The major threats to Philippine biodiversity are continuing habitat degradation and forestland conversion primarily due to large-scale logging and mining, growing human population, overharvesting of resources, and infrastructure development. Logging and mining activities have severely damaged forest areas and ecosystems, resulting in a loss of 100,000 hectares of forest cover annually from 2000-2005. The burgeoning human population exerts pressure for land conversion to agriculture and settlements. Overharvesting of medicinal plants, ornamental plants, and wildlife for trade has reduced many species' populations. Infrastructure development directly and indirectly impacts over 1.6 million hectares of biodiverse ecosystems. Weak enforcement of regulations, unclear land ownership, and failure to consider biodiversity's long
A Review on Integrated River Basin Management and Development Master Plan of ...Mark Jaeno P. Duyan
River basins appear to be important in the Philippines due to rising water demand for residential needs, agriculture, commerce, and industry. While the country has a total available freshwater resource of 145,900 million Cubic Meters per year based on an 80% probability for surface water and 20,000 million Cubic Meters per year for groundwater recharge or extraction (ASEAN, 2005), the concern for sustainable water supply continues to be a major concern due to the continued degradation of river basins and watersheds.
Land tenure in pastoralist society: Pastoralists Land RightsLoupa Pius
Pastoralists are among the most politically and economically marginalized communities in the world. Marginalized in the context of limited access to the natural resources on which their livelihoods depend, and very limited access to basic socio-economic services and infrastructure. Limited or uncertain resource tenure and access to, or ownership of land, water and other resources is a long-term fundamental constraint for pastoralism.
These challenges account for the poverty and lack of essential services thus categorized as; climate change, political and economic marginalization, inappropriate development policies, and increasing resource competition.
Pastoral communities increasingly shift away from the areas that are no longer viable, into areas that are less dry with more predictable rainfall patterns. This form of human migration induced by demographic pressure and environmental stressors is often accompanied by conflict between customary and statutory land tenure arrangements and services which in turn fuels tensions among multiple resource users.
A Review on Integrated River Basin Management and Development Master Plan of ...Mark Jaeno P. Duyan
River basins appear to be important in the Philippines due to rising water demand for residential needs, agriculture, commerce, and industry. While the country has a total available freshwater resource of 145,900 million Cubic Meters per year based on an 80% probability for surface water and 20,000 million Cubic Meters per year for groundwater recharge or extraction (ASEAN, 2005), the concern for sustainable water supply continues to be a major concern due to the continued degradation of river basins and watersheds.
Land tenure in pastoralist society: Pastoralists Land RightsLoupa Pius
Pastoralists are among the most politically and economically marginalized communities in the world. Marginalized in the context of limited access to the natural resources on which their livelihoods depend, and very limited access to basic socio-economic services and infrastructure. Limited or uncertain resource tenure and access to, or ownership of land, water and other resources is a long-term fundamental constraint for pastoralism.
These challenges account for the poverty and lack of essential services thus categorized as; climate change, political and economic marginalization, inappropriate development policies, and increasing resource competition.
Pastoral communities increasingly shift away from the areas that are no longer viable, into areas that are less dry with more predictable rainfall patterns. This form of human migration induced by demographic pressure and environmental stressors is often accompanied by conflict between customary and statutory land tenure arrangements and services which in turn fuels tensions among multiple resource users.
Causes of biodiversity loss with particular reference to GhanaAbdul-Baqi Alhassan
The 1992 United Nations Earth Summit in Rio De Janeiro defined biodiversity as “the variability among living organisms from all sources among other things, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. It is also explained as the variety of life; the different plants, animals and micro-organisms, their genes and the ecosystem of which they are a part.
Biodiversity in Ghana has within the three main bio-geographic zones. So far about 2,974 indigenous plant species, 204 fishes, 728 birds, 225 mammals, 221 species of amphibians and reptiles have been recorded. The species of frogs, 1 lizard and 23 species of butterflies have been reported to be endemic. Animals found in Ghana been grouped as follows: mammals and primate, reptiles and amphibians, aquatic and marine, wetland birds, forest zone birds, savanna zone birds, insects and spiders.
