This document provides a summary of a global report on ageism published by the World Health Organization in 2021. The report finds that ageism is widespread, harmful, and under-recognized. It affects people's health, well-being, and human rights. The report examines the scale, impact, and determinants of ageism against both older and younger people. It also reviews evidence on strategies to prevent and respond to ageism, such as policies and laws, educational interventions, and intergenerational contact. The report recommends investing in evidence-based strategies, improving data and research, and changing public narratives around age and aging to build a more age-inclusive world.
At present at least 2.2 billion people around the world have a vision impairment, of whom at least 1 billion have a vision impairment that could have been prevented or is yet to be addressed. The world faces considerable challenges in terms of eye care, including inequalities in the coverage and quality of prevention, treatment and rehabilitation services; a shortage of trained eye care service providers; and poor integration of eye care services into health systems, among others. The “World report on vision” aims to address these challenges and galvanize action.
Produced at the request of Member States during a side event to the 70th World Health Assembly, and with the support of experts from around the world, the report provides evidence on the magnitude of eye conditions and vision impairment globally, draws attention to effective strategies to address eye care, and offers recommendations for action to improve eye care services worldwide. The key proposal of the report is for all countries to provide integrated people-centred eye care services which will ensure that people receive a continuum of eye care based on their individual needs throughout their lives.
•At least 2.2 billion people around the world are living with a vision impairment, according to the WHO’s first report on vision. Here’s what else you need to know:
•Projections: Some 95 million people will develop glaucoma by 2030, and nearly 245 million will develop any kind of age-related macular degeneration during the same time.
•Preventable conditions: Of the 1 billion living with untreated or preventable conditions, some 12% have some unaddressed refractive error, while more than 65 million have cataract problems.
•Disease burden: Unaddressed problems with distance vision is nearly four times as common in low- and middle-income regions than in high-income areas. Women, the elderly, and people with disabilities are also more likely to have vision impairment.
TIME TO DELIVER - WHO Report on NCD's 2018 Sailesh Mishra
Report of the WHO Independent High-Level Commission on Noncommunicable Diseases - ISBN 978-92-4-151416-3.
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, with its
pledge to leave no one behind, is our boldest agenda for
humanity. It will require equally bold actions from Heads of
State and Government. They must deliver on their timebound
promise to reduce, by one-third, premature mortality
from noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) through prevention
and treatment and promote mental health and well-being.
Because many policy commitments are not being
implemented, countries are not on track to achieve this
target. Country actions against NCDs are uneven at best.
National investments remain woefully small and not
enough funds are being mobilized internationally. There is
still a sense of business-as-usual rather than the urgency
that is required. Plenty of policies have been drafted, but
structures and resources to implement them are scarce.
WHO Foresight Approaches in Public Health.pdfWendy Schultz
Suggestions for expanding futures research and foresight capabilities in an organization, with an emphasis on broad participation by stakeholders; includes examples of multiple futures methods and linked processes.
The 2023 edition reviews more than 50 health-related indicators from the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO’s Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW 13).
At present at least 2.2 billion people around the world have a vision impairment, of whom at least 1 billion have a vision impairment that could have been prevented or is yet to be addressed. The world faces considerable challenges in terms of eye care, including inequalities in the coverage and quality of prevention, treatment and rehabilitation services; a shortage of trained eye care service providers; and poor integration of eye care services into health systems, among others. The “World report on vision” aims to address these challenges and galvanize action.
Produced at the request of Member States during a side event to the 70th World Health Assembly, and with the support of experts from around the world, the report provides evidence on the magnitude of eye conditions and vision impairment globally, draws attention to effective strategies to address eye care, and offers recommendations for action to improve eye care services worldwide. The key proposal of the report is for all countries to provide integrated people-centred eye care services which will ensure that people receive a continuum of eye care based on their individual needs throughout their lives.
•At least 2.2 billion people around the world are living with a vision impairment, according to the WHO’s first report on vision. Here’s what else you need to know:
•Projections: Some 95 million people will develop glaucoma by 2030, and nearly 245 million will develop any kind of age-related macular degeneration during the same time.
•Preventable conditions: Of the 1 billion living with untreated or preventable conditions, some 12% have some unaddressed refractive error, while more than 65 million have cataract problems.
•Disease burden: Unaddressed problems with distance vision is nearly four times as common in low- and middle-income regions than in high-income areas. Women, the elderly, and people with disabilities are also more likely to have vision impairment.
TIME TO DELIVER - WHO Report on NCD's 2018 Sailesh Mishra
Report of the WHO Independent High-Level Commission on Noncommunicable Diseases - ISBN 978-92-4-151416-3.
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, with its
pledge to leave no one behind, is our boldest agenda for
humanity. It will require equally bold actions from Heads of
State and Government. They must deliver on their timebound
promise to reduce, by one-third, premature mortality
from noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) through prevention
and treatment and promote mental health and well-being.
Because many policy commitments are not being
implemented, countries are not on track to achieve this
target. Country actions against NCDs are uneven at best.
National investments remain woefully small and not
enough funds are being mobilized internationally. There is
still a sense of business-as-usual rather than the urgency
that is required. Plenty of policies have been drafted, but
structures and resources to implement them are scarce.
WHO Foresight Approaches in Public Health.pdfWendy Schultz
Suggestions for expanding futures research and foresight capabilities in an organization, with an emphasis on broad participation by stakeholders; includes examples of multiple futures methods and linked processes.
The 2023 edition reviews more than 50 health-related indicators from the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO’s Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW 13).
What Happens To The Human Body As We AgeBy ChloeLife Sp.docxhelzerpatrina
What Happens To The Human Body As We Age
By: Chloe
Life Span
Aging- “The time-related deterioration of the physiological functions necessary for survival and fertility” (Gilbert, 2000).
The life span of a human is said to be 121 years but rarely do we live that long.
The only species expected to live longer than humans is tortoises and lake trout which can live up to 150 years
Scott F Gilbert is the author of Developmental biology, 6th edition. In this article he talks about the maximum life span and life expectancy of certain species. He talks about how no matter what species the life expectancy depends on populations on the species. In this world today the life span of a human is different depending where you live. Someone in the United States is expected to live longer than someone who lives in Afghanistan.
2
Survival rates
Survival curves for U.S. females in 1900, 1960, and 1980. M50 represents the age at which 50% of the individuals of each population survived. (After Arking 1998.)
In this figure Scott Gilbert shows the aging curve in females from the 1900s to the 1980s. It shoes how in the 1900s females where living an average of 58 years and in the 1980s females were living an average of 81 years.
3
Causes of Aging
Oxidative damage- metabolism
General wear-and-tear and genetic instability- small traumas to the body over time
Mitochondrial genome damage- energy production
Telomere shortening- Telomeres are found at the end of human chromosomes
Genetic aging programs- aging rapidly
Scott Gilbert describes five ways what causes humans to age. He states there are many different theories how we age and there is no clear agreement what exactly causes humans to age.
4
Genetic Aging Syndrome
Out of the five Genetic aging has no cure. This is a rare form that causes kids to age at a very high speed making there life span very short.
White, A. (2014, January 12). Sam Berns, The Brave Teenager Who Was The Face Of Progeria - And The Patriots' Honorary Captain - Has Died. Retrieved from https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/alanwhite/sam-berns-the-brave-teenager-who-was-the-face-of-progeria-ha
This is a picture of a boy named Sam and his family. He suffers from genetic aging syndrome and was only 17 years old when he sadly passed away.
5
Digital Marketing- C10DM - Dr. Ross Curran
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The iVac is a revolutionary vacuum cleaner released by Apple. It is designed to change the manner
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1. Adoption Theory
The adoption theory analyses the fact that there might be multiple factors which influences the
decision of a customer. (Straub, 2009) .These factors might incorporate the awareness and
knowledge of the consumer, their acceptance of the innovation and experience in buying such a
product. This report will analyse the cl ...
OMS: cerca de 30 milhões de bebês nascem prematuros por ano no mundo.
Anualmente em todo o mundo, cerca de 30 milhões de bebês nascem prematuros ou com baixo peso ou adoecem logo nos primeiros dias de vida. É o que revela um relatório lançado nesta semana (13) por uma coalizão global, que inclui o Fundo das Nações Unidas para a Infância (UNICEF) e a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Em 2017, em torno de 2,5 milhões de recém-nascidos morreram nos primeiros 28 dias de vida, a maioria por causas evitáveis.
Cerca de 80% dessas crianças tinham baixo peso ao nascer e em torno de 65% eram prematuras. Por ano, aproximadamente 1 milhão de recém-nascidos com baixo peso e infecções sobrevivem ao início de suas vidas, mas com algum tipo de deficiência, incluindo paralisia cerebral e problemas cognitivos.
...
O Cuidado Mãe-Canguru pode ajudar para que tenham acesso ao Aleitamento Materno e o vínculo com os seus pais.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
EARLY CANCER DIAGNOSIS - guide from World Health Organization, 2017oncoportal.net
GUIDE TO CANCER EARLY DIAGNOSIS - World Health Organization 2017
Руководство по РАННЕЙ ДИАГНОСТИКЕ РАКА, Всемирная организация здравоохранения, 2017 год, 48 страниц, на английском языке.
Budget matters for health: key formulation and classification issuesHFG Project
This policy brief aims to raise awareness on the role of public budgeting – specifically aspects of budget formulation – for non-PFM specialists working in health. As part of an overall WHO programme of work on Budgeting in Health, it will help clarify the characteristics and implications of various budgeting approaches for the health sector.
The WHO just released a report that looked at how well countries are preparing for the health effects of climate change, and found that few are making progress. Analyzing data from 101 countries, the report says that half have strategies in place, and many of the countries cited finances as being the major challenge to implementing national plans. Only 12 countries reported having a national curriculum to train its health force on the effects of climate change, while 27 countries have plans in development. At the same time, only a quarter of the countries assessed looked at how their countries would be affected by vector-borne, water-, or food-borne diseases as a result of climate change.
World in 2030 lasting shifts in a post-pandemic societyFuture Agenda
As organisations variously react to a global pandemic that had been widely anticipated by experts, questions are now being raised around which of the many changes to the fabric of our society might outlast the pandemic? Which existing global trends will be accelerated or slow down? What new trends might emerge? We have been asked to share some views.
As part of the World in 2030 global open foresight programme, we offer this initial suggestion of twelve future shifts that could influence, or be impacted by, the significant shifts in societies and economies responding to the Covid-19 pandemic.
It covers a wide range of topics from international leadership, trade and healthcare to urban living, travel and privacy. Some have been in the mix for a while and are being elevated. Others are new responses to global change.
We very much welcome your comments, edits and additions to build a comprehensive, informed and international perspective that can then be shared and used to help organisations consider the implications and prepare potential actions.
Please do share, comment or contact us directly. @futureagenda
World Social Protection Report 2014/15 Building economic recovery, inclusive ...Dr Lendy Spires
As more countries move from employer liability as the basis for employment injury protection to a mechanism based on social insurance, levels of protection for workers are likely to improve but only if new laws are effectively enforced. Disability benefits Social protection plays a key role in meeting the specific needs of persons with disabilities with regard to income security, access to health care and social inclusion.
Effective measures to support persons with dis-abilities in finding and retaining quality employment are a key element of non-discriminatory and inclusive policies that help to realize their rights and aspirations as productive members of society. Complementing contributory schemes, non-contributory disability benefits play a key role in protecting those persons with disabilities who have not (yet) earned entitlements to contributory schemes.
Only 87 countries offer such non-contributory benefits anchored in national legislation, which would provide at least a minimum level of income security for those disabled from birth or before working age, and those who for any reason have not had the opportunity to contribute to social insurance for long enough to be eligible for benefits. Maternity protection Effective maternity protection ensures income security for pregnant women and mothers of newborn children and their families, and also effective access to quality maternal health care. It also promotes equality in employment and occupation.
Worldwide, less than 40 per cent of women in employment are covered by law under mandatory maternity cash benefit schemes; 57 per cent if voluntary coverage (mainly for women in self-employment) is included. Due to the ineffective enforcement and implementation of the law in some regions (Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and Africa in particular), effective coverage is even lower: only 28 per cent of women in employment worldwide are protected through maternity cash benefits which provide some income security in during the final stages of pregnancy and after childbirth; the absence of income security forces many women to return to work prematurely.
An increasing number of countries are using non-contributory maternity cash benefits as a means to improve income security and access to maternal and child health care for pregnant women and new mothers, particularly for women living in poverty. However, significant gaps remain. Ensuring effective access to quality maternal health care is of particular importance, especially in countries where the informal economy accounts for a large pro-portion of employment.
Old-age pensions: A state responsibility The right to income security in old age, as grounded in human rights instruments and international labour standards, includes the right to an adequate pension. However, nearly half (48 per cent) of all people over pensionable age do not receive a pension. For many of those who do receive a pension, pension levels are not adequate.
