This document is a summary of Martin Luther King Jr.'s famous "Letter from Birmingham Jail". It was written in response to criticism from white clergymen who opposed King's protests in Birmingham. In the letter, King defends the protests as necessary and justified. He expresses disappointment in the white moderates who prefer order over justice. King argues that direct nonviolent action is needed to expose injustice and create tension to achieve justice and reform. He asserts that justice and freedom cannot be delayed and that now is the time for change. The letter is a powerful defense of nonviolent civil disobedience and protest as strategies for social change.
The document provides instructions for using the HelpWriting.net service to have essays written. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review writer bids and qualifications, choose a writer, and make a deposit. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize final payment if pleased. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund offered for plagiarized work. The service aims to match clients with qualified writers and provide original, high-quality content through an iterative writing and review process.
Freemasonry 197 the trials & tribulations of a masonic apologistColinJxxx
This document summarizes the challenges faced by Masonic apologists in defending Freemasonry from criticism. It discusses how Freemasonry has been weakened over time by lacking influential members in government and society. Defining Freemasonry in a concise yet comprehensive manner has also proven difficult. While Masonry espouses noble principles, some members have engaged in criminal acts, fueling unjust criticisms of the entire organization. Masonic apologists must work to prove Freemasonry truly upholds its principles through members' exemplary conduct in their public lives.
Brad Benner argues that America's problems stem from a lack of common sense and moral character among its leaders. He asserts that political leaders blame others instead of taking responsibility, and corporate and religious leaders prioritize personal gain over serving communities. Benner claims America is experiencing a "morale decay" similar to the fall of ancient empires, and that finding truth and exercising moral fortitude can help address the country's challenges in a way that benefits all.
Essay Writing On Education. Online assignment writing service.Maureen Nonweiler
This document provides steps for seeking writing help from HelpWriting.net:
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2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline.
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How To Start A Piece Of Descriptive Writing. How ToSherry Bailey
This document provides a list of song recommendations for each day of a typical 10-week work week, intended to help people get through their days. No actual song titles or artists are mentioned.
How To Write A Text Analysis Essay. Online assignment writing service.Lesly Lockwood
1. Physical health declines - As people age, they become more susceptible to illnesses, disabilities, and mobility issues that make everyday tasks more difficult.
2. Loss of independence - Declining health can lead to a loss of independence and the need for assistance from others.
3. Financial insecurity - Many struggle with living on a fixed income as costs of living increase and healthcare expenses mount.
4. Isolation and loneliness - As friends and family members pass away, older adults can feel more isolated and lonely without a strong social support system.
The document provides instructions for using the HelpWriting.net service to have essays written. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review writer bids and qualifications, choose a writer, and make a deposit. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize final payment if pleased. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund offered for plagiarized work. The service aims to match clients with qualified writers and provide original, high-quality content through an iterative writing and review process.
Freemasonry 197 the trials & tribulations of a masonic apologistColinJxxx
This document summarizes the challenges faced by Masonic apologists in defending Freemasonry from criticism. It discusses how Freemasonry has been weakened over time by lacking influential members in government and society. Defining Freemasonry in a concise yet comprehensive manner has also proven difficult. While Masonry espouses noble principles, some members have engaged in criminal acts, fueling unjust criticisms of the entire organization. Masonic apologists must work to prove Freemasonry truly upholds its principles through members' exemplary conduct in their public lives.
Brad Benner argues that America's problems stem from a lack of common sense and moral character among its leaders. He asserts that political leaders blame others instead of taking responsibility, and corporate and religious leaders prioritize personal gain over serving communities. Benner claims America is experiencing a "morale decay" similar to the fall of ancient empires, and that finding truth and exercising moral fortitude can help address the country's challenges in a way that benefits all.
Essay Writing On Education. Online assignment writing service.Maureen Nonweiler
This document provides steps for seeking writing help from HelpWriting.net:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline.
3. Choose a writer based on their bid, qualifications, history, and feedback. Place a deposit to start.
4. Review the paper and authorize full payment if satisfied, or request free revisions. HelpWriting.net guarantees original, high-quality work or a full refund.
Death Penalty Essays. The death penalty argumentative essay - Approved Custom...bdg72wjj
Death Penalty Argumentative Essay - Free Essay Example. Death penalty argumentative essay - College Homework Help and Online .... Death Penalty Argument Essay - BBC - Ethics - Capital Punishment .... 005 Introduction To Death Penalty Essay Essays On Capital Punishment L .... Wonderful Death Penalty Essay Against Argumentative Thatsnotus. ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY DEATH PENALTY EXAMPLES PROFKOGO1975 SITE. Does the Death Penalty Effectively Deter Crime? - Free Essay Example .... DEATH PENALTY Argumentative Essay Capital Punishment Murder. Death Penalty Persuasive Essay Essay on Death Penalty Persuasive for .... Top Argumentative Essay About Death Penalty Thatsnotus. 007 Persuasive Essay About Death Penalty Capital Punishment L Thatsnotus. 001 Introduction To Death Penalty Essay Capital Punishment Thatsnotus. The death penalty argumentative essay - Approved Custom Essay Writing .... Death Penalty Introduction Essay Example for Free - 775 Words EssayPay. Death Penalty Pro Essay Example for Free - 993 Words EssayPay. Breathtaking Arguments For Death Penalty Essay Thatsnotus. Arguments against death penalty essay. Against the Death Penalty .... essay examples: death penalty argumentative essay. Argumentative Essay on Death Penalty - Free Essay Example EduZaurus. Pro-Death Penalty Argumentation - Free Essay Example PapersOwl.com. Calaméo - Death Penalty essay. 009 Essay Example Death Penalty Essays Against The Capital Punishment .... Cons Of Death Penalty Essay Telegraph. Argumentative Essay. Death Penalty / Essays / ID: 462589. Descriptive Essay: Argumentative essay death penalty. Death Penalty Essay - Grade: A - XBR207 2 Death Penalty 6 a. Friday .... Argument Against Death Penalty Essay. Essay On Death Penalty PDF Capital Punishment Deterrence Leg
How To Start A Piece Of Descriptive Writing. How ToSherry Bailey
This document provides a list of song recommendations for each day of a typical 10-week work week, intended to help people get through their days. No actual song titles or artists are mentioned.
How To Write A Text Analysis Essay. Online assignment writing service.Lesly Lockwood
1. Physical health declines - As people age, they become more susceptible to illnesses, disabilities, and mobility issues that make everyday tasks more difficult.
2. Loss of independence - Declining health can lead to a loss of independence and the need for assistance from others.
3. Financial insecurity - Many struggle with living on a fixed income as costs of living increase and healthcare expenses mount.
4. Isolation and loneliness - As friends and family members pass away, older adults can feel more isolated and lonely without a strong social support system.
The document provides instructions for how to request writing assistance on the HelpWriting.net website in 5 steps:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, deadline and attaching a sample work.
3. Review bids from writers for the request, choose one based on qualifications, order history and feedback.
4. Review the completed paper and authorize payment for the writer if pleased, or request free revisions.
5. Request multiple revisions to ensure satisfaction, and know that plagiarized work results in a full refund.
How To Write A Methodology Research Paper Allcot TextKristen Wilson
This document provides instructions for writing a methodology section of a research paper. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account and provide registration information. 2) Complete a form with paper instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, knowing plagiarized work will result in a refund.
Free Essay Thomas Jefferson. Online assignment writing service.Lisa Young
The document discusses similarities between the novels The Great Gatsby and Goodbye Columbus. Both novels explore the American dream and how the pursuit of sex, money and power can cause problems in achieving the dream. They also examine the divide between old and new worlds/money. In Goodbye Columbus, this is shown through the contrast of immigrant and established families, while in The Great Gatsby it is the old vs new money divide. Wealth and status are used to represent power in both novels.
The document discusses issues with Western efforts and understanding of the Middle East. It notes that a group of four white men discussing the region demonstrated a lack of real understanding. It then examines how Muslims may respond to certain aspects of American society and government from their perspective, such as policies around religion in schools or the right to bear arms. It argues Americans should listen more to understand Middle Eastern policies and perspectives before trying to explain their own.
Of Mice & Men : Crooks analysis - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Crooks Of Mice And Men Essay Example (300 Words) - PHDessay.com. Of Mice and Men- In the extract we see that Crooks is very cynical .... Crooks' Importance In Of Mice And Men - GCSE English - Marked by .... Crooks monologue- Of mice and men - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. How is Crooks presented in the novel "Of Mice and Men"? - GCSE English .... Of mice and men crooks essay plan. Of Mice and Men Essay on Crooks - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. GCSE Of Mice and Men - Crooks loneliness and friendship A* essay .... Of Mice and Men- Crooks' Relationships controlled assessment. - GCSE .... How significant a character is Crooks in the novel " Of Mice And Men .... Of Mice and Men Essay - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. How is Crooks Depicted in "Of Mice and Men"? - GCSE English - Marked by .... Crooks in Of Mice and Men - Chart. Discuss the role of crooks in the novel 'Of Mice And Men'. - GCSE .... Of Mice and Men - Crooks Monologue - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Of Mice and Men Crooks essay plan | Teaching Resources. Of Mice And Men Crooks Quotes - ShortQuotes.cc. Write My Paper For Me - essay about crooks in of mice and men - 2017/10/07. Essay mice and men crooks. Essay on of mice and men crooks Of Mice And Men Crooks Essay Of Mice And Men Crooks Essay
Letter From Birmingham Jail 1 A U G U S T 1 9 6 3 .docxsmile790243
This document is Martin Luther King Jr.'s famous "Letter from Birmingham Jail", written in 1963 while imprisoned for participating in nonviolent protests against segregation. In the letter, King responds to criticism from white religious leaders who said the protests were "untimely and unwise". King argues that injustice requires direct action to create tension and open the door for negotiation. He explains why some laws should be obeyed, like the Supreme Court ruling against segregation, while others that uphold segregation should be disobeyed, as they are unjust and violate moral law. The letter is a powerful defense of nonviolent civil disobedience to confront systemic racism and injustice.
Letter From Birmingham Jail 1 A U G U S T 1 9 6 3 .docxSHIVA101531
Letter From Birmingham Jail 1
A U G U S T 1 9 6 3
Letter from Birmingham Jail
by Martin Luther King, Jr.
From the Birmingham jail, where he was imprisoned as a participant in nonviolent demonstrations against segregation, Dr.
Martin Luther King, Jr., wrote in longhand the letter which follows. It was his response to a public statement of concern and
caution issued by eight white religious leaders of the South. Dr. King, who was born in 1929, did his undergraduate work at
Morehouse College; attended the integrated Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, one of six black pupils
among a hundred students, and the president of his class; and won a fellowship to Boston University for his Ph.D.
WHILE confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling our present activities "unwise
and untimely." Seldom, if ever, do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all of the criticisms
that cross my desk, my secretaries would be engaged in little else in the course of the day, and I would have no time for
constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I would like
to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms.
I think I should give the reason for my being in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the argument of "outsiders
coming in." I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating
in every Southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty-five affiliate organizations all across the
South, one being the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Whenever necessary and possible, we share staff,
educational and financial resources with our affiliates. Several months ago our local affiliate here in Birmingham invited us to be
on call to engage in a nonviolent direct-action program if such were deemed necessary. We readily consented, and when the hour
came we lived up to our promises. So I am here, along with several members of my staff, because we were invited here. I am
here because I have basic organizational ties here.
Beyond this, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the eighth-century prophets left their little villages and carried
their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their hometowns; and just as the Apostle Paul left his little village of
Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to practically every hamlet and city of the Greco-Roman world, I too am compelled
to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my particular hometown. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for
aid.
Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be
concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to ...
Bradley J. Thames PHI208 THESIS STATEMENTS Ashford Unive.docxaryan532920
Bradley J. Thames
PHI208: THESIS STATEMENTS Ashford University
THESIS STATEMENTS
This guide is intended to help you construct a strong thesis statement for an ethics paper. But it should not take the place
of the resources provided through the Ashford Writing Center, especially when using those resources is part of the
assignment instructions. The Thesis Generator is a helpful resource that can be found by going to the Ashford Writing
Center at awc.ashford.edu. Look under the "Writing Resources" tab, then under "Writing Tools,” and click on "Thesis
Generator.” For additional help on crafting a good thesis statement, look under the "Writing Resources" tab, then under
"Essay Development,” and click on "Thesis Statements.”
The thesis serves as the backbone of your paper. Or if you like, it states the central idea of the paper, around which
everything else revolves. Every part of your paper is meant to in some way explain and defend that thesis. So it’s really
important to construct a thesis that is focused enough that you can defend it in the space given to your paper, and for that
thesis to be clear, concrete and specific, and to include a statement of the primary reasons for that position.
So let’s look at some examples of some strong and some weaker theses. We’re going to be looking at topics that are not
under the list of options, but you can use them as models for how to construct a thesis on the topic that you choose from
this list.
First, you will be presented with a weak thesis statement, and then, you should try to think about why it’s weak and what
might make it stronger before reading the explanation.
1. Weak Thesis
Abortion is a really tough issue that has sparked a lot of controversy and debate for over four decades, and there
are many good arguments on both sides.
What makes it weak?
No position. In other words, you don’t really tell me what your stand is on this issue; you simply reiterate that it
is an ethically important issue, which should already be obvious. Be sure that your thesis clearly states your
position.
Some Stronger Alternatives
• Even though abortion involves taking the life of a biologically human creature, its relative lack of
development, considered in comparison to the burdens a woman may face in carrying it to term, means
that abortion may be morally justified in some cases, and that is a determination that should be left up to
the individual woman to make with the full support of the law.