T8: Laying the foundation for implementing / mainstreaming the VGGTand Land...FAO
Laying the foundation for implementing / mainstreaming the VGGTand Land tenure, use planning and management (LTPM) in the Near East, By Daniel Danano, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
Coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, delta systems, and coral reefs are increasingly at risk due in large part to
settlement and development along rapidly urbanizing coasts. The resulting degradation of these ecosystems,
especially the degradation of natural infrastructure, increasingly exposes coastal cities and their inhabitants to
more frequent and severe natural hazards and disproportionately impacts poor populations who often rely on these ecosystems for livelihoods, food, and other essential benefits.
Rethinking swidden cultivation in myanmar pyoe pyin 2014YMCA Mandalay
Swidden cultivation, also know as shifting cultivation or Shwe Pyaung Taung-ya, describes a spectrum of rotational agro-forestry practices at varying levels of intensity prevalent in Myanmar’s uplands. Swidden cultivation contributes to the livelihoods of millions of citizens, for whom it is a solution to upland food security.
Mekong Protected Areas Resilience to Climate ChangeMekong ARCC
Mekong Protected Areas Resilience to Climate Change and key drivers of change to protected areas in the Mekong Delta was presented in the the workshop on Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study in Vientiane, Lao PDR during May 7 - 11, 2012.
Paper tries to look at the positivity and negativities of hill areas and suggest options for its holistic and integrated development to make hill areas more sustainable , productive, livable, qualitative, effective, efficient, promoter of economy, employment and banishers of poverty.
These are the presentations used during GLF Digital Summit #3: "Unheard community stories – mainstreaming indigenous, grassroots, and youth experiences in peatlands conservation efforts"
Background and speakers in this blogpost:
https://news.globallandscapesforum.org/24436/join-glf-digital-summit-unheard-community-stories-mainstreaming-indigenous-grassroots-youth-experiences-peatlands-conservation-efforts/
The full recording of this digital summit is here: https://youtu.be/N4GUY9zQxk4
This GLF Digital Summit is a follow-up to the May 2017 Global Landscapes Forum: "Peatlands Matter" event in Jakarta, and the September 2017 "National Policy Dialogue on Laws and Best Practices for Reducing Fire and Haze".
Weekly Wetlands Sustainability Report - (June 5) NET Africa (www.netafrica.be)NET Africa
NET Africa launches the weekly wetlands sustainability report to raise awareness about the holistic value of wetlands as well as the importance of improving environmental management and auditing. Each week the wetlands sustainability report will feature different aspects of the value of wetlands across Africa, focusing on a wide range of environmental, social, cultural, economic, political and sustainable issues.
Not so wild on the wild coast: conservation of pondolandDerek Berliner
Not so wild on the Wild Coast: Landscape changes and threats to biodiversity on the Eastern Cape’s Wild Coast and the role of protected areas in communal areas
04/July/ 2012
Berliner, D.D
Eco-logic consulting
E mail:eco-logic@mweb.co.za
The Pondoland centre of endemism is the smallest and perhaps the most vulnerable in South Africa. Its importance has been globally recognized by its inclusion within Conservation Internationals Maputu-Pondoland- Albany hotspot.
The Wild Coast Project, a GEF funded initiative, administered by the ECPBT aims to establish a representative network of co managed protected areas across the Pondoland center and within the Wild Coast. A number of case studies are used to examine the key threats, systemic relationships between these, and the drivers of landscape change on the Wild Coast. In light of this, the question is asked: how effective the proposed community protected areas will be to ensure persistence of biodiversity on the Wild Coast?
The case studies include a number of ecosystems, including mangrove estuaries, scarp forests, and the grasslands /thorn veld/forest mosaic. Case studies are the result of numerous site visits, literature reviews, discussion with locals, and GIS analysis of past areal and satellite imagery.
The case studies reveal the essential paradox of conservation in communal areas, like the Wild Coast. On the one hand, the human footprint and level of transformation appears to be relatively low when compared to the highly transformed landscapes of commercial agriculture; but on the other hand, closer inspection and analysis of landscape and associated environment changes, reveals highly dynamic and vulnerable systems showing the signs of an ‘environmental meltdown’. This threatens not only the livelihoods of many depended on natural resources, but also the irreplaceable biodiversity associated with these areas.
