A Research Paper on Community Led-Total Sanitation Approach in Peri-urban and...Stephen Olubulyera
A Research Paper on Community-Led-Total Sanitation in Urban and Peri-Urban Environments: A Case Study of Kakuma, Kainuk, Lodwar, Lokichar, Lokichoggio Towns/Cities--Turkana County.
Smart city: an advanced framework for analyzing public sentiment orientation ...IJECEIAES
The coronavirus pandemic of the past several years has had a profound impact on all aspects of life, including resource utilization. One notable example is the increased demand for freshwater, a lifeblood of our planet, on the other hand, the smart city vision aims to attain a smart water management goal by investing in innovative solutions such as recycled water systems. However, the problem lies in the public’s sentiment and willingness to use this new resource which discourages investors and hinders the development of this field. Therefore, in our work, we applied sentiment analysis using an extended version of the fuzzy logic and neural network model from our previous work, to find out the general public opinion regarding recycled water and to assess the effects of sentiments on the public’s readiness to use this resource. Our analysis was based on a dataset of over 1 million text content from 2013 to 2022. The results show, from spatio-temporal perspectives, that sentiment orientation and acceptance- behavior towards using recycled water have increased positively. Additionally, the public is more concerned in areas driven by the smart city vision than in areas of medium and low economic development, where investment in sensibilization campaigns is needed.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
A Research Paper on Community Led-Total Sanitation Approach in Peri-urban and...Stephen Olubulyera
A Research Paper on Community-Led-Total Sanitation in Urban and Peri-Urban Environments: A Case Study of Kakuma, Kainuk, Lodwar, Lokichar, Lokichoggio Towns/Cities--Turkana County.
Smart city: an advanced framework for analyzing public sentiment orientation ...IJECEIAES
The coronavirus pandemic of the past several years has had a profound impact on all aspects of life, including resource utilization. One notable example is the increased demand for freshwater, a lifeblood of our planet, on the other hand, the smart city vision aims to attain a smart water management goal by investing in innovative solutions such as recycled water systems. However, the problem lies in the public’s sentiment and willingness to use this new resource which discourages investors and hinders the development of this field. Therefore, in our work, we applied sentiment analysis using an extended version of the fuzzy logic and neural network model from our previous work, to find out the general public opinion regarding recycled water and to assess the effects of sentiments on the public’s readiness to use this resource. Our analysis was based on a dataset of over 1 million text content from 2013 to 2022. The results show, from spatio-temporal perspectives, that sentiment orientation and acceptance- behavior towards using recycled water have increased positively. Additionally, the public is more concerned in areas driven by the smart city vision than in areas of medium and low economic development, where investment in sensibilization campaigns is needed.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
COVID-19 Pandemic: Management emergencies response and lesson learned from th...IJAEMSJORNAL
WHO released the COVID-19 Pandemic that hit at least 223 countries and territories and global confirmed cases reached nearly 103,631,793 people and 2.17% of them died. Countries such as China, America, Europe, Belgium, Taiwan and Brunei Darussalam, have made various ways and efforts to fight the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be taken as potential practices and lessons. This literature review aims to investigate best practices that can be learned in emergency response and handling of the COVID-19 pandemic from various global countries that can be taken as learning and common good. This study method is a literature review, by accessing several peer-reviewed literature articles between 2020 and 2021 related to emergency response and lessons learned of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Based on the literature review that has been analysed, practices and lessons learned in overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic can be identified, including: extensive public health infrastructure, establishment of temporary hospitals, effective isolation methods, increased social distancing, surveillance systems with digital technology, community involvement, and lock-down as a last alternative to inhibit the spread, as well as a crisis management approach from an Islamic perspective. It can be concluded that emergency response in decision making and policy is a very influential factor in the success of controlling the COVID-19 pandemic.
The nature of the waste disposal has caused environmental health threat to Yelwa Tsakani communities. the
effect of siting waste dumpsite closer to residential buildings causes health challenges such as malaria,
diarrhoea, and respiratory diseases, skin, nose, and eye irritation, gastrointestinal issues, fatigue, headaches,
and psychological issues, as well as allergies. Geospatial techniques were used to determine the proximity
of the dumpsite to residential buildings and how spatially distributed are the dumpsite locations; the study
used the field survey and questionnaire to gather the spatial and non-spatial data. The spatial data were
obtained using remote sensing and ground survey method. Nonspatial data were obtained using
questionnaires analyzed accordingly and the finding shows the impact of the waste disposal to residence;
86% of the dumpsite poses health threat such as pollution and sickness. | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
The influence-of-monitoring-and-evaluation-on-water-project-performance-in-mi...oircjournals
In a 2010 study by World Bank, it was evidenced that people lack proper services because systems fail, often because not enough resources are invested to appropriately build and maintain them, and also because of the stress that the fast growing population places on the existing infrastructure. According to Migori county report card in 2016, it was established that there was lack of continuity in water projects commenced and that construction of water projects does not help if they fail after a short time. This study analyzed the influence of community participation on water project performance in Migori County. The study specifically; examined influence of communication, management skill, technology and monitoring and evaluation on water project performance. The conceptualization of the study was guided by Resource dependence, the theory of Change, System theory and the Theory of Constraints. The study applied descriptive approach through survey design. The target population comprised of 228 stakeholders and water service company staffs working on water project in Migori County. The sample size of the study was 145 respondents arrived at using a 1967 Taro Yamane’s formula of sample size determination. Data analysis was done by descriptive statistics. The study revealed that monitoring and evaluation is statistically significant influence on water project performance (β=0.152, p<0.05). The study concluded that project managers have adequate and experience in project management. Projects have clear documentation and the company has project progress reports. The study recommends that county government should empower project managers at County levels to improve planning and implementation towards the goal of sustaining water projects benefits, Non-Governmental Organizations to evaluate the performance and sustainability of water projects vis a vis the community participation at all stages of the project cycle.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a newly found coronavirus that causes an infectious disease. Infected patients may develop mild to moderate respiratory infections and recover without the need for specific treatment. Barangay Tanods is at the forefront of maintaining peace and order. They are made up of civilian volunteers who protect the community from irregular forces while also demonstrating their commitment to crime prevention by acting as deterrents to criminals, particularly in places where police are scarce. The BPAT is a national program of the PNP to encourage people empowerment from the community to address the real-time response in case a need arises, be it peace and order, security, or rescue related matters. The study will utilize a descriptive type of research. A descriptive type of research accurately and systematically describes the responses of the population considered in a particular study. The results revealed that the overall performance of barangay tanod was excellent, regardless of age, educational attainment, or gender. There were no significant differences in the performance of tanods divided into different groups. On the other hand, the delivery of BPAT services for crime prevention needs to be enhanced. The goal of this research is to assess the BPAT’s performance during the COVID-19 pandemic in the urban barangays in Ozamiz City, which includes the following: Barangay Aguada, Barangay Carmen Annex and Barangay Catadman in terms of patrolling, cooperation with other barangay officials, and health and safety protocol execution.
Assessing the resilience of a city in relation to its healthy urban systems: ...Dr.Hayam alsa'atee
This research investigates the relationship between city resilience and its urban
systems. The study determines the efficiency of a healthy urban system as one of a main
characteristic in achieving a compatible resilient city. Most of the current studies are theoretical
and suggest pathways and procedures that are beyond virtual practices. Healthy urban systems
are suggested to link human well-being with the effectiveness of the city infra-structure and
municipal services.
Assessing the resilience of a city in relation to its healthy urban systems: ...Dr.Hayam alsa'atee
This research investigates the relationship between city resilience and its urban
systems. The study determines the efficiency of a healthy urban system as one of a main
characteristic in achieving a compatible resilient city. Most of the current studies are theoretical
and suggest pathways and procedures that are beyond virtual practices. Healthy urban systems
are suggested to link human well-being with the effectiveness of the city infra-structure and
municipal services. These services are associated with the drinking water supply, sewage
disposal, garbage system, and adequacy of the transport system.
Solid Waste Management System: Public-Private Partnership, the Best System fo...IJERA Editor
Solid waste management (SWM) is a major public health and environmental concern in urban areas of many
developing countries. Nairobi’s solid waste situation, which could be taken to generally represent the status
which is largely characterized by low coverage of solid waste collection, pollution from uncontrolled dumping
of waste, inefficient public services, unregulated and uncoordinated private sector and lack of key solid waste
management infrastructure. This paper recapitulates on the public-private partnership as the best system for
developing countries; challenges, approaches, practices or systems of SWM, and outcomes or advantages to the
approach; the literature review focuses on surveying information pertaining to existing waste management
methodologies, policies, and research relevant to the SWM. Information was sourced from peer-reviewed
academic literature, grey literature, publicly available waste management plans, and through consultation with
waste management professionals. Literature pertaining to SWM and municipal solid waste minimization,
auditing and management were searched for through online journal databases, particularly Web of Science, and
Science Direct. Legislation pertaining to waste management was also researched using the different databases.
