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A feudal castle served two main functions - fortification and residence for the feudal lord. It was surrounded by high, thick walls containing towers and buckets for defense. The most important tower, called the tower of homage, served as the lord's residence and was in the most protected location within the castle walls.
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Dover castle
Dover Castle was built between 1180-1185 by King Henry II as one of the last castles constructed by English kings in the 11th-12th centuries. It was designed by Maurice the Engineer and served as both a royal palace and traveling court. As the largest castle in England, located only 22 miles from France, Dover guarded the gateway to England and was fortified during threats of French invasion. During World War II, the castle's tunnels were converted for use as air raid shelters and medical stations, demonstrating the site's enduring historical and military significance over nearly a thousand years.
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Hadrian was a Roman emperor from 117-138 AD known for his extensive travels and architectural projects throughout the empire. He succeeded Trajan as the 14th emperor. Hadrian spent much of his reign traveling to provinces to oversee administration and ensure military discipline. As a ruler, he was considered just and focused on public works, border security, and avoiding major conflicts. His most significant architectural achievement was Hadrian's Wall in Britain, which marked the northern border. He also built cities, aqueducts, and structures like the Pantheon and his magnificent mausoleum Castel Sant'Angelo, some of which still stand today.
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Hadrian's Wall was a defensive fortification built in northern England under the orders of Roman Emperor Hadrian in 122 AD. It stretched over 120 kilometers across northern Britain to defend Roman-controlled farms and trade routes from raids by the Picts who lived north of the wall in modern-day Scotland. The wall had small forts called milecastles spaced at regular intervals along with towers called turrets. Soldiers lived in barracks within the milecastles and patrolled the wall. A ditch and road further enhanced its defenses. Hadrian's Wall marked the northernmost frontier of the Roman Empire in Britain until Roman forces withdrew in the late 4th century AD.
Hadrian´s..
Hadrian's Wall was built in 122 AD by the Roman Emperor Hadrian across northern England as a defensive fortification. It was constructed to protect Roman Britain from raids by northern tribes like the Picts after the country became prosperous with farms and trade. At over 120 kilometers long, it was the most heavily fortified border in the Roman Empire and featured small forts called milecastles and towers called turrets. It remained occupied by Roman troops until the fall of the Roman Empire.
Hadrian's Wall
Hadrian's Wall was built in the 2nd century AD under the Roman Emperor Hadrian to protect Roman Britain from invaders from the north. It extended 73 miles across northern Britain and was constructed by over 7,000 Roman soldiers over 5 years. It featured a stone wall up to 15 feet high with a ditch on either side and 17 forts along it where soldiers were garrisoned. One of the best preserved forts is Housesteads, where 1,000 infantrymen from southern Belgium were stationed. Though its importance declined after Hadrian's death, Hadrian's Wall remains a popular tourist site today that gives visitors a glimpse into Roman Britain.
Presentación de christians kingdoms
The Kingdom of Asturias was formed after Pelayo defeated Muslim troops in the Battle of Covadonga in 722, establishing the first Christian kingdom in Iberia. Alfonso I was elected King and expanded the Kingdom with Oviedo as its capital. Over subsequent kings like Alfonso II and III, the Kingdom grew northward into Portugal and westward along the Duero and Ebro valleys. By 924 under later kings, it occupied the entire northwest of Iberia and the capital was moved to Leon, with a line of castles built along the border for defense against Muslim incursions.
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Dover Castle was built between 1180-1185 by King Henry II as one of the last castles constructed by English kings in the 11th-12th centuries. It was designed by Maurice the Engineer and served as both a royal palace and traveling court. As the largest castle in England, located only 22 miles from France, Dover guarded the gateway to England and was fortified during threats of French invasion. During World War II, the castle's tunnels were converted for use as air raid shelters and medical stations, demonstrating the site's enduring historical and military significance over nearly a thousand years.
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Hadrian's Wall was a defensive fortification built in northern England under the orders of Roman Emperor Hadrian in 122 AD. It stretched over 120 kilometers across northern Britain to defend Roman-controlled farms and trade routes from raids by the Picts who lived north of the wall in modern-day Scotland. The wall had small forts called milecastles spaced at regular intervals along with towers called turrets. Soldiers lived in barracks within the milecastles and patrolled the wall. A ditch and road further enhanced its defenses. Hadrian's Wall marked the northernmost frontier of the Roman Empire in Britain until Roman forces withdrew in the late 4th century AD.
Hadrian´s..
Hadrian's Wall was built in 122 AD by the Roman Emperor Hadrian across northern England as a defensive fortification. It was constructed to protect Roman Britain from raids by northern tribes like the Picts after the country became prosperous with farms and trade. At over 120 kilometers long, it was the most heavily fortified border in the Roman Empire and featured small forts called milecastles and towers called turrets. It remained occupied by Roman troops until the fall of the Roman Empire.
Hadrian's Wall
Hadrian's Wall was built in the 2nd century AD under the Roman Emperor Hadrian to protect Roman Britain from invaders from the north. It extended 73 miles across northern Britain and was constructed by over 7,000 Roman soldiers over 5 years. It featured a stone wall up to 15 feet high with a ditch on either side and 17 forts along it where soldiers were garrisoned. One of the best preserved forts is Housesteads, where 1,000 infantrymen from southern Belgium were stationed. Though its importance declined after Hadrian's death, Hadrian's Wall remains a popular tourist site today that gives visitors a glimpse into Roman Britain.