Rangeland Degradation and Rehabilitation: Indigenous Ecological Knowledge and...AI Publications
Pastoralists’ perceptions and indigenous ecological knowledge of vegetation changes are often ignored despite the debate about their role in rangeland management. Yet, pastoralists are known to have extensive ecological knowledge which could complement scientific knowledge and contribute to improved understanding and sustainable management of savanna Ecosystems. This study was aimed at exploring pastoralists’ perceptions regarding rangeland degradation in the Adamawa highland plateau. More specifically, it was geared to examine their awareness of rangeland degradation, the current status/condition of the rangelands, the drivers and major root causes of degradation, negative consequences, existing management practices, and a methodological framework to make these measures more resilient. The study applied a descriptive statistics method. Focus group discussions, field observations and structured/semi-structured survey questionnaires, were used for data collection, where 240 pastoralists were targeted. The study covered 4 sub-divisions within Faro & Deo District of the plateau based on the intensity of degradation (high, medium and less). The major findings indicate that, the main livelihood activity is cattle rearing and crop cultivation (86.43%) with a certain degree of sedentarization. The major livestock production constraint proved to be insufficient and poor pasture available for cattle (65.71%). A great majority (93.6%) also confirmed that the present rangeland state/condition has become poor and non-conducive for cattle production. This is clearly interpreted in the drastic drop of the ‘cheptel’ (average holdings) and a decline in the quality of pastoral resources/outputs offered to the communities. The major root causes of degradation were overgrazing, bush encroachment, uncontrolled bush fires, soil erosion, population pressure and limited care/attention paid to rangelands. The major socio-economic consequences were poverty, food insecurity, conflicts, loss of cultural heritage, rural exodus and high crime waves. Through their indigenous ecological knowledge pastoralists conserve their rangelands through: mechanical and chemical fight against bush encroachment (Bush clearing and use of selective herbicide respectively), seasonal herd mobility/transhumance, use of paddocking systems, destocking of herds, adoption of improved pastures, and improvement on pastoral hydraulics. Government and NGOs’ supports to rangeland management, proved to be limited in the study area. The degradation of rangelands in the study area is progressing at an alarming rate which gives the impression of difficulty to restore it in the future if proper measures are not taken by stakeholders.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Causes of biodiversity loss with particular reference to GhanaAbdul-Baqi Alhassan
The 1992 United Nations Earth Summit in Rio De Janeiro defined biodiversity as “the variability among living organisms from all sources among other things, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. It is also explained as the variety of life; the different plants, animals and micro-organisms, their genes and the ecosystem of which they are a part.
Biodiversity in Ghana has within the three main bio-geographic zones. So far about 2,974 indigenous plant species, 204 fishes, 728 birds, 225 mammals, 221 species of amphibians and reptiles have been recorded. The species of frogs, 1 lizard and 23 species of butterflies have been reported to be endemic. Animals found in Ghana been grouped as follows: mammals and primate, reptiles and amphibians, aquatic and marine, wetland birds, forest zone birds, savanna zone birds, insects and spiders.
T8: Laying the foundation for implementing / mainstreaming the VGGTand Land...FAO
Laying the foundation for implementing / mainstreaming the VGGTand Land tenure, use planning and management (LTPM) in the Near East, By Daniel Danano, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
Coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, delta systems, and coral reefs are increasingly at risk due in large part to
settlement and development along rapidly urbanizing coasts. The resulting degradation of these ecosystems,
especially the degradation of natural infrastructure, increasingly exposes coastal cities and their inhabitants to
more frequent and severe natural hazards and disproportionately impacts poor populations who often rely on these ecosystems for livelihoods, food, and other essential benefits.
Rethinking swidden cultivation in myanmar pyoe pyin 2014YMCA Mandalay
Swidden cultivation, also know as shifting cultivation or Shwe Pyaung Taung-ya, describes a spectrum of rotational agro-forestry practices at varying levels of intensity prevalent in Myanmar’s uplands. Swidden cultivation contributes to the livelihoods of millions of citizens, for whom it is a solution to upland food security.
Mekong Protected Areas Resilience to Climate ChangeMekong ARCC
Mekong Protected Areas Resilience to Climate Change and key drivers of change to protected areas in the Mekong Delta was presented in the the workshop on Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study in Vientiane, Lao PDR during May 7 - 11, 2012.