Additional information was obtained from grey literature and textbooks pertaining to waste management topics.
After conducting preliminary research, prevalent references of select sources were identified and scanned for
additional relevant articles. Research was also expanded to include literature pertaining to recycling,
composting, education, and case studies; the manuscript summarizes with future recommendationsin terms
collaborations of public/ private patternships, sensitization of people, privatization is important in improving
processes and modernizing urban waste management, contract private sector, integrated waste management
should be encouraged, provisional government leaders need to alter their mind set, prepare a strategic, integrated
SWM plan for the cities, enact strong and adequate legislation at city and national level, evaluate the real
impacts of waste management systems, utilizing locally based solutions for SWM service delivery and design,
location, management of the waste collection centersand recycling and compositing activities should be
encouraged.
I
Towards improving service delivery in local authorities. A case of Chegutu Mu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Challenges Faced by the Media in an Attempt to Play Their Roles in Public Awa...ijtsrd
This study set out to examine challenges faced by the media in their attempt to play their roles in public awareness on waste management in Buea and Douala in the Southwest and Littoral Regions of Cameroon. The study was supported by the Agenda Setting Theory 1972 by McCombs and Shaw, Knowledge Gap Theory 1970 by Philip Tichenor, George Donohue and Claire Olien, and the Transtheoretical Model also called the Stages of Change Model developed by Prochaska and Diclemente, 1970 . It employed a concurrent nested mixed method combining quantitative and qualitative approaches in a survey design. The estimated sample size comprised of 415 community members involved in the study conveniently. As for other stakeholders, notably, Community Leaders, Media Houses, Waste Disposal Companies and Municipal Councils, they were sampled purposively and conveniently. The study was stratified between French and English speaking Cameroon. Data were collected using a semi structured questionnaire and analyzed based on frequency, proportions and the process of thematic analysis. The qualitative approach was substantiated by the positivism paradigm considering qualitative interpretation as the dominant theoretical perspective. The main challenge was poor or no audience, that is people not interested in news related to waste management, environment, hygiene and sanitation and inadequate coverage. They suggested as response measures adequate sensitization and education of the communities on waste management more attractive slots and time, programmes or mechanisms to gain the attention of people. It was recommended that social media, community radio and television should be further used to create awareness on issues concerning waste disposal and management, and helping media to be adequately equipped. Agbor Vivan Ada | Mpoche Kizitus Nformi | Atenga Thomas Ireneé | Nana Célestin "Challenges Faced by the Media in an Attempt to Play Their Roles in Public Awareness on Waste Management in Buea and Douala" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63429.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/63429/challenges-faced-by-the-media-in-an-attempt-to-play-their-roles-in-public-awareness-on-waste-management-in-buea-and-douala/agbor-vivan-ada
Dengue Control in Rathnapura, Sri Lanka. Poster Presentation- Nagasaki, JapanSujeewa Panditharathne
Title:
Effectiveness and sustainability of a source reduction strategy embedded in a routine vector control programme for prevention of dengue fever outbreak in the Ratnapura district, Sri Lanka
Authors:
N.G.S. Panditharathne 1, 2, K.B.Kannangara 1, Kensuke Goto 2, Satoshi Kaneko 2, 3
Authors’ Affiliations:
1 Ministry of health, Sri Lanka,
2 Department of eco-epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Japan
3 Graduate School of International Health Development, Nagasaki University, Japan
Background: At present, endemic dengue is a major public health problem in Sri Lanka. To assess the effectiveness of a community-based house-to-house larval source reduction campaign embedded in the routine laval controls strategy, we analysed the data from the official intervention of source reduction and dengue surveillance data between 2010 and 2012 in a district of Sri Lanka.
Methods: According to the dwelling coverage percentage of the larval source reduction campaign, 575 Grama Niladari Divisions (GND) were categorized into four groups; group A (>75%), group B (50 - 74%), group C (25 - 49%) and group D (< 25%). By group, incidence rates (IR), incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and attribute risk percentages (AR %) of dengue fever was calculated to evaluate the effectiveness and sustainability of the campaign. Additionally, we calculated the cost for the campaign operation and avoidable costs for dengue patient management.
Findings: Since the commencement of campaign, there was a minor outbreak in 2011 and a major one in 2012. Both outbreaks were observed only in lower campaign coverage groups and no outbreak was observed in group A area. IRs of group B, C, D areas were about three or four times higher in the major outbreak year of 2012 compared with that of group A and all of them were statistically significant. In group B, C & D study areas, 60 to 70% (total of 2456) of cases may have been avoided by the clean-up program, which is at least equivalent to US$ 159,645 in hospital admission cost. The initial cost of cleaning, programme embedding and subsequent maintenance cost in the study area was estimated at US$139,651 and US$ 88,999, respectively.
Interpretation: Because 70% of maintenance clean-up cost would be recovered by revenue from recycling of the materials collected by the campaign and considerable avoidable cost of dengue patients, the maintenance of the clean-up activities would be sustainable.
Disaster preparedness of the selected Barangays in Rizal, Nueva EcijaIJAEMSJORNAL
Despite substantial public danger awareness commitment and spending, rates of preparedness for disasters remain low. The study used the descriptive method of research. It was found that the disaster preparedness programs and activities on the selected Barangays in Rizal, Nueva Ecija are effective however, it needs improvement on the implementation of the programs so that it will be more effective. The result on the problems about the implementation of disaster preparedness programs and activities is disgracing because those programs and activities have only one aim: to help the community. Local government may generate everyone awareness on the difficulties of implementing disaster preparedness activities and programs. Also, the barangay may conduct trainings or seminars for the barangay officials about disaster preparedness.
The spread of Coronavirus around the world will contribute to significant changes in the near future and in the long term in health systems, in cities, in the world of work, in the education system, in public transport, in social relations, in tourism, in society, in the globalization process and the action of governments around the world. The world will no longer be the same. We need to prepare for the future to come. The 11 main changes that will impact the present and the future are presented in this article.
Analysis of the efficiency of public policies in municipalities, with a popul...IJAEMSJORNAL
Pandemics, such as that of COVID-19, affect a large number of people, imposing new rules and social habits on them, aiming to modify the behavior that influences economic and social problems. In this context, the objective of this study was to be investigative, using the DEA tool (data envelopment analysis), seeking the efficiency of proposed and economic measures, seeking to assist them and also public policies in improving planning, trying to avoid problems such as those caused by the current pandemic. This is a cross-sectional and quantitative study, of an exploratory nature, carried out with data from the 10th. Region of the state of São Paulo, based on municipalities with 10,000, or more, inhabitants in the time interval from 05/03/2020 to 05/05/2021. This work is justified by the fact that the COVID-19 pandemic exposes structural weaknesses, economic differences and bottlenecks in the Brazilian health system, especially the lack or uneven distribution, in the territory, of health professionals and health professional, infrastructure, as well as limited production capacity, poor income distribution, the human development index and, still, the glaring differences in the GDP of the municipalities. It has been noted that 53% of the municipalities are deficient and that only 47% of them are above the average ideal efficiency rate of 0.823150. It is concluded, in this work, that the economic and social factors need to be better addressed and that social distance, the use of masks and personal hygiene must be encouraged by the representatives of the public power, in order to avoid a greater number of deaths.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
COVID-19 Pandemic: Management emergencies response and lesson learned from th...IJAEMSJORNAL
WHO released the COVID-19 Pandemic that hit at least 223 countries and territories and global confirmed cases reached nearly 103,631,793 people and 2.17% of them died. Countries such as China, America, Europe, Belgium, Taiwan and Brunei Darussalam, have made various ways and efforts to fight the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be taken as potential practices and lessons. This literature review aims to investigate best practices that can be learned in emergency response and handling of the COVID-19 pandemic from various global countries that can be taken as learning and common good. This study method is a literature review, by accessing several peer-reviewed literature articles between 2020 and 2021 related to emergency response and lessons learned of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Based on the literature review that has been analysed, practices and lessons learned in overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic can be identified, including: extensive public health infrastructure, establishment of temporary hospitals, effective isolation methods, increased social distancing, surveillance systems with digital technology, community involvement, and lock-down as a last alternative to inhibit the spread, as well as a crisis management approach from an Islamic perspective. It can be concluded that emergency response in decision making and policy is a very influential factor in the success of controlling the COVID-19 pandemic.