Bradley J. Thames
PHI208: THESIS STATEMENTS Ashford University
• Anytime there is uncertainty about whether a class of beings is human, a liberal democratic society should
always err on the side of humanity, thus we should consider fetuses to be human and criminalize most
cases of abortion.
These statements specify the position that the person takes and provide a concise statement of the primary reasons
for that position. They also ...
Aminah Thompson is applying for a judicial position in North Carolina. She has experience as both an attorney in private practice handling personal injury cases and currently serves as a magistrate judge. If elected, she aims to support programs that provide treatment for issues like substance abuse and mental health in an effort to rehabilitate offenders and reduce incarceration rates.
This document is the preface to Thomas Szasz's book "Cruel Compassion: Psychiatric Control of Society's Unwanted". In the preface, Szasz discusses how people can influence others through either coercion using force, or through non-coercive means like persuasion. He argues that even those who claim to use coercion for altruistic reasons like helping or treatment are ultimately satisfying their own self-interest. Szasz then examines how religious and political authorities have historically justified coercing others in the name of improving or saving them.
Compassion Fatigue Essay. Online assignment writing service.Diane Smith
The document discusses Harold Edgerton's documentary film "Seeing the Unseen" and how it uses techniques similar to documentary filmmaking to portray everyday experiences that are hidden from our direct perception due to limitations in how we see and measure timescales. Like documentary, Edgerton's film reveals a "bizarre world" that lies beneath the surface of our everyday experiences and is only accessible through technological advances that allow us to see things we otherwise could not. While aiming to present facts, the film also uses aesthetic techniques to augment its effect on audiences and communicate an appreciation for the beauty found in viewing very fast phenomena.
Communication involves influencing and being influenced by others, raising ethical questions about how to interact in a helpful rather than harmful way. To communicate ethically, one should [1] respect audiences by considering their dignity, ideas, and feelings, [2] consider the consequences of communication on audiences and oneself, and [3] respect truth by being adequately informed and using accurate information. Ethical communication requires balancing competing interests to have the most positive impact.
The document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a full refund option for plagiarized work. The purpose is to guide users through obtaining high-quality original content writing assistance.
Ethical Theory PaperElijah KimWhat is the meaning of being a hBetseyCalderon89
Ethical Theory Paper
Elijah Kim
What is the meaning of being a human? What is the meaning of being a good person? What is good? And why do we have to be good? The word ethic carries many implications and foundations. In Christianity, God creates this universe, earth, and man/woman in "his" image. However, the Human is not God and made many ethical mistakes that ask God for forgiveness. "Therefore you are inexcusable, O man, whoever you are who judge, for in whatever you judge another you condemn yourself; for you who judge practice the same things." (Romans 2:1). No human being is innocent in front of God and not allow to judge each other. The ethical theory sets the foundation for a "right human being" and has numerous ways to break down.
Ethical theory "is the systematic effort to understand moral concepts and justify moral principles and theories" (Fieser 2017), which means the study of Right Action. This "Right Action" can be divide into three different divisions. Metaethics can be defined as a God's view. For many religious believers and religious cultures, the Metaethics can be easily found. However, people who do not believe in a higher power or bird view have a problem with divine command metaethics (Morriston 2009). In the Metaethics view, moral obligations are taught and fixed by religious belief. For the non-religious believers there Metaethics can be set by the Karma they heard of or the own belief system. Just because of believing in religious belief and Karma, Metaethics do not take the basics from realism or antirealism. Instead, it contains the focused theories (Davis 2021).
Moral Realism in Metaethics asses the meaning of the moral. Moral realism is the position of right and wrong in a variety of situations. Religions like Christianity made committed to moral realism for three different reasons. First, "constructivists tend to attribute moral facts to agents as their origin" (Jung 2015). In Christianity bible has the Ten Commandments in Exodus 20. These Ten Commandments are the fundamental moral value of Christian belief and set the standard. Commandments like "Thou shalt not commit adultery" and "Thou shalt not kill" are the well-known rule as a "basic human being." Like the last sentence, the bible has a clear example of do's and don'ts, right/ wrong.
The bible also advised what evil (bad) can affect the person "Be not deceived: evil communications corrupt good manners" (1 Corinthians 15:33). Many religious people believe in God's purpose. An example of Christianity, Genesis advised, Human were made to glorify God and his creation. Adam and Eve were also created to manage God's creation. "So, whether you eat or drink, or whatever you do, do all to the glory of God" (1 Corinthians 10:31). "And we know that for those who love God all things work together for good, for those who are called according to his purpose" (Romans 8:28). The explicit purpose gave men and women a clear vision of life and motivated them to stay in God's ...
The document discusses several complex issues regarding morality, justice, charity, and the role of governments and religions. It makes the following key points:
1) There is a distinction between moral norms of justice and the more robust norms of charity that exceed justice.
2) Governments generally lack the means to meet even basic needs demanded by social justice, and are constrained to providing public order rather than co-opting individual rights and responsibilities.
3) While governments and religions may share desired ends, they differ in their means - governments use coercion while religions do not, and virtues advanced through coercion are not truly charitable.
Ethics and leadership are closely intertwined. Several current issues challenge ethical leadership, including privatism, popular pluralism, tolerance, situationalism, and legalism. True leadership requires being a moral person with integrity whose private virtues translate to serving the public good. Leaders must make decisions based on moral absolutes rather than relative cultural norms. History shows that without both private and public virtue, no republic can long survive.
Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia A Natural Law Ethics Approach.pdfSabrina Baloi
This document provides an introduction and overview of the author's approach to natural law ethics in the context of discussing assisted suicide and euthanasia. The author distinguishes their secular, objectivist, and pluralistic perfectionist approach from other interpretations of natural law ethics that rely on religious doctrine. Their approach aims to justify limiting certain kinds of conduct, like euthanasia, based on appeals to universally accessible human reason rather than subjective feelings or cultural conventions. Subsequent chapters will further develop this revised natural law framework.
Law and Morality to be Concerned With EthicsMd. Khan
1. The document discusses the relationship between law, morality, and religion. It argues that morality cannot exist without religion, as morality creates rules that oppose human instincts.
2. While natural laws and human instincts are not the source of morality, societies need some moral and religious foundations for laws to survive long-term. Without compulsion to act morally, most people would not satisfy morality's demands.
3. The author recognizes there are paradoxes around morality and religion in real life. Some religious people act materialistically, while some atheists are moral. Overall, though, humanity could not have a glorious history without strong religious and moral principles.
The document discusses how Gospel values like mercy, compassion, nonviolence, forgiveness and love could be expressed through civil government. It argues that as a government increasingly expresses these values, there would be less need for its coercive functions. However, human fallibility requires some government role to maintain order. Overall, the ideal balance recognizes both Gospel ideals and human limitations.
1Comparing Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy with OthEttaBenton28
1
Comparing Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy with Other Approaches
Caroline E Sam
NRNP 6645
Psychotherapy with Multiple Modalities
Assignment week 7
01/15/2022
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2
Comparing Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy with Other Approaches
Psychologists have developed various theories on human psychology. The Humanist,
existential, and humanist existential models explain the personality changes. The models are
central in therapies as they define how people perceive and accept life challenges. The humanist
model emphasizes the innate goodness in people, while the humanist-existential psychotherapy
model argues that personalities change, and people can develop new attributes based on
circumstances.
Two models: Humanistic-existential psychotherapy and Humanist psychotherapy
Humanistic-existential Psychotherapy
Humanistic Existential Psychotherapy (HE) postulates that the human personality is
dynamic, and changes occur across the lifespan that defines personality at each point
(Hounkpatin et al., 2015). The model integrates humanistic and existentialist approaches. The
humanist perspective claims that human beings are good, while the existentialist proposes that
people are neither good nor bad (Daei Jafari et al., 2020). Integration of the two models creates a
dynamic person capable of actualizing based on situations and strengths. The model is adopted as
a transition from the traditional conception of personality as a stable element that remains
consistent throughout life. The HE models framework asserts that individuals confront and
challenge a meaningless life as they transform their lives into a personality they desire. The
person pursues self-rated health, self-efficacy, psychological turning point, and life satisfaction
that involves a subjective evaluation of an individual’s wellbeing (Hounkpatin et al., 2015).
These components keep an individual driven to improve their lives. Notably, societal norms and
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3
the pursuit of authentic individual-based life goals contribute to an individual’s personality
changes.
There is a constant drive to meet an expectation, which is addressed in the social
investment theory- an investment in institutions such as work, and marriage motivates
personality changes. Notably, the ...
1Comment by Perjessy, Caroline SubstanEttaBenton28
1
Comment by Perjessy, Caroline:
Substance use Anxiety Group Curriculum
Southern New Hampshire University
Clinical Mental Health Counseling Department, COU660
Dr. Caroline P.
Rationale for the group
In Massachusetts, we have several groups for substance use both such as AA meetings and , NA meetings that are held in most area areasjust not a sufficient amount. Some. So me groups are also held at treatment centers by alumni which is a great thing because it will provide members with great responsibility skills. Some of the groups like psychoeducation and 12 steps meetings are mainly for those who are going through andchallenges and have a past with substance use. I plan to hold a group not only for those who have been through it but also withhave family members that are looking for resources and better understanding of the disease. The need for substance use group in the Boston, MassMassachusetts community is in high demand. Although Boston is a wide community where the rent can be high and have good paying jobs, many still struggle s with the everyday life stressors that can lead to excessive drinking. In my community I believe that the need for substance use group can benefit so many specifically those in the poverty area, because they are dealing with these issues every day. Also, due to therapy being frown upon in their environment and some lack the ability to seek professional help. Although some may have the need but will not attend due to therapy being frown upon in their environment. Comment by Perjessy, Caroline: Make sure you are revising for clarity. I know you said this was a draft, so keeping that In mind Comment by Perjessy, Caroline: Revise for clarity
The purpose of substance use group is to help individuals who are have dealing with anxiety and have an underlining issue like anxiety. Substance use clients with underlining issues like anxiety lack coping skills and the ability to perform everyday tasks. Evidence by, the lack of motivation, traumatic event, exposure to violence, withdrawal, and continuing alcohol or drug use. However, the misuse of alcohol not only can lead to neurological as well as anxiety. Several individuals who are actively using have an underlining issue that has cause them to use excessively rather its depression, bipolar, or anxiety. I will be focusing mainly on anxiety. Anxiety can be something that several deal with in silent or out loud, those who have been impacted by the disease either way many are not getting the help they deservemerit. Especially those who have been impacted with the disease For example, not they feeling at time they are not good enoughenough, the uncertainty of their job,; and will they have their job back; doubts about being accepted back into their familywill they have a family after. Comment by Perjessy, Caroline: This is uinclear…how are they dealing with anxiety and have an underlying issue of anxiety?
All those factors are negative im ...
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This document provides instructions for writing a methodology section of a research paper. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account and provide registration information. 2) Complete a form with paper instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, knowing plagiarized work will result in a refund.
Free Essay Thomas Jefferson. Online assignment writing service.Lisa Young
The document discusses similarities between the novels The Great Gatsby and Goodbye Columbus. Both novels explore the American dream and how the pursuit of sex, money and power can cause problems in achieving the dream. They also examine the divide between old and new worlds/money. In Goodbye Columbus, this is shown through the contrast of immigrant and established families, while in The Great Gatsby it is the old vs new money divide. Wealth and status are used to represent power in both novels.
The document discusses issues with Western efforts and understanding of the Middle East. It notes that a group of four white men discussing the region demonstrated a lack of real understanding. It then examines how Muslims may respond to certain aspects of American society and government from their perspective, such as policies around religion in schools or the right to bear arms. It argues Americans should listen more to understand Middle Eastern policies and perspectives before trying to explain their own.
Of Mice & Men : Crooks analysis - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Crooks Of Mice And Men Essay Example (300 Words) - PHDessay.com. Of Mice and Men- In the extract we see that Crooks is very cynical .... Crooks' Importance In Of Mice And Men - GCSE English - Marked by .... Crooks monologue- Of mice and men - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. How is Crooks presented in the novel "Of Mice and Men"? - GCSE English .... Of mice and men crooks essay plan. Of Mice and Men Essay on Crooks - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. GCSE Of Mice and Men - Crooks loneliness and friendship A* essay .... Of Mice and Men- Crooks' Relationships controlled assessment. - GCSE .... How significant a character is Crooks in the novel " Of Mice And Men .... Of Mice and Men Essay - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. How is Crooks Depicted in "Of Mice and Men"? - GCSE English - Marked by .... Crooks in Of Mice and Men - Chart. Discuss the role of crooks in the novel 'Of Mice And Men'. - GCSE .... Of Mice and Men - Crooks Monologue - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Of Mice and Men Crooks essay plan | Teaching Resources. Of Mice And Men Crooks Quotes - ShortQuotes.cc. Write My Paper For Me - essay about crooks in of mice and men - 2017/10/07. Essay mice and men crooks. Essay on of mice and men crooks Of Mice And Men Crooks Essay Of Mice And Men Crooks Essay
Letter From Birmingham Jail 1 A U G U S T 1 9 6 3 .docxsmile790243
This document is Martin Luther King Jr.'s famous "Letter from Birmingham Jail", written in 1963 while imprisoned for participating in nonviolent protests against segregation. In the letter, King responds to criticism from white religious leaders who said the protests were "untimely and unwise". King argues that injustice requires direct action to create tension and open the door for negotiation. He explains why some laws should be obeyed, like the Supreme Court ruling against segregation, while others that uphold segregation should be disobeyed, as they are unjust and violate moral law. The letter is a powerful defense of nonviolent civil disobedience to confront systemic racism and injustice.