In the context of last year’s commemoration of World Elder Abuse Awareness Day (WEAAD), the World Health Organization in partnership with Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA), Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), UN-WOMEN and with support from the International Network for the Prevention of Elder Abuse (INPEA), published Tackling abuse of older people: five priorities for the UN Decade of Healthy Ageing 2021–2030. The resource outlined key priorities to prevent and respond to abuse of older persons and, hence, contribute to improving their health, well-being and dignity.
1Comparing Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy with OthEttaBenton28
1
Comparing Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy with Other Approaches
Caroline E Sam
NRNP 6645
Psychotherapy with Multiple Modalities
Assignment week 7
01/15/2022
This study source was downloaded by 100000806925124 from CourseHero.com on 04-18-2022 09:34:05 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/128013930/Comparing-Humanistic-Existential-Psychotherapy-with-Other-Approaches-gwdocx/
https://www.coursehero.com/file/128013930/Comparing-Humanistic-Existential-Psychotherapy-with-Other-Approaches-gwdocx/
2
Comparing Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy with Other Approaches
Psychologists have developed various theories on human psychology. The Humanist,
existential, and humanist existential models explain the personality changes. The models are
central in therapies as they define how people perceive and accept life challenges. The humanist
model emphasizes the innate goodness in people, while the humanist-existential psychotherapy
model argues that personalities change, and people can develop new attributes based on
circumstances.
Two models: Humanistic-existential psychotherapy and Humanist psychotherapy
Humanistic-existential Psychotherapy
Humanistic Existential Psychotherapy (HE) postulates that the human personality is
dynamic, and changes occur across the lifespan that defines personality at each point
(Hounkpatin et al., 2015). The model integrates humanistic and existentialist approaches. The
humanist perspective claims that human beings are good, while the existentialist proposes that
people are neither good nor bad (Daei Jafari et al., 2020). Integration of the two models creates a
dynamic person capable of actualizing based on situations and strengths. The model is adopted as
a transition from the traditional conception of personality as a stable element that remains
consistent throughout life. The HE models framework asserts that individuals confront and
challenge a meaningless life as they transform their lives into a personality they desire. The
person pursues self-rated health, self-efficacy, psychological turning point, and life satisfaction
that involves a subjective evaluation of an individual’s wellbeing (Hounkpatin et al., 2015).
These components keep an individual driven to improve their lives. Notably, societal norms and
This study source was downloaded by 100000806925124 from CourseHero.com on 04-18-2022 09:34:05 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/128013930/Comparing-Humanistic-Existential-Psychotherapy-with-Other-Approaches-gwdocx/
https://www.coursehero.com/file/128013930/Comparing-Humanistic-Existential-Psychotherapy-with-Other-Approaches-gwdocx/
3
the pursuit of authentic individual-based life goals contribute to an individual’s personality
changes.
There is a constant drive to meet an expectation, which is addressed in the social
investment theory- an investment in institutions such as work, and marriage motivates
personality changes. Notably, the ...
1Comment by Perjessy, Caroline SubstanEttaBenton28
1
Comment by Perjessy, Caroline:
Substance use Anxiety Group Curriculum
Southern New Hampshire University
Clinical Mental Health Counseling Department, COU660
Dr. Caroline P.
Rationale for the group
In Massachusetts, we have several groups for substance use both such as AA meetings and , NA meetings that are held in most area areasjust not a sufficient amount. Some. So me groups are also held at treatment centers by alumni which is a great thing because it will provide members with great responsibility skills. Some of the groups like psychoeducation and 12 steps meetings are mainly for those who are going through andchallenges and have a past with substance use. I plan to hold a group not only for those who have been through it but also withhave family members that are looking for resources and better understanding of the disease. The need for substance use group in the Boston, MassMassachusetts community is in high demand. Although Boston is a wide community where the rent can be high and have good paying jobs, many still struggle s with the everyday life stressors that can lead to excessive drinking. In my community I believe that the need for substance use group can benefit so many specifically those in the poverty area, because they are dealing with these issues every day. Also, due to therapy being frown upon in their environment and some lack the ability to seek professional help. Although some may have the need but will not attend due to therapy being frown upon in their environment. Comment by Perjessy, Caroline: Make sure you are revising for clarity. I know you said this was a draft, so keeping that In mind Comment by Perjessy, Caroline: Revise for clarity
The purpose of substance use group is to help individuals who are have dealing with anxiety and have an underlining issue like anxiety. Substance use clients with underlining issues like anxiety lack coping skills and the ability to perform everyday tasks. Evidence by, the lack of motivation, traumatic event, exposure to violence, withdrawal, and continuing alcohol or drug use. However, the misuse of alcohol not only can lead to neurological as well as anxiety. Several individuals who are actively using have an underlining issue that has cause them to use excessively rather its depression, bipolar, or anxiety. I will be focusing mainly on anxiety. Anxiety can be something that several deal with in silent or out loud, those who have been impacted by the disease either way many are not getting the help they deservemerit. Especially those who have been impacted with the disease For example, not they feeling at time they are not good enoughenough, the uncertainty of their job,; and will they have their job back; doubts about being accepted back into their familywill they have a family after. Comment by Perjessy, Caroline: This is uinclear…how are they dealing with anxiety and have an underlying issue of anxiety?
All those factors are negative im ...
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Aging- “The time-related deterioration of the physiological functions necessary for survival and fertility” (Gilbert, 2000).
The life span of a human is said to be 121 years but rarely do we live that long.
The only species expected to live longer than humans is tortoises and lake trout which can live up to 150 years
Scott F Gilbert is the author of Developmental biology, 6th edition. In this article he talks about the maximum life span and life expectancy of certain species. He talks about how no matter what species the life expectancy depends on populations on the species. In this world today the life span of a human is different depending where you live. Someone in the United States is expected to live longer than someone who lives in Afghanistan.
2
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Survival curves for U.S. females in 1900, 1960, and 1980. M50 represents the age at which 50% of the individuals of each population survived. (After Arking 1998.)
In this figure Scott Gilbert shows the aging curve in females from the 1900s to the 1980s. It shoes how in the 1900s females where living an average of 58 years and in the 1980s females were living an average of 81 years.
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Causes of Aging
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General wear-and-tear and genetic instability- small traumas to the body over time
Mitochondrial genome damage- energy production
Telomere shortening- Telomeres are found at the end of human chromosomes
Genetic aging programs- aging rapidly
Scott Gilbert describes five ways what causes humans to age. He states there are many different theories how we age and there is no clear agreement what exactly causes humans to age.
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Genetic Aging Syndrome
Out of the five Genetic aging has no cure. This is a rare form that causes kids to age at a very high speed making there life span very short.
White, A. (2014, January 12). Sam Berns, The Brave Teenager Who Was The Face Of Progeria - And The Patriots' Honorary Captain - Has Died. Retrieved from https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/alanwhite/sam-berns-the-brave-teenager-who-was-the-face-of-progeria-ha
This is a picture of a boy named Sam and his family. He suffers from genetic aging syndrome and was only 17 years old when he sadly passed away.
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The iVac is a revolutionary vacuum cleaner released by Apple. It is designed to change the manner
in which audience vacuum and revolutionise entire home cleaning sector.
1. Adoption Theory
The adoption theory analyses the fact that there might be multiple factors which influences the
decision of a customer. (Straub, 2009) .These factors might incorporate the awareness and
knowledge of the consumer, their acceptance of the innovation and experience in buying such a
product. This report will analyse the cl ...
OMS: cerca de 30 milhões de bebês nascem prematuros por ano no mundo.
Anualmente em todo o mundo, cerca de 30 milhões de bebês nascem prematuros ou com baixo peso ou adoecem logo nos primeiros dias de vida. É o que revela um relatório lançado nesta semana (13) por uma coalizão global, que inclui o Fundo das Nações Unidas para a Infância (UNICEF) e a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Em 2017, em torno de 2,5 milhões de recém-nascidos morreram nos primeiros 28 dias de vida, a maioria por causas evitáveis.
Cerca de 80% dessas crianças tinham baixo peso ao nascer e em torno de 65% eram prematuras. Por ano, aproximadamente 1 milhão de recém-nascidos com baixo peso e infecções sobrevivem ao início de suas vidas, mas com algum tipo de deficiência, incluindo paralisia cerebral e problemas cognitivos.
...
O Cuidado Mãe-Canguru pode ajudar para que tenham acesso ao Aleitamento Materno e o vínculo com os seus pais.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
EARLY CANCER DIAGNOSIS - guide from World Health Organization, 2017oncoportal.net
GUIDE TO CANCER EARLY DIAGNOSIS - World Health Organization 2017
Руководство по РАННЕЙ ДИАГНОСТИКЕ РАКА, Всемирная организация здравоохранения, 2017 год, 48 страниц, на английском языке.
Budget matters for health: key formulation and classification issuesHFG Project
This policy brief aims to raise awareness on the role of public budgeting – specifically aspects of budget formulation – for non-PFM specialists working in health. As part of an overall WHO programme of work on Budgeting in Health, it will help clarify the characteristics and implications of various budgeting approaches for the health sector.
The WHO just released a report that looked at how well countries are preparing for the health effects of climate change, and found that few are making progress. Analyzing data from 101 countries, the report says that half have strategies in place, and many of the countries cited finances as being the major challenge to implementing national plans. Only 12 countries reported having a national curriculum to train its health force on the effects of climate change, while 27 countries have plans in development. At the same time, only a quarter of the countries assessed looked at how their countries would be affected by vector-borne, water-, or food-borne diseases as a result of climate change.
World in 2030 lasting shifts in a post-pandemic societyFuture Agenda
As organisations variously react to a global pandemic that had been widely anticipated by experts, questions are now being raised around which of the many changes to the fabric of our society might outlast the pandemic? Which existing global trends will be accelerated or slow down? What new trends might emerge? We have been asked to share some views.
As part of the World in 2030 global open foresight programme, we offer this initial suggestion of twelve future shifts that could influence, or be impacted by, the significant shifts in societies and economies responding to the Covid-19 pandemic.
It covers a wide range of topics from international leadership, trade and healthcare to urban living, travel and privacy. Some have been in the mix for a while and are being elevated. Others are new responses to global change.
We very much welcome your comments, edits and additions to build a comprehensive, informed and international perspective that can then be shared and used to help organisations consider the implications and prepare potential actions.
Please do share, comment or contact us directly. @futureagenda
World Social Protection Report 2014/15 Building economic recovery, inclusive ...Dr Lendy Spires
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Effective measures to support persons with dis-abilities in finding and retaining quality employment are a key element of non-discriminatory and inclusive policies that help to realize their rights and aspirations as productive members of society. Complementing contributory schemes, non-contributory disability benefits play a key role in protecting those persons with disabilities who have not (yet) earned entitlements to contributory schemes.
Only 87 countries offer such non-contributory benefits anchored in national legislation, which would provide at least a minimum level of income security for those disabled from birth or before working age, and those who for any reason have not had the opportunity to contribute to social insurance for long enough to be eligible for benefits. Maternity protection Effective maternity protection ensures income security for pregnant women and mothers of newborn children and their families, and also effective access to quality maternal health care. It also promotes equality in employment and occupation.
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An increasing number of countries are using non-contributory maternity cash benefits as a means to improve income security and access to maternal and child health care for pregnant women and new mothers, particularly for women living in poverty. However, significant gaps remain. Ensuring effective access to quality maternal health care is of particular importance, especially in countries where the informal economy accounts for a large pro-portion of employment.
Old-age pensions: A state responsibility The right to income security in old age, as grounded in human rights instruments and international labour standards, includes the right to an adequate pension. However, nearly half (48 per cent) of all people over pensionable age do not receive a pension. For many of those who do receive a pension, pension levels are not adequate.
In the context of last year’s commemoration of World Elder Abuse Awareness Day (WEAAD), the World Health Organization in partnership with Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA), Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), UN-WOMEN and with support from the International Network for the Prevention of Elder Abuse (INPEA), published Tackling abuse of older people: five priorities for the UN Decade of Healthy Ageing 2021–2030. The resource outlined key priorities to prevent and respond to abuse of older persons and, hence, contribute to improving their health, well-being and dignity.
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1Comparing Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy with OthEttaBenton28
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Comparing Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy with Other Approaches
Caroline E Sam
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Psychotherapy with Multiple Modalities
Assignment week 7
01/15/2022
This study source was downloaded by 100000806925124 from CourseHero.com on 04-18-2022 09:34:05 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/128013930/Comparing-Humanistic-Existential-Psychotherapy-with-Other-Approaches-gwdocx/
https://www.coursehero.com/file/128013930/Comparing-Humanistic-Existential-Psychotherapy-with-Other-Approaches-gwdocx/
2
Comparing Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy with Other Approaches
Psychologists have developed various theories on human psychology. The Humanist,
existential, and humanist existential models explain the personality changes. The models are
central in therapies as they define how people perceive and accept life challenges. The humanist
model emphasizes the innate goodness in people, while the humanist-existential psychotherapy
model argues that personalities change, and people can develop new attributes based on
circumstances.