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03 students works_1314_english_b1_landmarks_castle_of_rhodes
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William the Conqueror invaded England from Normandy in 1066 and defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings. The Bayeux Tapestry provides details of the Norman invasion and battle. William established himself as King of England but faced rebellions from Saxons in the north. He built the Tower of London and other castles to demonstrate his power and defend against enemies. Castles had thick walls, moats, and lookouts to protect those inside, who could store food and have access to water if under siege. Norman barons and knights who fought for William were given land and built their own castles with great halls and private family quarters.
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During the Middle Ages, castles served not only military functions but also as residences for nobles and kings, sometimes becoming fortified palaces. Castles were typically located in strategic high points near water for defense and supply, allowing organization of protecting surrounding villages. In the 16th century, the decline of feudalism and rise of absolutism led nobility to abandon castles for mansions at royal courts. As their military role became obsolete, most castles fell into ruin. The document then describes some common parts of castles like the tower of homage where the lord resided, the chemin de ronde where guards patrolled, and moats and drawbridges that provided defenses.
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The Norman Conquest of England took place in 1066 when William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, led an army of French, Breton, and Norman soldiers across the English Channel and defeated the Anglo-Saxon King Harold at the Battle of Hastings on October 14th. This established William as the first Norman King of England and marked the end of Anglo-Saxon rule.
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Henry V was a popular king who worked to restore England's authority in France during the Hundred Years War. He successfully invaded and captured the port of Harfleur in northern France. However, his army was weakened by disease and faced harsh conditions as they marched towards Calais. At Agincourt, his outnumbered English forces used longbows and terrain to defeat a larger French army, achieving a decisive victory. This success led to further victories in France and eventually the Treaty of Troyes, whereby Henry would inherit the French throne upon the death of the mad King Charles VI, uniting England and France. However, Henry died of dysentery shortly before he could assume the throne.
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The document discusses the Norman invasion of Ireland in the 1170s. The Normans originally came from Normandy in France and had conquered England and Wales. They brought with them chainmail armor, iron helmets painted with their lord's emblems, and cavalry. Before arriving in Ireland, a new French monastic order called the Cistercians had been invited over in 1142 and established the Cistercian Mellifont Abbey.
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King Alfred the Great (849-899) united the small kingdoms of Wessex to defend against Danish invaders after becoming king at age 20. As king, he established schools, promoted English literature by having works translated, and established the first English legal code. The English people named him Alfred the Great in recognition of his accomplishments.
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The Inquisition was established in the Middle Ages by the Roman Catholic Church to investigate and punish crimes against faith, free thinking, and heresy. Suspects were prosecuted without knowing who denounced them and could face punishments ranging from imprisonment to death by burning at the stake. Many scientists and women accused of witchcraft faced persecution. The Spanish Inquisition grew particularly powerful during the 15th century, using its influence to persecute Jews and Muslims for political and economic gain under infamous inquisitors like Tomás de Torquemada.
5
This document summarizes 10 medieval inventions that changed the world: 1) the mechanical clock, which allowed for accurate time measurement and changed work schedules; 2) the printing press, which enabled mass book production; 3) gunpowder, which revolutionized warfare; 4) water and wind mills, which harnessed natural energy; 5) banknotes, a precursor to modern paper currency; 6) cafes, which became popular social spaces; and 7) glasses, which corrected vision problems. Overall, while the Middle Ages had difficulties, it was also a period of important inventions that helped advance humanity.
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Gothic art developed between the 12th and 15th centuries and was characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses that allowed for taller buildings with large windows. Gothic cathedrals featured cruciform plans with multiple naves and chapels and competed to be the largest and most impressive buildings. Stained glass windows protected the interior from the cold while filling cathedrals with colorful light symbolizing divine illumination.
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This document summarizes the key characteristics and construction elements of Gothic architecture. It describes common building materials like stone and stained glass and defining features such as pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. It also provides examples of major Gothic cathedrals across Europe, including Notre Dame Cathedral and prominent cathedrals found in Spain and the region of Asturias.
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Stained glass was an important artistic technique used in Gothic cathedrals between the 1100s-1500s. It allowed light to illuminate the naves with transformed, sacred light. Stained glass windows symbolized the relationship between light and the divine. They were made by cutting colored glass, leading it into designs, and firing the pieces. The Cathedral of Leon has one of the largest and most complete collections of medieval stained glass windows in the world, with over 737 windows total divided between its rosettes, high windows, and windows at the head and feet.
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The Christmas Truce of 1914 was an unofficial ceasefire between British and German troops that occurred along portions of the Western Front around Christmas. Soldiers sang Christmas carols to each other across the trenches, then emerged to exchange gifts and food. They mingled in no man's land, buried their dead together, and even played a friendly football match. However, the truce only lasted for one day and the soldiers returned to fighting the next, as their commanders disapproved of the fraternization between enemies.
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- 2. A feudal castle was a defensive construction, which was serving the feudal gentlemen to support the control of their possessions in case of a threat. It fulfills two functions: fortification and residence.
- 3. The wall: the whole enclosure is surrounded by a high and thick wall. There are inserted buckets or towers
- 4. · The tower of the homage: It is the principal tower, which is used as a residence of the lord. It is in the most sheltered position.
- 5. The King The lord Civil Servants Peasants