The nature of the waste disposal has caused environmental health threat to Yelwa Tsakani communities. the
effect of siting waste dumpsite closer to residential buildings causes health challenges such as malaria,
diarrhoea, and respiratory diseases, skin, nose, and eye irritation, gastrointestinal issues, fatigue, headaches,
and psychological issues, as well as allergies. Geospatial techniques were used to determine the proximity
of the dumpsite to residential buildings and how spatially distributed are the dumpsite locations; the study
used the field survey and questionnaire to gather the spatial and non-spatial data. The spatial data were
obtained using remote sensing and ground survey method. Nonspatial data were obtained using
questionnaires analyzed accordingly and the finding shows the impact of the waste disposal to residence;
86% of the dumpsite poses health threat such as pollution and sickness. | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
The influence-of-monitoring-and-evaluation-on-water-project-performance-in-mi...oircjournals
In a 2010 study by World Bank, it was evidenced that people lack proper services because systems fail, often because not enough resources are invested to appropriately build and maintain them, and also because of the stress that the fast growing population places on the existing infrastructure. According to Migori county report card in 2016, it was established that there was lack of continuity in water projects commenced and that construction of water projects does not help if they fail after a short time. This study analyzed the influence of community participation on water project performance in Migori County. The study specifically; examined influence of communication, management skill, technology and monitoring and evaluation on water project performance. The conceptualization of the study was guided by Resource dependence, the theory of Change, System theory and the Theory of Constraints. The study applied descriptive approach through survey design. The target population comprised of 228 stakeholders and water service company staffs working on water project in Migori County. The sample size of the study was 145 respondents arrived at using a 1967 Taro Yamane’s formula of sample size determination. Data analysis was done by descriptive statistics. The study revealed that monitoring and evaluation is statistically significant influence on water project performance (β=0.152, p<0.05). The study concluded that project managers have adequate and experience in project management. Projects have clear documentation and the company has project progress reports. The study recommends that county government should empower project managers at County levels to improve planning and implementation towards the goal of sustaining water projects benefits, Non-Governmental Organizations to evaluate the performance and sustainability of water projects vis a vis the community participation at all stages of the project cycle.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a newly found coronavirus that causes an infectious disease. Infected patients may develop mild to moderate respiratory infections and recover without the need for specific treatment. Barangay Tanods is at the forefront of maintaining peace and order. They are made up of civilian volunteers who protect the community from irregular forces while also demonstrating their commitment to crime prevention by acting as deterrents to criminals, particularly in places where police are scarce. The BPAT is a national program of the PNP to encourage people empowerment from the community to address the real-time response in case a need arises, be it peace and order, security, or rescue related matters. The study will utilize a descriptive type of research. A descriptive type of research accurately and systematically describes the responses of the population considered in a particular study. The results revealed that the overall performance of barangay tanod was excellent, regardless of age, educational attainment, or gender. There were no significant differences in the performance of tanods divided into different groups. On the other hand, the delivery of BPAT services for crime prevention needs to be enhanced. The goal of this research is to assess the BPAT’s performance during the COVID-19 pandemic in the urban barangays in Ozamiz City, which includes the following: Barangay Aguada, Barangay Carmen Annex and Barangay Catadman in terms of patrolling, cooperation with other barangay officials, and health and safety protocol execution.
Assessing the resilience of a city in relation to its healthy urban systems: ...Dr.Hayam alsa'atee
This research investigates the relationship between city resilience and its urban
systems. The study determines the efficiency of a healthy urban system as one of a main
characteristic in achieving a compatible resilient city. Most of the current studies are theoretical
and suggest pathways and procedures that are beyond virtual practices. Healthy urban systems
are suggested to link human well-being with the effectiveness of the city infra-structure and
municipal services.
Assessing the resilience of a city in relation to its healthy urban systems: ...Dr.Hayam alsa'atee
This research investigates the relationship between city resilience and its urban
systems. The study determines the efficiency of a healthy urban system as one of a main
characteristic in achieving a compatible resilient city. Most of the current studies are theoretical
and suggest pathways and procedures that are beyond virtual practices. Healthy urban systems
are suggested to link human well-being with the effectiveness of the city infra-structure and
municipal services. These services are associated with the drinking water supply, sewage
disposal, garbage system, and adequacy of the transport system.
Solid Waste Management System: Public-Private Partnership, the Best System fo...IJERA Editor
Solid waste management (SWM) is a major public health and environmental concern in urban areas of many
developing countries. Nairobi’s solid waste situation, which could be taken to generally represent the status
which is largely characterized by low coverage of solid waste collection, pollution from uncontrolled dumping
of waste, inefficient public services, unregulated and uncoordinated private sector and lack of key solid waste
management infrastructure. This paper recapitulates on the public-private partnership as the best system for
developing countries; challenges, approaches, practices or systems of SWM, and outcomes or advantages to the
approach; the literature review focuses on surveying information pertaining to existing waste management
methodologies, policies, and research relevant to the SWM. Information was sourced from peer-reviewed
academic literature, grey literature, publicly available waste management plans, and through consultation with
waste management professionals. Literature pertaining to SWM and municipal solid waste minimization,
auditing and management were searched for through online journal databases, particularly Web of Science, and
Science Direct. Legislation pertaining to waste management was also researched using the different databases.
Additional information was obtained from grey literature and textbooks pertaining to waste management topics.
After conducting preliminary research, prevalent references of select sources were identified and scanned for
additional relevant articles. Research was also expanded to include literature pertaining to recycling,
composting, education, and case studies; the manuscript summarizes with future recommendationsin terms
collaborations of public/ private patternships, sensitization of people, privatization is important in improving
processes and modernizing urban waste management, contract private sector, integrated waste management
should be encouraged, provisional government leaders need to alter their mind set, prepare a strategic, integrated
SWM plan for the cities, enact strong and adequate legislation at city and national level, evaluate the real
impacts of waste management systems, utilizing locally based solutions for SWM service delivery and design,
location, management of the waste collection centersand recycling and compositing activities should be
encouraged.
I
Towards improving service delivery in local authorities. A case of Chegutu Mu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Challenges Faced by the Media in an Attempt to Play Their Roles in Public Awa...ijtsrd
This study set out to examine challenges faced by the media in their attempt to play their roles in public awareness on waste management in Buea and Douala in the Southwest and Littoral Regions of Cameroon. The study was supported by the Agenda Setting Theory 1972 by McCombs and Shaw, Knowledge Gap Theory 1970 by Philip Tichenor, George Donohue and Claire Olien, and the Transtheoretical Model also called the Stages of Change Model developed by Prochaska and Diclemente, 1970 . It employed a concurrent nested mixed method combining quantitative and qualitative approaches in a survey design. The estimated sample size comprised of 415 community members involved in the study conveniently. As for other stakeholders, notably, Community Leaders, Media Houses, Waste Disposal Companies and Municipal Councils, they were sampled purposively and conveniently. The study was stratified between French and English speaking Cameroon. Data were collected using a semi structured questionnaire and analyzed based on frequency, proportions and the process of thematic analysis. The qualitative approach was substantiated by the positivism paradigm considering qualitative interpretation as the dominant theoretical perspective. The main challenge was poor or no audience, that is people not interested in news related to waste management, environment, hygiene and sanitation and inadequate coverage. They suggested as response measures adequate sensitization and education of the communities on waste management more attractive slots and time, programmes or mechanisms to gain the attention of people. It was recommended that social media, community radio and television should be further used to create awareness on issues concerning waste disposal and management, and helping media to be adequately equipped. Agbor Vivan Ada | Mpoche Kizitus Nformi | Atenga Thomas Ireneé | Nana Célestin "Challenges Faced by the Media in an Attempt to Play Their Roles in Public Awareness on Waste Management in Buea and Douala" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63429.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/63429/challenges-faced-by-the-media-in-an-attempt-to-play-their-roles-in-public-awareness-on-waste-management-in-buea-and-douala/agbor-vivan-ada
Dengue Control in Rathnapura, Sri Lanka. Poster Presentation- Nagasaki, JapanSujeewa Panditharathne
Title:
Effectiveness and sustainability of a source reduction strategy embedded in a routine vector control programme for prevention of dengue fever outbreak in the Ratnapura district, Sri Lanka
Authors:
N.G.S. Panditharathne 1, 2, K.B.Kannangara 1, Kensuke Goto 2, Satoshi Kaneko 2, 3
Authors’ Affiliations:
1 Ministry of health, Sri Lanka,
2 Department of eco-epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Japan
3 Graduate School of International Health Development, Nagasaki University, Japan
Background: At present, endemic dengue is a major public health problem in Sri Lanka. To assess the effectiveness of a community-based house-to-house larval source reduction campaign embedded in the routine laval controls strategy, we analysed the data from the official intervention of source reduction and dengue surveillance data between 2010 and 2012 in a district of Sri Lanka.
