This document provides an introduction to Prolog programming using Prolog language. It discusses Prolog fundamentals including objectives, sentences (facts and rules), queries, variables and an overview. It explains concepts such as introduction to Prolog, sentences, rules, queries, variables and the domains, goals and comment sections of a Prolog program. It also includes an example Prolog code to describe family relationships and queries to test the code.
Prolog, Prolog Programming IN AI. Prolog is an Artificial Intelligence programming language. Prolog is a logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. Its applications include natural language understanding and expert systems. Prolog is notably a so-called nonprocedural, or declarative, language.
In this PDF you will find the basics of Turbo Prolog 2.0 with some good program and it's output. Also it's second part is coming in next month or week.
For any query ------------------> sohupatel8828@gmail.com
For programs ----------------> https://github.com/UltraHopeful/Turbo-Prolog-2.0
The Newest release of Synaptica V7.1 will include this new Auto Match. The new Term AutoMatch tool will allow for the comparison of terms between two distinct Object Classes (vocabularies) and automatically perform a "mapping" between terms where there is a match based on whole or part of the term descriptions.
More information on the Synaptica Central Blog: http://bit.ly/15jMV8
Please contact daniela.barbosa [at] dowjones.com to schedule a demo or receive additional information about Synaptica or this new feature.
Prolog, Prolog Programming IN AI. Prolog is an Artificial Intelligence programming language. Prolog is a logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. Its applications include natural language understanding and expert systems. Prolog is notably a so-called nonprocedural, or declarative, language.
In this PDF you will find the basics of Turbo Prolog 2.0 with some good program and it's output. Also it's second part is coming in next month or week.
For any query ------------------> sohupatel8828@gmail.com
For programs ----------------> https://github.com/UltraHopeful/Turbo-Prolog-2.0
The Newest release of Synaptica V7.1 will include this new Auto Match. The new Term AutoMatch tool will allow for the comparison of terms between two distinct Object Classes (vocabularies) and automatically perform a "mapping" between terms where there is a match based on whole or part of the term descriptions.
More information on the Synaptica Central Blog: http://bit.ly/15jMV8
Please contact daniela.barbosa [at] dowjones.com to schedule a demo or receive additional information about Synaptica or this new feature.
SL5 OBJECT: SIMPLER LEVEL 5 OBJECT EXPERT SYSTEM LANGUAGE ijscmcjournal
This paper introduces SL5 Object, the Simpler Level 5 Object Expert System Language. SL5 Object is a
rule-based language for specifying expert systems.This paper first introduces the concept of expert systems
and production systems, as well as the typical architecture of such a system. Then it presents a thorough
outline of the SL5 Object Language: the syntax of rules and Objects, allowed constructs, the module
structure. It also presents the execution cycle of the SL5 Object engine, as well as a number of methods to
influence the default progress of this cycle.Finally, this paper introduces an example of Cars diagnoses
problems to illustrate the capabilities of SL5 Object and the concepts presented.
Introduction to Prolog (PROramming in LOGic)Ahmed Gad
As part of artificial intelligence course given in faculty of computers and information, Prolog was the first tool to make intelligent decisions like making relations between different objects.
Prolog has a strong history in AI starting in 1972 as a logic programming language that solves problems by logic.
Prolog is a general-purpose logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. Prolog has its roots in first-order logic, a formal logic, and unlike many other programming languages, Prolog is declarative: the program logic is expressed in terms of relations, represented as facts and rules. A computation is initiated by running a query over these relations. The language was first conceived by a group around Alain Colmerauer in Marseille, France, in the early 1970s and the first Prolog system was developed in 1972 by Colmerauer with Philippe Roussel. Prolog was one of the first logic programming languages, and remains the most popular among such languages today, with several free and commercial implementations available. The language has been used for theorem proving, expert systems, type inference systems, and automated planning, as well as its original intended field of use, natural language processing. Modern Prolog environments support creating graphical user interfaces, as well as administrative and networked applications. Prolog is well-suited for specific tasks that benefit from rule-based logical queries such as searching databases, voice control systems, and filling templates.
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A FILM SYNOPSIS GENRE CLASSIFIER BASED ON MAJORITY VOTEijnlc
We propose an automatic classification system of movie genres based on different features from their textual synopsis. Our system is first trained on thousands of movie synopsis from online open databases, by learning relationships between textual signatures and movie genres. Then it is tested on other movie synopsis, and its results are compared to the true genres obtained from the Wikipedia and the Open Movie Database
(OMDB) databases. The results show that our algorithm achieves a classification accuracy exceeding 75%.