Letter From Birmingham Jail 1 A U G U S T 1 9 6 3 .docxSHIVA101531
Letter From Birmingham Jail 1
A U G U S T 1 9 6 3
Letter from Birmingham Jail
by Martin Luther King, Jr.
From the Birmingham jail, where he was imprisoned as a participant in nonviolent demonstrations against segregation, Dr.
Martin Luther King, Jr., wrote in longhand the letter which follows. It was his response to a public statement of concern and
caution issued by eight white religious leaders of the South. Dr. King, who was born in 1929, did his undergraduate work at
Morehouse College; attended the integrated Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, one of six black pupils
among a hundred students, and the president of his class; and won a fellowship to Boston University for his Ph.D.
WHILE confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling our present activities "unwise
and untimely." Seldom, if ever, do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all of the criticisms
that cross my desk, my secretaries would be engaged in little else in the course of the day, and I would have no time for
constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I would like
to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms.
I think I should give the reason for my being in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the argument of "outsiders
coming in." I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating
in every Southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty-five affiliate organizations all across the
South, one being the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Whenever necessary and possible, we share staff,
educational and financial resources with our affiliates. Several months ago our local affiliate here in Birmingham invited us to be
on call to engage in a nonviolent direct-action program if such were deemed necessary. We readily consented, and when the hour
came we lived up to our promises. So I am here, along with several members of my staff, because we were invited here. I am
here because I have basic organizational ties here.
Beyond this, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the eighth-century prophets left their little villages and carried
their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their hometowns; and just as the Apostle Paul left his little village of
Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to practically every hamlet and city of the Greco-Roman world, I too am compelled
to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my particular hometown. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for
aid.
Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be
concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to ...
Bradley J. Thames PHI208 THESIS STATEMENTS Ashford Unive.docxaryan532920
Bradley J. Thames
PHI208: THESIS STATEMENTS Ashford University
THESIS STATEMENTS
This guide is intended to help you construct a strong thesis statement for an ethics paper. But it should not take the place
of the resources provided through the Ashford Writing Center, especially when using those resources is part of the
assignment instructions. The Thesis Generator is a helpful resource that can be found by going to the Ashford Writing
Center at awc.ashford.edu. Look under the "Writing Resources" tab, then under "Writing Tools,” and click on "Thesis
Generator.” For additional help on crafting a good thesis statement, look under the "Writing Resources" tab, then under
"Essay Development,” and click on "Thesis Statements.”
The thesis serves as the backbone of your paper. Or if you like, it states the central idea of the paper, around which
everything else revolves. Every part of your paper is meant to in some way explain and defend that thesis. So it’s really
important to construct a thesis that is focused enough that you can defend it in the space given to your paper, and for that
thesis to be clear, concrete and specific, and to include a statement of the primary reasons for that position.
So let’s look at some examples of some strong and some weaker theses. We’re going to be looking at topics that are not
under the list of options, but you can use them as models for how to construct a thesis on the topic that you choose from
this list.
First, you will be presented with a weak thesis statement, and then, you should try to think about why it’s weak and what
might make it stronger before reading the explanation.
1. Weak Thesis
Abortion is a really tough issue that has sparked a lot of controversy and debate for over four decades, and there
are many good arguments on both sides.
What makes it weak?
No position. In other words, you don’t really tell me what your stand is on this issue; you simply reiterate that it
is an ethically important issue, which should already be obvious. Be sure that your thesis clearly states your
position.
Some Stronger Alternatives
• Even though abortion involves taking the life of a biologically human creature, its relative lack of
development, considered in comparison to the burdens a woman may face in carrying it to term, means
that abortion may be morally justified in some cases, and that is a determination that should be left up to
the individual woman to make with the full support of the law.
Bradley J. Thames
PHI208: THESIS STATEMENTS Ashford University
• Anytime there is uncertainty about whether a class of beings is human, a liberal democratic society should
always err on the side of humanity, thus we should consider fetuses to be human and criminalize most
cases of abortion.
These statements specify the position that the person takes and provide a concise statement of the primary reasons
for that position. They also ...
Aminah Thompson is applying for a judicial position in North Carolina. She has experience as both an attorney in private practice handling personal injury cases and currently serves as a magistrate judge. If elected, she aims to support programs that provide treatment for issues like substance abuse and mental health in an effort to rehabilitate offenders and reduce incarceration rates.
This document is the preface to Thomas Szasz's book "Cruel Compassion: Psychiatric Control of Society's Unwanted". In the preface, Szasz discusses how people can influence others through either coercion using force, or through non-coercive means like persuasion. He argues that even those who claim to use coercion for altruistic reasons like helping or treatment are ultimately satisfying their own self-interest. Szasz then examines how religious and political authorities have historically justified coercing others in the name of improving or saving them.
Compassion Fatigue Essay. Online assignment writing service.Diane Smith
The document discusses Harold Edgerton's documentary film "Seeing the Unseen" and how it uses techniques similar to documentary filmmaking to portray everyday experiences that are hidden from our direct perception due to limitations in how we see and measure timescales. Like documentary, Edgerton's film reveals a "bizarre world" that lies beneath the surface of our everyday experiences and is only accessible through technological advances that allow us to see things we otherwise could not. While aiming to present facts, the film also uses aesthetic techniques to augment its effect on audiences and communicate an appreciation for the beauty found in viewing very fast phenomena.
Communication involves influencing and being influenced by others, raising ethical questions about how to interact in a helpful rather than harmful way. To communicate ethically, one should [1] respect audiences by considering their dignity, ideas, and feelings, [2] consider the consequences of communication on audiences and oneself, and [3] respect truth by being adequately informed and using accurate information. Ethical communication requires balancing competing interests to have the most positive impact.
The document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a full refund option for plagiarized work. The purpose is to guide users through obtaining high-quality original content writing assistance.
Ethical Theory PaperElijah KimWhat is the meaning of being a hBetseyCalderon89
Ethical Theory Paper
Elijah Kim
What is the meaning of being a human? What is the meaning of being a good person? What is good? And why do we have to be good? The word ethic carries many implications and foundations. In Christianity, God creates this universe, earth, and man/woman in "his" image. However, the Human is not God and made many ethical mistakes that ask God for forgiveness. "Therefore you are inexcusable, O man, whoever you are who judge, for in whatever you judge another you condemn yourself; for you who judge practice the same things." (Romans 2:1). No human being is innocent in front of God and not allow to judge each other. The ethical theory sets the foundation for a "right human being" and has numerous ways to break down.
Ethical theory "is the systematic effort to understand moral concepts and justify moral principles and theories" (Fieser 2017), which means the study of Right Action. This "Right Action" can be divide into three different divisions. Metaethics can be defined as a God's view. For many religious believers and religious cultures, the Metaethics can be easily found. However, people who do not believe in a higher power or bird view have a problem with divine command metaethics (Morriston 2009). In the Metaethics view, moral obligations are taught and fixed by religious belief. For the non-religious believers there Metaethics can be set by the Karma they heard of or the own belief system. Just because of believing in religious belief and Karma, Metaethics do not take the basics from realism or antirealism. Instead, it contains the focused theories (Davis 2021).
Moral Realism in Metaethics asses the meaning of the moral. Moral realism is the position of right and wrong in a variety of situations. Religions like Christianity made committed to moral realism for three different reasons. First, "constructivists tend to attribute moral facts to agents as their origin" (Jung 2015). In Christianity bible has the Ten Commandments in Exodus 20. These Ten Commandments are the fundamental moral value of Christian belief and set the standard. Commandments like "Thou shalt not commit adultery" and "Thou shalt not kill" are the well-known rule as a "basic human being." Like the last sentence, the bible has a clear example of do's and don'ts, right/ wrong.
The bible also advised what evil (bad) can affect the person "Be not deceived: evil communications corrupt good manners" (1 Corinthians 15:33). Many religious people believe in God's purpose. An example of Christianity, Genesis advised, Human were made to glorify God and his creation. Adam and Eve were also created to manage God's creation. "So, whether you eat or drink, or whatever you do, do all to the glory of God" (1 Corinthians 10:31). "And we know that for those who love God all things work together for good, for those who are called according to his purpose" (Romans 8:28). The explicit purpose gave men and women a clear vision of life and motivated them to stay in God's ...
The document discusses several complex issues regarding morality, justice, charity, and the role of governments and religions. It makes the following key points:
1) There is a distinction between moral norms of justice and the more robust norms of charity that exceed justice.
2) Governments generally lack the means to meet even basic needs demanded by social justice, and are constrained to providing public order rather than co-opting individual rights and responsibilities.
3) While governments and religions may share desired ends, they differ in their means - governments use coercion while religions do not, and virtues advanced through coercion are not truly charitable.
Ethics and leadership are closely intertwined. Several current issues challenge ethical leadership, including privatism, popular pluralism, tolerance, situationalism, and legalism. True leadership requires being a moral person with integrity whose private virtues translate to serving the public good. Leaders must make decisions based on moral absolutes rather than relative cultural norms. History shows that without both private and public virtue, no republic can long survive.
Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia A Natural Law Ethics Approach.pdfSabrina Baloi
This document provides an introduction and overview of the author's approach to natural law ethics in the context of discussing assisted suicide and euthanasia. The author distinguishes their secular, objectivist, and pluralistic perfectionist approach from other interpretations of natural law ethics that rely on religious doctrine. Their approach aims to justify limiting certain kinds of conduct, like euthanasia, based on appeals to universally accessible human reason rather than subjective feelings or cultural conventions. Subsequent chapters will further develop this revised natural law framework.
Law and Morality to be Concerned With EthicsMd. Khan
1. The document discusses the relationship between law, morality, and religion. It argues that morality cannot exist without religion, as morality creates rules that oppose human instincts.
2. While natural laws and human instincts are not the source of morality, societies need some moral and religious foundations for laws to survive long-term. Without compulsion to act morally, most people would not satisfy morality's demands.
3. The author recognizes there are paradoxes around morality and religion in real life. Some religious people act materialistically, while some atheists are moral. Overall, though, humanity could not have a glorious history without strong religious and moral principles.
The document discusses how Gospel values like mercy, compassion, nonviolence, forgiveness and love could be expressed through civil government. It argues that as a government increasingly expresses these values, there would be less need for its coercive functions. However, human fallibility requires some government role to maintain order. Overall, the ideal balance recognizes both Gospel ideals and human limitations.
Similar to 1APA FORMAT, Reflection 5 – Professional Development. 1. App (20)
1Comparing Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy with OthEttaBenton28
1
Comparing Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy with Other Approaches
Caroline E Sam
NRNP 6645
Psychotherapy with Multiple Modalities
Assignment week 7
01/15/2022
This study source was downloaded by 100000806925124 from CourseHero.com on 04-18-2022 09:34:05 GMT -05:00
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2
Comparing Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy with Other Approaches
Psychologists have developed various theories on human psychology. The Humanist,
existential, and humanist existential models explain the personality changes. The models are
central in therapies as they define how people perceive and accept life challenges. The humanist
model emphasizes the innate goodness in people, while the humanist-existential psychotherapy
model argues that personalities change, and people can develop new attributes based on
circumstances.
Two models: Humanistic-existential psychotherapy and Humanist psychotherapy
Humanistic-existential Psychotherapy
Humanistic Existential Psychotherapy (HE) postulates that the human personality is
dynamic, and changes occur across the lifespan that defines personality at each point
(Hounkpatin et al., 2015). The model integrates humanistic and existentialist approaches. The
humanist perspective claims that human beings are good, while the existentialist proposes that
people are neither good nor bad (Daei Jafari et al., 2020). Integration of the two models creates a
dynamic person capable of actualizing based on situations and strengths. The model is adopted as
a transition from the traditional conception of personality as a stable element that remains
consistent throughout life. The HE models framework asserts that individuals confront and
challenge a meaningless life as they transform their lives into a personality they desire. The
person pursues self-rated health, self-efficacy, psychological turning point, and life satisfaction
that involves a subjective evaluation of an individual’s wellbeing (Hounkpatin et al., 2015).
These components keep an individual driven to improve their lives. Notably, societal norms and
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3
the pursuit of authentic individual-based life goals contribute to an individual’s personality
changes.
There is a constant drive to meet an expectation, which is addressed in the social
investment theory- an investment in institutions such as work, and marriage motivates
personality changes. Notably, the ...
1Comment by Perjessy, Caroline SubstanEttaBenton28
1
Comment by Perjessy, Caroline:
Substance use Anxiety Group Curriculum
Southern New Hampshire University
Clinical Mental Health Counseling Department, COU660
Dr. Caroline P.
Rationale for the group
In Massachusetts, we have several groups for substance use both such as AA meetings and , NA meetings that are held in most area areasjust not a sufficient amount. Some. So me groups are also held at treatment centers by alumni which is a great thing because it will provide members with great responsibility skills. Some of the groups like psychoeducation and 12 steps meetings are mainly for those who are going through andchallenges and have a past with substance use. I plan to hold a group not only for those who have been through it but also withhave family members that are looking for resources and better understanding of the disease. The need for substance use group in the Boston, MassMassachusetts community is in high demand. Although Boston is a wide community where the rent can be high and have good paying jobs, many still struggle s with the everyday life stressors that can lead to excessive drinking. In my community I believe that the need for substance use group can benefit so many specifically those in the poverty area, because they are dealing with these issues every day. Also, due to therapy being frown upon in their environment and some lack the ability to seek professional help. Although some may have the need but will not attend due to therapy being frown upon in their environment. Comment by Perjessy, Caroline: Make sure you are revising for clarity. I know you said this was a draft, so keeping that In mind Comment by Perjessy, Caroline: Revise for clarity
The purpose of substance use group is to help individuals who are have dealing with anxiety and have an underlining issue like anxiety. Substance use clients with underlining issues like anxiety lack coping skills and the ability to perform everyday tasks. Evidence by, the lack of motivation, traumatic event, exposure to violence, withdrawal, and continuing alcohol or drug use. However, the misuse of alcohol not only can lead to neurological as well as anxiety. Several individuals who are actively using have an underlining issue that has cause them to use excessively rather its depression, bipolar, or anxiety. I will be focusing mainly on anxiety. Anxiety can be something that several deal with in silent or out loud, those who have been impacted by the disease either way many are not getting the help they deservemerit. Especially those who have been impacted with the disease For example, not they feeling at time they are not good enoughenough, the uncertainty of their job,; and will they have their job back; doubts about being accepted back into their familywill they have a family after. Comment by Perjessy, Caroline: This is uinclear…how are they dealing with anxiety and have an underlying issue of anxiety?