Methods: According to the dwelling coverage percentage of the larval source reduction campaign, 575 Grama Niladari Divisions (GND) were categorized into four groups; group A (>75%), group B (50 - 74%), group C (25 - 49%) and group D (< 25%). By group, incidence rates (IR), incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and attribute risk percentages (AR %) of dengue fever was calculated to evaluate the effectiveness and sustainability of the campaign. Additionally, we calculated the cost for the campaign operation and avoidable costs for dengue patient management.
Findings: Since the commencement of campaign, there was a minor outbreak in 2011 and a major one in 2012. Both outbreaks were observed only in lower campaign coverage groups and no outbreak was observed in group A area. IRs of group B, C, D areas were about three or four times higher in the major outbreak year of 2012 compared with that of group A and all of them were statistically significant. In group B, C & D study areas, 60 to 70% (total of 2456) of cases may have been avoided by the clean-up program, which is at least equivalent to US$ 159,645 in hospital admission cost. The initial cost of cleaning, programme embedding and subsequent maintenance cost in the study area was estimated at US$139,651 and US$ 88,999, respectively.
Interpretation: Because 70% of maintenance clean-up cost would be recovered by revenue from recycling of the materials collected by the campaign and considerable avoidable cost of dengue patients, the maintenance of the clean-up activities would be sustainable.
Disaster preparedness of the selected Barangays in Rizal, Nueva EcijaIJAEMSJORNAL
Despite substantial public danger awareness commitment and spending, rates of preparedness for disasters remain low. The study used the descriptive method of research. It was found that the disaster preparedness programs and activities on the selected Barangays in Rizal, Nueva Ecija are effective however, it needs improvement on the implementation of the programs so that it will be more effective. The result on the problems about the implementation of disaster preparedness programs and activities is disgracing because those programs and activities have only one aim: to help the community. Local government may generate everyone awareness on the difficulties of implementing disaster preparedness activities and programs. Also, the barangay may conduct trainings or seminars for the barangay officials about disaster preparedness.
The spread of Coronavirus around the world will contribute to significant changes in the near future and in the long term in health systems, in cities, in the world of work, in the education system, in public transport, in social relations, in tourism, in society, in the globalization process and the action of governments around the world. The world will no longer be the same. We need to prepare for the future to come. The 11 main changes that will impact the present and the future are presented in this article.
Analysis of the efficiency of public policies in municipalities, with a popul...IJAEMSJORNAL
Pandemics, such as that of COVID-19, affect a large number of people, imposing new rules and social habits on them, aiming to modify the behavior that influences economic and social problems. In this context, the objective of this study was to be investigative, using the DEA tool (data envelopment analysis), seeking the efficiency of proposed and economic measures, seeking to assist them and also public policies in improving planning, trying to avoid problems such as those caused by the current pandemic. This is a cross-sectional and quantitative study, of an exploratory nature, carried out with data from the 10th. Region of the state of São Paulo, based on municipalities with 10,000, or more, inhabitants in the time interval from 05/03/2020 to 05/05/2021. This work is justified by the fact that the COVID-19 pandemic exposes structural weaknesses, economic differences and bottlenecks in the Brazilian health system, especially the lack or uneven distribution, in the territory, of health professionals and health professional, infrastructure, as well as limited production capacity, poor income distribution, the human development index and, still, the glaring differences in the GDP of the municipalities. It has been noted that 53% of the municipalities are deficient and that only 47% of them are above the average ideal efficiency rate of 0.823150. It is concluded, in this work, that the economic and social factors need to be better addressed and that social distance, the use of masks and personal hygiene must be encouraged by the representatives of the public power, in order to avoid a greater number of deaths.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
1. Tianjin Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue yu Gongcheng Jishu Ban)/
Journal of Tianjin University Science and Technology
ISSN (Online): 0493-2137
E-Publication: Online Open Access
Vol:55 Issue:03:2022
DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/7F5ZS
March 2022 | 25
SERVICES PROVISION AND HYGIENE INTERVENTIONS BY CITY
GOVERNMENT DURING COVID-19 WAVES: IMPACT ON BEHAVIORAL
RESPONSE IN INFORMAL URBAN SETTLEMENTS
KALSOOM Sumra1, Muhammad Mumtaz2*, Nasra Dahir Mohamed3 and Rashid
Aftab4
1 Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor, Center for Policy Studies, COMSATS University Islamabad,
Pakistan, kalsoom.sumra@comsats.edu.pk
2Assistant Professor, (Correspondence Author), Department of Public Administration, Fatima Jinnah
Women University Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
3MPhil Student at Riphah Institute of Public Policy, Riphah International University Islamabad, Pakistan,
nasra4488@gmail.com
4Director, Riphah Institute of Public Policy, Riphah International University Islamabad, Pakistan
Rashid.aftab@riphah.edu.pk
*Corresponding Author: mumtaz86@hotmail.com
Abstract
COVID-19 has intensified role of city governments to provide basic services to control the spread. This
pandemic has changed the extents of hygiene and behavioral response in informal urban settlements where
limited access to basic services is key concern throughout four waves of COVID crisis. The study aim is to
know how services provision and hygiene interventions affects the promotional campaigns and resilience
compliance activities delivered by city government among communities living in informal urban settlements.
A questionnaire-based survey is conducted from 490 households of ten informal urban settlements in
Islamabad city, Pakistan. PLS-SEM regression is used to test the relationship of services provision and
hygiene interventions provided by the city government stimulating hygiene consciousness subsequently
leading to healthier behavioral responses. Specifically, this study identifies that water services provision
and hygiene interventions are strongly linked with promotional campaigns and resilience compliance
activities which in turn enhance hygiene consciousness pushing better behavioral response. This research
commends that city government has to anticipate effective policies regarding informal urban settlements.
The better policy issues have to be resolved like infrastructure, budget allocation, innovating positive
hygiene messages and rapid response during outbreaks.
Keywords: water services, hygiene interventions, city government, COVID-19, risk communication
2. Tianjin Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue yu Gongcheng Jishu Ban)/
Journal of Tianjin University Science and Technology
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1. Introduction
COVID-19 has brought hygiene interventions to the forefront in reducing infection. The hygiene
interventions are consisting of both hardware and software elements on the availability of water
sources and awareness campaigns (UNICEF, 2020; Jamie, 2020). The best hygiene interventions
include hand washing, use of hand sanitizers, and behavioral response (Larson, 2007; Aunger et
al., 2016). The effective hand hygiene practices such as hand washing for 20 to 30 seconds are
next to impossible especially in low- and middle-income countries due to lack of awareness water
scarcity and poor sanitation systems (Jamie, 2020; A. Prüss-Ustün, et al. 2019). This indicates the
grit of poverty directions on the people’s capacity to maintain hand hygiene by use of water with
soap or sanitizers for defense purposes from the virus. The poor system of sanitation and intensified
population growth in these countries also have tremendously alarmed the availability of water,
purchasing power to sanitizers, and maintaining social distancing in urban crisis (WHO, 2020; A.
Prüss-Ustün, et al. 2019). These nations are well qualified for the international poverty line that is
$1.90 per day (Will, 2020).
In urban cities of developing countries, COVID-19 has unraveled the prevailing disparities in
informal urban settlement (Paul, 2020; UN-Habitat, 2020). Usually, informal settlements grow
unsystematically, unplanned, overcrowded, and congested. Poor living conditions and infrequent
basic public services in informal urban settlements vary not only from one city to another in a
country but also from one settlement to another within the same city. Around one billion informal
urban settlements are the most vulnerable people to COVID-19(UN-Habitat, 2020), with limited
access to basic public services that restrict preventive measures in such dense localities (Annie,
2020).The basic preventive measures of handwashing practices and physical distancing in urban
informal settlements are a critical factor to avoid the spread of COVID-19 (UN-Habitat, 2020;
Edkarl& Alexandra, 2020). Handwashing hygiene interventions in response to emergencies are
the most critical edifice to form hygiene behaviors in informal settlements (WHO, 2020; Paul,
2020; Heijnen& Greenland, 2015). The same is the case with Pakistan where significant problems
of hygiene are due to lack of facilities. In the rapidly urbanizing flux, the vast population is flocking
so rapidly to the biggest cities in Pakistan. Messy sprawl of informal settlements grows in peri-
urban areas beyond planned boundaries in major cities. According to the United Nations (2015),
45.5% of the urban population is living in informal settlements in Pakistan; these informal
settlements are also called ‘katchiabbadis’ or urban informal settlements. With the divested
inequalities, COVID-19 is bringing enormous strain on poor urban informal settlements. These
communities are at the most vulnerable edge due to scarce of basic services and income constraints
in pandemic lockdown.