A FILM SYNOPSIS GENRE CLASSIFIER BASED ON MAJORITY VOTEkevig
We propose an automatic classification system of movie genres based on different features from their textual
synopsis. Our system is first trained on thousands of movie synopsis from online open databases, by learning relationships between textual signatures and movie genres. Then it is tested on other movie synopsis,
and its results are compared to the true genres obtained from the Wikipedia and the Open Movie Database
(OMDB) databases. The results show that our algorithm achieves a classification accuracy exceeding 75%.
SL5 OBJECT: SIMPLER LEVEL 5 OBJECT EXPERT SYSTEM LANGUAGE ijscmcjournal
This paper introduces SL5 Object, the Simpler Level 5 Object Expert System Language. SL5 Object is a
rule-based language for specifying expert systems.This paper first introduces the concept of expert systems
and production systems, as well as the typical architecture of such a system. Then it presents a thorough
outline of the SL5 Object Language: the syntax of rules and Objects, allowed constructs, the module
structure. It also presents the execution cycle of the SL5 Object engine, as well as a number of methods to
influence the default progress of this cycle.Finally, this paper introduces an example of Cars diagnoses
problems to illustrate the capabilities of SL5 Object and the concepts presented.
Introduction to Prolog (PROramming in LOGic)Ahmed Gad
As part of artificial intelligence course given in faculty of computers and information, Prolog was the first tool to make intelligent decisions like making relations between different objects.
Prolog has a strong history in AI starting in 1972 as a logic programming language that solves problems by logic.
Prolog is a general-purpose logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. Prolog has its roots in first-order logic, a formal logic, and unlike many other programming languages, Prolog is declarative: the program logic is expressed in terms of relations, represented as facts and rules. A computation is initiated by running a query over these relations. The language was first conceived by a group around Alain Colmerauer in Marseille, France, in the early 1970s and the first Prolog system was developed in 1972 by Colmerauer with Philippe Roussel. Prolog was one of the first logic programming languages, and remains the most popular among such languages today, with several free and commercial implementations available. The language has been used for theorem proving, expert systems, type inference systems, and automated planning, as well as its original intended field of use, natural language processing. Modern Prolog environments support creating graphical user interfaces, as well as administrative and networked applications. Prolog is well-suited for specific tasks that benefit from rule-based logical queries such as searching databases, voice control systems, and filling templates.
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A FILM SYNOPSIS GENRE CLASSIFIER BASED ON MAJORITY VOTEijnlc
We propose an automatic classification system of movie genres based on different features from their textual synopsis. Our system is first trained on thousands of movie synopsis from online open databases, by learning relationships between textual signatures and movie genres. Then it is tested on other movie synopsis, and its results are compared to the true genres obtained from the Wikipedia and the Open Movie Database
(OMDB) databases. The results show that our algorithm achieves a classification accuracy exceeding 75%.
A FILM SYNOPSIS GENRE CLASSIFIER BASED ON MAJORITY VOTEkevig
We propose an automatic classification system of movie genres based on different features from their textual
synopsis. Our system is first trained on thousands of movie synopsis from online open databases, by learning relationships between textual signatures and movie genres. Then it is tested on other movie synopsis,
and its results are compared to the true genres obtained from the Wikipedia and the Open Movie Database
(OMDB) databases. The results show that our algorithm achieves a classification accuracy exceeding 75%.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
3. 1.Introduction to Prolog :
Prolog stands for PROgramming in LOGic. It is a logic language that
is particularly used by programs that use non-numeric objects. For
this reason it is a frequently used language in Artificial
Intelligence where manipulation of symbols is a common task.
Prolog differs from the most common programming languages
because it is declarative language. Traditional programming
languages are said to be procedural. This means that the
programmer specify how to solve a problem. In declarative
languages the programmers only give the problem and the language
find himself how to solve the problem.
4. 1.Introduction to Prolog cont.:
Prolog program is not a sequence of actions , it include an
inference engine because it is a collection of facts together with
rules for drawing conclusion from those facts this is called (
pattern matching)so the programmer arrives at solutions by
logically inferring one thing from something already known .
Prolog is based on Predicate Logic which is a formal system for
reasoning about things and the way they relate to each other .
Prolog takes advantage of this syntax to develop a programming
language based on the logic .
5. 2.Sentences : Facts and Rules :
In predicate logic , you first eliminate all unnecessary words from your
sentences . You then transform the sentence, placing the relationship
first and grouping the objects after the relationship . The objects then
become arguments that the relationship acts upon .