Two models: Humanistic-existential psychotherapy and Humanist psychotherapy
Humanistic-existential Psychotherapy
Humanistic Existential Psychotherapy (HE) postulates that the human personality is
dynamic, and changes occur across the lifespan that defines personality at each point
(Hounkpatin et al., 2015). The model integrates humanistic and existentialist approaches. The
humanist perspective claims that human beings are good, while the existentialist proposes that
people are neither good nor bad (Daei Jafari et al., 2020). Integration of the two models creates a
dynamic person capable of actualizing based on situations and strengths. The model is adopted as
a transition from the traditional conception of personality as a stable element that remains
consistent throughout life. The HE models framework asserts that individuals confront and
challenge a meaningless life as they transform their lives into a personality they desire. The
person pursues self-rated health, self-efficacy, psychological turning point, and life satisfaction
that involves a subjective evaluation of an individual’s wellbeing (Hounkpatin et al., 2015).
These components keep an individual driven to improve their lives. Notably, societal norms and
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3
the pursuit of authentic individual-based life goals contribute to an individual’s personality
changes.
There is a constant drive to meet an expectation, which is addressed in the social
investment theory- an investment in institutions such as work, and marriage motivates
personality changes. Notably, the ...
1Comment by Perjessy, Caroline SubstanEttaBenton28
1
Comment by Perjessy, Caroline:
Substance use Anxiety Group Curriculum
Southern New Hampshire University
Clinical Mental Health Counseling Department, COU660
Dr. Caroline P.
Rationale for the group
In Massachusetts, we have several groups for substance use both such as AA meetings and , NA meetings that are held in most area areasjust not a sufficient amount. Some. So me groups are also held at treatment centers by alumni which is a great thing because it will provide members with great responsibility skills. Some of the groups like psychoeducation and 12 steps meetings are mainly for those who are going through andchallenges and have a past with substance use. I plan to hold a group not only for those who have been through it but also withhave family members that are looking for resources and better understanding of the disease. The need for substance use group in the Boston, MassMassachusetts community is in high demand. Although Boston is a wide community where the rent can be high and have good paying jobs, many still struggle s with the everyday life stressors that can lead to excessive drinking. In my community I believe that the need for substance use group can benefit so many specifically those in the poverty area, because they are dealing with these issues every day. Also, due to therapy being frown upon in their environment and some lack the ability to seek professional help. Although some may have the need but will not attend due to therapy being frown upon in their environment. Comment by Perjessy, Caroline: Make sure you are revising for clarity. I know you said this was a draft, so keeping that In mind Comment by Perjessy, Caroline: Revise for clarity
The purpose of substance use group is to help individuals who are have dealing with anxiety and have an underlining issue like anxiety. Substance use clients with underlining issues like anxiety lack coping skills and the ability to perform everyday tasks. Evidence by, the lack of motivation, traumatic event, exposure to violence, withdrawal, and continuing alcohol or drug use. However, the misuse of alcohol not only can lead to neurological as well as anxiety. Several individuals who are actively using have an underlining issue that has cause them to use excessively rather its depression, bipolar, or anxiety. I will be focusing mainly on anxiety. Anxiety can be something that several deal with in silent or out loud, those who have been impacted by the disease either way many are not getting the help they deservemerit. Especially those who have been impacted with the disease For example, not they feeling at time they are not good enoughenough, the uncertainty of their job,; and will they have their job back; doubts about being accepted back into their familywill they have a family after. Comment by Perjessy, Caroline: This is uinclear…how are they dealing with anxiety and have an underlying issue of anxiety?
All those factors are negative im ...
1
College Student’s Depression
Jasmin Linthicum
Course Discovery Writing
Professor Aguiar
Date Due 02/24/2022
College Student’s Depression
2
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), depression is a common and severe
health issue that affects how someone feels, thinks and acts. The most common symptoms of
depression are; having bad moods and feeling very sad, losing interest in the activities that were
once fun, loss of appetite, which in turn will lead to massive weight loss or gain that is not related
to dieting and difficulty in concentrating, thinking or making decisions (LeMoult & Gotlib, 2019).
People become depressed due to various factors; some of the significant social factors that
bring about depression include; encountering traumatic events, separation from parents or
caregivers and being bullied. Personality some people are inclined towards experiencing
depression. For instance, people who tend to hold worries, have a low-self-esteem, are
perfectionists and are very sensitive towards negative criticism naturally have a higher likelihood
of facing depression.
Depression throughout history has always been a health problem for people. According to
articles written by philosophers and writers throughout humanity's history, there is depression,
which is a health condition. The articles also include some of the continuous struggles that have
been made to find a solution on treating this condition. For instance, the ancient Greeks and
Romans had different thinking on depression. Some of the literature shows that the Greeks had a
notion that depression was a form of evil spirit possession and used exorcism techniques like;
beatings and starvation as "treatments" to cure a person. On the other hand, the Romans thought
depression was a combination of biological and psychological issues and employed gymnastics,
special diet, herbal medicine and music to treat the patients (Taquet et al., 2020).
In our present day, some of the startling statistics concerning depression are; depression
affects approximately one in fifteen adults, that is close to 6.8% annually, and a projection of an
estimated one in six persons will encounter depression at a given point in their life, that is around
Christian Aguiar
All of these statistics come from research, so you need to cite them using an in-text citation like we learned in class. Luckily, we're reviewing them again today (3/17).
Christian Aguiar
Christian Aguiar
This is another place where you need to cite your source. Which literature tells us this?
Christian Aguiar
I like the historical context, Jasmin. This could be a great way to begin the script for your video, too.
Christian Aguiar
Since this is an argument based on research - it draws on what scientists know about depression - you need to make it clear what the source is.
Christian Aguiar
Do you mean "personally, some people are inclined..." or perhaps that "some people's perso ...
1
Close Looking Analysis: Visual ArtArtist’s Self-Portrait AnalysisPoint Value: 80 pts possible
· 80 pts for submitting analysis of the short story to BSP:Assignments by 11:59pm at the end of Module 3—Part 5*
*The analysis assignment will be run through TurnItIn to look for plagiarism, so be sure to leave yourself enough time to review your paper’s “Originality Report” and make any necessary changes before the due-date.
Don’t forget that Tutoring services are available to you.
If you have any difficulty submitting the assignment on Brightspace, consult the Brightspace (BSP) Help Desk
The struggle is inner: Chicano, indio, American Indian, mojado, mexicano, immigrant Latino, Anglo in power, working class Anglo, Black, Asian—our psyches resemble the bordertowns and are populated by the same people. The struggle has always been inner, and is played out in the outer terrains. Awareness of our situation must come before inner changes, which in turn come before changes in society. Nothing happens in the “real” world unless it first happens in the images in our heads.
Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (1987)
Introduction
In this part of Module 5, we have been exploring how visual artists and architects interact with borders in their work. Borders inherently establish defined points of view as well as remind us of the limitations and possibilities for transgressing those borders or living in the “borderlands” (Anzaldúa). Consider the images you viewed of the art, architecture, and design found at the physical borders between nations around the world. Could you imagine standing at these different borderlines or in the border spaces? Which borders can you step over? Where can you sit with someone on the other side? Where can you see across? Which ones are completely opaque? Which borders feel unsafe? They feel so different! How are they designed to feel or operate this way?
Then, consider artists and architects who explore borders as themes or principles in their work or who feel themselves to be operating in a border space? (see Marlin-Bennett, Maya Lin) Did any of the artists in our tours of Chicago’s public art use their work to highlight or bump up against the borders of a wall, a neighborhood, a community, the city?
Finally, we turn our attention to self, self-perception, and self-representation. How would you create a portrait of yourself? (Give it a try right now!) How do you express your internal spirit externally? In which ways do you intentionally “present” to the world and in which ways does the world layer an image on to you? When does creating your own image or own story act as resistance to a “single story” misperception? How can a self-portrait be powerful? Consider the story behind Artemisia Gentileschi’s Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting (see Mary Gerrard) and how she used dominant iconography of the time to render a feminist portrait. Almost every other artist you can think of or know personall ...
1
CLA1
Xueyao Dong
Westcliff University
INT 501 EF Concentration:
Purchasing and Human Resources
Professor: Dr. Julia Sherm
Octomber 20, 2021
2
Learning Objectives
This was my third semester at Westcliff University, and I explored a wide range of
helpful strategies and practical techniques that benefited my overall career and life balance.
For instance, the habit of professional journaling helps me release my stress and motivate
myself to keep on track towards my goal.
From week 3, I started to prepare the professional portfolio, and I felt it was an
excellent way to keep a record of my achievements and experiences. From week 5, the
interview exercise taken with the senior manager from my department, I have learned about
her personal experiences and know a little more about strategic leadership. Another valuable
material that I learned from this class is always to be prepared. Before I interview the senior
manager, I prepare additional questions to ask my supervisor and colleagues about my
performance. I was nervous during the interview, but these extra questions helped me come
down and make the conversion more smooth.
At the beginning of this semester, my goal was to improve my communication skills
in the workplace and learn how to be more flexible in dealing with incidents. From week six
course’s video, “I Wanna Be a Human Resources Officer - A Day in the Life of a Human
Resources Officer,” made me see some perspectives of the responsibility of a Human
Resources Officer and provided me some direction to improve my interpersonal skills. I
always find ways to improve my confidence when I communicate with people and learn how
to be an active listener.
Week seven’s video about “Internship Expectations vs. Realities- the Intern Queen”
makes me think about expectations and realities at the workplace. What expectation does the
employer look for, and how should I improve my performance regarding their expectation?
3
Additionally, through this semester, I realized different ways of conveying a message
could have other effects and impact communication effectiveness. During the internship, I
utilized the benefits of a supportive and positive environment.
Taking everything into account, I believe that I made significant progress towards my
goals, and I became more efficient and productive at work.
Internship Experiences
This semester I am considering switching to a new company that will allow me to
practice my professional skills in the area of individual and corporate taxes. Therefore, I
started my journey to submit job applications and prepare for an interview. Finding an
appropriate position that matches my interests and abilities is not an easy task. I felt frustrated
for the first few weeks when I did not get many responses. However, I record all my feelings
and things that I need to work on in my resume and cover letter in my journal. Additionally, I
love to write some inspirational and motivationa ...
1CJ 550 2-2 Milestone One Southern New HaEttaBenton28
1
CJ 550 2-2 Milestone One
Southern New Hampshire University
Destiny Nance
CJ 550
September 4th, 2022
CJ 550 2-2 Milestone One
A. What are the departments or subdivisions into which your selected organization is divided, and how do these subdivisions work together as a whole in relation to the mission of the organization?
Office of Programs and Re-entry is an organization that focuses on leadership alongside rehabilitative programs ensuring better lives within the community. The organization is divided into four central departments that work together to achieve a common goal. The first department is the Bureau of program development which focuses on the various designs and implementation of risks and needs assessment tools. It also implements other processes and policies key to the restoration alongside rehabilitation of justice to the affected individual within the surrounding.
The second is the department Bureau of Education, which deals with academic and career issues, including technical education and library services (Bell et al., 2018). The third department is the Bureau of Substance Use Treatment which is helpful in dealing with services assisting in the transition period between incarceration and the return to society. The other department is the Bureau of Chaplaincy services dealing with spiritual matters on inmates and offenders. The last department is volunteering with the FDC to assist in a rewarding experience for the citizens. All the departments work together to achieve the organizational goal and mission in leadership and rehabilitation programs that assist the community. Every department has strict policies that make it possible to ensure that it helps the organization achieve its mission.
B. Describe your selected subdivision, and outline the specific goals and responsibilities of the subdivision, describing how they align with the overall mission of the agency. Consider how the goals of the selected subdivision align with the mission of the agency.
The correction officers have a specific function: protecting the community by leading and supervising offenders and reporting the individual who has failed to comply with the regulations to sentencing. Alongside the organizational mission, the correction subdivision has its designed mission. Its mission is to deliver effective service to the community by service diligently while collaborating with other agencies of the criminal justice community (Bell et al., 2018). As such, it serves the community without violating their rights. The detention department ensures people's safety within the community by protecting the surrounding society in various ways, such as establishing safe, secure, and human supervision. It also provides the confinement of inmates by making them follow the law without violation.
However, the subdivision is faced with challenges like the overpopulation of inmates. The inmates are flocked within the organization, thus posing a chall ...
1CLA 1Every organization aims at achieving a cerEttaBenton28
1
CLA 1
Every organization aims at achieving a certain level of performance when it comes to the profitability of the organization. The sales force in any organization is very instrumental towards the performance of an organization as they help push the sales of an organization to the desired level. Organizations must see the value that the salespersons bring to the organization as this impacts the motivation and the productivity of the salespersons (Kuvaas et al., 2017). When a sales team feels that there is value to an organization then they become engaged in their work and perform well. Organizations can show that they value the salespersons by involving them in decision-making, paying them well, and also recognizing achievements.