The water and sanitation facilities and hygiene promotion by city administration improve and
influence handwashing behavior more generally. Improving behavior change is difficult with a
short period but some hygiene interventions have a much stronger influence on handwashing
practices during pandemics (Bavel et al., 2020; Lunn et al., 2020; UN-Habitat., 2020). The study
aim is of two fold;first how services provision and hygiene interventions affects the promotional
campaigns and resilience compliance activities delivered by city government leading towards
hygiene consciousness and consequently impacting behavioral response among communities
living in informal urban settlements,second, the study also examines the mediating impact of
3. Tianjin Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue yu Gongcheng Jishu Ban)/
Journal of Tianjin University Science and Technology
ISSN (Online): 0493-2137
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Vol:55 Issue:03:2022
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promotional campaigns and resilience compliance. It is based on a rapid survey on water services
provision and hygiene interventions impact on hygiene consciousness leading to behavioral
response in informal urban settlements amid COVID-19.
Figure 1. Glimpse of one informal settlement/katchiabbadi in Islamabad
Source: Pakistan Today, APRIL 16, 2020. https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2020/04/16/75-
families-left-homeless-capital-admin-tears-slum/
2. Theoretical framework and Hypothesis Development
There are several theories and approaches related to the impact of hygiene interventions and
behavioral responses. These approaches are adoptable in changing hygiene behavior not only an
effective practice but the provision of services and interventions reduces all severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS) (WHO, 2020; Water Aid, 2020; UNICEF, 2020 ). Although the
surge of COVID-19 calls for universal access to hygiene services, but how this should be achieved
remains unclear. City governments and municipalities must regularize services and trace what
extended hygiene consciousness in informal urban settlements (UN-Habitat, 2020; WHO,2020).
Moreover, the techniques of hygiene interventions could be different, targeting handwashing
behavior and everyday activities including persuasion of the communities to adopt hygiene
behavior (Bavel at al., 2020. Analytical framework presented in figure 2, capture the effects of (1)
4. Tianjin Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue yu Gongcheng Jishu Ban)/
Journal of Tianjin University Science and Technology
ISSN (Online): 0493-2137
E-Publication: Online Open Access
Vol:55 Issue:03:2022
DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/7F5ZS
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services provision and hygiene interventions on promotional campaigns and resilience compliance
activities, and subsequently (2) hygiene promotional campaigns and resilience compliance
activities impact on hygiene consciousness (self-efficacy, risk communication and advocacy)
leading to examine the impact on behavioral response. Further, the mediating impact of
promotional campaigns and resilience compliance activities are examined.
Fig 2. Analytical framework
H6a
H3a
H3b
H1 H5a
H3c
H6b H5b
H4a
H2
H4b
H5c
H4c
H6c
Note: Box covered by dash line is consisting of three hygiene consciousness aspects (self-efficacy, risk communication
& advocacy).Arrows with dash lines indicate mediating relationships. SP & HI; Services Provision & Hygiene
Interventions, PC: Promotional Campaigns, RCA: Resilience Compliance Activities, SE: Self Efficacy, RC: Risk
Communication, ADV: Advocacy, BR: Behavioral Response.
2.1. Impact of Services Provision and Hygiene Interventions on Promotional Campaigns
Governments are engaged in services provision and hygiene interventions through several forms
such as creating hygiene consciousness, facilitating water, and hygiene facilities (Chen et al.,
2020). During COVID-19 outbreak, there is an increase in government hygiene intervention for
the public and mainly for vulnerable groups like informal urban settlements (UN Habitat, 2020;
UNOCHA,2020a). Previously, city governments have given low priority to water and sanitation
services in developing countries (WASH,2014; Curtis et al.,2009). The governments at all levels
have become conscious and providing the necessary facilities for handwashing during COVID-19
(Chen et al., 2020; S. White et al., 2020).
Services Provision &
Hygiene Interventions
Promotional
Campaigns
Resilience Compliance
Activities
Advocacy
Risk
communication
Self-efficacy
Behavioral
Response
5. Tianjin Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue yu Gongcheng Jishu Ban)/
Journal of Tianjin University Science and Technology
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Hygiene promotional campaigns has been implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic to
promote hygiene consciousness, and to reduce the transmission of the virus within communities
(Curtis et al.,2020; UNICEF,2020). Mobilizing local resources including the private sector leads
to awareness of social distancing and promoting hygiene consciousness (WASH, 2020). Hygiene
promotional campaigns have been used as an instrument to promote hygiene activities involving
behavior response (Water Aid, 2020). Hence, there several forms of campaigns, such as ensuring
hand washing with soaps and focusing on protective measurements, and knowledge improvement
using various informative channels via social media and massaging (Tidwell et al., 2019; Bavel at
al., 2020).
Service provision and hygiene interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic, the transmission of
infectious can be prevented through improvement in regular services among marginalized
communities (Jordan et al., 2020; World Bank, 2020; Washem, 2020). The prior research has
identified the effectiveness of promotional campaigns for reducing the risk of respiratory diseases
along with water provision (Bavel at al., 2020; Chen et al., 2020). It is thus proposed that services
provision and hygiene interventions is positively related to promotional activities. This leads to
H1:The more regular water services provision and hygiene interventions during COVID-19, the
stronger the communities acknowledge the hygiene promotional activities raised by city
government.
2.2. Impact of Services Provision and Hygiene Interventions on Resilience Compliance
activities
Resilience compliance referes to adaptability of changing environment (Linkov, 2014; Nas, 2012).
In the context of services provision and hygiene interventions, it indicates the way that government
adopts in critical situations like the global outbreak of COVID-19. To implement and create a
response for vulnerable people who live in informal urban settlements and to reduce the spread of
the disease globally is necessary (Clark et al., 2020; WHO, 2020). Governments manage this crisis
and emerge as the hubs to provide utility information and obligations to comply with safety that
makes themsuch vibrant and appealing places for many to live ( Russell et al.,2020; UNDP, 2020).
Various governments responded differently, some of the countries managed an adequate and
affordable supply of face masks, free sensitizers, and increased the health care facilities (Chen et
al., 2020;UNOCHA, 2020a)
Evolving consequences of COVID-19 and promoting resilience compliance is having a positive
impact on hygeine response, and this contribute to the further enrichment of integrated governance
processes (UNOCHA,2020a). Governments response to COVID-19 in different ways is yet one of
the main strategy which have been adopted by the various countries to manage resilience
compliance (Angela, 2020; Shaw et al., 2020). Some countries made successful control of COVID-
19 by doing early response and preparation of the crisis(Cheng et al., 2020). Providing technical
coordination and utilities information on hygiene resilience compliance activities (Li et al., 2020).
6. Tianjin Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue yu Gongcheng Jishu Ban)/
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For instance, city governments in Pakistan enhanced its response in alignment with water services
and coordination among various services departments. It thus leads to propose:
H2:The more regular services provision and hygiene interventions during COVID-19, the stronger
the communities recognize the resilience compliance activities enacted by the City Government.
2.3. Promotional Campaigns and Hygiene Consciousness
Self-efficacy is more related to knowledge as well as it describes hygiene awareness and
transmission associated with poor hygiene (Khan et al. 2020; Rabbani et al.,2020). Self-efficacy
refers to maintaining hygiene knowledge to achieve hygiene conscious (Al-Rifaai et al.,
2018;WHO, 2020). Furthermore, building risk communication prevents and controls the spread of
communicable diseases through social engagement and by selecting appropriate hygiene
messages. Studies showed that risk communication and constant hygiene massaging related to
infectious diseases and COVID-19 increases peoples understanding of hygiene consciousness and
community engagement (Rabbani etal., 2020; WHO, 2020). Likewise, hygiene advocacy normally
purposes to influence public policy, public opinion, and resource mobilization (UNICEF, 2020).
Advocacy for hygiene includes hygiene facilities, hygiene promotional activities, and measuring
people’s access to handwashing facilities (WASH,2020).
Provisions for promotional campaigns and hygene facilities include providing community
awareness and mobilize private-publicactors to endorse the promotion of hygiene messages
(World Bank, 2020; Li et al., 2020). Awareness messages for handwashing campaigns change and
promote hygiene consciousness, by using mass media campaigns for efficient community
awareness during outbreaks (WHO, 2020; Tidwell et al., 2019;UNICEF,2020). Promotional
campaigns increase the level of community knowledge regards to infectious diseases and it teaches
how communities can prevent the spread of COVID-19 outbreak (Kucharski et al., 2020; WHO,
2020). Sanitation awareness among the community is the most important step towards maintaining
a positive hygiene consciousness (Thanishka et al., 2020). Formally, it is hypothesized:
H3aThe effective promotional campaigns enacted by the government are linked with awareness of
self-efficacy in hygiene consciousness among communities.