All those factors are negative im ...
1
College Student’s Depression
Jasmin Linthicum
Course Discovery Writing
Professor Aguiar
Date Due 02/24/2022
College Student’s Depression
2
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), depression is a common and severe
health issue that affects how someone feels, thinks and acts. The most common symptoms of
depression are; having bad moods and feeling very sad, losing interest in the activities that were
once fun, loss of appetite, which in turn will lead to massive weight loss or gain that is not related
to dieting and difficulty in concentrating, thinking or making decisions (LeMoult & Gotlib, 2019).
People become depressed due to various factors; some of the significant social factors that
bring about depression include; encountering traumatic events, separation from parents or
caregivers and being bullied. Personality some people are inclined towards experiencing
depression. For instance, people who tend to hold worries, have a low-self-esteem, are
perfectionists and are very sensitive towards negative criticism naturally have a higher likelihood
of facing depression.
Depression throughout history has always been a health problem for people. According to
articles written by philosophers and writers throughout humanity's history, there is depression,
which is a health condition. The articles also include some of the continuous struggles that have
been made to find a solution on treating this condition. For instance, the ancient Greeks and
Romans had different thinking on depression. Some of the literature shows that the Greeks had a
notion that depression was a form of evil spirit possession and used exorcism techniques like;
beatings and starvation as "treatments" to cure a person. On the other hand, the Romans thought
depression was a combination of biological and psychological issues and employed gymnastics,
special diet, herbal medicine and music to treat the patients (Taquet et al., 2020).
In our present day, some of the startling statistics concerning depression are; depression
affects approximately one in fifteen adults, that is close to 6.8% annually, and a projection of an
estimated one in six persons will encounter depression at a given point in their life, that is around
Christian Aguiar
All of these statistics come from research, so you need to cite them using an in-text citation like we learned in class. Luckily, we're reviewing them again today (3/17).
Christian Aguiar
Christian Aguiar
This is another place where you need to cite your source. Which literature tells us this?
Christian Aguiar
I like the historical context, Jasmin. This could be a great way to begin the script for your video, too.
Christian Aguiar
Since this is an argument based on research - it draws on what scientists know about depression - you need to make it clear what the source is.
Christian Aguiar
Do you mean "personally, some people are inclined..." or perhaps that "some people's perso ...
This document provides instructions for a close analysis assignment on an artist's self-portrait. It lists over 200 artists and their basic information. Students are asked to select one of the artists from the list, view their self-portrait, and analyze how the artist represented themselves externally through the internal. The analysis should explore "windows and doors" of the self-portrait image.
1
CLA1
Xueyao Dong
Westcliff University
INT 501 EF Concentration:
Purchasing and Human Resources
Professor: Dr. Julia Sherm
Octomber 20, 2021
2
Learning Objectives
This was my third semester at Westcliff University, and I explored a wide range of
helpful strategies and practical techniques that benefited my overall career and life balance.
For instance, the habit of professional journaling helps me release my stress and motivate
myself to keep on track towards my goal.
From week 3, I started to prepare the professional portfolio, and I felt it was an
excellent way to keep a record of my achievements and experiences. From week 5, the
interview exercise taken with the senior manager from my department, I have learned about
her personal experiences and know a little more about strategic leadership. Another valuable
material that I learned from this class is always to be prepared. Before I interview the senior
manager, I prepare additional questions to ask my supervisor and colleagues about my
performance. I was nervous during the interview, but these extra questions helped me come
down and make the conversion more smooth.
At the beginning of this semester, my goal was to improve my communication skills
in the workplace and learn how to be more flexible in dealing with incidents. From week six
course’s video, “I Wanna Be a Human Resources Officer - A Day in the Life of a Human
Resources Officer,” made me see some perspectives of the responsibility of a Human
Resources Officer and provided me some direction to improve my interpersonal skills. I
always find ways to improve my confidence when I communicate with people and learn how
to be an active listener.
Week seven’s video about “Internship Expectations vs. Realities- the Intern Queen”
makes me think about expectations and realities at the workplace. What expectation does the
employer look for, and how should I improve my performance regarding their expectation?
3
Additionally, through this semester, I realized different ways of conveying a message
could have other effects and impact communication effectiveness. During the internship, I
utilized the benefits of a supportive and positive environment.
Taking everything into account, I believe that I made significant progress towards my
goals, and I became more efficient and productive at work.
Internship Experiences
This semester I am considering switching to a new company that will allow me to
practice my professional skills in the area of individual and corporate taxes. Therefore, I
started my journey to submit job applications and prepare for an interview. Finding an
appropriate position that matches my interests and abilities is not an easy task. I felt frustrated
for the first few weeks when I did not get many responses. However, I record all my feelings
and things that I need to work on in my resume and cover letter in my journal. Additionally, I
love to write some inspirational and motivationa ...
1CJ 550 2-2 Milestone One Southern New HaEttaBenton28
1
CJ 550 2-2 Milestone One
Southern New Hampshire University
Destiny Nance
CJ 550
September 4th, 2022
CJ 550 2-2 Milestone One
A. What are the departments or subdivisions into which your selected organization is divided, and how do these subdivisions work together as a whole in relation to the mission of the organization?
Office of Programs and Re-entry is an organization that focuses on leadership alongside rehabilitative programs ensuring better lives within the community. The organization is divided into four central departments that work together to achieve a common goal. The first department is the Bureau of program development which focuses on the various designs and implementation of risks and needs assessment tools. It also implements other processes and policies key to the restoration alongside rehabilitation of justice to the affected individual within the surrounding.
The second is the department Bureau of Education, which deals with academic and career issues, including technical education and library services (Bell et al., 2018). The third department is the Bureau of Substance Use Treatment which is helpful in dealing with services assisting in the transition period between incarceration and the return to society. The other department is the Bureau of Chaplaincy services dealing with spiritual matters on inmates and offenders. The last department is volunteering with the FDC to assist in a rewarding experience for the citizens. All the departments work together to achieve the organizational goal and mission in leadership and rehabilitation programs that assist the community. Every department has strict policies that make it possible to ensure that it helps the organization achieve its mission.
B. Describe your selected subdivision, and outline the specific goals and responsibilities of the subdivision, describing how they align with the overall mission of the agency. Consider how the goals of the selected subdivision align with the mission of the agency.
The correction officers have a specific function: protecting the community by leading and supervising offenders and reporting the individual who has failed to comply with the regulations to sentencing. Alongside the organizational mission, the correction subdivision has its designed mission. Its mission is to deliver effective service to the community by service diligently while collaborating with other agencies of the criminal justice community (Bell et al., 2018). As such, it serves the community without violating their rights. The detention department ensures people's safety within the community by protecting the surrounding society in various ways, such as establishing safe, secure, and human supervision. It also provides the confinement of inmates by making them follow the law without violation.
However, the subdivision is faced with challenges like the overpopulation of inmates. The inmates are flocked within the organization, thus posing a chall ...
1CLA 1Every organization aims at achieving a cerEttaBenton28
1
CLA 1
Every organization aims at achieving a certain level of performance when it comes to the profitability of the organization. The sales force in any organization is very instrumental towards the performance of an organization as they help push the sales of an organization to the desired level. Organizations must see the value that the salespersons bring to the organization as this impacts the motivation and the productivity of the salespersons (Kuvaas et al., 2017). When a sales team feels that there is value to an organization then they become engaged in their work and perform well. Organizations can show that they value the salespersons by involving them in decision-making, paying them well, and also recognizing achievements.
Skill sets refer to the various abilities and abilities that an individual employee has that enable them to perform according to expectations in an organization. The skill sets vary from the type of sales employee; a salesperson needs more persuasion skills while a sales manager might need more communication skills and leadership skills (Kuczmarski & Kuczmarski, 2019). An organization can ensure that it has the right skill set by ensuring that the recruitment process is thorough and looks at the practical skills of employees as well.
Global sales refer to the sales that an organization makes outside the country where it is located. Global sales skills are important in ensuring that an organization can effectively penetrate an outside market. Global sales skills include understanding the cultural differences and the language of the target nation. A sales team needs to understand what is offensive in other nations such as gestures, body language so that they do not put off customers (Cuevas, 2018). The global sales skill needed by sales managers includes effective communication and an understanding of the trade regulations in different countries. They need to be able to contact customers remotely and manage sales teams in different locations.
The performance of any organization is important as it is an indicator of growth and progress in an organization. When it comes to the performance of employees it is directly related to the rewards system in an organization. Employees need to be motivated to put in extra work in the organization and the easiest way for an organization to motivate employees is to make them feel that they are appreciated and their efforts are recognized. Employees and particularly sales employees work in teams when the performance appraisal is done, it is important that the best-performed employees are rewarded (Asaari et al, 2019). When this is done the other members of the team will be inspired and motivated to increase productivity. An increase in the productivity of an employee translates to the performance of an organization in terms of sales and profitability.
Rewards are multidimensional and exist in different forms and categories in different organizations. The two broad categ ...
1Child Development Observation and ReflectionEttaBenton28
1
Child Development: Observation and Reflection
Lua Shanks
Dr. Edwards
Child Development: Observation and Reflection
80MOD 2 ASSIGN 2
06-27-2021
Child Development: Observation and Reflection
The observation data that I gathered and the process that I used to observe significantly informed my ability to conduct observations in the field. For instance, I learned the most important steps in observation such as familiarizing myself with the subjects and taking note of all the activities that take place since they are all useful in the final analysis. The observation data made me realize the value of being keen during field observations so that no detail is left out.
Some of the questions that emerged during the observation process about the children in the media are whether children have similar developmental capabilities and whether play can be used to rectify a child’s developmental delays. The overall experience of observing made me question teachers’ ability to understand all the unique aspects of child development and how they use them to create unique and engaging learning activities. I experienced the challenge of remaining objective since my personal feelings were consistently influenced by judgments and observations.
As I reflect on the observation process and the overall experience, the question that arises is how infants and young children can exhibit an interest in problem-solving yet their mental faculties have not fully developed. The question exposes the complexity of cognitive development in children since it reveals that children develop cognition from social, emotional, and perceptual experiences.
I would like to know the cognitive capabilities of the children I observed by having one on one sessions with them so that I could test their abilities. I believe that intelligence varies not only in adults but also in children an indication that a child’s developmental milestones are unique and different from that of another child. The only similarities are the age of occurrence for each developmental milestone.
The data that I obtained during my observations deepened my understanding of children’s development and learning. I realized that the developmental domains are interlinked since the development of one domain builds onto another domain. For instance, the development of the social and emotional domains contributes to the emergence of the cognitive domain. I realized that the domains do not operate in isolation but instead strengthen each other as the child develops. I also learned that the environment plays a significant role in a child’s development. For instance, when a child grows up i ...
This patient presented with a chief complaint of headaches that started two weeks ago. On three occasions, the patient's blood pressure was high, ranging from 159/100 to 160/100. The patient reported episodes of headaches sometimes accompanied by dizziness. A review of systems was negative except for the reported headaches and dizziness. The patient has a history of hypertension but no other significant medical history.
1CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL AND NUCLEAR (CBREttaBenton28
This document provides a historical overview of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) terrorism from the 1970s through the 1980s. It notes that while CBRN terrorism was not a major threat during this period, some terrorist groups did show interest in acquiring and using CBRN weapons. In the 1970s, there were a small number of incidents involving the use or acquisition of CBRN agents, mostly crude chemical or biological weapons. Debate emerged around terrorists' technical capabilities and motivations for CBRN use. In the 1980s, incidents slightly increased, including the first biological terrorism attack by the Rajneeshpuram Cult in 1984. However, CBRN terrorism was still not a
1CHAPTER 01G L O B A L R E P O R T O N2GEttaBenton28
This document provides a summary of a global report on ageism published by the World Health Organization in 2021. The report finds that ageism is widespread, harmful, and under-recognized. It affects people's health, well-being, and human rights. The report examines the scale, impact, and determinants of ageism against both older and younger people. It also reviews evidence on strategies to prevent and respond to ageism, such as policies and laws, educational interventions, and intergenerational contact. The report recommends investing in evidence-based strategies, improving data and research, and changing public narratives around age and aging to build a more age-inclusive world.
1Child Growth and DevelopmentYohana MangiaficoHousEttaBenton28
1
Child Growth and Development
Yohana Mangiafico
Houston Community College
TECA 1354: Child Growth and Development
Linda Jones
March 26, 2022
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
Add one more space between the title and your name.
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
Add the department name.
