The document discusses the human skeletal system and its various components. It describes the 206 bones that make up the axial skeleton (80 bones) and appendicular skeleton (126 bones). Key bones are outlined, including the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, clavicles, scapulae, bones of the upper and lower limbs, and pelvis. Joints and ligaments are also discussed. Muscles involved in walking are summarized. Muscular dystrophy and arthritis are briefly explained.
The document provides information about the skeletal and muscular systems of the human body. It discusses the major bones including the 206 bones in the body, their structures and functions. It also describes the axial and appendicular skeleton, joints, muscles, and anatomical terminology used to describe positions and movements of the body.
The document discusses the muscles, bones, and types of injuries in the human body. It describes that the body has over 650 muscles composed of water and protein that generate movement. The body also contains 206 bones made of water, minerals, and organic matter that protect organs and allow for movement. The document outlines the specific muscles in the face, arms, legs, and back, as well as the bones in these areas. It also discusses three types of muscle injuries: strains, cramps, and contractures. Finally, it covers three types of bone fractures: simple, comminuted, and open or closed fractures.
The document discusses the integumentary system and skeletal system. It describes the two main layers of the skin - the epidermis and dermis - and their functions in protecting the body. It then explains the roles and components of the skeletal system, including the different bone types and functions of the skeletal muscles in facilitating movement. The three main types of muscles - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles - are also outlined according to their locations, structures, and voluntary or involuntary functions in the body.
The document discusses the skeletal and muscular systems involved in animal locomotion. It describes different types of skeletons including exoskeletons, which encase the body, and endoskeletons, which are internal rigid structures. The structure and function of bones and joints are also covered. Several aspects of muscle tissue and function are then examined, including muscle contraction via the sliding filament mechanism, motor unit recruitment, and muscle fiber types. Finally, different modes of locomotion are reviewed for various environments like water, land and air.
The document summarizes the human locomotor system. It describes that the locomotor system consists of the skeleton and musculature. The skeleton is made up of bones, cartilage, and joints. It then lists important bones in the head, trunk, and limbs. The musculature section states that it is made up of all the body's muscles. It provides examples of important muscles in the head, trunk, and limbs. Tendons are also briefly described as fibers that connect muscles to bones.
The document discusses the skeletal system and muscular system of the human body. It provides details on the main bones of the skeleton including the skull, backbone, ribs, and limbs. It then describes joints and the types of joints in the body. The document also discusses the main muscles of the body and specific muscles like the abdominal muscles. It provides information on muscle-related conditions like muscle tumors and muscular diseases.
The document provides information about the skeletal and muscular systems of the human body. It discusses the major bones including the 206 bones in the body, their structures and functions. It also describes the axial and appendicular skeleton, joints, muscles, and anatomical terminology used to describe positions and movements of the body.
The document discusses the muscles, bones, and types of injuries in the human body. It describes that the body has over 650 muscles composed of water and protein that generate movement. The body also contains 206 bones made of water, minerals, and organic matter that protect organs and allow for movement. The document outlines the specific muscles in the face, arms, legs, and back, as well as the bones in these areas. It also discusses three types of muscle injuries: strains, cramps, and contractures. Finally, it covers three types of bone fractures: simple, comminuted, and open or closed fractures.
The document discusses the integumentary system and skeletal system. It describes the two main layers of the skin - the epidermis and dermis - and their functions in protecting the body. It then explains the roles and components of the skeletal system, including the different bone types and functions of the skeletal muscles in facilitating movement. The three main types of muscles - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles - are also outlined according to their locations, structures, and voluntary or involuntary functions in the body.
The document discusses the skeletal and muscular systems involved in animal locomotion. It describes different types of skeletons including exoskeletons, which encase the body, and endoskeletons, which are internal rigid structures. The structure and function of bones and joints are also covered. Several aspects of muscle tissue and function are then examined, including muscle contraction via the sliding filament mechanism, motor unit recruitment, and muscle fiber types. Finally, different modes of locomotion are reviewed for various environments like water, land and air.
The document summarizes the human locomotor system. It describes that the locomotor system consists of the skeleton and musculature. The skeleton is made up of bones, cartilage, and joints. It then lists important bones in the head, trunk, and limbs. The musculature section states that it is made up of all the body's muscles. It provides examples of important muscles in the head, trunk, and limbs. Tendons are also briefly described as fibers that connect muscles to bones.
The document discusses the skeletal system and muscular system of the human body. It provides details on the main bones of the skeleton including the skull, backbone, ribs, and limbs. It then describes joints and the types of joints in the body. The document also discusses the main muscles of the body and specific muscles like the abdominal muscles. It provides information on muscle-related conditions like muscle tumors and muscular diseases.