Paper tries to look at the positivity and negativities of hill areas and suggest options for its holistic and integrated development to make hill areas more sustainable , productive, livable, qualitative, effective, efficient, promoter of economy, employment and banishers of poverty.
These are the presentations used during GLF Digital Summit #3: "Unheard community stories – mainstreaming indigenous, grassroots, and youth experiences in peatlands conservation efforts"
Background and speakers in this blogpost:
https://news.globallandscapesforum.org/24436/join-glf-digital-summit-unheard-community-stories-mainstreaming-indigenous-grassroots-youth-experiences-peatlands-conservation-efforts/
The full recording of this digital summit is here: https://youtu.be/N4GUY9zQxk4
This GLF Digital Summit is a follow-up to the May 2017 Global Landscapes Forum: "Peatlands Matter" event in Jakarta, and the September 2017 "National Policy Dialogue on Laws and Best Practices for Reducing Fire and Haze".
Weekly Wetlands Sustainability Report - (June 5) NET Africa (www.netafrica.be)NET Africa
NET Africa launches the weekly wetlands sustainability report to raise awareness about the holistic value of wetlands as well as the importance of improving environmental management and auditing. Each week the wetlands sustainability report will feature different aspects of the value of wetlands across Africa, focusing on a wide range of environmental, social, cultural, economic, political and sustainable issues.
Not so wild on the wild coast: conservation of pondolandDerek Berliner
Not so wild on the Wild Coast: Landscape changes and threats to biodiversity on the Eastern Cape’s Wild Coast and the role of protected areas in communal areas
04/July/ 2012
Berliner, D.D
Eco-logic consulting
E mail:eco-logic@mweb.co.za
The Pondoland centre of endemism is the smallest and perhaps the most vulnerable in South Africa. Its importance has been globally recognized by its inclusion within Conservation Internationals Maputu-Pondoland- Albany hotspot.
The Wild Coast Project, a GEF funded initiative, administered by the ECPBT aims to establish a representative network of co managed protected areas across the Pondoland center and within the Wild Coast. A number of case studies are used to examine the key threats, systemic relationships between these, and the drivers of landscape change on the Wild Coast. In light of this, the question is asked: how effective the proposed community protected areas will be to ensure persistence of biodiversity on the Wild Coast?
The case studies include a number of ecosystems, including mangrove estuaries, scarp forests, and the grasslands /thorn veld/forest mosaic. Case studies are the result of numerous site visits, literature reviews, discussion with locals, and GIS analysis of past areal and satellite imagery.
The case studies reveal the essential paradox of conservation in communal areas, like the Wild Coast. On the one hand, the human footprint and level of transformation appears to be relatively low when compared to the highly transformed landscapes of commercial agriculture; but on the other hand, closer inspection and analysis of landscape and associated environment changes, reveals highly dynamic and vulnerable systems showing the signs of an ‘environmental meltdown’. This threatens not only the livelihoods of many depended on natural resources, but also the irreplaceable biodiversity associated with these areas.