2
My neighbor’s son is a seven-year-old child who has progressed to second grade and is
becoming less reliant on his parents. He is a bright and athletic child who can ride a bike, roller
skate, and play badminton and table tennis. The child is attentive and can read, recount stories,
and do puzzles with ease. He is physically fit, standing 3 feet 12 inches tall and weighing 24
pounds. The body of a child grows and changes as it prepares to become an adult (Papalia &
Martorell, 2018). Seven years is a remarkable age, especially for boys, because it marks the end
of the newborn years and the beginnings of adulthood. He is, nevertheless, going through a
seven-year crisis, a period of change in which the child gains a new perspective on the world. It
enables him to advance to the next stage of his growth. Both at home and on the playground, the
observation was made. This case study is based on observing and analyzing changes in a seven-
year-old boy's physical, psychosocial, emotional, and cognitive development.
The boy spends roughly an hour and a half every day on the playground. He interacts
with the kids, runs with them, jumps, plays the ball, and hangs from the crossbar. The muscles of
the legs, arms, chest, and back are all actively developed, according to the findings. He grows
tough and robust, and he can walk for several kilometers. He can change the speed of his
movement by running slowly or swiftly. He can hop over minor barriers and shift direction
without slowing down while in motion. He can jump forward, up, to the sides, and over tiny
obstacles on one foot. He climbs up and down the stairwell and the rope ladder with ease. The
child has no developmental limitations and can readily hang from the crossbar. He also has no
trouble socializing and communicating with his classmates and other youngsters on the
playground.
Observing him on the playground, it is apparent that the child has reached a high degree
of physical development. He develops strength, endurance, and dexterity needs constant
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
Add the heading for Physical Development
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
informal
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
Yohana, the introduction should be like those in the Observation papers.
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
Title of the Paper
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
7
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
Only report what you actually see the child do, or what the parents/guardians/teacher report.
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
No opinions. Opinions are allowed in the summary portion.
3
exercise. While participating in sports, he understands and respects the rules of team games as
we ...
1
CHAPTER
2
THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT:
OPPORTUNITIES, THREATS, INDUSTRY COMPETITION
AND COMPETITOR ANALYSIS
Opening remarks
Company’s strategic actions are affected by
External environment
Internal environment
External environment is the source of:
Opportunities
Threats
The need for monitoring and analyzing external environment
The pace of change
Complexity
Uncertainty
2
The general, industry and competitor
analysis
3
General environment – broader society dimensions ( 7 dimensions)
Demographic, economic, political/legal, sociocultural, technological, physical and global
Out of firm’s control so must monitor and gather information
Industry environment – factors in competitive environment
Threat of new entrants, power of suppliers, power of buyers, threat of product substitutes, intensity of rivalry among competitors
Firm must assess industry’s opportunities for profit potential
Competitor analysis or competitive intelligence – the way firm’s can gather and analyze information on the industry competitors
Identifying their actions, responses and intentions
These three analyses influence and are influenced by the firm’s vision, mission and strategic actions
The general, industry and competitor environments
4
Three External Environments include:
General
Industry
Competitor
Segments of the general environment
5
DEMOGRAPHIC
Population size
Geographic distribution
ECONOMIC
Nature and direction of the economy in which a firm competes or may compete
SOCIO-CULTURAL
Refers to potential and actual changes in the physical environment and business practices that are intended to positively respond to and deal with those changes
Age structure
Ethnic mix
Income distribution
POLITICAL/LEGAL
PHYSICAL
TECHNOLOGICAL
GLOBAL
Arena in which organizations and interest groups compete for attention, resources, and a voice in overseeing the body of laws and regulations guiding the interactions among nations as well as between firms and various local governmental agencies
Concerned with a society's attitudes and cultural values
Includes the institutions and activities involved with creating new knowledge and translating that knowledge into new products, processes, and materials
Includes relevant new global markets, existing markets that are changing, important international political events, and critical cultural and institutional characteristics of global markets
External environmental analysis
6
The objective of this analysis is identification of
Opportunities and
Threats
Opportunity – a condition in the external environment that helps a company achieve strategic competitiveness, if exploited
Threat – a condition in the external environment that may diminish company’s efforts towards achieving strategic competitiveness
The four-step process includes
Scanning
Monitoring
Forecasting
Assessing
1. Scanning
Studying all the segments of the general environment
Early signals of changes an ...
1Chapter Two Literature ReviewStudents NameName of theEttaBenton28
1
Chapter Two: Literature Review
Student's Name
Name of the Institution
Course Number and Name
Professor
Due Date
Privacy Issues in Multi-Tenant Cloud Computing
Chapter Two: Literature Review
Introduction
A multitenant cloud is a cloud computing architecture that allows customers to share computing resources in a public or private cloud. Multitenant involves different cloud computing clients using or transferring a single computing infrastructure. This arrangement exposes the clients who have agreed to various privacy issues relating to their data and information stored in the cloud (Al-Ruithe et al., 2018). Evidence indicates that some of the privacy issues involved in multitenant cloud computing include data leakage, data breach, and exposure of the private data relating to clients involved in the agreement. As the number of people using cloud computing balloon, privacy issues are becoming a significant problem for many consumers who use the same cloud computing architecture in a private or public setting. It is essential to define what multitenant cloud entails before developing a clear concept or problem that can be investigated. According to Park et al. (2018), "A multitenant cloud is a cloud computing architecture that allows customers to share computing resources in a public or private cloud" (Park et al., 2018). Each tenant's data must be isolated in this cloud computing arrangement and cannot be accessed or seen by the partner tenant. However, the recent growth in technology has made data privacy in cloud computing challenges, posing a big problem to cloud computing providers.
The theoretical foundation for the current privacy issues in multitenant cloud computing is drawn from the study done by Park et al. (2018). According to Park et al. (2018), the most significant privacy issue in multitenant cloud computing is the lack of configurability. Configurability poses a colossal privacy issue in this infrastructure because the tenants have to share the same configuration. However, there is little evidence to provide this theory, and this study will play a significant role in contributing to this theoretical framework (Meng et al., 2021). The purpose of the current study is to investigate privacy and confidentiality issues in multi-tenancy cloud computing. Specifically, in this chapter, studies that have been done in the last five years focusing on this topic will be reviewed through a professional literature review.
Chapter Outline
The current chapter will be structured using headings and subheadings to ensure that each aspect is captured during the literature review. The study will be structured in 12 different sections, of which some may have sub-sections. The twelve sections in the current chapter will include introduction, chapter outline, search strategy, introduction to cloud computing, multi-tenancy cloud computing, and cloud computing deployment models. The other sections will consist of cloud computing service models, ...
1CHAPTER 6 CHINAChinaBook ReferenceTerrill, R. J. (EttaBenton28
1
CHAPTER 6: CHINA
China
Book Reference
Terrill, R. J. (2016). World criminal justice systems: A comparative survey. Routledge.
Concepts to Know
· Kuomintang
· Cultural Revolution
· Deng Xiaoping
· National People’s Congress
· Standing Committee
· The “Mass Line”
· Ministry of Public Security
· Residents’ Committees
· Criminal Detention
· Adjudication Committees
· Political-legal Committees
· Supreme People’s Court
· Basic People’s Courts
· Procuratorate
· People’s Assessor
· Confucians
· Legalists
· Compulsory Measures
· Administrative Regulations
· Labor Camps
· Death Penalty
· Bang-jiao
Introduction
CHINA is an ancient country that has one of the oldest civilizations on earth. Its written history is almost 4,000 years old, and throughout much of its existence, its cultural traditions have had a profound impact on the entire East Asian region. China occupies much of the mainland of East Asia and shares land borders with 14 countries (Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Vietnam). With a geographical area of about 3.7 million square miles, China is slightly larger than the United States (see Figure 6.1). Among the countries of the world, only Russia and Canada are larger in area. Unlike the United States, where almost 20 percent of the land is utilized for agriculture, China cultivates around 10 percent of its land on a permanent basis.
Because of rugged and inhospitable geographical conditions, particularly in the western regions, large areas of China are uninhabited. As a result, approximately two-thirds of the population live along the east coast, which represents about one-fifth of the land. China has long held the distinction of having the world’s largest population at more than 1.3 billion. This figure is greater than the combined populations of Europe, Russia, and the United States. More than 91 percent of the people belong to the Han ethnic group. All of the other ethnic minorities represent less than 1 percent of the population, with the exception of the Zhuang minority at 1.3 percent of the total population.
Approximately 31 percent of the labor force is employed in agriculture and forestry, with industrial and service ventures employing 30 and 36 percent, respectively. Iron, steel, and textiles are among the more prominent industries. In 1978, Chinese leaders initiated a program to modernize agriculture, industry, science and technology, and national defense. Their goal was to achieve a fairly advanced industrialized country by the year 2000. This program was prompted, in part, by the fact that the standard of living had been in a considerable state of decline since the 1950s.
Throughout China’s more recent political history under communism, the state essentially owned the industrial enterprises and commercial ventures of the country. Because people were guaranteed life-long employment, concerns about workforce productivity had been negl ...
1Chapter 9TelevisionBroadcast and Beyond2EttaBenton28
1
Chapter 9
Television:
Broadcast and Beyond
2
Sinclair Broadcast Group
Family run group of 173 stations in 81 markets; affiliated with Fox, ABC, CBS, NBC and Univision
Questions about corporate “must run” messages sent to affiliates brought company into the news
3
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
3
Sinclair Broadcast Group
Required broadcast of conservative commentaries
Biggest controversy was script complaining about “fake news” sent out to all stations to be recorded by local anchors
4
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Invention of Television
Philo T. Farnsworth
1922: diagrams plans for television at age 16
1930: receives patent cathode ray tube
RCA attempted to promote its own Vladimir Zworykin as inventor of TV
1947: Farnsworth’s television patent expires just before TV starts to take off
5
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
5
Beginning of Broadcast Television
1939: NBC starts broadcasting, most sets in bars, restaurants
1942: TV manufacturing suspended for duration of WW II; most stations go off air
Licensing of new TV stations suspended 1948–1952, leaving many cities without television
6
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
6
Lucy & Desi End Live TV
1951: Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz create I Love Lucy
One of the first sitcoms to be filmed, rather than live
Lucy and Desi hold onto syndication rights to the show, still being broadcast today
7
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
7
Color Television
1950s: early experiments in color television
1965: Big Three networks broadcasting in color
NBC peacock logo designed to tell B&W viewers show was in color
Early color TVs cost equivalent of big screen TVs today
8
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
8
Beginning of Cable Television
Community antenna television (CATV)
Early form of cable television used to distribute broadcast channels in communities with poor television reception
Relatively expensive, was source of a good TV signal, not additional programming
9
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
9
Rebirth of Cable
By mid-1970s, FCC began loosening rules on cable companies
1975: HBO starts providing programming nationwide, sending signal to local cable companies via satellite
Key point: HBO could send programming to 1,000 cable companies as cheaply as to one
10
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
10
Ted Turner – Cable Pioneer
1963: inherits failing billboard company from father
1970: buys Channel 17 in Atlanta
Buys Atlanta Braves and Hawks sports franchises to provide programming for channel
Turns Channel 17 into Superstation WTBS in 1976, takes local station national
11
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in ...
1CHAPTER 5 RUSSIARussiaBook ReferenceTerrill, R. J.EttaBenton28
1
CHAPTER 5: RUSSIA
Russia
Book Reference
Terrill, R. J. (2016). World criminal justice systems: A comparative survey. Routledge.
Concepts to Know
· Marxism–Leninism
· Mikhail Gorbachev
· Democratization
· Constitution of the Russian Federation
· President of the Russian Federation
· Federal Security Service (FSB)
· Propiska
· Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation
· Judicial Department
· Procuracy
· Defense Counsel
· Justices of the Peace
· Jury
· Material Definition of Crime
· Measures of Restraint
· Plea Bargaining
· Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD)
· Commission on Juvenile Affairs
Introduction
THE LONGEST-RUNNING social science experiment of the twentieth century officially ended on December 25, 1991, with the resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev as president of the Soviet Union. From the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 until Gorbachev’s resignation, the rulers of the Soviet Union had attempted to create a communist society that would be the envy of the world. Support for this goal was continual for more than 70 years, but the sense of purpose and direction began to unravel during the late 1980s. The principal cause for this shift in opinion was Gorbachev’s alternative rationale for achieving socialism. Although his ideas were a radical departure from some of the basic tenets of Leninism, Gorbachev generally favored implementing them incrementally. Nevertheless, disaffection with these ideas became quite pronounced among devoted communists, which led to the attempted coup of August 1991. This was followed by Gorbachev’s resignation and the formal dissolution of the country by year’s end.
The Soviet Union had been composed of 15 republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelorussia, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirghizistan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Russia, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Russia was not only the largest republic in terms of territory and population, but it also dominated the policies of the Soviet Union—so much so that the words Russian and Soviet were often used interchangeably when referring to the foreign and domestic policies of the Soviet Union. Today, Russia is the largest country in the world, almost twice the size of the United States. It encompasses more than 6.5 million square miles that stretch from Eastern Europe through the northern half of Asia. The population of about 139 million has become more urban over the past 50 years. In fact, it has reached about 80 percent of the population— almost an exact reversal of the urban and rural ratio at the time of the 1917 Revolution (see Figure 5.1).
Russia is a federation consisting of six categories of administrative units. These include 21 republics, nine territories, 46 provinces, two federal cities, one autonomous republic, and four autonomous regions. Among these administrative units, the republics have the greatest claim to self-government. Although Russians comprise more than 80 percent of the country’s population, there are some 126 national ...
1Chapter 6Newspapers and the NewsReflections of aEttaBenton28
1
Chapter 6
Newspapers and the News:
Reflections of a Democratic Society
2
When Is It News That an Entire City
Is Being Poisoned By Its Water Supply?