A prolog programmer defines objects and relation , then defines rules abut
when these relations are true . For example, the sentence :
Ahmed likes cats
Shows a relation between the objects Ahmed and Cats , the relation is likes .
Here is a rule that defines when the sentence : Ahmed likes cats is true :
Ahmed likes cats if the cats are nice .
6. 2.1 Facts : What Is Known
In natural language, a relation between objects is symbolized by a sentence . In
prolog , a relation is called predicate which summarized in a simple phrase – a
fact- that consists of the relation name followed by the object or objects
enclosed in parentheses . As with a sentence, the fact ends with a period (.)
For example : the following sentences are transformed into predicate logic syntax :
Predicate Logic
Natural Language
Fun(car).
A car is fun.
Red(rosr).
A rose is red.
Red(car)
A car is red
Likes(Khalid , books).
Khalid likes books.
Likes(Ahmed,car) if fun(car)
Ahmed likes a car if the car is fun .
7. 2.2 Rules : What You Can Infer
from Given Facts :
Rules enable you to infer facts from other facts . Here are some rules
concerning (likes) relation :
Ahmed likes everything that is red .
Ali likes every things that Khalid likes .
Given this rule , you can infer from the previous facts some of the
things that Ahmed likes :
Ahmed likes rose .
Ahmed likes car .
Ali likes books .
8. 2.2 Rules : What You Can Infer
from Given Facts cont.:
To encode this same rules into prolog , you only need to change the
syntax a little, Like this :
Likes (ali , something) :- Likes (khalid , something).
Likes(ahmed , something) :- green(something).
The ( :- ) symbol simply pronounced ( if ) , and serves to separate the
two parts of a rule : the head and the body .
You can also think of rules as meaning " To prove that Ali likes
something , prove that Khalid likes that same thing " and " To prove
that Ahmed likes something , prove that it is green " .
A rule also can ask prolog to perform actions other than proving things
proving things such as : writing something or creating a file.
9. 3.Queries :
Once we give Prolog a set of facts, we can proceed to ask
questions concerning these facts , this is known as
querying the Prolog system .(psattern matching)
In natural language, we can ask you : Does Ahmed like car ?
In Prolog syntax, we can ask Prolog : likes(ahmed, car) . Given
this query, Prolog would answer : yes . because Prolog has a
fact that says so which is : likes(ahmed , car).
10. 3.Queries cont.:
As a little more complicated and general question, we could ask in natural language :
What does Ahmed like?
In Prolog syntax , We ask Prolog likes(ahmed , What). It is important to notice that
the second object ( What) begins with a capital letter , while the first object (ahmed)
does not . This is because (ahmed) is a constant object known as value but What is
variable . Variables always begins with upper-case letter or on underscore .
Prolog always looks for an answer to a query by starting at the top of the facts . It
looks at each fact until it reaches the bottom , where there are no more .
Given the query about what Ahmed likes . Prolog will return :
what = car
what = rose
2 solutions . This is because Prolog knows : likes (ahmed , car). And
likes(ahmed,rose)
11. Putting Facts, Rules and Queries
Together :
A fast car is fun .
A big car is nice .
A little car is practical .
Ahmed likes car if the car is fun
.
When we read this facts , we can deduce that
Ahmed likes a fast car . Prolog will come to the
same conclusion . If no fact were given about fast
cars , then you would not be able to logically
deduce what kind of a car Ahmed likes . We could
guess what kind of a car might be fun but Prolog
only knows what we tell it . Prolog does not guess .
12. 4. Variables : General
Sentences
In Prolog, variables enable us to write general facts and rules
and ask general questions .
For example : In natural language we can write general
sentence as : Ali likes the same thing as Khalid .
To represent that in Prolog , we can write :
likes ( ali , Thing) :- likes (khalid , Thing).
AS we mentioned earlier to represent variables in Prolog the
first character should be an upper-case letter . in our
example ( Thing) is the variable and it must be able to
match any thing that Khalid likes .
The objects : ali and Khalid begins with lower-case letter
because they are symbols having a constant value .
Visual Prolog can also handle text string if the text
surrounded by double quotes . So the name ali could have
been written as "Ali" , if you wanted it to begin with an
upper-case letter .
13. 5. Overview :
1- A Prolog program is made up of tow types of phrases ( also known as clause) : facts and
rules .
Facts : are relations or properties that the programmer know to be true .
Rules : are dependent relations , they allow Prolog to infer one piece of information from
another . A rule become true if a given set of conditions is proven to be true . Each rule
depends upon proving its conditions to be true .
2- In Prolog , all rules have two parts , a head and a body separated by the special :- token .