This document discusses support and locomotion in humans and other animals. It describes the human skeletal system including the axial and appendicular skeleton. It also discusses the skeletal systems of other animals like earthworms, grasshoppers, fish and birds. It details how their antagonistic muscles provide movement. The document also covers support systems in plants, describing how aquatic, floating, herbaceous and woody plants gain support through tissues, cells and structures.
The document discusses the musculoskeletal system, which includes the skeletal and muscular systems. It provides information on the key components and functions of these systems. The skeletal system provides structure and protection to the body through bones and joints. It works with the muscular system to enable movement, with muscles connecting to bones via tendons and ligaments. Together the skeletal and muscular systems interact with other body systems like the nervous, digestive and circulatory systems to support movement and overall body function.
Biology Form 5 Chapter 2 - Locomotion & support : 2.1 Part 2Nirmala Josephine
This document discusses the human musculoskeletal system and movement. It describes the three main types of human muscle - smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle - and their characteristics. Skeletal muscle contraction allows for movement through interaction with the skeleton and joints. The main types of joints are discussed as well as specific muscles involved in walking. Common musculoskeletal conditions like osteoporosis, arthritis and muscular dystrophy are outlined and how they impair locomotion and support.
The skeletal system has 5 main functions: 1) movement by providing attachment points for muscles, 2) support through structures like the backbone, 3) protection of vital organs, 4) formation of blood cells in bone marrow, and 5) storage of minerals. The skeletal system consists of the axial skeleton including the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton of the shoulders, arms, hips and legs. Bones come in four basic shapes and have a layered structure consisting of periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone, and bone marrow. Common skeletal problems include fractures, dislocations, sprains, arthritis, scoliosis, and osteoporosis.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that form the framework of the body. It has several important functions including support, protection, movement, production of blood cells, and storage of minerals. The skeletal system can be divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the upper and lower limbs. There are several common bone problems that can occur like fractures, dislocations, sprains, and arthritis.
The document discusses the human skeleton and how it allows for movement. It describes how the skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, and ribcage, and the appendicular skeleton, which includes the arms, legs, shoulder, and pelvic girdles. Limb bones are adapted for functions like movement and support, with features like compact bone and joints that allow for a wide range of motion. The document also discusses how muscles, tendons, bones and ligaments work together to enable movement via levers and different joint types.
The skeleton has four main functions: providing shape and support, enabling movement, protecting vital organs, and producing blood cells. It is composed of over 200 bones, including long bones in the arms, legs, and hands/feet, flat bones like the skull and ribs, and irregular bones like the vertebrae. Joints like the ball-and-socket shoulder and hip allow a full range of motion, while hinge joints like the elbow only flex and extend. Muscles are attached to bones via tendons and work antagonistically in pairs to enable movement, with some muscles acting as agonists to contract and others relaxing as antagonists. The circulatory system transports blood from the heart to cells and back again to provide oxygen
The locomotor system is made up of the skeleton and musculature and is responsible for movement. The skeleton provides structure, protection, and attachment points for muscles. Muscles are attached to bones via tendons and allow both voluntary and involuntary movement when signaled by the nervous system or other organs. Bones and muscles are classified based on their location in the head, trunk, or limbs. Joints connect bones and allow different ranges of motion. Tendons are flexible but non-elastic fibers that connect muscles to bones.
The document discusses the human locomotor system, which includes bones, joints, muscles, and tendons that work together to allow movement of the body. The locomotor system has several functions - it moves parts of the body like the arms and legs, and some muscles like the heart move automatically. Bones provide structure and protection for organs, while joints connect two or more bones and muscles contract to pull on bones via tendons. The document provides tips for caring for the locomotor system such as warming up before exercise, stretching after, getting enough sleep, eating calcium-rich foods, and avoiding bad posture or heavy lifting.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy, focusing on bones, joints, and anatomical terminology. It discusses the four types of tissues that make up the human body and describes the major bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton. Key anatomical terms like superior, inferior, and proximal are defined. The document also examines the six main types of synovial joints and identifies examples like the ball and socket shoulder joint. Movement terms like flexion, extension, and rotation are outlined.
This document defines muscles as soft tissues that contain proteins and produce force and motion. It notes there are over 600 muscles in the human body that work through the nervous system to control movement, maintain posture, and circulate blood. The document also lists some of the major muscle groups in the body and their functions, while acknowledging that all muscles are important.
This document provides an overview of the musculoskeletal system, including the skeletal and muscular systems. It describes the main bone types and classifications, joints, movements, and muscle contractions. Key terms are defined such as anatomical directions, bone functions, and the differences between skeletal muscle fiber types.