Skill sets refer to the various abilities and abilities that an individual employee has that enable them to perform according to expectations in an organization. The skill sets vary from the type of sales employee; a salesperson needs more persuasion skills while a sales manager might need more communication skills and leadership skills (Kuczmarski & Kuczmarski, 2019). An organization can ensure that it has the right skill set by ensuring that the recruitment process is thorough and looks at the practical skills of employees as well.
Global sales refer to the sales that an organization makes outside the country where it is located. Global sales skills are important in ensuring that an organization can effectively penetrate an outside market. Global sales skills include understanding the cultural differences and the language of the target nation. A sales team needs to understand what is offensive in other nations such as gestures, body language so that they do not put off customers (Cuevas, 2018). The global sales skill needed by sales managers includes effective communication and an understanding of the trade regulations in different countries. They need to be able to contact customers remotely and manage sales teams in different locations.
The performance of any organization is important as it is an indicator of growth and progress in an organization. When it comes to the performance of employees it is directly related to the rewards system in an organization. Employees need to be motivated to put in extra work in the organization and the easiest way for an organization to motivate employees is to make them feel that they are appreciated and their efforts are recognized. Employees and particularly sales employees work in teams when the performance appraisal is done, it is important that the best-performed employees are rewarded (Asaari et al, 2019). When this is done the other members of the team will be inspired and motivated to increase productivity. An increase in the productivity of an employee translates to the performance of an organization in terms of sales and profitability.
Rewards are multidimensional and exist in different forms and categories in different organizations. The two broad categ ...
1Child Development Observation and ReflectionEttaBenton28
1
Child Development: Observation and Reflection
Lua Shanks
Dr. Edwards
Child Development: Observation and Reflection
80MOD 2 ASSIGN 2
06-27-2021
Child Development: Observation and Reflection
The observation data that I gathered and the process that I used to observe significantly informed my ability to conduct observations in the field. For instance, I learned the most important steps in observation such as familiarizing myself with the subjects and taking note of all the activities that take place since they are all useful in the final analysis. The observation data made me realize the value of being keen during field observations so that no detail is left out.
Some of the questions that emerged during the observation process about the children in the media are whether children have similar developmental capabilities and whether play can be used to rectify a child’s developmental delays. The overall experience of observing made me question teachers’ ability to understand all the unique aspects of child development and how they use them to create unique and engaging learning activities. I experienced the challenge of remaining objective since my personal feelings were consistently influenced by judgments and observations.
As I reflect on the observation process and the overall experience, the question that arises is how infants and young children can exhibit an interest in problem-solving yet their mental faculties have not fully developed. The question exposes the complexity of cognitive development in children since it reveals that children develop cognition from social, emotional, and perceptual experiences.
I would like to know the cognitive capabilities of the children I observed by having one on one sessions with them so that I could test their abilities. I believe that intelligence varies not only in adults but also in children an indication that a child’s developmental milestones are unique and different from that of another child. The only similarities are the age of occurrence for each developmental milestone.
The data that I obtained during my observations deepened my understanding of children’s development and learning. I realized that the developmental domains are interlinked since the development of one domain builds onto another domain. For instance, the development of the social and emotional domains contributes to the emergence of the cognitive domain. I realized that the domains do not operate in isolation but instead strengthen each other as the child develops. I also learned that the environment plays a significant role in a child’s development. For instance, when a child grows up i ...
1
CHAPTER
4
BUSINESS-LEVEL STRATEGY
Chapter 2
The External Environment
Chapter 3
The Internal Organization
Vision
Mission
Chapter 4
Business-Level Strategy
Chapter 5
Competitive Rivalry and Dynamics
Chapter 6
Corporate-Level Strategy
Chapter 7
Merger and Acquisition Strategy
Chapter 8
International Strategy
Chapter 9
Cooperative Strategy
Strategy formulation
Strategic Competitiveness
Above-Average Returns
Chapter 10
Corporate Governance
Chapter 11
Organizational Structure and Controls
Chapter 12
Strategic Leadership
Chapter 13
Strategic Entrepreneurship
Strategy implementation
Analysis
Strategy
Performance
The Strategic Management Process
A-S-P model
Chapter 4:
BUSINESS-LEVEL STRATEGY
Chapter overview:
Defining business-level strategy
Customers: their relationship with business-level strategies
The purpose of a business-level strategy
Types of business-level strategies (link with Value chain and 5 forces)
3
Introduction
Strategy – increasingly important to a firm’s success and concerned with making choices among two or more alternatives. Choices dictated by
External environment
Internal resources, capabilities and core competencies
Examples from gaming industry (King Digital Entertainment vs. EA)
4
Introduction
Business level-strategy – integrated and coordinated set of commitments and actions the firm uses to gain a competitive advantage by exploiting core competencies in specific product markets
Generic strategy – a strategy that can be used by any organization competing in any industry
5
Introduction
6
A firm must use a Business Level Strategy
It is not necessary to use all the corporate level strategies, acquisition, restructuring, international…
From the dry cleaner to the multinational corporation – a firm must choose at least one business-level strategy
The business level strategy is the core strategy - the strategy that the firm forms to describe how it intends to compete in the product market
Introduction
7
In terms of customers, when selecting a business-level strategy the firm determines:
who will be served,
what needs those target customers have that it will satisfy, and
how those needs will be satisfied
Customers: Their Relationship with Business-Level Strategies
8
8
Strategic competitiveness results when firm can satisfy customers by using its competitive advantages
Returns earned are the lifeblood of firm
Most successful companies satisfy current customers and/or meet needs of new customers
Customers: Their Relationship with Business-Level Strategies
9
Five components in customer relationships
1. Effectively managing relationships with customers
Deliver superior value
Strong interactive relationships is foundation
2. Reach, richness and affiliation
Access and connection to customers
Depth and detail of two-way flow of information between firm and customer
Facilitating useful interactions with customers – viewing the world from the customer’s eyes
9
...
1CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL AND NUCLEAR (CBREttaBenton28
1
CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL,
RADIOLOGICAL AND NUCLEAR
(CBRN) TERRORISM IN
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
The attacks on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon on 11 September
2001 (9/11) came as a complete surprise, but should not have been
unanticipated. Throughout the 1990s terrorism analysts from both inside
and outside government had been arguing that it was only a matter of time
before the first act of mass destruction terrorism. Yet threat assessments
had increasingly focused on acts of mass destruction terrorism involving
CBRN weapons. This raises questions about why attention was focused on
CBRN weapons when there was a greater potential threat from other forms
of attack. The starting point in searching for the answer to that question is
the history of CBRN terrorism, coupled with the nature of the public and
political debates that have surrounded it. This historical narrative shows that
some terrorist groups in the latter part of the twentieth century have always
been interested in CBRN weapons, with the first decade of significant
terrorist interest in CBRN terrorism being the 1970s.
CBRN Terrorism in the 1970s
Terrorism in the 1970s was dominated by ethno-nationalist separatist or
independence groups such as the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
and the Irish Republic Army (IRA) in Northern Ireland. It was also the
decade when radical left- and right-wing political groups in Western Europe
such as the Red Army Faction (RAF) also known as the Baader-Meinhof
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EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 9/8/2021 10:11 PM via AMERICAN PUBLIC UNIVERSITY SYSTEM
AN: 355536 ; Benjamin Cole.; The Changing Face of Terrorism : How Real Is the Threat From Biological, Chemical and Nuclear Weapons?
Account: s7348467.main.ehost
6 The Changing Face of Terrorism
gang, and the Red Brigades were operating at their peak. Despite the high
levels of terrorist violence, particularly in the Middle East, security debates
in the West were dominated by the Cold War. Concerns about terrorism
and ethno-nationalist guerrilla movements assumed significance primarily
because of concerns that the Soviet Union was using them as proxies to
de-stabilize democratic regimes and spread communism.
Against this background of heightened terrorist activity, there was
significant, albeit limited, interest among some terrorists groups in using
CBRN weapons. These incidents can be divided into three broad groups:
those where there was a threat to use CBRN weapons but no evidence
that the group involved actually possessed them; incidents where a gro ...
1Child Growth and DevelopmentYohana MangiaficoHousEttaBenton28
1
Child Growth and Development
Yohana Mangiafico
Houston Community College
TECA 1354: Child Growth and Development
Linda Jones
March 26, 2022
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
Add one more space between the title and your name.
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
Add the department name.
2
My neighbor’s son is a seven-year-old child who has progressed to second grade and is
becoming less reliant on his parents. He is a bright and athletic child who can ride a bike, roller
skate, and play badminton and table tennis. The child is attentive and can read, recount stories,
and do puzzles with ease. He is physically fit, standing 3 feet 12 inches tall and weighing 24
pounds. The body of a child grows and changes as it prepares to become an adult (Papalia &
Martorell, 2018). Seven years is a remarkable age, especially for boys, because it marks the end
of the newborn years and the beginnings of adulthood. He is, nevertheless, going through a
seven-year crisis, a period of change in which the child gains a new perspective on the world. It
enables him to advance to the next stage of his growth. Both at home and on the playground, the
observation was made. This case study is based on observing and analyzing changes in a seven-
year-old boy's physical, psychosocial, emotional, and cognitive development.
The boy spends roughly an hour and a half every day on the playground. He interacts
with the kids, runs with them, jumps, plays the ball, and hangs from the crossbar. The muscles of
the legs, arms, chest, and back are all actively developed, according to the findings. He grows
tough and robust, and he can walk for several kilometers. He can change the speed of his
movement by running slowly or swiftly. He can hop over minor barriers and shift direction
without slowing down while in motion. He can jump forward, up, to the sides, and over tiny
obstacles on one foot. He climbs up and down the stairwell and the rope ladder with ease. The
child has no developmental limitations and can readily hang from the crossbar. He also has no
trouble socializing and communicating with his classmates and other youngsters on the
playground.
Observing him on the playground, it is apparent that the child has reached a high degree
of physical development. He develops strength, endurance, and dexterity needs constant
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
Add the heading for Physical Development
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
informal
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
Yohana, the introduction should be like those in the Observation papers.
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
Title of the Paper
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
7
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
Only report what you actually see the child do, or what the parents/guardians/teacher report.
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
No opinions. Opinions are allowed in the summary portion.
3
exercise. While participating in sports, he understands and respects the rules of team games as
we ...
1
CHAPTER
2
THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT:
OPPORTUNITIES, THREATS, INDUSTRY COMPETITION
AND COMPETITOR ANALYSIS
Opening remarks
Company’s strategic actions are affected by
External environment
Internal environment
External environment is the source of:
Opportunities
Threats
The need for monitoring and analyzing external environment
The pace of change
Complexity
Uncertainty
2
The general, industry and competitor
analysis
3
General environment – broader society dimensions ( 7 dimensions)
Demographic, economic, political/legal, sociocultural, technological, physical and global
Out of firm’s control so must monitor and gather information
Industry environment – factors in competitive environment
Threat of new entrants, power of suppliers, power of buyers, threat of product substitutes, intensity of rivalry among competitors
Firm must assess industry’s opportunities for profit potential
Competitor analysis or competitive intelligence – the way firm’s can gather and analyze information on the industry competitors
Identifying their actions, responses and intentions
These three analyses influence and are influenced by the firm’s vision, mission and strategic actions
The general, industry and competitor environments
4
Three External Environments include:
General
Industry
Competitor
Segments of the general environment
5
DEMOGRAPHIC
Population size
Geographic distribution
ECONOMIC
Nature and direction of the economy in which a firm competes or may compete
SOCIO-CULTURAL
Refers to potential and actual changes in the physical environment and business practices that are intended to positively respond to and deal with those changes
Age structure
Ethnic mix
Income distribution
POLITICAL/LEGAL
PHYSICAL
TECHNOLOGICAL
GLOBAL
Arena in which organizations and interest groups compete for attention, resources, and a voice in overseeing the body of laws and regulations guiding the interactions among nations as well as between firms and various local governmental agencies
Concerned with a society's attitudes and cultural values
Includes the institutions and activities involved with creating new knowledge and translating that knowledge into new products, processes, and materials
Includes relevant new global markets, existing markets that are changing, important international political events, and critical cultural and institutional characteristics of global markets
External environmental analysis
6
The objective of this analysis is identification of
Opportunities and
Threats
Opportunity – a condition in the external environment that helps a company achieve strategic competitiveness, if exploited
Threat – a condition in the external environment that may diminish company’s efforts towards achieving strategic competitiveness
The four-step process includes
Scanning
Monitoring
Forecasting
Assessing
1. Scanning
Studying all the segments of the general environment
Early signals of changes an ...