H3b The efficient promotional campaigns enacted by the government are linked with understanding
risk communication in hygiene consciousness among communities.
H3c The effective promotional campaigns enacted by the government are linked with advocacy for
hygiene consciousness among communities.
2.4. Resilience Compliance Activities and Hygiene Consciousness
Providing and managing hygiene facilities are required for the effective capacity of building
resilience against pandemic(Tidwell et al., 2019) and to establish multi-sector, institutions, and
proposals for policy improvement and the coordination of preventive policies against
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communicable diseases like COVID-19(Clark et al., 2020). Policy tools offer specific prospects
for governments to accelerate behavior change by providing efficient resilience compliance(Anser
et al., 2020). After the outbreak of COVID-19 nations implement different policies and adopted a
decisive campaign against COVID-19 by implementing immediate complete lock-down (Shaw et
al., 2020; WHO, 2020). While in Pakistan government implement awareness campaigns by
sending messages to the communities to increase the hygiene perception of the communities.
Increasing community understanding, public awareness, and advocating effective hygiene policies
can all enhance the level of community consciousness of COVID-19 (Zhang et al., 2020; WHO,
2020) Therefore, this research proposed:
H4a The stronger resilience compliance activities backed by the government is linked with
awareness of self-efficacy in hygiene consciousness among communities.
H4b The stronger resilience compliance activities backed by the government are linked with
awareness of risk communication in hygiene consciousness among communities
H4c The stronger resilience compliance activities backed by the government are linked with
awareness of advocacy in hygiene consciousness among communities
2.5. Impact of Hygiene Consciousness on Behavior Response
Behavioral response from the communities can be modified through government interventionsof
water and sanitation facilitates (Jordan et al., 2020; Jamie, 2020; S. White, et al., 2020). Successful
behavioral responses in informal urban settlements after hygiene consciousness can result in better
hygiene practice (Water Aid, 2020; UNICEF, 2020; WASH, 2020). Established positive behavior
response can enhance the frequency and develop a good practice of essential positive hygiene
behaviors (Wilson et al., 2011). Mobilization of private, public, and civil society actors to act in
response to COVID-19 outbreaks has taken place in several states (Jordan et al., 2020: UN-Habitat,
2020; Lunn et al., 2020; Anser et al. 2020; CAWST, 2020;WASH, 2020). Behavior response refers
to a systemic approach of interacting and encouraging the widespread of safe hygiene practice
during COVID-19 and communicable diseases(WHO,2020; Samuel et al., 2019; Martilda et al.
2016) Self-efficacy, risk-community, and advocacy actives can change the short-term hygiene
behavior of the informal urban settlements. Therefore, this research proposed:
H5a The higher awareness of self-efficacy has a positiveimpact on hygeine behavior response
H5b The influential of risk communication has a positive effect on behavioral response
H5c The stronger advocacy has positive positive behavioral response
2.6. Mediating effects of Promotional Campaigns and Resilience Compliance Activities
on Hygiene Consciousness
Promotional campaigns influences services provision and hygiene interventions (Curtis et
al.,2020; Chen et al., 2020). Self-efficacy at crucial times could be a requirement for behavior
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change, although knowing alone does not necessarily change behavior. Knowledge means more
explicitly, constant handwashing, and to prevent the spread of COVID-19 hand washing is one of
the most important activities that can reduce the risk of this virus (Khan et al. 2020; Prem et al.,
2020).Equally, risk communication campaigns have been made in urban informal settlements in
several developing countries(Rabbani et al., 2020). Governments initiate a new policy to respond
to the outbreak of COVID-19(Clark et al., 2020). Hence, in Pakistan people who live in informal
urban settlements experience the same challenges for that reason. this proposes the following:
H6a Service provision and hygiene interventions' efefct on awareness of self-efficacy is mediated
by promotional campaigns and resilience compliance activities.
H6b The relationship between service provision of hygiene intervention and influence of risk
communication is mediated by promotional activities and resilience compliance.
H6c The relationship between service provision of hygiene intervention and advocacy is mediated
by promotional activities and resilience compliance.
3 Study Area
Informal settlements or katchiabbadis are a turn into unplanned sprawl of urbanization around the
periphery areas of Islamabad the capital territory of Pakistan. Due to the localized nature of
inequality in housing, as per Capital Development Authority (CDA) around 52 katchiabadis are in
Islamabad and the inhabitants living in informal settlements exceeds more then 100,000 (Anwar,
2016). Most residents are laborers, domestic, sanitary workers, and daily wagers flocked form
various parts of the country for earning in the city. The poor basic services and density are the
crucial components in fighting against COVID-19. Hygiene interventions set by city governments
are challenged in response to COVID-19 among these communities to sustain handwashing or
sanitizer practice behavior. Handwashing or sanitizer practice is not the sole solution but
behavioral change in response to hand hygiene activities is also needed to avoid from the spread
of pandemic. Currently, there are 52 informal urban settlements in Islamabad where only ten of
them are recognized by capital development authority (CDA)(Chen et al., 2020).The majority of
informal urban settlements some of them are working as domistic workers while other are sanitory
workers and subordinary staff for the goverment (Shahzada, 2015; Malik, 2020).
3.1Sampling and data collection
The analytical framework presented in figure 2 indicates the hypothesized relationships, first how
services provision and hygiene interventions influence promotional campaigns and resilience
compliance activities provided by city government leading towards hygiene consciousness.
Second, it refers to examine the mediating role of promotional campaigns and resilience
compliance activities on hygiene consciousness during COVID-19. Data is collected from
households of informal urban settlements across 10 locations in Islamabad capital territory of
Pakistan. The survey has been translated intothe local language for ease of households. The study
is conducted in the10 recognized informal urban settlements/Katchiabbadi by city development
authority (CDA) Islamabad. Before collecting the data, pre-test of responses was collected from
30 households andwith the help of community members, the survey questions were interpreted to
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achieve clarity. After refining survey, the participants were informed in detail the purpose and
assured the voluntary willingness. Random data collection took four months after semi-lockdown
to complete opening June-September 2020 and final sample of 490households were retained for
responses.
3.2 Measurement instrument
The study followed existing measurement scales from previous studies and items interpretation is
modified according to the pre-test responses to fit in the current context. The profile of the
households includesinformation about location, gender, and religion, and education status,
occupation of the family head, housing capacity and water sources. The study measured services
provision and hygiene interventions (SP&HI- five items), promotional campaigns (PC-five items)
and resilience compliance activities (RCA- three items) using concepts that were taken
from(Curtis, 2019; Tidwell et al., 2020). For hygiene consciousness,all three constructs (self-
efficacy, risk communication & advocacy), were measured assuming ideasfrom(Zengana et al.,
2020), with 12 items used to measure the constructs – self-efficacy (SE- four items), risk
communication (RC-three items) and advocacy (ADV-five items). Behavioral response (BR) was
measured with four items from (Zengana et al., 2020; UNICEF, 2020; UN-Habitat, 2020). The
scales of all lebaled items with 1= strongly disagree and 7 = strongly agree.
3.3. Common method bias (CMB)
Instrument is also checked for common method baies (CBM) as respondents are from informal
urban settlements but the locations are different (Podsakoff, 2012). A number of steps are taken to
implement procedural remedies taking inspiration from Podsakoff (2003). Firstly, the survey was
distributed and collected the data in various phases during pandemic from extreme intervals to
very low; this gave chance to the respondents to eliminate agreement consistency bias. Secondly,
the ideas of constructs and items are adopted from related studies studies of UN-Habitat, WASH,
WHO, WSP (2020) etcduring pandemic. Thirdly, from post-hoc technique Harman single-factor
test is applied to compare chi-square difference between single factor model and multifactor model
that is measurement model of the study (Homberg et al., 2011). The result indicates single factor
model (chi-square 3320.287, df = 403)is much poorer fit with all latent variables. It gives evidence
that thepotential for common method bias is low.
4. Results
The household’ssample is relatively young 65.2% between the age of 20 and 40 years and 55%
of the sample was females. About 48% of the sample is working in informal sector and rests were
doing low scale jobs in public and private organizations. In terms of religion segregation, 53% of
the respondent’sstate Christianity as religion.For the education status, 25% of the respondents
attained secondary school education, 50% received primary education and rests were uneducated.
