The document discusses several models of communication developed throughout history: - Aristotle developed one of the first linear models in the 4th century BC focusing on the speaker, speech, audience, and effect but lacking feedback. - Harold Lasswell presented a linear model in 1948 examining who communicates what message through which channel to whom with what effect. - Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver's 1949 model added "noise" that can disrupt information transmission. - Wilbur Schramm's 1955 interactive model depicted feedback and "fields of experience" to show communication as interactive between sender and receiver. - Transactional models portray communication as dynamic with changing messages, roles, and shared understandings over time rather than sequential linear exchanges.

1. MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
MODEL ARE ATTEMPTS TO REPRESENT WHAT SOMETHING IS AND HOW IT WORKS.
Aristotle(384-322 B.C) was a Greek philosopher and writer born in Stagira, Northern Greece. He was also the teacher of Alexander the Great. He studied
physics, logic, mathematiccs, etc.
While exploring the human nature scientifically, Aristotle developed a linear model of communication for oral communication known as Aristotle’s Model of
Communication. This is considered as the first model of communication and was proposed before 300 B.C. It is also the is most widely accepted among all
communication models.

2. Critical thinking : what do you think are
the strength and limitations of these
communication processes?
Aristotle Model is mainly focused on speaker and speech. It can be broadly divided into
5 primary elements:Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience and Effect.
The speaker must organize the speech beforehand, according to the target audience and
situation (occasion). The speech must be prepared so that the audience be persuaded or
influenced from the speech.
This model was highly used to develop public speaking skills and create a propaganda at
that time so, it is less focused on intrapersonal or interpersonal communication.
Even if the model is speaker oriented and focuses on audience interaction in
communication, there is no concept of feedbacks.
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
MODEL ARE ATTEMPTS TO REPRESENT WHAT SOMETHING IS AND HOW IT WORKS.

3. Critical Elements of a Good Communicator
Aristotle has given 3 elements that must be present in a good communicator or public speaker.
These elements are related to each other and they reinforce the other elements.
ETHOS PATHOS LOGOS
the characteristic which
makes you credible in front
of the audience. If there is no
credibility, the audience will
not believe in you and will
not be persuaded by you.
Expertise and positions also
give credibility to a person.
If what you say matters to
them and they can connect
with it, then they will be
more interested and they will
think you are more credible.
Emotional bonds will make
the audience captivated and
they feel the speaker is one
of their own people.
Logos is logic. People believe
in you only if they
understand what you are
trying to say. People find
logic in everything. If there
is no logic behind the
speaker’s work or time, they
do not want to get involved.
Everybody has a sense of
reason. You must present
facts to the audience for
them to believe in you.
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
MODEL ARE ATTEMPTS TO REPRESENT WHAT SOMETHING IS AND HOW IT WORKS.

4. Linear model developed by Harold Laswell in 1948.
According to Laswell model , communication is lienar , or one- way , process in which one person acts on another person.
WHO?
SAYS WHAT?
IN WHAT
CHANNEL?
TO WHOM?
WITH WHAT
EFFECT?
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
MODEL ARE ATTEMPTS TO REPRESENT WHAT SOMETHING IS AND HOW IT WORKS.

5. In 1949, Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver revised Laswell models of
communication process. These two men, developed a model that described what
happens when people communicate.
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
MODEL ARE ATTEMPTS TO REPRESENT WHAT SOMETHING IS AND HOW IT WORKS.
In their model, noise is added.
Noise is anything that causes a lost of information
as it flows from source to destination.

6. Encoder: This is the was the message is changed
into signals, for example sound waves. This is done
by the sender when transmitting the message. It can
also be, for example, the language used when
speaking, or the grammar used when writing. In
this case, since the model was made up for technical
communication, and example of encoding could be
when the voice over the telephone gets coded into
wave and transmitted through cables
(CommunicationTheory.org, 2010).
Decoder: Decoding is done by the receiver when he
gets the message. He has to decode the message that
was coded by the receiver in order to be able to
understand it.

7. Critical thinking : what do you think are
the strength and limitations of these
communication processes?
They portray communication as flowing in
only one direction – from sender to
receiver.
They suggest that listeners passively
absord senders’ messages and do not
respond.
They represent communication as a
sequential set of actions in which one step
(listening) follows an earlier step (
talking) .
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
MODEL ARE ATTEMPTS TO REPRESENT WHAT SOMETHING IS AND HOW IT WORKS.

8. Interactive models, in 1955 Wilbur Schram depicted Feedback as a second kind of message in communication process. In addition Schramm pointed out that communication
create and interpret messages within Fields of experience. Adding field of experience and feedback allowed him to develop a model that portrays communication as an interactive
process in which both sender and receivers participate actively.
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
MODEL ARE ATTEMPTS TO REPRESENT WHAT SOMETHING IS AND HOW IT WORKS.

9. Critical thinking : what do you think are
the strength and limitations of these
communication processes?
Awarness that listeners respond to a speaker led to
interactive models, which portray communication as a
process in which listeners are involved in sending messages
back to speakers.
Feedback is a key feature of this models.
Feddback may be verbal, non verbal or both and it may be
Intentional or unintentional.
Although this model are an improvement over linear ones,
they don’t fully capture the dynamism of human
communication.
A serious limitation of interactive models is that they
portray communication as a sequential, linear process.
One person communicates to another who then sends
feedbacks to thr first person. This doesn’t recognize that
people may communicate simultaneously, instead of taking
turns.
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
MODEL ARE ATTEMPTS TO REPRESENT WHAT SOMETHING IS AND HOW IT WORKS.

10. Transaction models. To overcome the weakness of interactive models, we need a model that emphasizes the dynamism of interpersonal communication and the multiple roles
people assume during the process. An accurate model would include the factor of time and would depict others aspect of communication such as messages, noise, and fields of
experience as varying over time , rather than constant.
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
MODEL ARE ATTEMPTS TO REPRESENT WHAT SOMETHING IS AND HOW IT WORKS.

11. Critical thinking : what do you think are
the strength and limitations of these
communication processes?
The transactional model recognizes that noise always
present in interpersonal communication.
The outer lines in the transactional model emphasize that
communication occurs within system that affect what and
how people communicate and what meanings are created.
This model , unlike the previous ones, portray each person
Field of experience and the shared field of experience
between communicators as changing over time. As we
encounter new people and have new experiences that
broaden us personally, we change how we interact with
others.
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
MODEL ARE ATTEMPTS TO REPRESENT WHAT SOMETHING IS AND HOW IT WORKS.