City of Flint, Mich., had high levels of lead in its water after changing from lake to river water
Local journalists say they were slow to respond because officials said water was ok
But local journalists eventually drove the story to receive national attention
3
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
National journalists saw it as heartland story, followed national stories instead
Communities depend on local journalism for news about important local occurrences
When Is It News That an Entire City
Is Being Poisoned By Its Water Supply?
4
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Early Newspapers
1618: Curanto, published in Amsterdam, is first English-language newspaper
1622: newspapers being published in Britain, distributed through coffeehouses
Followers of church reformers John Calvin and Martin Luther among earliest publishers
5
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
5
Colonial Publishing
1690: Publick Occurrences, first paper published in American colonies
Colonial newspapers subject to British censorship
6
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
6
Colonial Publishing
1721: New England Courant
Published by James Franklin, Ben’s older brother
First paper published without “By Authority” notice; James sent to prison for doing so, Ben takes over publishing paper
7
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
7
Early American Newspapers
Audience primarily wealthy elite
Published by political parties
Focused on opinion, not news
Expensive and had small circulation
Generally bought by prepaid subscription
8
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
8
Penny Press Revolution
Benjamin Day’s idea: The New York Sun – “It shines for all”
Sold on the street for one or two cents
Supported primarily by advertising
9
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
9
Penny Press Revolution
First papers to shift focus on news
Journalistic objectivity developed as a way to appeal to larger audiences
Rise of working class supported penny press growth
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
10
10
A Modern Democratic Society
Rapidly growing number of papers
Growing number of people working for wages
U.S. transforming from rural to urban society
Expanding interest in national and global events
Newspapers promoted democratic market society
People acquire the news “habit”
11
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
11
Newspaper Wars: Hearst vs. Pulitzer
Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World
Creation of the front page
Often staged sensational ...
1CHAPTER 4 SOUTH AFRICA South AfricaConcepts to Know·EttaBenton28
1
CHAPTER 4: SOUTH AFRICA
South Africa
Concepts to Know
· Afrikaner
· Apartheid
· Natives Land Act (1913)
· African National Congress
· National Party
· Group Areas Act (1950)
· Nelson Mandela
· Freedom Charter (1955)
· Truth and Reconciliation Commission
· Ubuntu
· National Assembly
· Public Protector
· Independent Police Investigative Directorate
· S v. Makwanyana (1995)
· Judicial Service Commission
· Law Reform Commission
· Constitutional Court
· Advocates
· Assessors
· Inspecting Judge
· NICRO
· Child Justice Act (2008)
Introduction
SOUTH AFRICA encompasses the southern tip of the African continent. It is the ninth largest country on the continent and the thirty-third largest in the world. Its northern border is shared with Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Swaziland. Its coastline borders the Indian Ocean on the east and south and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. In addition, South Africa surrounds the small country of Lesotho, which is approximately the size of the state of Maryland. Lesotho is a constitutional monarchy that gained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1966 (see Figure 4.1).
The population of South Africa is almost 53 million and consists of 79.5 percent black, 9 percent white, 9 percent “colored,” and 2.5 percent Asian or Indian residents. The use of the word “colored” in the South African context refers to people of mixed race and often is associated with people of African and Dutch ancestry. The principal industries of the country are minerals, mining, motor vehicles, and machinery. South Africa is a significant producer of platinum, manganese, gold, and chrome. Its major trading markets include China, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
South Africa has 11 official languages: Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu, Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, and Xitsonga. With the exception of Afrikaans and English, the other languages are all Bantu languages. Bantu languages are spoken by more than 100 million Africans in east, central, and southern Africa. Afrikaans is a seventeenth-century variation of Dutch that has been considered a distinct language since the nineteenth century. Approximately 7 percent of the South African population are Afrikaners, that is, people who trace their roots to the early Dutch, French, and German settlers. Most of the English spoken is by nonwhites, along with approximately 2 million English-speaking whites who trace their ancestors to British immigrants and to the 1 million people of Asian/Indian origins.
Throughout the second half of the twentieth century South Africa was associated most with its policy of apartheid, a white supremacist ideology that emphasized white domination and racial discrimination. More will be said about apartheid shortly. First, an outline is offered of the arrival of white Europeans to this part of Africa and the pre-apartheid policies of racial segregation that had been introduced and in practice for a num ...
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
1APA FORMAT, Reflection 5 – Professional Development. 1. App
1. 1
APA FORMAT, Reflection 5 – Professional Development
.
1. Apply leadership principles and decision making in the
provision of quality nursing care and healthcare team
coordination.
Tell me at least 1 example from your practicum that meets the
above activity statement.
How did you see your leader meet the above statement:
a. How did you see leadership principles impact decisions
around quality nursing care?
b. How did you see leadership principles impact healthcare team
coordination?
2. Demonstrate a basic understanding of organizational
structure, mission, vision, philosophy, and values.
Tell me at least 1 example from your practicum that meets the
above activity statement.
How did you see your leader meet the above statement:
3. Utilize an iterative cycle of clinical judgment, including
prioritization and delegation.
Tell me at least 1 example from your practicum that meets the
above activity statement.
How did you see your leader meet the above statement:
a. How did you feel about using the clinical judgment model in
the practicum setting?
i. How did you see it impact prioritization?
ii. How did you see it impact delegation?
4. Demonstrate professionalism and civility.
Use these questions to help you answer the above statement:
a. How did you specifically use professionalism in this clinical
immersion?
b. How did you demonstrate civility within this clinical
immersion?
i. Please explain 1 experience related to civility.
2. 5 Apply research, scholarly evidence, and technology to inform
the delivery of care.
Tell me at least 1 example from your practicum that meets the
above activity statement.
How did you see your leader meet the above statement:
a. How did you feel about using scholarly evidence to support
the decisions for care delivery?
b. How did you apply (or see your preceptor apply) research in
your clinical immersion to inform the delivery of care.
c. How did you apply (or see your preceptor apply) technology
in your clinical immersion to inform the delivery of care.
6.Apply concepts of quality and safety using outcome measures
to identify clinical questions.
Tell me at least 1 example from your practicum that meets the
above activity statement.
How did you see your leader meet the above statement:
7, Demonstrate team building and collaboration when working
with intraprofessional and interprofessional teams.
Tell me at least 1 example from your practicum that meets the
above activity statement.
How did you see your leader meet the above statement:
8, Uphold ethical standards related to data security, regulatory
requirements, confidentiality, and clients’ right to privacy.
Tell me at least 1 example from your practicum that meets the
above activity statement.
How did you see your leader meet the above statement:
References
3. Letter to Martin Luther King
April 12, 1963
We clergymen are among those who, in January, issued “an App
eal for Law and Order and Common
Sense,” in dealing with racial problems in Alabama. We express
ed understanding that honest
convictions in racial matters could properly be pursued in the co
urts, but urged that decisions of those
courts should in the meantime be peacefully obeyed.
Since that time there has been some evidence of increased forbe
arance and a willingness to face facts.
Responsible citizens have undertaken to work on various proble
ms which cause racial friction and
unrest. In Birmingham, recent public events have given indicati
on that we all have opportunity for a new
constructive and realistic approach to racial problems.
However, we are now confronted by a series of demonstrations
by some of our Negro citizens, directed
and led in part by outsiders. We recognize the natural impatienc
e of people who feel that their hopes
are slow in being realized. But we are convinced that these dem
onstrations are unwise and untimely.
We agree rather with certain local Negro leadership which has c
alled for honest and open negotiation of
racial issues in our area. And we believe this kind of facing of i
ssues can best be accomplished by citizens
of our own metropolitan area, white and Negro, meeting with th
eir knowledge and experiences of the
local situation. All of us need to face that responsibility and fin
d proper channels for its accomplishment.
4. Just as we formerly pointed out that “hatred and violence have n
o sanction in our religious and political
traditions,” we also point out that such actions as incite to hatre
d and violence, however technically
peaceful those actions may be, have not contributed to the resol
ution of our local problems. We do not
believe that these days of new hope are days when extreme mea
sures are justified in Birmingham.
We commend the community as a whole, and the local news me
dia and law enforcement officials in
particular, on the calm manner in which these demonstrations ha
ve been handled. We urge the public
to continue to show restraint should the demonstrations continu
e, and the law enforcement officials to
remain calm and continue to protect our city from violence.
We further strongly urge our own Negro community to withdraw
support from these demonstrations,
and to unite locally in working peacefully for a better Birmingh
am. When rights are consistently denied,
a cause should be pressed in the courts and in negotiations amon
g local leaders, and not in the streets.
We appeal to both our white and Negro citizenry to observe the
principles of law and order and
common sense.
Signed by:
C.C.J. CARPENTER, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of Alabama.
JOSEPH A. DURICK, D.D., Auxiliary Bishop, Diocese of Mobi
le‐ Birmingham
Rabbi MILTON L. GRAFMAN, Temple Emanu‐ El, Birmingha
m, Alabama
Bishop PAUL HARDIN, Bishop of the Alabama‐ West Florida
5. Conference of the Methodist Church
Bishop NOLAN B. HARMON, Bishop of the North Alabama Co
nference of the Methodist Church
GEORGE M. MURRAY, D.D., LL.D., Bishop Coadjutor, Episco
pal Diocese of Alabama
EDWARD V. RAMAGE, Moderator, Synod of the Alabama Pres
byterian Church in the United States
EARL STALLINGS, Pastors, First Baptist Church, Birmingham,
Alabama
Excerpt from Martin Luther King’s
Letter from a Birmingham Jail
April 16, 1963
My Dear Fellow Clergymen:
While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across
your recent statement calling my present
activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom do I pause to answer c
riticism of my work and ideas …. But
since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your
criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want
to try to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient an
d reasonable terms.….
I must make two honest confessions to you, my Christian and Je
wish brothers. First, I must confess that
over the past few years I have been gravely disappointed with th
e white moderate. I have almost
reached the regrettable conclusion that the Negro's great stumbli
ng block in his stride toward freedom
is not the White Citizen's Counciler or the Ku Klux Klanner, but
the white moderate, who is more
6. devoted to "order" than to justice; who prefers a negative peace
which is the absence of tension to a
positive peace which is the presence of justice; who constantly s
ays: "I agree with you in the goal you
seek, but I cannot agree with your methods of direct action"; wh
o paternalistically believes he can set
the timetable for another man's freedom; who lives by a mythica
l concept of time and who constantly
advises the Negro to wait for a "more convenient season." Shall
ow understanding from people of good
will is more frustrating than absolute misunderstanding from pe
ople of ill will. Lukewarm acceptance is
much more bewildering than outright rejection.
I had hoped that the white moderate would understand that law
and order exist for the purpose of
establishing justice and that when they fail in this purpose they
become the dangerously structured
dams that block the flow of social progress. I had hoped that the
white moderate would understand that
the present tension in the South is a necessary phase of the trans
ition from an obnoxious negative
peace, in which the Negro passively accepted his unjust plight, t
o a substantive and positive peace, in
which all men will respect the dignity and worth of human perso
nality. Actually, we who engage in
nonviolent direct action are not the creators of tension. We mere
ly bring to the surface the hidden
tension that is already alive. We bring it out in the open, where
it can be seen and dealt with. Like a boil
that can never be cured so long as it is covered up but must be o
pened with all its ugliness to the natural
medicines of air and light, injustice must be exposed, with all th
e tension its exposure creates, to the
light of human conscience and the air of national opinion before
it can be cured.
7. In your statement you assert that our actions, even though peace
ful, must be condemned because they
precipitate violence. But is this a logical assertion? Isn't this lik
e condemning a robbed man because his
possession of money precipitated the evil act of robbery? Isn't t
his like condemning Socrates because his
unswerving commitment to truth and his philosophical inquiries
precipitated the act by the misguided
populace in which they made him drink hemlock? Isn't this like
condemning Jesus because his unique
God consciousness and never ceasing devotion to God's will pre
cipitated the evil act of crucifixion? We
must come to see that, as the federal courts have consistently af
firmed, it is wrong to urge an individual
to cease his efforts to gain his basic constitutional rights becaus
e the quest may precipitate violence.
Society must protect the robbed and punish the robber. I had als
o hoped that the white moderate
would reject the myth concerning time in relation to the struggl
e for freedom. I have just received a
letter from a white brother in Texas. He writes: "All Christians
know that the colored people will receive
equal rights eventually, but it is possible that you are in too gre
at a religious hurry. It has taken
Christianity almost two thousand years to accomplish what it ha
s. The teachings of Christ take time to
come to earth."
Such an attitude stems from a tragic misconception of time, fro
m the strangely irrational notion that
there is something in the very flow of time that will inevitably c
8. ure all ills. Actually, time itself is neutral;
it can be used either destructively or constructively. More and
more I feel that the people of ill will have
used time much more effectively than have the people of good
will. We will have to repent in this
generation not merely for the hateful words and actions of the b
ad people but for the appalling silence
of the good people. Human progress never rolls in on wheels of
inevitability; it comes through the
tireless efforts of men willing to be co workers with God, and w
ithout this hard work, time itself
becomes an ally of the forces of social stagnation. We must use
time creatively, in the knowledge that
the time is always ripe to do right. Now is the time to make real
the promise of democracy and
transform our pending national elegy into a creative psalm of br
otherhood. Now is the time to lift our
national policy from the quicksand of racial injustice to the soli
d rock of human dignity.
9. Letter From Birmingham Jail 1
A U G U S T 1 9 6 3
Letter from Birmingham Jail
by Martin Luther King, Jr.
From the Birmingham jail, where he was imprisoned as a
participant in nonviolent demonstrations against segregation,
Dr.