The head is the fact that would be true if some number of conditions were true . The body
is the set of conditions that must be true so that prolog can prove that the head of the
rule is true .
3- Facts and rules are really the same , except that a fact has no explicit body. The fact
simply behaves as if it had a body that was always true .
4- Once you give Prolog a set of facts and rules, you can proceed to ask questions
concerning these . this is known as querying the prolog system .
Prolog always looks for a solution by starting at the top of the facts and/or rules , and
keeps looking until it reaches the bottom .
5- Prolog's inference engine take the condition of a rule ( the body of the rule ) and looks
through its list of known facts and rules, trying to satisfy the conditions . Once all the
conditions have been met , the dependent relation (the head of the rule ) is found to be
true . If all condition can not be matched with known facts , the rule doesn't conclude
anything .
14. Syntax for Predicate Calculus
Programming:
Prolog
Predicate Calculus
English
,
˄
and
;
˅
or
:-
←
only if
not
¬
not
Example:
George likes kate and George likes Susie.
likes (george,kate),likes(george,susie).
George likes kate or George likes Susie.
likes (george,kate); likes(george,susie).
George likes Susie if George does not likes kate.
likes (george, susie):- not(likes(george, kate)).
15. Example:
A simple description of a blue bird might be a
blue bird is a small blue colored bird and a bird
is a feathered flying vertebrate.
This may be represented as a set of logical
predicates:
hassize(bluebird, small)
hascovering(bird, feather)
hascolor(bluebird, blue)
hasproperty(bird, flies)
is a(bluebird,bird)
is a(bird, vertebrate)
16. Comments:
It's good programming style to include comments in your program
to explain things that might not be obvious to someone else. This
makes the program easy for you and others to understand .
Multiple line comments must begin with the character /*(slash,
asterisk) and end with the characters */ (asterisk, slash )
To set off single line comments you can use these same
characters, or you can begin the comments with a percent sign
(%)
17. the domains section:
The domain section serves two very useful purpose. First, you can give
meaningful names to domains even if, internally, they are the same as
domains that already exist. Second, special domain declarations are used to
declare data structures that are not defined by the standard domains.
It is sometimes useful to declare a domain when you want to clarify portions of
the predicates section. Declaring your own domains helps document the
predicates that you define by giving a useful name to the argument type.
Here's an example to illustrate how declaring domains helps to document your
predicates:
Ahmad is a male who is 45 years old.
With the pre-defined domains, you come up with the following predicate
declaration :
Person(symbol, symbol, integer)
The declaration will work fine for most purpose.
18. The following decoration will help you understand what
the argument in the predicate declaration stand for:
DOMAINS
name , sex = symbol
age = integer
PREDICATES
person( name, sex, age)
One of the main advantages of this declarations is that visual prolog can catch the type
errors, like the following obvious mistake :
same_sex(X, Y):-
person(X, sex, _ ),
person(sex, Y,_ ).
Even though name and sex are both defined as symbol, they are not equivalent to each
other. This enables visual prolog to detect an error if you accidentally swap them. This
feature is very useful when your programs get large and complex.
You might be wondering why we don’t use special domains for all argument declarations,
since special domains communicate the meaning of the argument so much better. The
answer is that once an argument is typed to a specific domain, that domain can't be
mixed with another domain you have declared, even if the domains are the same. So,
even though name and sex are of the same domain (symbol), they can't be mixed.
However, all user-defined domains can be matched with the pre-defined domains.
19. The Goal Section:
The goal section is the same as the body of a rule
it's simply a list of subgoals. There are two
differences between the goal section and a rule:
The goal keyword is not followed by :-.
Visual Prolog automatically executes the goal when
the program runs.
It's as if Visual Prolog makes a call to goal and the
program runs, trying to satisfy the body of the
goal rule. If the subgoals in the goal section all
succeed, then the program terminate successfully.
If, while the program is running, a subgoal in the
goal section fails, then the program is said to have
failed.
22. Quires :
Run Run As Interpreted project (pro)
?- father(X,khaled).
X = ahmad ;
no
?-
mother(X,mhmma
d).
X = abeer ;
no
?- bother(X,abeer).
no
?-
?- brother(X,abeer).
X = khaled ;
X = salem ;
no
?- sister(X,salem).
X = abeer ;
no
?- sister(X,samir).
no
predecessor(abeer,X).
X = mhmmad ;
no
?-
predecessor(ahmad,X).
X = abeer ;
X = khaled ;
X = salem ;
X = mhmmad ;
X = adel ;
X = samir ;
X = abdlaziz ;
X = soad ;
no
?- quit.