1Chapter Two Literature ReviewStudents NameName of theEttaBenton28
1
Chapter Two: Literature Review
Student's Name
Name of the Institution
Course Number and Name
Professor
Due Date
Privacy Issues in Multi-Tenant Cloud Computing
Chapter Two: Literature Review
Introduction
A multitenant cloud is a cloud computing architecture that allows customers to share computing resources in a public or private cloud. Multitenant involves different cloud computing clients using or transferring a single computing infrastructure. This arrangement exposes the clients who have agreed to various privacy issues relating to their data and information stored in the cloud (Al-Ruithe et al., 2018). Evidence indicates that some of the privacy issues involved in multitenant cloud computing include data leakage, data breach, and exposure of the private data relating to clients involved in the agreement. As the number of people using cloud computing balloon, privacy issues are becoming a significant problem for many consumers who use the same cloud computing architecture in a private or public setting. It is essential to define what multitenant cloud entails before developing a clear concept or problem that can be investigated. According to Park et al. (2018), "A multitenant cloud is a cloud computing architecture that allows customers to share computing resources in a public or private cloud" (Park et al., 2018). Each tenant's data must be isolated in this cloud computing arrangement and cannot be accessed or seen by the partner tenant. However, the recent growth in technology has made data privacy in cloud computing challenges, posing a big problem to cloud computing providers.
The theoretical foundation for the current privacy issues in multitenant cloud computing is drawn from the study done by Park et al. (2018). According to Park et al. (2018), the most significant privacy issue in multitenant cloud computing is the lack of configurability. Configurability poses a colossal privacy issue in this infrastructure because the tenants have to share the same configuration. However, there is little evidence to provide this theory, and this study will play a significant role in contributing to this theoretical framework (Meng et al., 2021). The purpose of the current study is to investigate privacy and confidentiality issues in multi-tenancy cloud computing. Specifically, in this chapter, studies that have been done in the last five years focusing on this topic will be reviewed through a professional literature review.
Chapter Outline
The current chapter will be structured using headings and subheadings to ensure that each aspect is captured during the literature review. The study will be structured in 12 different sections, of which some may have sub-sections. The twelve sections in the current chapter will include introduction, chapter outline, search strategy, introduction to cloud computing, multi-tenancy cloud computing, and cloud computing deployment models. The other sections will consist of cloud computing service models, ...
1CHAPTER 6 CHINAChinaBook ReferenceTerrill, R. J. (EttaBenton28
1
CHAPTER 6: CHINA
China
Book Reference
Terrill, R. J. (2016). World criminal justice systems: A comparative survey. Routledge.
Concepts to Know
· Kuomintang
· Cultural Revolution
· Deng Xiaoping
· National People’s Congress
· Standing Committee
· The “Mass Line”
· Ministry of Public Security
· Residents’ Committees
· Criminal Detention
· Adjudication Committees
· Political-legal Committees
· Supreme People’s Court
· Basic People’s Courts
· Procuratorate
· People’s Assessor
· Confucians
· Legalists
· Compulsory Measures
· Administrative Regulations
· Labor Camps
· Death Penalty
· Bang-jiao
Introduction
CHINA is an ancient country that has one of the oldest civilizations on earth. Its written history is almost 4,000 years old, and throughout much of its existence, its cultural traditions have had a profound impact on the entire East Asian region. China occupies much of the mainland of East Asia and shares land borders with 14 countries (Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Vietnam). With a geographical area of about 3.7 million square miles, China is slightly larger than the United States (see Figure 6.1). Among the countries of the world, only Russia and Canada are larger in area. Unlike the United States, where almost 20 percent of the land is utilized for agriculture, China cultivates around 10 percent of its land on a permanent basis.
Because of rugged and inhospitable geographical conditions, particularly in the western regions, large areas of China are uninhabited. As a result, approximately two-thirds of the population live along the east coast, which represents about one-fifth of the land. China has long held the distinction of having the world’s largest population at more than 1.3 billion. This figure is greater than the combined populations of Europe, Russia, and the United States. More than 91 percent of the people belong to the Han ethnic group. All of the other ethnic minorities represent less than 1 percent of the population, with the exception of the Zhuang minority at 1.3 percent of the total population.
Approximately 31 percent of the labor force is employed in agriculture and forestry, with industrial and service ventures employing 30 and 36 percent, respectively. Iron, steel, and textiles are among the more prominent industries. In 1978, Chinese leaders initiated a program to modernize agriculture, industry, science and technology, and national defense. Their goal was to achieve a fairly advanced industrialized country by the year 2000. This program was prompted, in part, by the fact that the standard of living had been in a considerable state of decline since the 1950s.
Throughout China’s more recent political history under communism, the state essentially owned the industrial enterprises and commercial ventures of the country. Because people were guaranteed life-long employment, concerns about workforce productivity had been negl ...
1Chapter 9TelevisionBroadcast and Beyond2EttaBenton28
1
Chapter 9
Television:
Broadcast and Beyond
2
Sinclair Broadcast Group
Family run group of 173 stations in 81 markets; affiliated with Fox, ABC, CBS, NBC and Univision
Questions about corporate “must run” messages sent to affiliates brought company into the news
3
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
3
Sinclair Broadcast Group
Required broadcast of conservative commentaries
Biggest controversy was script complaining about “fake news” sent out to all stations to be recorded by local anchors
4
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Invention of Television
Philo T. Farnsworth
1922: diagrams plans for television at age 16
1930: receives patent cathode ray tube
RCA attempted to promote its own Vladimir Zworykin as inventor of TV
1947: Farnsworth’s television patent expires just before TV starts to take off
5
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
5
Beginning of Broadcast Television
1939: NBC starts broadcasting, most sets in bars, restaurants
1942: TV manufacturing suspended for duration of WW II; most stations go off air
Licensing of new TV stations suspended 1948–1952, leaving many cities without television
6
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
6
Lucy & Desi End Live TV
1951: Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz create I Love Lucy
One of the first sitcoms to be filmed, rather than live
Lucy and Desi hold onto syndication rights to the show, still being broadcast today
7
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
7
Color Television
1950s: early experiments in color television
1965: Big Three networks broadcasting in color
NBC peacock logo designed to tell B&W viewers show was in color
Early color TVs cost equivalent of big screen TVs today
8
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
8
Beginning of Cable Television
Community antenna television (CATV)
Early form of cable television used to distribute broadcast channels in communities with poor television reception
Relatively expensive, was source of a good TV signal, not additional programming
9
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
9
Rebirth of Cable
By mid-1970s, FCC began loosening rules on cable companies
1975: HBO starts providing programming nationwide, sending signal to local cable companies via satellite
Key point: HBO could send programming to 1,000 cable companies as cheaply as to one
10
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
10
Ted Turner – Cable Pioneer
1963: inherits failing billboard company from father
1970: buys Channel 17 in Atlanta
Buys Atlanta Braves and Hawks sports franchises to provide programming for channel
Turns Channel 17 into Superstation WTBS in 1976, takes local station national
11
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in ...
1CHAPTER 5 RUSSIARussiaBook ReferenceTerrill, R. J.EttaBenton28
1
CHAPTER 5: RUSSIA
Russia
Book Reference
Terrill, R. J. (2016). World criminal justice systems: A comparative survey. Routledge.
Concepts to Know
· Marxism–Leninism
· Mikhail Gorbachev
· Democratization
· Constitution of the Russian Federation
· President of the Russian Federation
· Federal Security Service (FSB)
· Propiska
· Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation
· Judicial Department
· Procuracy
· Defense Counsel
· Justices of the Peace
· Jury
· Material Definition of Crime
· Measures of Restraint
· Plea Bargaining
· Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD)
· Commission on Juvenile Affairs
Introduction
THE LONGEST-RUNNING social science experiment of the twentieth century officially ended on December 25, 1991, with the resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev as president of the Soviet Union. From the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 until Gorbachev’s resignation, the rulers of the Soviet Union had attempted to create a communist society that would be the envy of the world. Support for this goal was continual for more than 70 years, but the sense of purpose and direction began to unravel during the late 1980s. The principal cause for this shift in opinion was Gorbachev’s alternative rationale for achieving socialism. Although his ideas were a radical departure from some of the basic tenets of Leninism, Gorbachev generally favored implementing them incrementally. Nevertheless, disaffection with these ideas became quite pronounced among devoted communists, which led to the attempted coup of August 1991. This was followed by Gorbachev’s resignation and the formal dissolution of the country by year’s end.
The Soviet Union had been composed of 15 republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelorussia, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirghizistan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Russia, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Russia was not only the largest republic in terms of territory and population, but it also dominated the policies of the Soviet Union—so much so that the words Russian and Soviet were often used interchangeably when referring to the foreign and domestic policies of the Soviet Union. Today, Russia is the largest country in the world, almost twice the size of the United States. It encompasses more than 6.5 million square miles that stretch from Eastern Europe through the northern half of Asia. The population of about 139 million has become more urban over the past 50 years. In fact, it has reached about 80 percent of the population— almost an exact reversal of the urban and rural ratio at the time of the 1917 Revolution (see Figure 5.1).
Russia is a federation consisting of six categories of administrative units. These include 21 republics, nine territories, 46 provinces, two federal cities, one autonomous republic, and four autonomous regions. Among these administrative units, the republics have the greatest claim to self-government. Although Russians comprise more than 80 percent of the country’s population, there are some 126 national ...
1Chapter 6Newspapers and the NewsReflections of aEttaBenton28
1
Chapter 6
Newspapers and the News:
Reflections of a Democratic Society
2
When Is It News That an Entire City
Is Being Poisoned By Its Water Supply?
City of Flint, Mich., had high levels of lead in its water after changing from lake to river water
Local journalists say they were slow to respond because officials said water was ok
But local journalists eventually drove the story to receive national attention
3
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
National journalists saw it as heartland story, followed national stories instead
Communities depend on local journalism for news about important local occurrences
When Is It News That an Entire City
Is Being Poisoned By Its Water Supply?
4
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Early Newspapers
1618: Curanto, published in Amsterdam, is first English-language newspaper
1622: newspapers being published in Britain, distributed through coffeehouses
Followers of church reformers John Calvin and Martin Luther among earliest publishers
5
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
5
Colonial Publishing
1690: Publick Occurrences, first paper published in American colonies
Colonial newspapers subject to British censorship
6
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
6
Colonial Publishing
1721: New England Courant
Published by James Franklin, Ben’s older brother
First paper published without “By Authority” notice; James sent to prison for doing so, Ben takes over publishing paper
7
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
7
Early American Newspapers
Audience primarily wealthy elite
Published by political parties
Focused on opinion, not news
Expensive and had small circulation
Generally bought by prepaid subscription
8
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
8
Penny Press Revolution
Benjamin Day’s idea: The New York Sun – “It shines for all”
Sold on the street for one or two cents
Supported primarily by advertising
9
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
9
Penny Press Revolution
First papers to shift focus on news
Journalistic objectivity developed as a way to appeal to larger audiences
Rise of working class supported penny press growth
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
10
10
A Modern Democratic Society
Rapidly growing number of papers
Growing number of people working for wages
U.S. transforming from rural to urban society
Expanding interest in national and global events
Newspapers promoted democratic market society
People acquire the news “habit”
11
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
11
Newspaper Wars: Hearst vs. Pulitzer
Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World
Creation of the front page
Often staged sensational ...
1CHAPTER 4 SOUTH AFRICA South AfricaConcepts to Know·EttaBenton28
1
CHAPTER 4: SOUTH AFRICA
South Africa
Concepts to Know
· Afrikaner
· Apartheid
· Natives Land Act (1913)
· African National Congress
· National Party
· Group Areas Act (1950)
· Nelson Mandela
· Freedom Charter (1955)
· Truth and Reconciliation Commission
· Ubuntu
· National Assembly
· Public Protector
· Independent Police Investigative Directorate
· S v. Makwanyana (1995)
· Judicial Service Commission
· Law Reform Commission
· Constitutional Court
· Advocates
· Assessors
· Inspecting Judge
· NICRO
· Child Justice Act (2008)
Introduction
SOUTH AFRICA encompasses the southern tip of the African continent. It is the ninth largest country on the continent and the thirty-third largest in the world. Its northern border is shared with Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Swaziland. Its coastline borders the Indian Ocean on the east and south and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. In addition, South Africa surrounds the small country of Lesotho, which is approximately the size of the state of Maryland. Lesotho is a constitutional monarchy that gained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1966 (see Figure 4.1).