Rangeland Degradation and Rehabilitation: Indigenous Ecological Knowledge and...AI Publications
Pastoralists’ perceptions and indigenous ecological knowledge of vegetation changes are often ignored despite the debate about their role in rangeland management. Yet, pastoralists are known to have extensive ecological knowledge which could complement scientific knowledge and contribute to improved understanding and sustainable management of savanna Ecosystems. This study was aimed at exploring pastoralists’ perceptions regarding rangeland degradation in the Adamawa highland plateau. More specifically, it was geared to examine their awareness of rangeland degradation, the current status/condition of the rangelands, the drivers and major root causes of degradation, negative consequences, existing management practices, and a methodological framework to make these measures more resilient. The study applied a descriptive statistics method. Focus group discussions, field observations and structured/semi-structured survey questionnaires, were used for data collection, where 240 pastoralists were targeted. The study covered 4 sub-divisions within Faro & Deo District of the plateau based on the intensity of degradation (high, medium and less). The major findings indicate that, the main livelihood activity is cattle rearing and crop cultivation (86.43%) with a certain degree of sedentarization. The major livestock production constraint proved to be insufficient and poor pasture available for cattle (65.71%). A great majority (93.6%) also confirmed that the present rangeland state/condition has become poor and non-conducive for cattle production. This is clearly interpreted in the drastic drop of the ‘cheptel’ (average holdings) and a decline in the quality of pastoral resources/outputs offered to the communities. The major root causes of degradation were overgrazing, bush encroachment, uncontrolled bush fires, soil erosion, population pressure and limited care/attention paid to rangelands. The major socio-economic consequences were poverty, food insecurity, conflicts, loss of cultural heritage, rural exodus and high crime waves. Through their indigenous ecological knowledge pastoralists conserve their rangelands through: mechanical and chemical fight against bush encroachment (Bush clearing and use of selective herbicide respectively), seasonal herd mobility/transhumance, use of paddocking systems, destocking of herds, adoption of improved pastures, and improvement on pastoral hydraulics. Government and NGOs’ supports to rangeland management, proved to be limited in the study area. The degradation of rangelands in the study area is progressing at an alarming rate which gives the impression of difficulty to restore it in the future if proper measures are not taken by stakeholders.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
1. Threats to Philippine Biodiversity
Photo Credits (L-R): Mining site in Dinagat Island (Haribon Foundation); Kaingin in logged-over area in Sierra Madre (Leonardo Co); Logging
(Errol Gatumbato)
The continuing habitat degradation and forestland conversion are major threats to Philippine
biodiversity. These are attributed primarily to large-scale and indiscriminate logging and mining,
burgeoning human population, overharvesting of resources, and infrastructure development.
Indiscriminate logging literally changes the forest landscape. Although there has been a
decline in logging activities– due to the combined effects of a ban on logging old growth
forests– illegal logging activities persist. The damage to the country’s forest areas and the
biodiversity therein is exemplified by a 2.1% (100,000 ha) annual loss in forest cover during
the period 2000-2005, which is considered the second fastest in Southeast Asia (next to
Myanmar) and the 7th
fastest in the world. Currently, the country has 15 million hectares of
land classified as forest. However, only about 7.2 million hectares (approximately 24% of its
total land area) can actually be considered as forests, based on the FAO definition.
Indiscriminate mining operations threaten ecological sustainability. The Philippines is
considered the fifth most highly mineralized country in the world. It is a significant producer
of gold, copper, nickel and chromite and has in the recent past ranked among the world’s top
10 producers. It is also abundant in non-metallic and industrial minerals such as marble,
limestone, clay, feldspar and aggregates. Since key provisions of the Mining Code were
upheld by the Supreme Court in 2004, there has been a heavy influx of mining activity and
2. investment; as of 2007, some 124 Mineral Production Sharing Agreements (MPSA) and
around 4 Financial and Technical Assistance Agreements (FTAAs) had been issued (DENR-
MGB 2011). The threat is compounded by the fact that most of the country’s priority
conservation areas sit on top of huge mineral reserves. Thus there are many areas of
significant biodiversity with overlapping tenurial instruments, and with conflicting land uses
and management objectives.
The burgeoning human population against a limited land base causes forestland conversion.
With the country’s annual population growth rate of 2.04%, poverty, landlessness and
absence of secure tenure rights over secondary forest areas or logged-over areas have become
attractive for conversion into agricultural land and settlements. Satellite maps show the
remaining forest habitats in key biodiversity areas slowly being threatened by the creeping
incursion of perennial crops such as coconut, abaca, as well as annual crops such as corn.
Different areas in the Philippines have been exposed to this threat in varying degrees. In
Cebu, for example, very few lowland forest tracts, which harbor important endemic species,
remain due to land conversion, rapid urbanization and high population growth.
Over-harvesting of resources such as medicinal and ornamental plants and wild animals for
trade and domestic use has contributed to habitat degradation and dramatic reductions in
species populations. Among the most highly prized ornamental plants are the jade vine
(Strongylodon macrobotrys), giant staghorn fern (Platycerium grande), waling waling
(Euanthe sanderiana) and many tree fern species. A significant number of animals, such as
the Palawan peacock pheasant (Polyplectron emphanum), Philippine cockatoo (Cacatua
haematuropygia), talking mynah (Gracula religiosa), blue naped parrot (Tanygnathus
lucionensis), and Asian small-clawed otter (Amblonyx cinereus), are also overharvested.