The document discusses the key components of the human locomotor system. It includes bones that make up the skeleton, which comes in three parts and provides structure and protection. There are three types of bones - long, short, and flat. Joints connect the bones and also come in three types - flexible, semi-flexible, and fixed. Muscles are connected to bones and contract or relax to move the skeleton, with two types - voluntary and involuntary. Together, bones, joints, and muscles allow the human body to move.
Bones are organs composed of hard tissue that perform two main functions: sustaining the body and protecting organs. They contain both hard bone and spongy bone, with the latter containing bone marrow where blood cells are produced. Bones come in different shapes and sizes, including large bones like the femur, flat bones like the cranium, and short bones like those in the fingers. Together with ligaments, bones form the skeleton, which is divided into three main parts: the axial skeleton including the skull and vertebrae, the trunk skeleton of the ribs and limbs, and the lower limb skeleton of the pelvis and legs.
The musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body. It consists of bones, muscles, tendons, and joints. The skeletal system includes 206 bones that come in long, short, flat, and irregular shapes. They provide structure and protect organs. Muscles include cardiac, skeletal, and smooth types. Skeletal and smooth muscles are part of the musculoskeletal system. Tendons connect muscles to bones and transmit forces to cause movement. Joints connect bones and allow movement.
Bones are the hard, firm components that make up the vertebrate endoskeleton. They are composed of both hard and soft tissues, including connective tissue, and have a fibrous outer layer called the periosteum. In total, the human skeletal system consists of 206 individual bones that come in varied shapes and sizes to perform multiple functions, with the femur being the largest bone and the stirrup bone in the ear being the smallest. The document then lists the key bones found in the head, trunk, legs, arms, and ear.
The document discusses the musculoskeletal system and movement. It describes how muscles are connected to bones via tendons, and how contraction of muscles pulls on tendons to move bones at joints. It provides details on different types of joints like synovial joints, and common joint disorders such as osteoarthritis, gout, tendonitis, bursitis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
There are three main types of muscles in the body - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones via tendons and allow voluntary movement. The cardiac muscle is only found in the heart. Smooth muscles are located within the inner walls of hollow organs. The document then provides examples of specific skeletal muscles located in different parts of the body such as the masseter muscle in the head, trapezius in the neck, and pectorals in the chest. It concludes by describing how the biceps and triceps muscles in the arm contract and relax opposing each other to allow elbow movement.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal and muscular systems. It defines key terms like bones, joints, cartilage, muscles, and tendons. It explains that the skeletal system gives the body structure and protects organs, while the muscular system is made up of muscles that contract and relax to move the bones. There are two types of body movements - voluntary movements controlled by the brain, and involuntary movements initiated by the spinal cord or medulla.
The document provides information on the human skeletal system including:
- It describes the main types of skeletons in humans and animals - endoskeleton, exoskeleton, and hydrostatic skeleton.
- It explains the functions of the skeletal system which include protection, support, movement, blood cell formation, and mineral storage.
- It outlines the main bones that make up the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, forelimb bones, hindlimb bones).
The human skeleton consists of 206 bones that provide structure, allow movement, and protect organs. Bones are connected by different types of joints like hinged, ball-and-socket, and fixed joints. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs, and the appendicular skeleton including the pectoral and pelvic girdles and long bones of the limbs. While males and females have slightly different skeletons, the skeleton overall supports the body, facilitates movement, and houses bone marrow.
The skeletal system functions to support the body, allow for movement, and protect internal organs. There are two types of skeletons - endoskeletons found in vertebrates which are inside the body, and exoskeletons which are outside. The human skeletal system is made up of the axial skeleton including the skull, vertebral column, and ribs, and the appendicular skeleton including the pectoral and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. Bones provide structure through their composition of both spongy and compact bone tissue. Joints allow for movement and come in several types including immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable joints.
This document discusses support and locomotion in humans and other animals. It describes the human skeletal system including the axial and appendicular skeleton. It also discusses the skeletal systems of other animals like earthworms, grasshoppers, fish and birds. It details how their antagonistic muscles provide movement. The document also covers support systems in plants, describing how aquatic, floating, herbaceous and woody plants gain support through tissues, cells and structures.
The document discusses the musculoskeletal system, which includes the skeletal and muscular systems. It provides information on the key components and functions of these systems. The skeletal system provides structure and protection to the body through bones and joints. It works with the muscular system to enable movement, with muscles connecting to bones via tendons and ligaments. Together the skeletal and muscular systems interact with other body systems like the nervous, digestive and circulatory systems to support movement and overall body function.