The population of South Africa is almost 53 million and consists of 79.5 percent black, 9 percent white, 9 percent “colored,” and 2.5 percent Asian or Indian residents. The use of the word “colored” in the South African context refers to people of mixed race and often is associated with people of African and Dutch ancestry. The principal industries of the country are minerals, mining, motor vehicles, and machinery. South Africa is a significant producer of platinum, manganese, gold, and chrome. Its major trading markets include China, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
South Africa has 11 official languages: Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu, Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, and Xitsonga. With the exception of Afrikaans and English, the other languages are all Bantu languages. Bantu languages are spoken by more than 100 million Africans in east, central, and southern Africa. Afrikaans is a seventeenth-century variation of Dutch that has been considered a distinct language since the nineteenth century. Approximately 7 percent of the South African population are Afrikaners, that is, people who trace their roots to the early Dutch, French, and German settlers. Most of the English spoken is by nonwhites, along with approximately 2 million English-speaking whites who trace their ancestors to British immigrants and to the 1 million people of Asian/Indian origins.
Throughout the second half of the twentieth century South Africa was associated most with its policy of apartheid, a white supremacist ideology that emphasized white domination and racial discrimination. More will be said about apartheid shortly. First, an outline is offered of the arrival of white Europeans to this part of Africa and the pre-apartheid policies of racial segregation that had been introduced and in practice for a num ...
1Chapter 3 JAPANIntroductionJAPAN is an island countrEttaBenton28
1
Chapter 3: JAPAN
Introduction
JAPAN is an island country located off the eastern coast of the Eurasian continent. It is generally considered a small country, in part because its geographical proximity to China and Russia dwarfs its size. However, compared to western European countries, Japan’s 145,902 square miles make it larger than England or Italy. In terms of the United States, it is slightly smaller than the state of California (see Figure 3.1). Japan’s population of 126.5 million is more than twice that found in England, and they are among the world’s most literate people. It is also interesting to note that Japan’s population is growing older faster than any other country in the world. This fact raises a host of economic and social issues for the country’s future. Because the terrain is very mountainous and the habitable land limited, Japan is one of the most densely populated regions in the world.
Although the climate is conducive to farming, less than 15 percent of the land is fertile enough for agriculture. Fishing has long been a significant source of income, but the attention Japan receives regarding its economy generally centers on its industrial production. Before the middle of the nineteenth century, Japan was one of the most isolated countries in the world, and this insular position was by design. The political leadership realized, however, that it could no longer maintain that posture completely. As a result, the leaders made a conscious decision to industrialize. Although the country is not rich in mineral deposits, Japan has emerged as an industrial giant since World War II. Japan is unique in that it is the only non-Western country that has become completely industrialized, exporting a wide range of products that include motor vehicles, electronic equipment, and mechanical tools.
Like the Scandinavians, the Japanese have remained one of the most homogenous of the advanced peoples in the world. More than 98 percent of the population is Japanese, and the largest minority group is Korean. The Japanese have a common history, language, and race. The dominant religions are Shintoism and Buddhism, but these are viewed more as features of Japanese custom than as beliefs that attract devoted followers. It has been estimated that between 70 and 80 percent of the people do not practice any religion. The homogenous qualities of the Japanese are enhanced further by their insular society and entrepreneurial spirit. This may appear somewhat contradictory from a Western perspective, but it is an example of a curious blending of the country’s traditions with modern pragmatism.
The Japanese recognized the value of expanding their trade routes and introducing industrialization to an economy that for centuries had been based on feudal principles. Because of their commitment to this change, the Japanese are recognized today for a competitive spirit that had long been associated with capitalist countries in the West. However, it is a group ...
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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CHAPTER 01
CONTENTS
MESSAGE BY THE UNITED NATIONS SECRETARY-
GENERAL VII
PREFACE IX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XI
ABBREVIATIONS XIII
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY XV
INTRODUCTION XIX
01. THE NATURE OF AGEISM 1
1.1 Defining ageism 2
1.2 How ageism works and how it arises 8
1.3 Ageism and other "-isms" 9
1.4 Conclusions and future directions 12
02. THE SCALE OF AGEISM AGAINST OLDER PEOPLE 21
2.1 Institutional ageism 22
2.2 Interpersonal ageism 31
2.3 Self-directed ageism 36
2.4 Conclusions and future directions 37
03. THE IMPACT OF AGEISM AGAINST OLDER PEOPLE 47
5. 3.1 The impact of ageism on health 48
3.2 The economic impact of ageism 54
3.3 Conclusions and future directions 56
04. THE DETERMINANTS OF AGEISM AGAINST OLDER
PEOPLE 65
4.1 Determinants of interpersonal ageism 67
4.2 Determinants of self-directed ageism 72
4.3 Conclusions and future directions 73
05. THE SCALE, IMPACT AND DETERMINANTS OF
AGEISM
AGAINST YOUNGER PEOPLE 81
5.1 The scale of ageism against younger people 82
5.2 The impact of ageism against younger people 84
5.3 The determinants of ageism against younger people 86
5.4 Conclusions and future directions 88
V
GLOBAL REPORT ON AGEISMGLOBAL REPORT ON
AGEISM
06. STRATEGY 1: POLICY AND LAW 93
6.1 What they are and how they work 94
6.2 How well they work 96
6.3 Examples 97
6.4 Key characteristics and costs 101
6.5 Conclusions and future directions 102
07. STRATEGY 2: EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTIONS 113
6. 7.1 What they are and how they work 114
7.2 How well they work 115
7.3 Examples 116
7.4 Key characteristics and costs 118
7.5 Conclusions and future directions 120
08. STRATEGY 3: INTERGENERATIONAL CONTACT
INTERVENTIONS 125
8.1 What they are and how they work 126
8.2 How well they work 127
8.3 Examples 128
8.4 Key characteristics and costs 132
8.5 Conclusions and future directions 134
09. PROMISING STRATEGIES 139
9.1 Campaigns 140
9.2 Potential strategies for mitigating the impact of ageism 145
9.3 Conclusions and future directions 146
10. THE WAY FORWARD 153
10.1 Recommendation 1: invest in evidence-based
strategies to prevent and respond to ageism 154
10.2 Recommendation 2: improve data and research to gain
a better understanding of ageism and how to reduce it 157
10.3 Recommendation 3: build a movement to change the
narrative
around age and ageing 159
10.4 Conclusions 161
GLOSSARY 163
INDEX 169
7. V I
MESSAGE BY THE UNITED
NATIONS SECRETARY-GENERAL
Ageism is widespread in institutions, laws and policies across
the world. It damages individual
health and dignity as well as economies and societies writ large.
It denies people their
human rights and their ability to reach their full potential.
Despite its pervasive nature and harmful impacts, ageism still
lacks a solid knowledge base
of dedicated research, information, disaggregated data and
systematic trends analysis. This
new Global report on ageism fills this gap and underscores the
need to adopt a forward-
thinking, rights-based approach that addresses the underlying
societal, legislative and
policy structures that support long-standing assumptions about
‘age’ across the life course.
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating impact on older
persons. Intergenerational
solidarity must be a touchstone in our efforts to recover. Older
persons have also made
important contributions to the crisis response, as health workers
and caregivers. Women,
for instance, are over-represented among both older persons and
among the paid and
unpaid care workers who look after them.
My policy brief on older persons and COVID-19, released in
May 2020, highlights the need
8. to recognize the multiple roles that older persons have in
society – as caregivers, volunteers
and community leaders – and underscores the importance of
listening to the voices of
people of all ages, valuing their contributions and ensuring their
meaningful participation
in decision-making.
Addressing ageism is critical for creating a more equal world in
which the dignity and
rights of every human being are respected and protected. This is
at the heart of the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development, the world’s agreed
blueprint for building a future of
peace and prosperity for all on a healthy planet. In that spirit, I
commend this report to a
wide global audience and look forward to working with all
partners to uphold the promise
to leave no one behind.
V I I
V I I I
GLOBAL REPORT ON AGEISM
I X
PREFACE
COVID-19 has affected people of all ages, in different ways.
But beyond the impacts of the
virus itself, some of the narratives about different age groups
9. have exposed a deep and
older malady: ageism. Older people have been often seen as
uniformly frail and vulnerable,
while younger people have been portrayed as invincible, or as
reckless and irresponsible.
Stereotyping (how we think), prejudice (how we feel) and
discrimination (how we act) based
on age, are not new; COVID-19 has amplified these harmful
attitudes.
This global report on ageism could not be timelier. Its main
message is that we can and
must prevent ageism and that even small shifts in how we think,
feel and act towards age
and ageing will reap benefits for individuals and societies.
This report shows that ageism is prevalent, ubiquitous and
insidious because it goes largely
unrecognised and unchallenged. Ageism has serious and far -
reaching consequences for
people’s health, well-being and human rights and costs society
billions of dollars. Among
older people, ageism is associated with poorer physical and
mental health, increased
social isolation and loneliness, greater financial insecurity and
decreased quality of life and
premature death. Ageism, in younger people has been less well
explored in the literature but
reported by younger people in a range of areas including
employment, health and housing.
Across the life course, ageism interacts with ableism, sexism
and racism compounding
disadvantage.
To achieve the long-lasting, vastly better development prospects
that lie at the heart of
10. the Sustainable Development Goals, we must change the
narrative around age and ageing.
We must raise visibility of and pay closer attention to ageist
attitudes and behaviors, adopt
strategies to counter them, and create comprehensive policy
responses that support every
stage of life.
In 2016, the World Health Assembly called on the World Health
Organization to lead a
global campaign to combat ageism in collaboration with
partners. The Global Report on
Ageism, developed by WHO in collaboration with the Office of
the High Commissioner
for Human Rights, the United Nations Department of Economic
and Social Affairs and the
United Nations Population Fund, informs the campaign by
providing the evidence on what
works to prevent and respond to ageism.
We all have a role to play in preventing and responding to
ageism. The report suggests
steps for all stakeholders – including governments, civil society
organizations, academic and
research institutions and business – to enforce new and existing
policies and legislation,
provide education and foster intergenerational contact for the
benefits of people of all ages.
As countries seek to recover from the pandemic, people of all
ages will continue to face
different forms of ageism. Younger workers may be even less
likely to get jobs. Older workers
may become a target for workforce reduction. Triage in health
care based solely on age
will limit older people’s right to health. We will have to tackle
11. ageism in and after this crisis
if we are to secure the health, wellbeing and dignity of people
everywhere. As countries
X
GLOBAL REPORT ON AGEISM
build back better from the pandemic and to accelerate progress
towards the Sustainable
Development Goals, all must adopt measures that combat
ageism. Our driving vision is a
world for all ages, one in which age-based stereotypes,
prejudice and discrimination do not
limit our opportunities, health, wellbeing and dignity. We invite
you to use the evidence in
this report to help this vision become a reality.
Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus Liu Zhenmin
Director-General
World Health Organization
Under-Secretary-General
United Nations Department of
Economic and Social Affairs
Michelle Bachelet Natalia Kanem
United Nations
High Commissioner
for Human Rights
Executive Director, United Nations
Population Fund
12. X I
The development of this report has been led by an Editorial
Committee at the World Health
Organization (WHO) comprising Alana Officer, Vânia de la
Fuente-Núñez and Christopher
Mikton under the overall guidance of Etienne Krug, Director,
Social Determinants of Health,
and Naoko Yamamoto, Assistant Director-General, Universal
Health Coverage/Healthier
Populations; and in collaboration with Amal Abou Rafeh, Chief,
Programme on Ageing Unit; Rio
Hada, Team Leader, Human Rights and Economic and Social
Issues Section, in the Office of
the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights; and
Rachel Snow, Chief, Population
and Development Branch, United Nations Population Fund.
Many other global and regional
WHO and United Nations staff provided inputs relevant to their
areas of work. Without their
dedication, support and expertise this report would not have
been possible.
A core group responsible for developing the conceptual
framework of ageism that was used
in the report included Sophie Amos, Louise Ansari, Liat
Ayalon, Jane Barratt, Necodimus
Chipfupa, Patricia Conboy, Mary-Kate Costello, Vânia de la
Fuente-Núñez, Nathaniel Kendall-
Taylor, Angga Martha, Alana Officer, Bhanu Pratap, Jelena
Sofranac and Jemma Stovell.
13. The lead authors on the report were Vânia de la Fuente-Núñez
(Chapters 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 10) and
Christopher Mikton (Chapters 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10). The report
benefited from the rich inputs
of many experts and academics. It was also informed by a series
of systematic and scoping
reviews and qualitative research conducted in collaboration with
WHO. The names of the
experts and authors are listed under Contributors.
The report also benefited from the efforts of several other
people, in particular Miriam Pinchuk,
who edited the final text of the report; Blossom for media,
graphic design and communication;
Judi Curry for proofreading; Christine Boylan for indexing; Sue
Hobbs for the design of the
figures; and Alexia Sapin and Florence Taylor for their
administrative support. Thanks are also
due to Alison Brunier, Christopher Black, Sarah Russell, Sari
Setiogi and Kazuki Yamada for
media and communication.
WHO also wishes to thank the Government of Japan for its
generous financial support for
the development, translation and publication of this report. The
development of the report
was also supported through core voluntary contributions to
WHO.