Exploitation of some by-products of wildlife species also endanger their survival, such as the
nests produced by the edible-nest swiftlets (Collocalia fuciphaga).
Infrastructure development, such as major industries, road networks, irrigation, water
resources, power and energy projects affect biodiversity directly and indirectly. Directly,
their operations and possible expansion may disturb, pollute, or encroach upon biodiversity-
rich ecosystems. Indirectly, they may attract satellite developments or settlements that can
cause fragmentation of species-rich habitats, provide access thereto, and/or threaten the
quality of surrounding water bodies. The threat posed by infrastructure development on
biodiversity-rich areas was assessed in 1997 by delineating the influence areas or impact
zones by the use of: (i) drainage patterns of downstream impact areas to plot water pollution
impact areas; (ii) airshed and meteorological behavior to plot air pollutant impact areas; and
(iii) nearest settlements and access roads location to plot settlement impact areas. The results
3. revealed that about 1.6 million hectares of biodiversity-rich ecosystems were highly
threatened by existing infrastructure. Several biogeographic zones are registering large areas
under threat; these include North/South Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan, Sierra Madre, Eastern
Visayas and Cordillera.
Other factors underlying these threats include: weak enforcement, unclear ownership or resource use
rights, low risk of punishment in relation to potential benefits of illegal activities and under-valuation
of non-monetary values of natural resources.
Weak enforcement is related to the historical state-led regulatory regimes over public lands.
During the 1960s and 70s when there was a very active logging industry, responsibility for
enforcement and monitoring rested only with the DENR. With vast areas and very limited staff,
the system proved ineffective, resulting in utter disregard for rules by timber license holders.
Together with very weak punishment, these factors have enabled unsustainable commercial
logging practices, thereby resulting in severe degradation of important habitats. The absence of
an active protected area management program also exposed important biodiversity-rich areas to
timber harvesting and other resource use rights. Currently, logging operations are limited to a
very few areas, and policies prohibiting logging in old growth forests and protected areas are in
effect. However, there is a need to be vigilant to ensure that these policies are enforced.
The coverage of tenure rights is still limited, local resource managers still have weak capacities
to manage resources, and enforce local rules and regulations. A preference for short term
financial gains over long-term economic and environmental benefits is still driving many local
communities, in particular, to engage in illegal and unsustainable harvesting of resources.
There is still a need to improve awareness and demonstrate the long term benefits of
conservation actions and sustainable management of natural resources. In protected areas,
tenure rights called protected area community based resource management agreements
(PACBARMA) have been negotiated with organized occupants in multiple use zones within
PAs. However, there needs to be broader coverage and support to enable forest edge
communities to engage in sustainable livelihoods.
The integration of biodiversity concerns in landscape planning and development remains weak,
thereby resulting in land use plans which are not environmentally sensitive, uncontrolled land
development and conversion of fragile uplands and important biodiversity-rich areas into
agricultural zones. Local government units are gradually recognizing this weakness, and a
number of efforts, including a GTZ-funded project in Leyte, are underway to address this.
However, there is a need to promote more widely, the available tools and methods amongst
other LGUs to broaden the impact of such programs.
4. The incentives behind the active promotion of mining and infrastructure development stem
from the perceived inferior economic values of non-monetary benefits of biodiversity
conservation. Decision making has largely taken into account the direct and immediate
financial and economic benefits of extractive activities and unsustainable land use planning,
while ignoring the longer term benefits of conservation programs.
If habitat degradation and land conversion are tolerated today, Filipinos will endure and suffer the loss
of lives and biodiversity, displacement of indigenous peoples, and decline in agricultural productivity.
***
References:
Department of Environment and Natural Resources. 1997. Philippine Biodiversity: An Assessment and Plan of Action. Makati City, Bookmark.
DENR-PAWB et al. 2009.
NSO, Philippine National Census, August 2007
Jerry Bisson, Ernesto S. Guiang, Peter Walpole and Dionisio Tolentino, Jr., Better Governance Critical to Reversing Forest Degradation in
SouthEast Asia. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/ARTICLE/WFC/XII/0837-A4.HTM#P24_2299