Biology Form 5 Chapter 2 - Locomotion & support : 2.1 Part 2Nirmala Josephine
This document discusses the human musculoskeletal system and movement. It describes the three main types of human muscle - smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle - and their characteristics. Skeletal muscle contraction allows for movement through interaction with the skeleton and joints. The main types of joints are discussed as well as specific muscles involved in walking. Common musculoskeletal conditions like osteoporosis, arthritis and muscular dystrophy are outlined and how they impair locomotion and support.
The skeletal system has 5 main functions: 1) movement by providing attachment points for muscles, 2) support through structures like the backbone, 3) protection of vital organs, 4) formation of blood cells in bone marrow, and 5) storage of minerals. The skeletal system consists of the axial skeleton including the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton of the shoulders, arms, hips and legs. Bones come in four basic shapes and have a layered structure consisting of periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone, and bone marrow. Common skeletal problems include fractures, dislocations, sprains, arthritis, scoliosis, and osteoporosis.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that form the framework of the body. It has several important functions including support, protection, movement, production of blood cells, and storage of minerals. The skeletal system can be divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the upper and lower limbs. There are several common bone problems that can occur like fractures, dislocations, sprains, and arthritis.
The document discusses the human skeleton and how it allows for movement. It describes how the skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, and ribcage, and the appendicular skeleton, which includes the arms, legs, shoulder, and pelvic girdles. Limb bones are adapted for functions like movement and support, with features like compact bone and joints that allow for a wide range of motion. The document also discusses how muscles, tendons, bones and ligaments work together to enable movement via levers and different joint types.
The skeleton has four main functions: providing shape and support, enabling movement, protecting vital organs, and producing blood cells. It is composed of over 200 bones, including long bones in the arms, legs, and hands/feet, flat bones like the skull and ribs, and irregular bones like the vertebrae. Joints like the ball-and-socket shoulder and hip allow a full range of motion, while hinge joints like the elbow only flex and extend. Muscles are attached to bones via tendons and work antagonistically in pairs to enable movement, with some muscles acting as agonists to contract and others relaxing as antagonists. The circulatory system transports blood from the heart to cells and back again to provide oxygen
The locomotor system is made up of the skeleton and musculature and is responsible for movement. The skeleton provides structure, protection, and attachment points for muscles. Muscles are attached to bones via tendons and allow both voluntary and involuntary movement when signaled by the nervous system or other organs. Bones and muscles are classified based on their location in the head, trunk, or limbs. Joints connect bones and allow different ranges of motion. Tendons are flexible but non-elastic fibers that connect muscles to bones.
The document discusses the human locomotor system, which includes bones, joints, muscles, and tendons that work together to allow movement of the body. The locomotor system has several functions - it moves parts of the body like the arms and legs, and some muscles like the heart move automatically. Bones provide structure and protection for organs, while joints connect two or more bones and muscles contract to pull on bones via tendons. The document provides tips for caring for the locomotor system such as warming up before exercise, stretching after, getting enough sleep, eating calcium-rich foods, and avoiding bad posture or heavy lifting.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy, focusing on bones, joints, and anatomical terminology. It discusses the four types of tissues that make up the human body and describes the major bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton. Key anatomical terms like superior, inferior, and proximal are defined. The document also examines the six main types of synovial joints and identifies examples like the ball and socket shoulder joint. Movement terms like flexion, extension, and rotation are outlined.
This document defines muscles as soft tissues that contain proteins and produce force and motion. It notes there are over 600 muscles in the human body that work through the nervous system to control movement, maintain posture, and circulate blood. The document also lists some of the major muscle groups in the body and their functions, while acknowledging that all muscles are important.
This document provides an overview of the musculoskeletal system, including the skeletal and muscular systems. It describes the main bone types and classifications, joints, movements, and muscle contractions. Key terms are defined such as anatomical directions, bone functions, and the differences between skeletal muscle fiber types.
The document discusses the key components of the human locomotor system. It includes bones that make up the skeleton, which comes in three parts and provides structure and protection. There are three types of bones - long, short, and flat. Joints connect the bones and also come in three types - flexible, semi-flexible, and fixed. Muscles are connected to bones and contract or relax to move the skeleton, with two types - voluntary and involuntary. Together, bones, joints, and muscles allow the human body to move.
Bones are organs composed of hard tissue that perform two main functions: sustaining the body and protecting organs. They contain both hard bone and spongy bone, with the latter containing bone marrow where blood cells are produced. Bones come in different shapes and sizes, including large bones like the femur, flat bones like the cranium, and short bones like those in the fingers. Together with ligaments, bones form the skeleton, which is divided into three main parts: the axial skeleton including the skull and vertebrae, the trunk skeleton of the ribs and limbs, and the lower limb skeleton of the pelvis and legs.
The musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body. It consists of bones, muscles, tendons, and joints. The skeletal system includes 206 bones that come in long, short, flat, and irregular shapes. They provide structure and protect organs. Muscles include cardiac, skeletal, and smooth types. Skeletal and smooth muscles are part of the musculoskeletal system. Tendons connect muscles to bones and transmit forces to cause movement. Joints connect bones and allow movement.
Bones are the hard, firm components that make up the vertebrate endoskeleton. They are composed of both hard and soft tissues, including connective tissue, and have a fibrous outer layer called the periosteum. In total, the human skeletal system consists of 206 individual bones that come in varied shapes and sizes to perform multiple functions, with the femur being the largest bone and the stirrup bone in the ear being the smallest. The document then lists the key bones found in the head, trunk, legs, arms, and ear.
The document discusses the musculoskeletal system and movement. It describes how muscles are connected to bones via tendons, and how contraction of muscles pulls on tendons to move bones at joints. It provides details on different types of joints like synovial joints, and common joint disorders such as osteoarthritis, gout, tendonitis, bursitis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
There are three main types of muscles in the body - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones via tendons and allow voluntary movement. The cardiac muscle is only found in the heart. Smooth muscles are located within the inner walls of hollow organs. The document then provides examples of specific skeletal muscles located in different parts of the body such as the masseter muscle in the head, trapezius in the neck, and pectorals in the chest. It concludes by describing how the biceps and triceps muscles in the arm contract and relax opposing each other to allow elbow movement.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal and muscular systems. It defines key terms like bones, joints, cartilage, muscles, and tendons. It explains that the skeletal system gives the body structure and protects organs, while the muscular system is made up of muscles that contract and relax to move the bones. There are two types of body movements - voluntary movements controlled by the brain, and involuntary movements initiated by the spinal cord or medulla.
The document provides information on the human skeletal system including:
- It describes the main types of skeletons in humans and animals - endoskeleton, exoskeleton, and hydrostatic skeleton.
- It explains the functions of the skeletal system which include protection, support, movement, blood cell formation, and mineral storage.
- It outlines the main bones that make up the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, forelimb bones, hindlimb bones).
The human skeleton consists of 206 bones that provide structure, allow movement, and protect organs. Bones are connected by different types of joints like hinged, ball-and-socket, and fixed joints. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs, and the appendicular skeleton including the pectoral and pelvic girdles and long bones of the limbs. While males and females have slightly different skeletons, the skeleton overall supports the body, facilitates movement, and houses bone marrow.
The skeletal system functions to support the body, allow for movement, and protect internal organs. There are two types of skeletons - endoskeletons found in vertebrates which are inside the body, and exoskeletons which are outside. The human skeletal system is made up of the axial skeleton including the skull, vertebral column, and ribs, and the appendicular skeleton including the pectoral and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. Bones provide structure through their composition of both spongy and compact bone tissue. Joints allow for movement and come in several types including immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable joints.
The skeleton provides structure and protection for the body. It comprises 206 bones that make up the axial skeleton (skull, spine, ribs) and appendicular skeleton (shoulders, arms, hands, pelvis, legs, feet). Bones are connected by joints that allow different ranges of motion, such as hinge joints in the knees and elbows, ball-and-socket joints in the shoulders, and gliding joints in the wrists and ankles. Ligaments, tendons, and cartilage all help connect and cushion bones to facilitate movement.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of bones in the human body. It begins by defining anatomy, physiology, and osteology. It then describes the different types of bones - long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid. It details the structure of bones, including compact and spongy bone. It also discusses bone development through intramembranous and endochondral ossification. In summary, the document provides an overview of the types of bones in the human body and how they develop and are structured.
The skeletal system includes 206 bones that provide structure, protection, movement and support for the body. The bones are made of cells, proteins and minerals. There are two types of skeleton - axial (skull, vertebrae, ribs) and appendicular (shoulder, pelvis, arms, legs). The skeletal system works with muscles to enable movement, with muscles connecting to bones via tendons. Key functions include protection of organs, blood cell production, calcium storage and enabling movement.
This document provides information about the skeletal, muscular, and digestive systems of the human body. It discusses the main parts and functions of the skeletal system including bones, joints, and common disorders like fractures. It also describes the characteristics and functions of muscles as well as common muscle injuries. Finally, it outlines the stages of digestion and provides tips for caring for the digestive system. The document utilizes diagrams, activities, and assignments to teach students about basic human anatomy and health.
The document summarizes key aspects of the human skeletal system including its functions of support, movement, protection and blood cell production. It describes the main components of the skeletal system such as bones, joints and ligaments. It provides classifications of bones, joints and muscles. Key facts presented include that the adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones, and examples of the different types of joints like ball-and-socket and hinge joints.