CONTRIBUTORS
Authors of background research papers
• A systematic review of existing ageism scales – Liat Ayalon,
Pnina Dolberg, Sarmitė
14. Mikulionienė, Jolanta Perek-Białas, Gražina Rapolienė, Justyna
Stypinska, Monika
Willińska and Vânia de la Fuente-Núñez.
• Ageism, healthy life expectancy and population ageing: how
are they related? Alana
Officer, Jotheeswaran Amuthavalli Thiyagarajan, Mira Leonie
Schneiders, Paul Nash
and Vânia de la Fuente-Núñez.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSbuild back better from the pandemic
and to accelerate progress towards the Sustainable
Development Goals, all must adopt measures that combat
ageism. Our driving vision is a
world for all ages, one in which age-based stereotypes,
prejudice and discrimination do not
limit our opportunities, health, wellbeing and dignity. We invite
you to use the evidence in
this report to help this vision become a reality.
Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus Liu Zhenmin
Director-General
World Health Organization
Under-Secretary-General
United Nations Department of
Economic and Social Affairs
Michelle Bachelet Natalia Kanem
United Nations
High Commissioner
for Human Rights
Executive Director, United Nations
Population Fund
15. X I I
GLOBAL REPORT ON AGEISM
• Campaigning to tackle ageism? Move with the evidence tide –
Cassandra Phoenix
and Vânia de la Fuente-Núñez.
• Determinants of ageism against older adults: a systematic
review – Sibila Marques,
João Mariano, Joana Mendonça, Wouter De Tavernier, Moritz
Hess, Laura Naegele,
Filomena Peixeiro and Daniel Martins.
• Global reach of ageism on older persons’ health: a systematic
review – E-Shien
Chang, Sneha Kannoth, Samantha Levy, Shi-Yi Wang, John E.
Lee and Becca R. Levy.
• Interventions to reduce ageism against older adults: a
systematic review and meta-
analysis – David Burnes, Christine Sheppard, Charles R.
Henderson, Monica Wassel,
Richenda Cope, Chantal Barber and Karl Pillemer.
• Scoping review on ageism towards younger populations –
Vânia de la Fuente-Núñez,
Ella Cohn-Schwartz, Senjooti Roy and Liat Ayalon.
Additional contributors
16. Rapid reviews and general research support were provided by
Gesa Sophia Borgeest on the
intersections between ageism and other “-isms”, and by Laura
Campo Tena on campaigns
to reduce ageism against younger people, COVID-19 and
ageism, the impact of ageism on
the well-being of older people and strategies to mitigate the
impact of ageism. Liat Ayalon,
Jane Barratt, Nena Georgantzi, Estelle Huchet and Karl Pill emer
drafted Box 2.1 on Ageism
and COVID-19. Data analysis on the prevalence of interpersonal
ageism against older adults
was provided by Jotheeswaran Amuthavalli Thiyagarajan. A
review of ageism and statistics
was provided by Michael Herrmann. Information and resources
on law, policies and related
processes were provided by Julia Ferre and Nena Georgantzi.
Photos and testimonials were
provided by HelpAge International and the United Nations
Major Group for Children and
Youth, coordinated by Jemma Stovell, and Aashish Khullar and
Lucy Fagan, respectively.
Peer reviewers
The peer reviewers for the report were Amal Abou Rafeh,
Jotheeswaran Amuthavalli Thiyagarajan,
Louise Ansari, Ashton Applewhite, Alanna Armitage, Liat
Ayalon, Anshu Banerjee, Jane Barratt,
Françoise Bigirimana, David Burnes, George-Konstantinos
Charonis, Harsh Chauhan, Silvia
Gascon, Vitalija Gaucaite Wittich, Nena Georgantzi, Regina
Guthold, Rio Hada, Manfred Huber,
Alex Kalache, Nancy Kidula, Marlene Krasovitsky, April Siwon
Lee, Becca R. Levy, Ramez Khairi
Mahaini, Mary Manandhar, Sibila Marques, Patricia Morsch,
17. Innocent Bright Nuwagira, Hiromasa
Okayasu, Martha Pelaez, Silvia Perel Levin, Cassandra Phoenix,
Karl Pillemer, Ritu Sadana, Saliyou
Sanni, Dorothea Schmidt, Yi Wen Shao, Elisha Sibale, Briget
Sleap, Jemma Sovell, Julie Steffler,
Yuka Sumi, Tran Bich Thuy, Enrique Vega and Kazuki
Yamada.
Conflicts of interest
None of the experts involved in the development of this report
declared any conflicts of
interest.
X I I I
COVID-19 Novel coronavirus 2019 (also known as SARS-CoV-
2)
GRADE Grading of Recommendations Assessment,
Development and Evaluation
MIPAA Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing
PEACE Positive Education about Ageing and Contact
Experiences
PRISMA Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and
Meta-Analyses
STDs Sexually transmitted diseases
UN United Nations
18. WHO World Health Organization
ABBREVIATIONS
X I V
GLOBAL REPORT ON AGEISM
X V
Age is one of the first things we notice about other people.
Ageism arises when age
is used to categorize and divide people in ways that lead to
harm, disadvantage and
injustice and erode solidarity across generations. Ageism takes
on different forms
across the life course. A teenager might, for instance, be
ridiculed for starting a
political movement; both older and younger people might be
denied a job because
of their age; or an older person might be accused of witchcraft
and driven out of
their home and village.
Ageism damages our health and well-being and is a major
barrier to enacting
effective policies and taking action on healthy ageing, as
recognized by World Health
Organization (WHO) Member States in the Global strategy and
action plan on ageing
and health and through the Decade of Healthy Ageing: 2021–
2030. In response, WHO
19. was asked to start, with partners, a global campaign to combat
ageism.
The Global report on ageism was developed for the campaign by
WHO, Office of
the High Commissioner for Human Rights, the United Nations
(UN) Department of
Economic and Social Affairs and the United Nations Population
Fund. It is directed
at policy-makers, practitioners, researchers, development
agencies and members of
the private sector and civil society. This report, after defining
the nature of ageism,
summarizes the best evidence about the scale, the impacts and
the determinants
of ageism and the most effective strategies to reduce it. It
concludes with three
recommendations for action, informed by the evidence, to cr eate
a world for all ages.
The nature of ageism
Ageism refers to the stereotypes (how we think), prejudice (how
we feel) and
discrimination (how we act) directed towards people on the
basis of their age. It can be
institutional, interpersonal or self-directed. Institutional ageism
refers to the laws, rules,
social norms, policies and practices of institutions that unfairly
restrict opportunities
and systematically disadvantage individuals because of their
age. Interpersonal ageism
arises in interactions between two or more individuals, while
self-directed ageism occurs
when ageism is internalized and turned against oneself.
20. Ageism starts in childhood and is reinforced over time. From an
early age, children pick
up cues from those around them about their culture’s
stereotypes and prejudices, which
are soon internalized. People then use these stereotypes to make
inferences and to guide
their feelings and behaviour towards people of different ages
and towards themselves.
Ageism often intersects and interacts with other forms of
stereotypes, prejudice and
discrimination, including ableism, sexism and racism. Multiple
intersecting forms of
bias compound disadvantage and make the effects of ageism on
individuals’ health
and well-being even worse.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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GLOBAL REPORT ON AGEISM
The scale of ageism
Ageism pervades many institutions and sectors of society,
including those providing health
and social care, the workplace, the media and the legal system.
Health-care rationing on
the basis of age is widespread, and older adults tend to be
excluded from research and
data collection efforts. Older and younger adults are often
disadvantaged in the workplace.
People get angrier about crimes committed by younger
21. offenders, rather than older, and
see these crimes as more serious transgressions. Ageism also
shapes how statistics and
data, on which policies are based, are collected.
Globally, one in two people are ageist against older people. In
Europe, the only region
for which we have data, one in three report having been a target
of ageism, and younger
people report more perceived age discrimination than other age
groups.
The impact of ageism
Ageism has serious and far-reaching consequences for people’s
health, well-being
and human rights. For older people, ageism is associated with a
shorter lifespan,
poorer physical and mental health, slower recovery from
disability and cognitive
decline. Ageism reduces older people’s quality of life, increases
their social isolation
and loneliness (both of which are associated with serious health
problems), restricts
their ability to express their sexuality and may increase the risk
of violence and
abuse against older people. Ageism can also reduce younger
people’s commitment
to the organization they work for.
For individuals, ageism contributes to poverty and financial
insecurity in older age,
and one recent estimate shows that ageism costs society billions
of dollars.
The determinants of ageism
22. Factors that increase the risk of perpetrating ageism against
older people are being
younger, male, anxious about death and less educated. Factors
that reduce the risk
of perpetrating ageism against both younger and older people
are having certain
personality traits and more intergenerational contact.
Factors that increase the risk of being a target of ageism are
being older, being
care-dependent, having a lower healthy life expectancy in the
country and working in
certain professions or occupational sectors, such as high-tech or
the hospitality sector.
A risk factor for being a target of ageism against younger
people is being female.
Three strategies to reduce ageism
Three strategies to reduce ageism have been shown to work:
policy and law,
educational activities and intergenerational contact
interventions.
X V I I
• Strategy 1: Policy and law – Policies and laws can be used to
reduce ageism
towards any age group. They can include, for example, policies
and legislation that
address age discrimination and inequality and human rights
laws. Strengthening
policies and laws against ageism can be achieved by adopting
23. new instruments
at the local, national or international level and by modifying
existing instruments
that permit age discrimination. This strategy requires
enforcement mechanisms
and monitoring bodies at the national and international levels to
ensure effective
implementation of the policies and laws addressing
discrimination, inequality and
human rights.
• Strategy 2: Educational interventions – Educational
interventions to reduce
ageism should be included across all levels and types of
education, from
primary school to university, and in formal and non-formal
educational contexts.
Educational activities help enhance empathy, dispel
misconceptions about
different age groups and reduce prejudice and discrimination by
providing accurate
information and counter-stereotypical examples.
• Strategy 3: Intergenerational contact interventions –
Investments should also
be made in intergenerational contact interventions, which aim to
foster interaction
between people of different generations. Such contact can
reduce intergroup
prejudice and stereotypes. Intergenerational contact
interventions are among the
most effective interventions to reduce ageism against older
people, and they also
show promise for reducing ageism against younger people.
Three recommendations for action
24. These recommendations aim to help stakeholders reduce ageism.
Implementing them
requires political commitment, the engagement of different
sectors and actors and context-
specific adaptations. When possible, they should be
implemented together to maximize
their impact on ageism.
• Recommendation 1: Invest in evidence-based strategies to
prevent and
tackle ageism. Priority should be given to the three strategies
supported by
the best evidence: enacting policies and laws, and implementing
educational
and intergenerational contact interventions. To make a
difference at the level of
populations, these strategies must be scaled up. Where such
interventions have
not been implemented before, they should be adapted and
tested, and then scaled
up once they have been shown to work in the new context.
• Recommendation 2: Improve data and research to gain a better
understanding
of ageism and how to reduce it. Improving our understanding of
all aspects
of ageism – its scale, impacts and determinants – is a
prerequisite for reducing
ageism against both younger and older people. Data should be
collected across
countries, particularly in low- and middle- income countries,
using valid and reliable
measurement scales of ageism. But the top-most priority should
be developing
strategies to reduce ageism. The evidence base for the
25. effectiveness of strategies
X V I I I
GLOBAL REPORT ON AGEISM
is developing, but it still falls short of what is needed. Existing
strategies should
be optimized, their cost and cost–effectiveness estimated and
then they should be
scaled up. Promising strategies, such as campaigns to reduce
ageism, need to be
further developed and evaluated.
• Recommendation 3: Build a movement to change the narrative
around age
and ageing. We all have a role to play in challenging and
eliminating ageism.
Governments, civil society organizations, UN agencies,
development organizations,
academic and research institutions, businesses and people of all
ages can join
the movement to reduce ageism. By coming together as a broad
coalition, we can
improve collaboration and communication between the different
stakeholders
engaged in combating ageism.
CONCLUSIONS
It is time to say no to ageism. This Global report on ageism
outlines how to combat
ageism and, hence, contribute to improving health, increasing
opportunities, reducing costs
26. and enabling people to flourish at any age. If governments, UN
agencies, development
organizations, civil society organizations and academic and
research institutions implement
strategies that are effective and invest in further research, and if
individuals and communities
join the movement and challenge every instance of ageism, then
together we will create
a world for all ages.
X I X
INTRODUCTION
Ageing is a natural and lifelong process that, while universal, is
not uniform. How we age
is shaped by the relationships we have with the social and
physical environments we have
lived in throughout our lives. How we age also varies according
to personal characteristics
including the family we were born into, our sex and our
ethnicity (1). The longer we live,
the more different from each other we become, making diversity
a hallmark of older age.