Martin Luther King, Jr., wrote in longhand the letter which
follows. It was his response to a public statement of concern
and
caution issued by eight white religious leaders of the South. Dr.
King, who was born in 1929, did his undergraduate work at
Morehouse College; attended the integrated Crozer Theological
Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, one of six black pupils
10. among a hundred students, and the president of his class; and
won a fellowship to Boston University for his Ph.D.
WHILE confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came
across your recent statement calling our present activities
"unwise
and untimely." Seldom, if ever, do I pause to answer criticism
of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all of the criticisms
that cross my desk, my secretaries would be engaged in little
else in the course of the day, and I would have no time for
constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine
good will and your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I would
like
to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and
reasonable terms.
I think I should give the reason for my being in Birmingham,
since you have been influenced by the argument of "outsiders
coming in." I have the honor of serving as president of the
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization
operating
in every Southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia.
We have some eighty-five affiliate organizations all across the
South, one being the Alabama Christian Movement for Human
Rights. Whenever necessary and possible, we share staff,
educational and financial resources with our affiliates. Several
months ago our local affiliate here in Birmingham invited us to
be
on call to engage in a nonviolent direct-action program if such
were deemed necessary. We readily consented, and when the
hour
came we lived up to our promises. So I am here, along with
several members of my staff, because we were invited here. I
am
here because I have basic organizational ties here.
11. Beyond this, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just
as the eighth-century prophets left their little villages and
carried
their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their
hometowns; and just as the Apostle Paul left his little village of
Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to practically
every hamlet and city of the Greco-Roman world, I too am
compelled
to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my particular hometown.
Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for
aid.
Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all
communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not
be
concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice
anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an
inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of
destiny. Whatever affects one directly affects all indirectly.
Never
again can we afford to live with the narrow, provincial "outside
agitator" idea. Anyone who lives inside the United States can
never be considered an outsider.
You deplore the demonstrations that are presently taking place
in Birmingham. But I am sorry that your statement did not
express
a similar concern for the conditions that brought the
demonstrations into being. I am sure that each of you would
want to go
beyond the superficial social analyst who looks merely at
effects and does not grapple with underlying causes. I would not
hesitate to say that it is unfortunate that so-called
demonstrations are taking place in Birmingham at this time, but
I would say in
more emphatic terms that it is even more unfortunate that the
12. white power structure of this city left the Negro community
with no
other alternative.
IN ANY nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps:
collection of the facts to determine whether injustices are alive,
negotiation, self-purification, and direct action. We have gone
through all of these steps in Birmingham. There can be no
gainsaying of the fact that racial injustice engulfs this
community. Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly
segregated city
in the United States. Its ugly record of police brutality is know n
in every section of this country. Its unjust treatment of Negroes
in the courts is a notorious reality. There have been more
unsolved bombings of Negro homes and churches in
Birmingham than
in any other city in this nation. These are the hard, brutal, and
unbelievable facts. On the basis of them, Negro leaders sought
to
negotiate with the city fathers. But the political leaders
consistently refused to engage in good-faith negotiation.
Then came the opportunity last September to talk with some of
the leaders of the economic community. In these negotiating
sessions certain promises were made by the merchants, such as
the promise to remove the humiliating racial signs from the
stores. On the basis of these promises, Reverend Shuttlesworth
and the leaders of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human
Rights agreed to call a moratorium on any type of
demonstration. As the weeks and months unfolded, we realized
that we were
the victims of a broken promise. The signs remained. As in so
many experiences of the past, we were confronted with blasted
hopes, and the dark shadow of a deep disappointment settled
upon us. So we had no alternative except that of preparing for
direct
13. action, whereby we would present our very bodies as a means of
laying our case before the conscience of the local and national
community. We were not unmindful of the difficulties involved.
So we decided to go through a process of self-purification. We
14. Letter From Birmingham Jail 2
started having workshops on nonviolence and repeatedly asked
ourselves the questions, "Are you able to accept blows without
retaliating?" and "Are you able to endure the ordeals of jail?"
We decided to set our direct-action program around the Easter
season, realizing that, with exception of Christmas, this was the
largest shopping period of the year. Knowing that a strong
economic withdrawal program would be the by-product of direct
action, we felt that this was the best time to bring pressure on
the merchants for the needed changes. Then it occurred to us
that the March election was ahead, and so we speedily decided
to
postpone action until after election day. When we discovered
that Mr. Conner was in the runoff, we decided again to postpone
action so that the demonstration could not be used to cloud the
issues. At this time we agreed to begin our nonviolent witness
the
day after the runoff.
This reveals that we did not move irresponsibly into direct
action. We, too, wanted to see Mr. Conner defeated, so we went
through postponement after postponement to aid in this
community need. After this we felt that direct action could be
delayed no
longer.
You may well ask, "Why direct action, why sit-ins, marches,
and so forth? Isn't negotiation a better path?" You are exactly
right
in your call for negotiation. Indeed, this is the purpose of direct
action. Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and
establish such creative tension that a community that has
consistently refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue.
15. It seeks
so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored. I just
referred to the creation of tension as a part of the work of the
nonviolent resister. This may sound rather shocking. But I must
confess that I am not afraid of the word "tension." I have
earnestly worked and preached against violent tension, but there
is a type of constructive nonviolent tension that is necessary for
growth. Just as Socrates felt that it was necessary to create a
tension in the mind so that individuals could rise from the
bondage
of myths and half-truths to the unfettered realm of creative
analysis and objective appraisal, we must see the need of having
nonviolent gadflies to create the kind of tension in society that
will help men to rise from the dark depths of prejudice and
racism
to the majestic heights of understanding and brotherhood. So,
the purpose of direct action is to create a situation so crisis -
packed
that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation. We therefore
concur with you in your call for negotiation. Too long has our
beloved Southland been bogged down in the tragic attempt to
live in monologue rather than dialogue.
One of the basic points in your statement is that our acts are
untimely. Some have asked, "Why didn't you give the new
administration time to act?" The only answer that I can give to
this inquiry is that the new administration must be prodded
about
as much as the outgoing one before it acts. We will be sadly
mistaken if we feel that the election of Mr. Boutwell will bring
the
millennium to Birmingham. While Mr. Boutwell is much more
articulate and gentle than Mr. Conner, they are both
segregationists, dedicated to the task of maintaining the status
quo. The hope I see in Mr. Boutwell is that he will be
reasonable
16. enough to see the futility of massive resistance to
desegregation. But he will not see this without pressure from
the devotees of
civil rights. My friends, I must say to you that we have not
made a single gain in civil rights without determined legal and
nonviolent pressure. History is the long and tragic story of the
fact that privileged groups seldom give up their privileges
voluntarily. Individuals may see the moral light and voluntarily
give up their unjust posture; but, as Reinhold Niebuhr has
reminded us, groups are more immoral than individuals.
We know through painful experience that freedom is never
voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the
oppressed. Frankly, I have never yet engaged in a direct-action
movement that was "well timed" according to the timetable of
those who have not suffered unduly from the disease of
segregation. For years now I have heard the word "wait." It
rings in the
ear of every Negro with a piercing familiarity. This "wait" has
almost always meant "never." It has been a tranquilizing
thalidomide, relieving the emotional stress for a moment, only
to give birth to an ill-formed infant of frustration. We must
come
to see with the distinguished jurist of yesterday that "justice too
long delayed is justice denied." We have waited for more than
three hundred and forty years for our God-given and
constitutional rights. The nations of Asia and Africa are moving
with jetlike
speed toward the goal of political independence, and we still
creep at horse-and-buggy pace toward the gaining of a cup of
coffee
at a lunch counter. I guess it is easy for those who have never
felt the stinging darts of segregation to say "wait." But when
you
have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at will
and drown your sisters and brothers at whim; when you have
17. seen
hate-filled policemen curse, kick, brutalize, and even kill your
black brothers and sisters with impunity; when you see the vast
majority of your twenty million Negro brothers smothering in
an airtight cage of poverty in the midst of an affluent society;
when
you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech
stammering as you seek to explain to your six-year-old daughter
why she
cannot go to the public amusement park that has just been
advertised on television, and see tears welling up in her little
eyes
when she is told that Funtown is closed to colored children, and
see the depressing clouds of inferiority begin to form in her
little
mental sky, and see her begin to distort her little personality by
unconsciously developing a bitterness toward white people;
when
you have to concoct an answer for a five-year-old son asking in
agonizing pathos, "Daddy, why do white people treat colored
people so mean?"; when you take a cross-country drive and find
it necessary to sleep night after night in the uncomfortable
corners of your automobile because no motel will accept you;
when you are humiliated day in and day out by nagging signs
reading "white" and "colored"; when your first name becomes
"nigger" and your middle name becomes "boy" (however old
you
are) and your last name becomes "John," and when your wife
and mother are never given the respected title "Mrs."; when you
are
harried by day and haunted by night by the fact that you are a
Negro, living constantly at tiptoe stance, never knowing what to
expect next, and plagued with inner fears and outer resentments;
when you are forever fighting a degenerating sense of
"nobodyness" -- then you will understand why we find it
difficult to wait. There comes a time when the cup of endurance
18. runs
over and men are no longer willing to be plunged into an abyss
of injustice where they experience the bleakness of corroding
despair. I hope, sirs, you can understand our legitimate and
unavoidable impatience.
19. Letter From Birmingham Jail 3
YOU express a great deal of anxiety over our willingness to
break laws. This is certainly a legitimate concern. Since we so
diligently urge people to obey the Supreme Court's decision of
1954 outlawing segregation in the public schools, it is rather
strange and paradoxical to find us consciously breaking laws.
One may well ask, "How can you advocate breaking some laws
and
obeying others?" The answer is found in the fact that there are
two types of laws: there are just laws, and there are unjust laws.
I
would agree with St. Augustine that "An unjust law is no law at
all."
Now, what is the difference between the two? How does one
determine when a law is just or unjust? A just law is a man-
made
code that squares with the moral law, or the law of God. An
unjust law is a code that is out of harmony with the moral law.
To
put it in the terms of St. Thomas Aquinas, an unjust law is a
human law that is not rooted in eternal and natural law. Any law
that
uplifts human personality is just. Any law that degrades human
personality is unjust. All segregation statutes are unjust because
segregation distorts the soul and damages the personality. It
gives the segregator a false sense of superiority and the
segregated a
false sense of inferiority. To use the words of Martin Buber, the
great Jewish philosopher, segregation substitutes an "I - it"
relationship for the "I - thou" relationship and ends up
relegating persons to the status of things. So segregation is not
20. only
politically, economically, and sociologically unsound, but it is
morally wrong and sinful. Paul Tillich has said that sin is
separation. Isn't segregation an existential expression of man's
tragic separation, an expression of his awful estrangement, his
terrible sinfulness? So I can urge men to obey the 1954 decision
of the Supreme Court because it is morally right, and I can urge
them to disobey segregation ordinances because they are
morally wrong.
Let us turn to a more concrete example of just and unjust laws.
An unjust law is a code that a majority inflicts on a minority
that
is not binding on itself. This is difference made legal. On the
other hand, a just law is a code that a majority compels a
minority to
follow, and that it is willing to follow itself. This is sameness
made legal.
Let me give another explanation. An unjust law is a code
inflicted upon a minority which that minority had no part in
enacting or
creating because it did not have the unhampered right to vote.
Who can say that the legislature of Alabama which set up the
segregation laws was democratically elected? Throughout the
state of Alabama all types of conniving methods are used to
prevent Negroes from becoming registered voters, and there are
some counties without a single Negro registered to vote, despite
the fact that the Negroes constitute a majority of the population.
Can any law set up in such a state be considered democratically
structured?
These are just a few examples of unjust and just laws. There are
some instances when a law is just on its face and unjust in its
application. For instance, I was arrested Friday on a charge of
parading without a permit. Now, there is nothing wrong with an
21. ordinance which requires a permit for a parade, but when the
ordinance is used to preserve segregation and to deny citizens
the
First Amendment privilege of peaceful assembly and peaceful
protest, then it becomes unjust.
Of course, there is nothing new about this kind of civil
disobedience. It was seen sublimely in the refusal of Shadrach,
Meshach,
and Abednego to obey the laws of Nebuchadnezzar because a
higher moral law was involved. It was practiced superbly by the
early Christians, who were willing to face hungry lions and the
excruciating pain of chopping blocks before submitting to
certain
unjust laws of the Roman Empire. To a degree, academic
freedom is a reality today because Socrates practiced civil
disobedience.
We can never forget that everything Hitler did in Germany was
"legal" and everything the Hungarian freedom fighters did in
Hungary was "illegal." It was "illegal" to aid and comfort a Jew
in Hitler's Germany. But I am sure that if I had lived in
Germany
during that time, I would have aided and comforted my Jewish
brothers even though it was illegal. If I lived in a Communist
country today where certain principles dear to the Christian
faith are suppressed, I believe I would openly advocate
disobeying
these anti-religious laws.
I MUST make two honest confessions to you, my Christian and
Jewish brothers. First, I must confess that over the last few
years
I have been gravely disappointed with the white moderate. I
have almost reached the regrettable conclusion that the Negro's
great
22. stumbling block in the stride toward freedom is not the White
Citizens Councillor or the Ku Klux Klanner but the white
moderate
who is more devoted to order than to justice; who prefers a
negative peace which is the absence of tension to a positive
peace
which is the presence of justice; who constantly says, "I agree
with you in the goal you seek, but I can't agree with your
methods
of direct action"; who paternalistically feels that he can set the
timetable for another man's freedom; who lives by the myth of
time; and who constantly advises the Negro to wait until a
"more convenient season." Shallow understanding from people
of
good will is more frustrating than absolute misunderstanding
from people of ill will. Lukewarm acceptance is much more
bewildering than outright rejection.