THIS PRESENTATION IS UPLOADED TO HELP MEDICAL, NURSING & ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATOR FOR THEIR STUDENTS. IT WILL ALSO CREATE AWARENESS AMONG COMMON PEOPLE ABOUT OUR BODY STRUCTURE.
The musculoskeletal system provides several important functions:
1. Protection of vital organs
2. Support of body structures through a strong framework
3. Allowing for locomotion and movement
The skeletal system includes both axial bones like the skull and vertebrae, as well as appendicular bones in the limbs. Bones are composed of compact cortical bone and cancellous spongy bone. They are maintained through the balanced actions of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Joints allow movement between bones and contain cartilage, synovial fluid, ligaments, and tendons. Muscles are composed of fibers and sarcomeres that allow contraction to move bones. Common injuries include strains, sprains, and
The muscular system has several general functions including movement, posture, communication through body language, and digestion. There are four types of muscles: prime movers, antagonists, fixators, and synergists. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and are voluntary. They contract through the alternating bonding of actin and myosin fibers. Muscles create movement through actions like flexion, extension, abduction, and rotation. The nervous system has a central nervous system of the brain and spinal cord and a peripheral nervous system of cranial and spinal nerves. It is divided into somatic and autonomic systems for voluntary and involuntary control.
Chapter 6 lesson plan general anatomy and physiologyRosieHammond1
This document provides a detailed lesson plan for a general anatomy and physiology class. The objectives are to define anatomy and physiology, describe cells and tissues, and name the 11 main body systems. The plan outlines the content to be covered, including the skeletal, muscular, nervous, and circulatory systems. Key concepts such as bone structure, muscle types, nerve function, and blood flow are defined. Teaching methods include lectures, activities, and questions to promote understanding.
The document discusses the human skeletal system and bones. It notes that adults have 206 bones, including 80 bones in the axial skeleton that support the main body axis (skull, backbone, rib cage) and 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton that support the arms and legs. It also describes the components of bone, the types of bone cells, and different types of joints in the human body like ball-and-socket and hinge joints.
Movement occurs through changing position or posture of the whole organism or parts. There are two types: movement of curvature and locomotion. Locomotion involves movement of the whole organism and is seen in animals and some protoctists through amoeboid, ciliary, muscular, and flagellar movement. The human skeleton provides support, protection, movement, and mineral storage through bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments. It consists of the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribcage) and appendicular skeleton (limbs). Muscles contract and relax to cause movement by attaching to bones via tendons.
This document provides an overview of the skeletal system, including the different types of bones and how they develop. It discusses the functions of the skeleton in supporting the body, enabling movement, and storing minerals. Bone formation occurs through two types of ossification. Bones grow in length through the epiphyseal plate and in thickness through remodeling. Nutrition, hormones, and exercise can affect bone development and strength. The document also covers joints, types of motion, and classifications of bone fractures.
The skeletal system is composed of bones and connective tissues that provide structure, support, protection, movement, and mineral storage. There are four main bone types - long bones in the limbs, short bones in the wrists and ankles, flat bones in the skull and trunk, and irregular bones like the vertebrae. Bones have external features like ridges and internal structures like compact and spongy bone. The spinal column consists of 33 vertebrae that are specialized in different regions and enable movement while protecting the spinal cord.
The skeletal system provides structure and protection to the body. It is made up of bones and cartilage that work together with muscles. The skeletal system has two main divisions - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the bones of the shoulders, hips, arms, and legs. Bones come in different shapes and sizes and serve important functions like support, protection, movement, and storing minerals. The skeletal system is vital for overall health and well-being.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and produce blood cells. There are two main divisions - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebrae, and ribs, and protects the organs, and the appendicular skeleton of the limbs. Key bones include the femur, humerus, radius, ulna, and bones of the hands and feet. Bones are living tissues that grow and repair through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and produce blood cells. There are two main divisions - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebrae, and ribs, and protects the organs, and the appendicular skeleton of the limbs. Key bones include the femur, humerus, radius, ulna, and bones of the hands and feet. Bones are living tissues that grow and repair through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
The skeletal system is composed of 206 bones that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and enable hematopoiesis. There are two divisions - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebrae, and ribs, and protects vital organs, and the appendicular skeleton of the upper and lower limbs. Bones are classified as long, short, flat, irregular, or sesamoid. The skeletal system works with muscles, tendons and ligaments to support the body and allow movement through joints between bones.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones in the human body that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and store minerals. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the pectoral and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. Bones are living tissues that grow and change over time. Common diseases that affect the bones include arthritis, osteoporosis, tendonitis, and fractures.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
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Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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2 locomotion and support
1.
2.
