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1. BLOOD
Haematology: science that deals with
the study of blood, blood forming
tissues and disorders associated with
them.

2. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
• Plasma forms 55% of blood volume
• Cells and subcellular particles forms 45% of
blood volume
• BLOOD[8%]= PLASMA[55%]+FORMED
ELEMENTS[45%]
• OTHER FLUIDS AND TISSUES[92%]

3. Composition of blood
• Formed elements[45%]= >Erythrocytes{4.8-5.8} 99%
>Leucocytes{5,000-9,000} and
>Thrombocytes{250,000-400,000} less than1%
• Leucocytes= Neutrophils{60-70%} Eosinophils{0.5-1%}
Basophils Lymphocytes{20-25%} Monocytes{3-8%}
• PLASMA[55%]= Proteins{7%} Water{91-91.5%} Other
solution{1.5%}
• Proteins{7%}= Albumin{55%} Globulins{38%}
Fibrinogen{7%}
• Other solutions{1.5%}= >Non-protein nitrogen[NPN]
substances >Foods >Regulatory substances
>Regulatory gases >Electrolytes

4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BLOOD
• Viscousity= 4.5-5.5 greater than water
• Colour= Red in artery and bluish in vein
• Volume = 5-6Litres in males and 4-5Litres in
females
• Ph = Arterial blood 7.35-7.45 Venous blood
7.31-7.41
• Salinity = 0.85-0.9%
• Opacity = opaque

5. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BLOOD
• Oncotic pressure= 25mmHg
• Specific gravity= 1.060
• Temperature = 38C

6. FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
TRANSPORT FUNCTION
Transport of oxygen from lungs to tissues and CO2 from
tissues to lungs
• Blood carries substance carried by the GIT to different
tissues
• Transport waste products to kidneys: urea, creatinine, uric
acid and excess water & electrolytes
• Liver: removes bile pigments and drugs
• Skin: removes sweat
• Blood transport hormones from endocrine glands to their
target cells with other regulatory substances such as
vitamins and enzymes

7. FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
• REGULATION
• PH of tissue fluids: by removing any acid metabolite from tissue
fluids and buffering them. By various buffering systems of the blood
[H2CO3/NaHCO3]
• Water content of the tissues: by fluid exchange between the plasma
and the interstitial fluid. So blood helps in maintenance of the body
by removing excess water from tissues to the kidneys and sweat
glands.
• Hormonal secretion by feedback mechanism eg PTH and Calcium;
ADH and H2O control; Aldosterone and H2O content.
• Body temperature: blood distributes heat produced during
metabolic processes all over the body. Blood also inform the
hypothalamic thermostat about the body core temperature.

8. FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
• HAEMOSTATIC FUNCTION
• Blood clots when a blood vessel is cut to close the
injured parts and thus prevents further loss
• DEFENSIVE FUNCTION
• Against microorganisms: blood phagocytes with
the help of antibodies attack and kill invading
organism
• Against toxic substances: Antitoxins= antibodies
against toxins

9. LUNGS
TRNSPORT
FUNCTIONS OF
BLOOD
Hormones
Enzymes
Vitamins
Antibodies
Urea
Uric Acid
Creatinine
Excess H2O & Electrolyte
LIVER
[bile]
Sweat
Glands
GIT
Waste
Products
O
2
C
O
2
CELL
TISSUE
Lipids
Glucose
STORES
Amino Acids
KIDNEYS

10. REGULATORY FUNCTIONS
[Communications]
Ph of tissue fluids
[through buffers]
Water content
[through fluid exchange
between plasma & ISF]
Body temperature
[through the heat absorbing and
coolant properties of its H2O
content]
Hormone secretion
[by the resultant
effect of secretion]

11. PLASMA
• CHARACTERISTICS OF PLASMA
• Plasma is the fluid portion of blood
• The normal plasma volume is about 5% of body
weight{about 3,500mls in 70kg body}
• Colour: yellow Ph= 7.4 [7.35-7.45]
• Specific gravity= 1.030
• Osmotic pressure= 290mosmols
• Crystalloid O.P= 5,000mmHg
• Colloid O.P= 28mmHg
• Oncotic O.P= 25mmHg

12. COMPOSITION OF PLASMA
• Water: 91.5% Proteins: 7% Othersolute:1.5%
• Proteins inside the plasma are: Albumin=55%
Globulins=38% Fibrinogen=7%
Prothrombin=10mg% Other clotting
factors[Trace amounts]
• Other solutes: they are >Non Protein Nitrogen
[NPN] >Nutritive materials [glucose & lipids]

13. PLASMA PROTEINS
• Normal level: 6.5-7.5gm% Average= 7gm%
• TYPES OF PLASMA PROTEINS
• Albumin: 4-4.5g/dL Mol.wgt=700,000
• Globulin: 2.7g/dL Mol.wgt=150,000
• Fibrinogen: 0.3g/dL Mol.wgt=400,000
• Others: Prothrombin and other clotting factors
Protein hormones Enzymes & others