Most of the respondents were from urban informal settlements situated in hub of the city and
having houses consisting of two small rooms with little open space. All of the houses are having
access to public supply water system being the recognized settlements from CDA.
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3.4.1. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM)
For analyzesPLS-SEMis used. Using partial least squaresstructural equation modelling which is
used to assess hypothesized relationships in analytical framework. PLS-SEM estimated parameters
in complicated multivariate model (Joseph et al., 2014). SEM is applied through two approaches;
covariance-based SEM and variance-based ( Haier et al., 2014). The variance-based SEM is
nonparametric technique that accommodate the complex modeland mediation test and this
approach is not restricted to normality assumptions of data (Vinzi et al., 2010). PLS-SEM is more
appropriate for this study. The study measures all scales and is applied to test the relations.
3.4.2. Model Measurement
Initially,assessments of the main constructs are assessed on construct validity and measurement
reliability. Reliability is assessing thoroughly on the basis of composite reliability, internal
reliability and factor loading (Haier et al., 2016) (Table 1). The items indicate that loading is 0.796
to 0.956, composite reliability is 0.924 to 0.973and internal consistency is 0.90 to 0.96 which are
greater than the minimum requirement as proposed by Hair et al., (2014). The convergent validity
is evaluated by average variance extracted (AVE) which is exceeded then the minimum t average
variance extracted arehieger than 0.5. To establish the discriminant validity, the analysis is done
comparing the squared root of AVE with correlation among constructs. It indicates AVE of the
constructs higher than the squared coefficient confirming the discriminant validity (Henseler et al.,
2015).
Table1
Measurement model (Factor loading, reliability, and validity Scale)
Constructive Items Composit
relaibility
Avrage Cronbach
α
average
variance
extracted
>Corrilation 2
Loadings means standard
deviation
t-value
Services Provision & Hygiene
Interventions
0.958 0.835 0.950 0.835>0.622
The city government has provided
adequate water
0.925 0.925 0.010 90.324
Provision of water supply in my home
is enough for my family supplied by
the city government
0.919 0.919 0.010 77.003
Government make it the availability
of soaps, hand sanitizers and face
masks at affordable cost
0.891 0.890 0.013 50.243
City government make hygiene
facilities at an affordable cost
0.892 0.8931 0.011 69.526
Handwashing facilities are adequate
for my family because the city
government
0.937 0.937 0.006 121.833
Promotional Activities 0.973 0.889 0.966 0.889>0.717
I receive hygiene messages in the
local language from the government
0.956 0.956 0.003 170.468
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I receive constant hygiene messages
on my mobile from the city
government.
0.935 0.933 0.010 94.590
I buy hand sanitizers in local shops
after the local government-supplied
0.934 0.933 0.007 101.905
The city government teaches us how
to wash hands with soap and
underwater for at least 20 seconds.
0.940 0.940 0.006 112.894
We receive encouraging hygiene
awareness from the city government
0.943 0.943 0.005 129.885
Resilience compliance Activities 0.924 0.857 0.916 0.856?0.615
I have been fined by the city
government after I go out without a
facemask
0.929 0.929 0.08 92.868
The government has ensuring
wearing facemasks in public places
0.922 0.921 0.08 89.926
Whenever I am in public places
government people check my
temperature
0.925 0.922 0.011 85.921
Self-efficacy 0.959 0.831 0.949 0.831>0.613
I know not to be caught in a public
place and to cover my mouth during
coughing by my hand or tissue.
0.918 0.918 0.011 71.177
I tell people to not touch their mouth,
nose, and eyes, that would increase
disease transmission
0.909 0.909 0.014 58.050
I know not to sneeze in a public place
and to cover my mouth during
coughing by my hand.
0.903 0.903 0.012 63.555
I advocate better hygiene in my area 0.895 0.895 0.015 53.445
I learn that poor hygiene leads to
diseases a
0.928 0.928 0.08 97.768
Risk Communication 0.926 0.769 0.902 0.769>0.659
I know the riskiness of COVID-19
for my health
0.921 0.921 0.009 97.424
I inform my neighbors of the
dangerousness of COVID-19
0.906 0.904 0.010 76.304
I know the transmission methods of
COVID-19
0.814 0.813 0.034 22.810
Advocacy 0.924 0.719 0.902 0.719>.0613
I advocate better hygiene facilities 0.874 0.873 0.020 39.770
I have seen new water facilities
provided by the government
0.881 0.880 0.016 49.522
We are receiving that CODIV-19 is a
risk for health
0.796 0.793 0.036 20.938
I have met people who were
advocating the hygiene of informal
settlement
0.848 0.849 0.016 46.030
I endorse hygiene promotional
campaigns
0.832 0.832 0.021 36.833
Behavior response 0.952 0.835 0.933 0.835?0.602
I wash hand before eating food with
my hands
0.922 0.922 0.010 94.153
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I washed my hands when I come back
from the shopping
0.916 0.915 0.013 62.148
I develop a new habit of wearing a
mask whenever I am going out
0.930 0.929 0.009 81.770
I make it a habit to wash my hand in
twenty seconds
0.883 0.883 0.020 39.814
Based on seven-point likert scale
3.4.3.Structural model
Predictive Accurancy and Relevence
Predictive accurancy is used in the model is measured by coefficient of determination (R2
) which
indicates the amount of variance of the endogenous constructs in the structured model (Table 2).
With regard to predictive accuracy, estimated R2
is classified into weak (0.5), moderate (0.50) or
substantial (0.75). The estimate R2
shows that predictive accuracies of endogenous constrcuts are
between moderate and substantial categories. The R2
of promotional compaings (0.622), resilience
complaince activities (0.518), self efficacy (0.524), risk communication (0.715), advocacy (0.358)
and behavioral response (0.615) shows the predictive accuracies. Q2
measures the predictive
relelvance for endogenous constrcuts and Q2
values establish the path model predictive relevance
if it is larger than zero. The Q2
values for promotional compaings (0.241), resilience compliance
activities (0.511), self efficacy (0.553), risk communication (0.444) and advocacy (0.546) show
model predictivity for those dependent variables.
Path coeffeicints
The inner or structural model assess the estimated path coefficients to check the correlationamong
exogenous and endogenous variables. On 95% interval confidence through bootstrapping with
5000 samples (Aguirre-Urreta & Ronkko, 2017). Results reveal that services provision and
hygiene interventions has significant impact on promotional compains (β = 0.788) and on
resilience compliance activities (β = 0.719) respectively. The results indicate that the effect of
promotional compaings on hygiene consciousness are significant. Particulary, the effect of
promotional compiangs on SE: (β = 0.262, p ˂ 0.05), RC:(β = 0.392, p ˂ 0.05) and ADV: (β =
0.256, p ˂ 0.05) are significant. The hypothesized relationships show that H1, H2, H3a, H3b, and
H3c are all supported.
Regarding the relationships between resilience compliance activities and hygiene consciousness,
the results show resilience compliance activities effect on self-efficcacy (β = 0.310, p ˂ 0.05), risk
communication (β = 0.428, p ˂ 0.05) and advocacy (β = 0.265, p ˂ 0.01) are significant. It supports
H4a, H4b andH4c. The direct relationship effect of hygiene consciousness componenets on
behavioural response, the effect of self-efficacy and risk communication are significant (β = 0.211,
p ˂ 0.05 and β = 0.658, p ˂ 0.05). Thus, H5a andH5b are supported. Whereas, the effect of advocacy
is not significant (β = -0.068, p > 0.05), so H5c is not supported.
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Table 2. Path coefficients
3.4.4. Mediation Testing
The structural model further is tested to know the mediation effects of promotional compaings and
resilience complaince activities on hygiene consciousness (self-efficacy, risk communication &
advocacy) in relation to services provision and hygiene interventions provided by city government.
Multiple mediator model is applied to examine the mediation effects (Harrington et al., 2011). The
two indirect effects show connection between services provision and hygiene interventions on
hygiene consciousness through promotional compaigns and resilience compliance activities
indicated in table 3-5.
(SP&HI → PC → SE) and (SP&HI → RCA → SE)
In analysisshown in part 1, first indirect effect is the indirect effect of services provision and
hygiene interventionson self-efficacy throughpromotional compaigns labled as indirect effect
1(SP&HI →PC→ SE). This indirect effect is 0.568 which shows positive significance (indicated
as a1 b1). The second mediation effect of services provision and hygiene interventions on self
efficacy via resilience complaince activities islabeled as indirect effect 2 (SP&HI → RCA → SE).