3. 1. Support internal organs, protect internal
structure
2. Move from place to place
3. Cuticle; covers the surface body
4. Waxy -to prevent water loss
5. Joint- thin , flexible
6. Non-living structure, incapable of growth
7. Ecydisis- to shed of the old skeleton
4. 1. vertebrates
2. Rigid framework – bone, cartilage-muscle
attachment
3. functions:
i. maintain body shape
ii. Supporting –soft body tissues
iii. Protecting internal organs- injury
5. 1. internal watery fluid within the confined
spaces
2. under pressure, surrounded muscle
3. liquid cannot escape- skeleton; cannot
compressed
4. soft-walled structure: rigid; muscle act
against it
8. Skull
1. 22 bones ; rest on top of the vertebral column
2. consists of:
i. cranial bones- enclose and protect the brain
ii. Facial bones: protect and provide support for
entrance of respiratory and digestive system
iii. Bones held together by immovable joints-
suture
3. jaw- freely movable bone
9. 1. thorax : thoracic cage
2. thoracic cage:
i. ribs
ii. Sternum
3. function: encloses and protects organs in
thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity
4. twelve pairs –ribs ; make side of the thoracic
cavity
5. sternum/breastbone- flat, narrow bone
located-the centre of anterior thoracic wall
10. 1. the spine/ backbone
2. a series of vertebrae
3. functions:
i. encloses and protects spinal cord
ii. A point of attachments-ribs, pelvic girdle,
muscles of the back
4. 33 vertebrae:
i. 7 cervical vertebrae
ii. 12 thoracic vertebrae
iii. 5 lumbar vertebrae
iv. 5 sacral vertebrae (sacrum)
v. 4 caudal vertebrae (coccyx)
11. 5. cervical, thoracic and lumbar: movable
6. sacrum, coccyx: are not movable
7. intervertebral disc:
i. various movements of vertebral column
ii. Absorb vertical shock
iii. Made of cartilage
12. 1. transverse foramen – blood vessels and
nerves pass
2. the first two are slightly different
The first cervical vertebrae-atlas
The second cervical vertebrae- axis
Thoracic vertebrae
1. spinous processes – long and directed
downwards
2. spinous processes and transverse processes
a- points of attachment for muscles and
ligaments
13.
14.
15.
16. 1. largest and strongest vertebrae
2. processes- short, thick
3. large centrums – bear the weight of the lower
back
Sarcum and coccyx
1. triangular bones
2. fusion of 5 bones
coccyx
1. triangular bones
2. fusion of 4 bones
17.
18. The appendicular skeleton is divided into six major regions:
1) Pectoral Girdles (4 bones) - Left and right Clavicle (2) and
Scapula (2).
2) Arm and Forearm (6 bones) - Left and right Humerus (2)
(Arm), Ulna (2) and Radius (2) (Fore Arm).
3) Hands (58 bones) - Left and right Carpal (16) (wrist),
Metacarpal (10), Proximal phalanges (10), Middle phalanges
(8), distal phalanges (10), and sesamoid (4).
4) Pelvis (2 bones) - Left and right os coxae (2) (ilium).
5) Thigh and leg (8 bones) - Femur (2) (thigh), Tibia (2),
patella (2) (knee), and Fibula (2) (leg).
6) Feet (56 bones) - Tarsals (14) (ankle), Metatarsals (10),
Proximal phalanges (10), middle phalanges (8), distal
phalanges (10), and sesamoid (4).
19. 1. The appendicular skeleton is composed of
126 bones in the human body.
2. The word appendicular is the adjective of the
noun appendage which itself means a part that
is joined to something larger.
3. Functionally it is involved in locomotion
(Lower limbs) of the axial skeleton and
manipulation of objects in the environment
(Upper limbs).
20. The appendicular skeleton of
126 bones and the axial
skeleton of 80 bones together
form the complete skeleton of
206 bones in the human body.
21. 1. The appendicular skeleton
- pectoral girdle
-upper limbs
-pelvic girdle
-lower limbs
2. Pectoral girdle
- clavicle - long, slender S-shaped bone,
- horizontally above the first rib
- scapula – large, flat, triangular bone,
- the posterior of the thorax
22. 1. two hip bones
2. provides a strong, stable support for the
vertebral column
3. hip bones joined at pubic symphysis
Upper limb
1. humerus- the longest, largest bone of upper
limb
2. articulates with
-scapula- shoulder
- ulna and radius- elbow
23. - carpus or wrist:
eight bones called carpals
- metacarpus or palm
five bones called metacarpals
- phalanges : bones of the fingers
- thumb- 2 phalanges
– others -3 phalanges
-
24.
25.