In your statement you asserted that our actions, even though
peaceful, must be condemned because they precipitate violence.
But
can this assertion be logically made? Isn't this like condemning
the robbed man because his possession of money precipitated
the
evil act of robbery? Isn't this like condemning Socrates because
his unswerving commitment to truth and his philosophical
delvings precipitated the misguided popular mind to make him
drink the hemlock? Isn't this like condemning Jesus because His
unique God-consciousness and never-ceasing devotion to His
will precipitated the evil act of crucifixion? We must come to
see,
as federal courts have consistently affirmed, that it is immoral
to urge an individual to withdraw his efforts to gain his basic
constitutional rights because the quest precipitates violence.
Society must protect the robbed and punish the robber.
23. Letter From Birmingham Jail 4
I had also hoped that the white moderate would reject the myth
24. of time. I received a letter this morning from a white brother in
Texas which said, "All Christians know that the colored people
will receive equal rights eventually, but is it possible that you
are
in too great of a religious hurry? It has taken Christianity
almost 2000 years to accomplish what it has. The teachings of
Christ
take time to come to earth." All that is said here grows out of a
tragic misconception of time. It is the strangely irrational notion
that there is something in the very flow of time that will
inevitably cure all ills. Actually, time is neutral. It can be used
either
destructively or constructively. I am coming to feel that the
people of ill will have used time much more effectively than the
people of good will. We will have to repent in this generation
not merely for the vitriolic words and actions of the bad people
but
for the appalling silence of the good people. We must come to
see that human progress never rolls in on wheels of
inevitability. It
comes through the tireless efforts and persistent work of men
willing to be coworkers with God, and without this hard work
time
itself becomes an ally of the forces of social stagnation.
YOU spoke of our activity in Birmingham as extreme. At first I
was rather disappointed that fellow clergymen would see my
nonviolent efforts as those of an extremist. I started thinking
about the fact that I stand in the middle of two opposing forces
in
the Negro community. One is a force of complacency made up
of Negroes who, as a result of long years of oppression, have
been
so completely drained of self-respect and a sense of
"somebodyness" that they have adjusted to segregation, and, on
the other
25. hand, of a few Negroes in the middle class who, because of a
degree of academic and economic security and because at points
they profit by segregation, have unconsciously become
insensitive to the problems of the masses. The other force is one
of
bitterness and hatred and comes perilously close to advocating
violence. It is expressed in the various black nationalist groups
that are springing up over the nation, the largest and best known
being Elijah Muhammad's Muslim movement. This movement is
nourished by the contemporary frustration over the continued
existence of racial discrimination. It is made up of people who
have
lost faith in America, who have absolutely repudiated
Christianity, and who have concluded that the white man is an
incurable
devil. I have tried to stand between these two forces, saying that
we need not follow the do-nothingism of the complacent or the
hatred and despair of the black nationalist. There is a more
excellent way, of love and nonviolent protest. I'm grateful to
God that,
through the Negro church, the dimension of nonviolence entered
our struggle. If this philosophy had not emerged, I am
convinced that by now many streets of the South would be
flowing with floods of blood. And I am further convinced that if
our
white brothers dismiss as "rabble-rousers" and "outside
agitators" those of us who are working through the channels of
nonviolent direct action and refuse to support our nonviolent
efforts, millions of Negroes, out of frustration and despair, will
seek
solace and security in black nationalist ideologies, a
development that will lead inevitably to a frightening racial
nightmare.
Oppressed people cannot remain oppressed forever. The urge
for freedom will eventually come. This is what has happened to
26. the
American Negro. Something within has reminded him of his
birthright of freedom; something without has reminded him that
he
can gain it. Consciously and unconsciously, he has been swept
in by what the Germans call the Zeitgeist, and with his black
brothers of Africa and his brown and yellow brothers of Asia,
South America, and the Caribbean, he is moving with a sense of
cosmic urgency toward the promised land of racial justice.
Recognizing this vital urge that has engulfed the Negro
community,
one should readily understand public demonstrations. The Negro
has many pent-up resentments and latent frustrations. He has to
get them out. So let him march sometime; let him have his
prayer pilgrimages to the city hall; understand why he must
have sit-
ins and freedom rides. If his repressed emotions do not come
out in these nonviolent ways, they will come out in ominous
expressions of violence. This is not a threat; it is a fact of
history. So I have not said to my people, "Get rid of your
discontent."
But I have tried to say that this normal and healthy discontent
can be channeled through the creative outlet of nonviolent
direct
action. Now this approach is being dismissed as extremist. I
must admit that I was initially disappointed in being so
categorized.
But as I continued to think about the matter, I gradually gained
a bit of satisfaction from being considered an extremist. Was
not
Jesus an extremist in love? -- "Love your enemies, bless them
that curse you, pray for them that despitefully use you." Was
not
Amos an extremist for justice? -- "Let justice roll down like
waters and righteousness like a mighty stream." Was not Paul an
27. extremist for the gospel of Jesus Christ? -- "I bear in my body
the marks of the Lord Jesus." Was not Martin Luther an
extremist?
-- "Here I stand; I can do no other so help me God." Was not
John Bunyan an extremist? -- "I will stay in jail to the end of
my
days before I make a mockery of my conscience." Was not
Abraham Lincoln an extremist? -- "This nation cannot survive
half
slave and half free." Was not Thomas Jefferson an extremist? --
"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created
equal." So the question is not whether we will be extremist, but
what kind of extremists we will be. Will we be extremists for
hate, or will we be extremists for love? Will we be extremists
for the preservation of injustice, or will we be extremists for the
cause of justice?
I had hoped that the white moderate would see this. Maybe I
was too optimistic. Maybe I expected too much. I guess I should
have realized that few members of a race that has oppressed
another race can understand or appreciate the deep groans and
passionate yearnings of those that have been oppressed, and still
fewer have the vision to see that injustice must be rooted out by
strong, persistent, and determined action. I am thankful,
however, that some of our white brothers have grasped the
meaning of
this social revolution and committed themselves to it. They are
still all too small in quantity, but they are big in quality. Some,
like Ralph McGill, Lillian Smith, Harry Golden, and James
Dabbs, have written about our struggle in eloquent, prophetic,
and
understanding terms. Others have marched with us down
nameless streets of the South. They sat in with us at lunch
counters and
rode in with us on the freedom rides. They have languished in
filthy roach-infested jails, suffering the abuse and brutality of
28. angry policemen who see them as "dirty nigger lovers." They,
unlike many of their moderate brothers, have recognized the
urgency of the moment and sensed the need for powerful
"action" antidotes to combat the disease of segregation.
29. Letter From Birmingham Jail 5
LET me rush on to mention my other disappointment. I have
been disappointed with the white church and its leadership. Of
course, there are some notable exceptions. I am not unmindful
of the fact that each of you has taken some significant stands on
this issue. I commend you, Reverend Stallings, for your
Christian stand this past Sunday in welcoming Negroes to your
Baptist
Church worship service on a nonsegregated basis. I commend
the Catholic leaders of this state for integrating Springhill
College
several years ago.
But despite these notable exceptions, I must honestly reiterate
that I have been disappointed with the church. I do not say that
as
one of those negative critics who can always find something
wrong with the church. I say it as a minister of the gospel who
loves
the church, who was nurtured in its bosom, who has been
sustained by its Spiritual blessings, and who will remain true to
it as
long as the cord of life shall lengthen.
I had the strange feeling when I was suddenly catapulted into
the leadership of the bus protest in Montgomery several years
ago
that we would have the support of the white church. I felt that
the white ministers, priests, and rabbis of the South would be
some
of our strongest allies. Instead, some few have been outright
opponents, refusing to understand the freedom movement and
misrepresenting its leaders; all too many others have been more
cautious than courageous and have remained silent behind the
anesthetizing security of stained-glass windows.
30. In spite of my shattered dreams of the past, I came to
Birmingham with the hope that the white religious leadership of
this
community would see the justice of our cause and with deep
moral concern serve as the channel through which our just
grievances could get to the power structure. I had hoped that
each of you would understand. But again I have been
disappointed.
I have heard numerous religious leaders of the South call upon
their worshipers to comply with a desegregation decision
because
it is the law, but I have longed to hear white ministers say,
follow this decree because integration is morally right and the
Negro is
your brother. In the midst of blatant injustices inflicted upon
the Negro, I have watched white churches stand on the sidelines
and
merely mouth pious irrelevancies and sanctimonious trivialities.
In the midst of a mighty struggle to rid our nation of racial and
economic injustice, I have heard so many ministers say, "Those
are social issues which the gospel has nothing to do with," and I
have watched so many churches commit themselves to a
completely otherworldly religion which made a strange
distinction
between bodies and souls, the sacred and the secular.
There was a time when the church was very powerful. It was
during that period that the early Christians rejoiced when they
were
deemed worthy to suffer for what they believed. In those days
the church was not merely a thermometer that recorded the ideas
and principles of popular opinion; it was the thermostat that
transformed the mores of society. Wherever the early Christians
entered a town the power structure got disturbed and
31. immediately sought to convict them for being "disturbers of the
peace" and
"outside agitators." But they went on with the conviction that
they were "a colony of heaven" and had to obey God rather than
man. They were small in number but big in commitment. They
were too God-intoxicated to be "astronomically intimidated."
They brought an end to such ancient evils as infanticide and
gladiatorial contest.
Things are different now. The contemporary church is so often a
weak, ineffectual voice with an uncertain sound. It is so often
the arch supporter of the status quo. Far from being disturbed
by the presence of the church, the power structure of the
average
community is consoled by the church's often vocal sanction of
things as they are.
But the judgment of God is upon the church as never before. If
the church of today does not recapture the sacrificial spirit of
the
early church, it will lose its authentic ring, forfeit the loyalty of
millions, and be dismissed as an irrelevant social club with no
meaning for the twentieth century. I meet young people every
day whose disappointment with the church has risen to outright
disgust.
I hope the church as a whole will meet the challenge of this
decisive hour. But even if the church does not come to the aid
of
justice, I have no despair about the future. I have no fear about
the outcome of our struggle in Birmingham, even if our motives
are presently misunderstood. We will reach the goal of freedom
in Birmingham and all over the nation, because the goal of
America is freedom. Abused and scorned though we may be, our
destiny is tied up with the destiny of America. Before the
Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, we were here. Before the pen of
32. Jefferson scratched across the pages of history the majestic
word of
the Declaration of Independence, we were here. For more than
two centuries our foreparents labored here without wages; they
made cotton king; and they built the homes of their masters in
the midst of brutal injustice and shameful humiliation -- and yet
out of a bottomless vitality our people continue to thrive and
develop. If the inexpressible cruelties of slavery could not stop
us,
the opposition we now face will surely fail. We will win our
freedom because the sacred heritage of our nation and the
eternal
will of God are embodied in our echoing demands.
I must close now. But before closing I am impelled to mention
one other point in your statement that troubled me profoundly.
You warmly commended the Birmingham police force for
keeping "order" and "preventing violence." I don't believe you
would
have so warmly commended the police force if you had seen its
angry violent dogs literally biting six unarmed, nonviolent
Negroes. I don't believe you would so quickly commend the
policemen if you would observe their ugly and inhuman
treatment of
Negroes here in the city jail; if you would watch them push and
curse old Negro women and young Negro girls; if you would see
them slap and kick old Negro men and young boys, if you would
observe them, as they did on two occasions, refusing to give us
food because we wanted to sing our grace together. I'm sorry
that I can't join you in your praise for the police department.
33. ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Letter From Birmingham Jail 6
It is true that they have been rather disciplined in their public
handling of the demonstrators. In this sense they have been
publicly
"nonviolent." But for what purpose? To preserve the evil system
of segregation. Over the last few years I have consistently
preached that nonviolence demands that the means we use must
be as pure as the ends we seek. So I have tried to make it clear
that it is wrong to use immoral means to attain moral ends. But
now I must affirm that it is just as wrong, or even more, to use
moral means to preserve immoral ends.
I wish you had commended the Negro demonstrators of
Birmingham for their sublime courage, their willingness to
suffer, and
their amazing discipline in the midst of the most inhuman
provocation. One day the South will recognize its real heroes.
They
34. will be the James Merediths, courageously and with a majestic
sense of purpose facing jeering and hostile mobs and the
agonizing loneliness that characterizes the life of the pioneer.
They will be old, oppressed, battered Negro women, symbolized
in
a seventy-two-year-old woman of Montgomery, Alabama, who
rose up with a sense of dignity and with her people decided not
to
ride the segregated buses, and responded to one who inquired
about her tiredness with ungrammatical profundity, "My feets is
tired, but my soul is rested." They will be young high school
and college students, young ministers of the gospel and a host
of
their elders courageously and nonviolently sitting in at lunch
counters and willingly going to jail for conscience's sake. One
day
the South will know that when these disinherited children of
God sat down at lunch counters they were in reality standing up
for
the best in the American dream and the most sacred values in
our Judeo-Christian heritage.
Never before have I written a letter this long -- or should I say a
book? I'm afraid that it is much too long to take your precious
time. I can assure you that it would have been much shorter if I
had been writing from a comfortable desk, but what else is there
to do when you are alone for days in the dull monotony of a
narrow jail cell other than write long letters, think strange
thoughts,
and pray long prayers?
If I have said anything in this letter that is an understatement of
the truth and is indicative of an unreasonable impatience, I beg
you to forgive me. If I have said anything in this letter that is an
overstatement of the truth and is indicative of my having a
patience that makes me patient with anything less than