This indirect effect is not significant 0.079(indicated as a2b2). The total indirect effect is 0.647 the
sum of all indirect effects (a1 b1 + a2b2). Without mediation, the direct effect (indicated c) of
services provision and hygiene interventions on self-efficacy is 0.511. The direct effect is 0.207
when promotional campaigns and resilience compliance activities are included as mediators. It is
obvious that the effect is reduced but still it is significant which puts PC and resilience compliance
activities as complimentary mediators in relationship between SP&HI and self-efficacy. So
hypothesis 6a is supported.
Hypotheses Relationships
Path
Coefficients Mean
Standard
Deviation tvalues pvalue
Testing
Hypothesis 1 SP&HI - > PC 0.788 0.788 0.022 32.829 0.000 (supported)
Hypothesis 2 SP&HI - > RCA 0.719 0.720 0.028 22.362 0.000 (supported)
Hypothesis 3a PC - > SE 0.262 0.253 0.104 2.453 0.012 (supported)
Hypothesis 3b PC - > RC 0.392 0.390 0.074 5.204 0.000 (supported)
Hypothesis 3c PC - > ADV 0.256 0.251 0.105 2.405 0.016 (supported)
Hypothesis 4a RCA - > SE 0.310 0.315 0.091 3.514 0.000 (supported)
Hypothesis 4b RCA - > RC 0.428 0.429 0.069 6.091 0.000 (supported)
Hypothesis 4c RCA - > ADV 0.265 0.271 0.093 2.807 0.003 (supported)
Hypothesis 5a SE - > BR 0.211 0.214 0.087 2.397 0.014 (supported)
Hypothesis 5b RC - > BR 0.658 0.657 0.059 10.848 0.000 (supported)
Hypothesis 5c ADV - > BR −0.068 −0.067 0.062 1.095 0.271
not
supported
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Table 3.
Part 1: RCA & PC mediate the impact of SP&HI on SE
95% Confidence
interval(Bootstrap)
paths effect standard deviation T value low high
without moderators
estimate c 0.511 0.041 11.928 0.427 0.595
with moderators
Indirect effect one a1b1 0.568 0.082 6.781 0.403 0.732
Indirec effect two a2b2 0.079 0.066 1.183 −0.051 0.213
total direct effect c' 0.207 0.084 2.437 0.039 0.375
total indirect effect a1b1 + a2b2 0.647 0.064 9.790 0.518 0.779
total effect c'+a1b1 + a2b2 0.854 0.038 21.485 0.779 0.936
mediation (complementary)
(SP&HI → PC → RC) and (SP&HI → RCA → RC)
In table 4, the same procedure is done for (SP&HI → PC → RC) and (SP&HI → RCA → RC) for
mediation effects. It is significant which puts PC and resilience compliance activities as idrect
mediators in relatinship between SP&HI and risk communication. So hypothesis 6b is supported.
Table 4.
Part 2: PC and RCA mediate the impact of SP&HI on RC
95% Confidence
interval(Bootstrap)
paths effect standard deviation
T
value low high
without moderators
estimate c 0.511 0.041 11.928 0.427 0.595
with moderators
Indirect effect one a1b1 0.737 0.042 16.712 0.650 0.824
Indirec effect two a2b2 0.167 0.049 3.308 0.067 0.268
total direct effect c' 0.066 0.056 1.165 −0.044 0.180
total indirect effect a1b1 + a2b2 0.904 0.042 16.712 0.650 0.824
total effect c'+a1b1 + a2b2 0.970 0.032 24.079 0.739 0.871
mediation (indirect only)
(SP&HI → PC → ADV) and (SP&HI → RCA → ADV)
In table 5, the same procedure is done for (SP&HI → PC →ADV) and (SP&HI → RCA →
ADV) for mediation effects. It is significant which puts PC and resilience compliance activities
as indrect mediators in relatinship between SP&HI and hypothesis. So hypothesis 6c is
supported.
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Table 5.
Part 3: PC and RCA mediate the impact of SP&HI on ADV
95% Confidence
interval(Bootstrap)
paths effect standard deviation T value low high
without moderators
estimate c 0.511 0.041 11.928 0.427 0.595
with moderators
Indirect effect one a1b1 0.568 0.083 6.695 0.401 0.734
Indirec effect two a2b2 0.067 0.068 0.982 −0.067 0.204
total direct effect c' 0.114 0.076 1.486 −0.035 0.267
total indirect effect a1b1 + a2b2 0.635 0.056 11.074 0.523 0.749
total effect c'+a1b1 + a2b2 0.749 0.041 17.727 0.696 0.836
mediation (indirect only)
5. Discussion
The results of this study show that water services provision and hygiene interventions from the
city government have a strong connection with promotional campaigns and resilience compliance
activities which increase the hygiene consciousness resulting in positive behavioral responses.
This research used PLS-SEM regression to test the hypothesis. Nevertheless, findings are similar
to (UNICEF, 2020; WHO,2020; Bavel et al., 2020) results. Yet, this study discovers that services
independently cannot bring behavior response without hygiene promotional campaigns.
Promotional campaigns were the target in informal urban settlements during the outbreak of
COVID-19 to promote and improve hygiene practices to make behavior change. The services
provision and hygiene interventions support hygiene promotional campaigns to be effective.
Though in informal urban settlements, it is difficult to outreach all communities who live there.
As for compliance activities, the services increased to cope with pandemic emergencies. The prior
research has indicated that regular water and sanitation services enhance compliance practicality
(WASH, 2020; World Bank, 2020; Wolf et al.,2018; Dreibelbis et al., 2013). Moreover, it explains
how increased city government interventions with promotional campaigns can result in positive
behavioral responces in terms of hygiene.
5.1. Policy Implications and Conclusion
To conclude with the main finding of this research. Water services and provisional and hygiene
interventions from the city government with moderating role promotional campaigns and
resilience compliance activities lead to a positive behavioral response. The data is collected from
ten informal urban settlements in Islamabad which are registered by Islamabad Capital
Territory(ICT). The study was used PLS-SEM regression to test the hypotheses. Since there is no
direct relations ship between the SP&HI with consciousness( self-efficacy, risk communication,
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and advocacy)the roles of mediators are very important, and only with promotional campaigns and
resilience compliance, a positive hygiene behavioral response would be achieved.
Hence, there is a wide scope within existing literature that recommends several policy
implications. Yet in this study, all developing and under-developing nations need to provide
effective water services in informal urban settlements (F.R. Ashik, et al., 2020). According to UN-
habitat (2020) over 1 billion population are living in these areas and urbanization in developing
countries has involved the growth of informal settlements. Communities who live in informal
urban settlements are living in a place which are overcrowded, undesigned, lack of infrastructure,
unhygienic, and most of these communities are under the poverty line. Water is one of the most
essential to reach a clean environment. This research recommends policy implications designate
that city government water services provision and hygiene interventions are important factors of
hygiene consciousness during this pandemic. Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) will be
crucial integrated components in the future. This research study proposes:-
City governmentspecially in developing countries have to anticipate an effective policy of
distributing hygiene tools like handwashing facilities, water in the slum areas, and the city
government has to provide accessible and affordable cleaning materials.
Local government or municipalities should plan a budget to build better infrastructure for water,
roads, hygiene, housing, and to decrease the overcrowded of the slum area.
During the outbreaks like COVID-19, the city government should make rapid response through
promotional complaining, increasing people's awareness, and targeting households in the
Informal Urban Settlements. As a part of the preparation from the city, governments are an
effective response and promoting the local production of hand sanitizers to fight against the
COVID-19 pandemic.
The city government should establish deeper and trusted partnerships within communities to
receive a positive behavioral response by building public-private partnerships among the
municipalities and the civil society organizations involved in the sanitation sector. To subsidize
sectors like rubbish collectors, production hand sanitizers, face masks, hand gloves.
Hiringcommunities who live in the informal urban settlements in these industries would lead to
economic development and, that could change their lifestyle as most of these communities
living less than $1.9 per day according to WHO (2020).
Promoting hygiene messages and training the community to know the importance of
handwashing behavior during the outbreaks by using community-based approaches, social
marketing, direct messages from the government officials(local people might not trust the
international organization but they do trust their governments), and all media platforms with
the local languages that the people could understand. Along with providing clarity during
hygiene promotional awareness increases self-efficacy and risk communication will result in
uncemented community engagement.
Educating people who live in an urban informal settlement, by providing free scholarships, and
in long terms when the community becomes more educated then eventually that leads to a clean
environment because they learn the risk of poor hygiene (S. Shekhar, 2020).
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To give special consideration and budget of hygiene promotion campaign as an aspect of
broader risk communication and community engagement and to engage with local governments
and colleagues on behavior change interventions in the context of this new virus and to prevent
future outbreaks.
To empower and protect vulnerable communities like informal urban settlements would result
in environmental and hygiene security.
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