26. Femur
- longest, heaviest, strongest bond
- head: a ball-and-socket joint with the hip bone
- the other end- a hinge joint with tibia
Patella
- kneecap, triangular bone
- protects the knee joint
Tibia- bears the weight of the body
Fibula- smaller than tibia
Tarsus- ankle : 7 bones
Metatarsus- 5 bones: metatarsals
Phalanges- similar with hand
27. 1. Bones- rigid, can’t bend
2. connective tissue- holding bones
3. joint – 2 or more bones meet
4. ligaments- tough sheets of elastic fibres
- held bones
- allow bones move
- prevent dislocation
5. Synovial joint- cavity filled with fluid
- freely movable
28.
29. Types of joint
1. Hinge joint
- examples; knee joint
- Elbows, finger bones, toe bones
- One plane
2. ball-and-socket joint
- Shoulder joint, hip joint
- Rotational movement
- Swinging of arms, legs in a circular motion
30.
31.
32. 1. tough, strong inelastic strands of dnse
connective tissue
2. join skeletal muscles to the bones
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42. The muscles involved in walking
1. The calf muscles contracts and
raises the heel.
2. It exerts a forward thrust, by
pushing the ball of the foot against
the ground.
3. The hamstring muscle contracts to
pull the femur (the thigh) back and
bends the knee. The leg is raised.
44. The muscles involved in walking
4. As the right foot loses contact with
the ground, the weight of the body
is now supported by the the left leg
which is still in contact with the
ground.
5. The quadriceps muscle contracts,
pulls the femur forward and
extends the leg.
45. The muscles involved in walking
6. When the extension of the leg is
completed, the foot then regains
contact with the ground with the
heel touching the ground first. The
weight of body is now supported
on the right leg.
7. The whole sequence is repeated
with the left leg.
48. Muscle cramps?
Weak muscles are more likely to
get overexerted when
exercising and this overexertion
depletes the muscle of oxygen.
Without oxygen, waste product
builds up in the muscle causing
the fibers to spasm and shorten
the muscle.
49. Dehydration
Dehydration is a factor too. When
you sweat you lose fluids, salt and
minerals, and electrolytes.
Electrolytes are the minerals:
calcium, magnesium and potassium
which your muscles need to
function. So drink before you are
thirsty to avoid dehydration or try
a sports drink that contains
electrolytes.
50. Treatment for muscle cramps
When you do cramp up you should
stop doing whatever activity
triggered the cramp and gently
stretch and massage the area.
If the area is really painful you
can try icing it too. But to add
to the mystery of cramping,
some people find heat helps
more than ice.
54. Causes?
a problem known as a mutation —
causes DMD. In 1987, the protein
associated with this gene was
identified and named dystrophin.
55. What are Duchenne and Becker
Muscular Dystrophies?
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)
was first described by the French
neurologist Guillaume Benjamin
Amand Duchenne in the 1860s.
Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is
named after the German doctor
Peter Emil Becker, who first
described this variant of DMD in the
1950s.
56. In DMD, boys begin to show
signs of muscle weakness as
early as age 3. The disease
gradually weakens the skeletal,
or voluntary, muscles, those in
the arms, legs and trunk. By the
early teens or even earlier, the
boy’s heart and respiratory
muscles also may be affected.
66. Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis - Chronic desease
mainly characterized by inflamation of the
lining of the joints; can lead to long term
joint damage resulting in chronic pain, loss
of function, and disability
Osteoarthritis - Most common form of
arthritis; is characterized by the breakdown
of joint cartilage and may affect any joint in
the body
67. Psoriatic Arthritis - Swelling and pain
in the joints surrounding the spine
Gout - Systemic disease caused by the
buildup of uric acid in the joints
88. 1. muscles-inner surface of leg
2. flexor and extensor muscle contract
alternately
3. six legs attached to the thorax
4. claws- grip surfaces
5. adhesive pad between claws – used on
slippery surfaces
99. 1 Strong and big chest muscle – for uplift and
propulsion.
2 Wings are wide – enables it to stay in
the air better.
3 Wing acts as an aerofoil.- generates a
lifting force.
4 Body of the bird is streamline- reduces
air resistance.
5 Bones – small and spongy, some are
hollow- makes the body light,
6 Feathers – waxy and waterproof .
121. Posture - the manner in which the
body is held at rest by muscle attached
to the skeleton.
Good posture – the body is held in
correct position ( or well balanced
position ) when standing, sitting, lying
down or in motion .
122. Bad posture
1. bent backbone, sunken chest ,
protruding abdomen
2. organs such as the heart and the lungs
in the chest cavity are squeezed and
cramped
3. person cannot work properly.
4. hinders proper breathing, less oxygen is
inhaled – insufficient oxygen for all
activities
5. prevents free circulation of blood.