14. METHODS OF SEPERATION OF PLASMA
PROTEINS
• 1. Ultra centrifuge
• 2. Precipitation: [a] Fractional
[b] Amonium Sulphate
• 3. Electrophoresis: Isoelectric point of plasma
proteins Ph: 4.7-5.4

15. PLASMA PROTEINS
Common metabolic pool of amino acids
1. Breakdown
2. Diet
3. Tissues
10-20days
DYNAMIC STATE OF PLASMA
Amino Acids
6-10% /day
Albumin [6-
10%/day]

16. Site of synthesis of plasma proteins
• Recticuloendothelial system[RES]: Lymph nodes;
spleen; bone marrow
• 4g/hour[100g/day]
• ORIGIN OF PLASMA PROTEINS
• Plasmapheresis: method of studying of the rate
of formation of plasma proteins & factors
• 1. Diet Proteins: HBV= High Biological Value:
>Rapid rate of synthesis
>Animal= Favour Albumin
>Plant & grain protein= Favours Globulins

17. Origin of plasma proteins
• 2. Tissue Proteins:
[a] Labile tissue proteins: >rapidly added when
needed >Stored in the liver & ISF
>Few minutes to hours
[b] Reserve Proteins: >cellular proteins into
plasma proteins by liver
>slow addition few hours to days >starvation
[c] Fixed tissue proteins cannot be converted
to plasma proteins due to being main
constituent of the cell protein

18. Albumin/Globulin Ratio {A/G ratio}
• Definition: is the ratio of Albumin to that of
Globulin
• Normal value: 1.2= Electric or 1.7 [Chemical]
• Clinical importance: non specific test could
help in diagnosis of some disease
• It is reduced in: [a] Liver diseases [b] Renal
diseases [c] Infections [d] Allergy
• It is increased in: [a] Hypogammaglobulinemia
[b] AIDS

19. HYPOPROTEINAEMIA
• Definition: Decreased plasma protein
• CAUSES OF HYPOPROTEINAEMIA
• 1. Acquired:
[a] Prolonged starvation [physiological]
[b] Renal disease: nephrosis, because large
amounts of Albumin are lost in urine
[c] Liver disease: because the hepatic synthesis of
plasma proteins is depressed
[d] Malabsorption syndrome: decreased
absorption of amino acids

20. HYPOPROTEINAEMIA
• In these conditions, the plasma oncotic
pressure is decreased= less fluid reabsorption
from tissue spaces= oedema
[e] AIDS
• 2. Congenital:
[a] Aggamaglobulinaemia: decreased
resistance to infection
[b] Afibrinogenaemia: defective blood clotting

21. FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA PROTEINS
• Blood coagulation
• Production of an effective oncotic pressure
mainly by Albumin[80%]
• Defense action: by immunoglobulins, antibodies
are gammaglobulins which increase immunity
against infection by viruses or bacteria
• Production of blood viscousity “contribution to
the peripheral vascular resistance [5times as that
of water]

22. FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA PROTEINS
• Responsible for 15% of buffering capacity
• They share in maintaining the Ph constant
• CO2 carriage: CO2+Amino group protein
carbamino-compound Lung+Protein
• Maintaining normal capillary permeability
• Effect on electrolyte sedimentation rate [ESR]:
>increased in infection[fibrinogen & globulin
increases] >increased adherence of RBCs to
each other[Rouleaux]

23. FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA PROTEINS
• Protein reserve: during starvation they can be
degraded to provide energy for cells

24. SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA
PROTEINS
• ANGIOTENSINOGEN[alpha 2 globulins]:
>is converted to angiotensin 2
>increases in renal ischaemia
>elevates ABP
• ERYTHROPOIETIN:
>increases in hypoxia
>enhance erythropoiesis
• ALPHA 2 MACROGLOBULINS:
>increases in children & albumin deficiency
>inhibitor of proteolytic enzyme

25. SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA
PROTEINS
• ALPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN:
>increases in case of acute illness
>decreases in cases of inherited pulmonary
emphysema
>inhibit proteolytic enzymes
• HAPTOGLOBULIN[ALPHA 2 GLOBULINS]:
>binds free Hb in the blood & delivers it to the
liver for recycling
>used in the determination of the degree of IVH
>prevent loss of free Hb in urine

26. SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA
PROTEINS
• CERULOPLASMAIN:
>Copper containing protein
>Copper transport
• TRASFERRIN:
>transport of iron to storage and utilisation sites;
therefore
>prevent damaging effect of iron
• TRANSCOBOLAMIN:
>binds B12 & transporting it to storage sites and
utilisation
>prevent it degradation

27. SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA
PROTEINS
• PLASMINOGEN:
>concerned with fibrinolysis
• IMMUNOGLOBULINS: [Ig A, Ig D, Ig E, Ig G & Ig
H] >Antibodies
>moves as gamma & beta globulins
>concerned with humoral immunity
• FIBRINOGEN: blood coagulation and viscosity
• PROTHROMBIN: blood coagulation

28. SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA
PROTEINS
• BETA 1 C & BETA 1 E GLOBULINS: >3rd and 4th
components of complementary system
• LIPOPROTEINS: HDL[ALPHA 1], VLDL[ALPHA 2]
& LDL[BETA]