lateral (thumb side) to medial, are:
• scaphoid
• lunate
• triquetrum
• pisiform

11. • the distal row, from lateral to medial, are:
• the trapezium
• trapezoid ,
• capitate
• and hamate.
• Sally Left The Party To Take Carmen Home.

12. Metacarpus
• There are Five metacarpals bones
• are numbered I to V, from thumb to little finger.
Phalanges of the Fingers
• The digits, or fingers, are numbered I to V beginning with the thumb.
• With the exception of the thumb, each finger has three phalanges:
• proximal, middle, and distal
• The thumb has no middle phalanx.

13. THE PELVIC GIRDLE
• The pelvic girdle attaches the lower limbs to the spine and supports
the visceral organs of the pelvis.
• The pelvic girdle consists:
1. paired hip bones and the
2. sacrum (part of the axial skeleton).

14. • During childhood, it consists of three separate bones:
1. ilium,
2. ischium, and
3. Pubis
• In adults, these bones are fused.

17. THE LOWER LIMB
• The lower limbs carry the entire weight of the erect body and
experience strong forces when we jump or run.
• The three segments of the lower limb are the
1. thigh,
2. the leg, and
3. the foot

18. Thigh
• The femur is the single
bone of the thigh.
• It is the largest, longest,
strongest bone in the
body.

19. Leg
• part of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle.
• Two parallel bones, the tibia and fibula, form the skeleton of the leg
• The tibia, located medially, is more massive than fibula.
• The tibia articulates with the femur to form the knee joint,
• and with the talus bone of the foot at the ankle joint.
• The fibula does not contribute to the knee joint and merely helps
stabilize the ankle joint.

21. Foot
• The skeleton of the foot includes the
1. bones of the tarsus,
2. the bones of the metatarsus,
3. and the phalanges, or toe bones

22. Tarsus
• makes up the posterior half of
the foot and contains seven
bones called tarsals.

23. Metatarsus
• consists of five small long bones
called metatarsals.
• These bones are numbered I to V
beginning on the medial side of the
foot.

24. Phalanges of the Toes
• There are 14 phalanges of the toes.
• There are three phalanges in each digit except the great toe , which
has only two phalanges.
• named
1. proximal,
2. middle,
3. distal phalanges.

25. Joints
• where two or more bones meet to allow movement.
• Most common joints are:
• Glenohumeral joint(shoulder).
• Elbow joint.
• Wrist joint.
• Hip joint.
• Knee joint.
• Ankle joint

26. Muscle tissue
• composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract
in order to produce movement of the body parts
• Types of Muscle Tissue
1. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
2. Cardiac Muscle Tissue
3. Smooth Muscle Tissue

27. Functions of Muscle Tissue
• Produce movement.
• Maintain posture and stabilize joints.
• Generate heat.

29. THANKS….