Lesson 2 Powerpoint Presentation

1. LEVELS AND
MODELS OF
COMMUNICATION

2. INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Intrapersonal
communication is
communication with oneself
using internal vocalization or
reflective thinking.

5. GROUP COMMUNICATION
Groups are important because they
influence the way in which people experience
and understand the world. The study of group
communication helps further the understanding
of how groups function in influencing
individuals and society. Additionally, the study
of groups can lead to innovations in such
things as technology, government, and
organizational policy.

6. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
Public communication happens
when individuals and groups engage in
dialogue in the public sphere in order to
deliver a message to a specific audience.
Public speaking events, newspaper
editorials and billboard advertisements
are a few forms of public communication.

7. MASS COMMUNICATION
Mass communication (or
communications) can be defined as the
process of creating, sending, receiving,
and analyzing messages to large
audiences via verbal and written media. It
is an expansive field that considers not
only how and why a message is created,
but the medium through which it is sent.

9. MODELS OF
COMMUNICATION

11. LINEAR MODEL
It is one way model of
communication with others. It simply shows the
encoding and decoding process and the use of
channel in transmitting or sending messages.
Such model highlights that there is clear cut
beginning and end to communication.

14. ARISTOTLE’S
MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION

16. An example for linear model is
Aristotle’s model of communication.
Classical rhetoric is practice in early
Greek society that is why the model
shows three elements – the speaker,
message, and audience, which are
components of public speaking.

17. Aristotle points out that the
person at the end of the communication
process holds the key to whether or not
communication takes place. This means a
greater consideration and understanding
of the audience or listeners is a key to
effective public speaking.

18. LASWELL’S MODEL
OF COMMUNICATION

19. In Harold Lasswell’s model
“Who says what to whom with what
effect” which was drawn from his
studies on political campaigning
and propagandas in the American
Presidential Elections in 1948,
raises the issue of “effect” rather
than meaning.

20. The elements shown on the
model includes “Who” which is the
“Source”; “Says What”, the message;
“To Whom”, the destination. There is
emphasis on the manner at which the
message is communicated which
refers to how the message is
transferred or transmitted with the use
of a channel or medium to a
destination, and the desired “effect”.

21. Lasswell’s model was primarily
focused on messages delivered
through mass media and their effects
on audiences such as the newspapers
on readers, television on viewers and
radio on listeners and other audiences
of mass media. The model has been
used in many media communication
studies.

22. BERLO’S MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION

24. In 1960, David Berlo
introduced the S-M-C-R model of
communication anchored from
Shannon and Weaver’s model. He
described the factors affecting the
elements or components of
communication which are the sender,
message, channel, and receiver.

25. The model indicates that for
effective communication to take place, the source
and receiver needs to be in the same level or they
should be similar in their characteristics such as in
their communication skills, attitudes, knowledge,
social system and culture. It also shows linear
communication with no concept of feedback and
noise which means there is no two-way
communication.

27. INTERACTIVE MODEL
It is two linear models stacked on
top of each other. It is on this model where the
sender and receiver are shown to have
alternate roles as they interact or respond to
their communication. There is emphasis on
feedback which means that communication is a
two-way process.

28. The “field of experience” which
includes cultural background,
ethnicity, geographic location, and
general personal experiences
could draw interaction and
engagement to both
communicators since they will be
responding and reacting as they
communicate.

31. The Information theory of Claude Shannon and
Warren Weaver shows eight discrete components namely:
(1) an information source, a person who creates the
message;
(2) the message, which is both sent by the source and
received by the destination;
(3) a transmitter, which may be a telephone instrument that
captures signal, or in television broadcast which requires the
use of cameras and microphones;
(4) the signal, which flows through a channel;
(5) a carrier or channel which may be light, air, electricity,
radio waves;

32. (6) noise, which may obscure or confuse the signal;
(7) a receiver such as an antenna or television set;
and
(8) a destination which is presumably a person who
consumes or process the message. The theory
explains the complex process of new communication
systems which show the use of different
communication technologies. The model was later on
elaborated with the inclusion of feedback to address
the need to describe interpersonal communication.

35. SCHRAMM’S
MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION

37. SCHRAMM’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Wilbur Schramm, a
communication scholar and the founding
“Father of Mass Communication”,
presented the “Fields of Experience”
model of communication. His studies on
communication resulted to several models
of communication and paved the way for
the development of the communication
field or discipline.

38. The model shows the importance
of life experiences, attitudes,
values, and beliefs to
communicator’s interaction
because these factors shape how
messages are sent from source to
receiver and how they interpreted
or given meaning.

40. It also expands the process of
encoding and decoding the message, and
the two-way circular communication.
Compared to Shannon Weaver’s model
which denotes a more mathematical and
technological description of the
communication process, Schramm’s
model incorporates the study of human
behavior in understanding the complex
nature of communication.

41. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
It assumes that people are
connected through communication since they
engage themselves in a transaction. This
means the sender and receiver recognize their
role in the process and know how their
communication can affect them.

42. The social interaction means
communicators are performing their
roles in creating and understanding
meaning of messages. The constant
giving of feedback denotes
interaction and engagement.

43. It assumes that people are
connected through
communication since they engage
themselves in a transaction.

44. OSGOOD AND
SCHRAMM’S
MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION

46. Charles Osgood, an American
Psychologist, worked with Schramm in
developing a circular model of
communication. The model shows the
reciprocal nature of interpersonal
communication. Though in standard linear
communication where a source sends a
message through a medium to a receiver
where it is processed, this does not
complete interpersonal communication.

47. The receiver must decode and
interpret the sender’s message and
then give feedback and vice versa.
The model creates a better
understanding of the process and
nature of human communication. A
typical example of such
communication flow is on
conversations of people which involve
interpersonal communication.

49. FOULGER’S
MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION

51. FOULGER’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
With the development of theories in
communication, derivative models were developed to
further studies on communication and provide deeper
analysis on the complex and dynamic field of
communication. Since there is no grand or universal
theory that completely explains the dynamic process
and effects of communication, there was integration of
some models of communication to better describe
how communication work especially with the changing
environment and culture today.

52. To address certain issues and
explore queries about communication,
an Ecological Model of
Communication is presented by Davis
Foulger on his article “Models of the
Communication Process.” The model
is a unification model derived from
Foulgar’s studies on communication.

54. Foulger presented in the model four
fundamental constructs depicting
communication between creators and
consumers mediated by messages which are
created using language within media;
consumed from media and interpreted using
language. He finds the model as a more
detailed elaboration of Lasswell’s model
“Who… says what…in which channel…to
whom…with what effect”.

55. Foulger explained that the “Who”
represents the creators of messages, the
“Says what” are the messages and “In which
channel” referring to the use of language and
media, and “To whom” are the consumers of
messages, and the “Effects” which are found
in various relationships, perspectives,
attributions, interpretations and the continuing
evolution of language and media. He also
pointed out a number of relationships
described in the model which are as follow:

56. 1. Messages are created and consumed using
language.
2. Language occurs within the context of media.
3. Messages are constructed and consumed within
the context of media.
4. The roles of consumer and creator are reflexive.
5. The roles of consumer and creator are
introspective.
6. The messages creators of messages construct
are necessarily imperfect representations of
meaning they imagine.

57. 7. A consumer’s interpretation of
messages necessarily attributes
meaning imperfectly.
8. People learn language by or through
experience of encountering language
being used within media.
9. People learn by using media.
10.People invent and evolve languages.
11.People invent and evolve media.

58. REQUIRED OUTPUT
Design your own model
of communication.
Explain your
illustration/model.