Our age reflects the number of years we have been alive. But
what is considered young
or old partly depends on context, purpose and culture. At age 18
you may be considered
too old to learn to be a competitive gymnast, but too young to
run for high political office.
Cultures also vary as to what constitutes older age, middle age
and youth. A century ago
in western Europe and North America, old age started much
earlier than it does today.
27. How we each think, feel and act towards age and ageing – our
own and that of others
– can either help us thrive or limit the lives we lead and the
freedoms we enjoy. When
age-based biases permeate our institutions (e.g. legal, health,
educational), they can create
and perpetuate disparities between groups so that individual -
level change alone cannot
address ageism, as research on sexism (2) and racism (3) has
shown.
Box 0.1
The word ageism
The term ageism was coined in 1969 by Robert Butler, an
American gerontologist
and the first director of the National Institute on Aging in the
United States. While
ageism has existed across centuries, countries, contexts and
cultures, the concept
is relatively new and does not – yet – exist in every language.
This can make it
challenging to raise awareness about this social phenomenon
and to advocate for
change. Those languages that lack a specific term for ageism
tend to use a proxy,
such as Altersdiskriminierung in German, which captures only
the dimension of dis-
crimination. Other languages that have a specific term, such as
Spanish (edadismo
or edaismo) and French (âgisme), are only now starting to use it
more widely. Iden-
tifying a word for ageism in every language would be one way
to start generating
awareness and change across countries. Although ageism covers
28. any stereotypes,
prejudice and discrimination based on age, other terms have
also been used to
refer to ageism directed against children and youth, including
the concepts of
adultism (4-6) and childism (7, 8). Ageism will be the only term
used in this report
to refer to age-based stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination.
Ageism refers to the stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination
directed towards others or
oneself based on age. Ageism affects people of all ages and will
be the only term used in
this report to refer to age-based stereotypes, prejudice and
discrimination (see Box 0.1).
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GLOBAL REPORT ON AGEISM
Why a global report on ageism?
The Global strategy and action plan on ageing and health
(2016–2030) (9) and the related
World Health Assembly resolution WHA69.3 (10) identified
combating ageism as a prerequisite
to developing good public policy on healthy ageing and to
improving the day-to-day lives of
older people. In response, the World Health Organization
(WHO) was called on to develop,
in cooperation with other partners, a global campaign to combat
ageism. While developing
the vision and principles of the Global campaign to combat
ageism, it became evident that
29. to prevent harm, reduce injustice and foster intergenerational
solidarity we need to reduce
ageism against people of all ages.
The Decade of Healthy Ageing: 2021–2030, an action plan for
the last 10 years of both the
Global strategy and action plan on ageing and health and the
2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development, was endorsed in August 2020 by the World
Health Assembly and in December
2020 by the United Nations General Assembly (11, 12, 13).
Combating ageism – that is,
changing how we think, feel and act towards age and ageing,
our own and that of others, is
one of the four action areas prioritized by the Decade of
Healthy Ageing. Combating ageism
Box 0.2
Language
Language conveys meaning and can fuel misconceptions that
can lead to ageism.
Words such as elderly, old or senior elicit stereotypes of older
people as universally
frail and dependent, and they are frequently used in a pejorative
sense. Similarly, the
word juvenile elicits a stereotype of younger people as
immature. This report uses
neutral language when referring to individuals and groups,
including the terms older
person, younger person or older people, older populations and
younger people.
Ageism is prevalent, deeply ingrained and more socially
accepted than other forms of bias.
Age-related bias is often seen as humorous or at the least
30. harmless. People fail to see that
how age and ageing are framed (e.g. having a senior moment,
grey tsunami, the problem of
ageing populations, “young people think they know
everything”) and the language that is
used (see Box 0.2) perpetuate misconceptions and influence the
policies we develop and the
opportunities we create – or don’t. Ageism, as shown in this
report, can change how we view
ourselves, can pit one generation against another, can devalue
or limit our ability to benefit
from what younger and older populations can contribute and can
reduce opportunities for
health, longevity and well-being while also having far-reaching
economic consequences.
To prevent harm, reduce injustice and foster
intergenerational solidarity we need to
reduce ageism against people of all ages.
X X I
is also integral to achieving progress in the other three actions
areas: developing communities
in ways that foster the abilities of older people, delivering
person-centred integrated care
and primary health services that are responsive to the needs of
older people and providing
older people who need it with access to long-term care.
While ageism has been identified as an important problem,
scientific information on ageism
is lacking. There is limited agreement on definitions and little
internationally comparable
31. information on the scale of the problem and a paucity of
evidence on the strategies that
work to reduce it.
This report, directed at policy-makers, practitioners,
researchers, development agencies, the
private sector and civil society, compiles the best evidence on
ageism.
Aims
The central themes of this report are the heavy burden that
ageism places on individuals
and society and the urgent need for action from governments,
civil society, the private
sector and individuals of all ages.
The goals of the report are to:
• raise awareness about the global nature, scale, impact and
determinants of ageism
directed against both younger and older people;
• draw attention to the need to prevent ageism, to promote and
protect the
realization and enjoyment of all human rights for all persons
and to present
effective intervention strategies;
• call for action across sectors and stakeholders.
The scope of the report supports these goals, and the report is
divided into 10 chapters. The first
explains what ageism is and how it operates towards both
younger and older people. There is
much less evidence on ageism against younger people than on
32. ageism against older people, and
it is of poorer quality. As a result, the report presents evidence
separately about ageism towards
Ageism, as shown in this report, can
change how we view ourselves, can pit
one generation against another, can
devalue or limit our ability to benefit from
what younger and older populations can
contribute and can reduce opportunities for
health, longevity and well-being while also
having far-reaching economic consequences.
X X I I
GLOBAL REPORT ON AGEISM
younger and older people. Chapters 2–4 relate only to older
people and detail the scale of the
problem (Chapter 2), its impact (Chapter 3) and the
determinants of ageism (Chapter 4). The
fifth chapter compiles all of the evidence about the scale,
impact, and determinants of ageism
against younger people. The three subsequent chapters
(Chapters 6–8) focus on strategies
that work to reduce ageism against older and younger people,
including policies and laws, and
educational and intergenerational activities. Chapter 9
highlights strategies that are promising,
but whose effectiveness is not yet proven. Each chapter explains
the relevant strategy and
how it works; provides an overview of the evidence on
effectiveness; identifies the costs and
factors that can potentially make the strategy more effective,
33. where such evidence exists; and
provides examples. Evidence relevant to younger people is
included in boxes.
Because the way that research is conducted is important (see
Box 0.3), each chapter has a box
evaluating available evidence and suggesting opportunities for
future research. Each chapter also
offers conclusions and suggestions for future directions, which
are drawn together in Chapter
10 to provide broad recommendations for policy and practice.
Box 0.3
How research is conducted on ageism matters
How well we understand ageism depends on how the research
on ageism was
conducted and how ageism was measured. If our definitions and
measures are
inaccurate, if the picture that our research produces of i ts scale
and distribution
and of the drivers and the impacts of ageism are inaccurate, our
efforts to reduce
ageism will be less effective. We are more likely to waste time
and money. And
ageism that could have been averted will persist, with the
serious consequences
outlined in this report.
The discussion of research in each chapter builds, to an extent,
on the previ-
ous one. If definitions of ageism (Chapter 1) are not clear,
ageism cannot be
measured accurately and its scale and distribution (Chapters 2
and 5) cannot
be established with confidence. If ageism cannot be measured
34. accurately, it
will be more difficult to ascertain the impact of ageism
(Chapters 3 and 5).
If the determinants of ageism (Chapters 4 and 5) are not
identified correctly,
strategies to reduce ageism (Chapter 6–9) are unlikely to be
effective because
the strategies are designed to target these determinants. In
addition, without
accurate measures of ageism, the effect of the strategies on
ageism cannot be
evaluated precisely.
X X I I I
Process
The conceptual framework for ageism was developed in
collaboration with the core group
working on the Global campaign to combat ageism. In
alignment with that framework,
several steps were taken to compile or collect evidence to
inform this report including:
• a review of the global prevalence of ageism towards older
people, broadly
understood as people aged 50 and older;
• a series of systematic reviews of research about ageism
against older people
in English, French and Spanish that was carried out by experts
that assessed
determinants, health impacts, intervention strategies and
measurement;
35. • a scoping review on ageism directed towards younger people,
which included
evidence on people younger than 50, from peer-reviewed
literature in English,
Spanish and French;
• targeted searches to identify other forms of published
quantitative and qualitative
evidence that were conducted in response to gaps identified in
the research,
including ageism in low- and middle-income countries, ageism
towards younger
people and the intersections between ageism and other ”-isms”;
• a review of global, national and local campaigns to tackle
ageism; and
• personal testimonies from younger and older people.
While there are many perceptions and opinions about the scale,
impact and determinants of
ageism and the most effective strategies to reduce it, this report
has made every effort to
base its findings on solid evidence. When deciding on what
evidence to report, findings from
systematic reviews – which aim to rigorously identify, evaluate
and summarize the findings of
all relevant individual studies on a topic – have been prioritized
over single studies. When no
evidence was available, the report points this out and calls for
the gap to be filled. Ageism
research, like about 90% of the research on psychology and
health, is predominantly carried
out in high-income countries, which account for some 15% of
the global population.
36. It is anticipated that the policy and practice considerations
outlined in this report will be
periodically reviewed and revised by the Department of Social
Determinants of Health at
WHO, in collaboration with partners.
This Global report on ageism charts the
steps that are required to combat ageism
and, hence, contribute to improving health,
increasing opportunities, reducing costs and
enabling people to flourish at any age.
X X I V
GLOBAL REPORT ON AGEISM
Moving forward
This Global report on ageism charts the steps that are required
to combat ageism and,
hence, contribute to improving health, increasing opportunities,
reducing costs and enabling
people to flourish at any age. The aspiration of those who
contributed to this report is
that it results in concrete actions that will be taken by all
stakeholders, at all levels and
across all sectors, and that these actions promote social and
economic development, the
achievement of human rights across the world and the
development of a world for all ages.
37. X X V
REFERENCES
1. World report on ageing and health. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2015 (https://
apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/186463, accessed 13 October
2020).
2. Ochoa Garza MK, Feagin JR. Sexism. In: Ritzer G, Rojek C,
editors. The Blackwell
Encyclopedia of Sociology. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405165518.wbeoss084.pub2.
3. Feagin JR. 2006. Systemic racism: a theory of oppression.
New York: Routledge; 2006.
4. Bell J. Understanding adultism: a major obstacle to
developing positive youth-adult
relationships. Somerville (MA): YouthBuild USA; 1995
(https://actioncivics.scoe.net/pdf/
Understanding_Adultism.pdf, accessed 12 October 2020).
5. Ceaser D. Unlearning adultism at Green Shoots: a reflexive
ethnographic analysis of age
inequality within an environmental education programme.
Ethnogr Educ. 2014:9;167–81.
6. Kennedy D. The well of being: childhood, subjectivity, and
education. New York: SUNY
Press; 2012.
7. Pierce CM, Allen GB. Childism. Psychiatr Ann. 1975;5:15-
24.
https://doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-19750701-04.
8. Young-Bruehl E. Childism: confronting prejudice against
38. children. New Haven (CT): Yale
University Press; 2012.
9. Global strategy and action plan on ageing and health.
Geneva: World Health Organization;
2017 (https://www.who.int/ageing/WHO-GSAP-2017.pdf?ua=1,
accessed 27 October
2020).
10. Resolution WHA69.3. The global strategy and action plan
on ageing and health 2016–2020:
towards a world in which everyone can live a long and healthy
life. In: Sixty-ninth World
Health Assembly, Geneva, 28 May 2016. Resolutions and
decisions, annexes. Geneva:
World Health Organization; 2016
(https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/252783,
accessed 12 October 2020).
11. WHA73(12). Decade of healthy ageing 2020–2030. In:
Seventy-third World Health
Assembly, Geneva, 3 August 2020. Agenda item 15.1. Geneva:
World Health Organization;
2020
(https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA73/A73(12)-
en.pdf, accessed 12
October 2020).
12. Resolution A/RES/70/1. Transforming our world: the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable
Development. In: Seventieth United Nations General Assembly,
21 October 2015. New
York: United Nations; 2015
(https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/
transformingourworld, accessed 12 October 2020).
39. 13. Resolution A/75/L.47 United Nations Decade of Healthy
Ageing (2021-2030). In: Seventy-
fifth United Nations General Assembly, 8 December 2020. New
York: United Nations; 2020
(https://undocs.org/en/A/75/L.47, accessed 14 December 2020).
https://actioncivics.scoe.net/pdf/Understanding_Adultism.pdf
https://actioncivics.scoe.net/pdf/Understanding_Adultism.pdf
https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA73/A73(12)-en.pdf
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingour
world
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingour
world
https://undocs.org/en/A/75/L.47
X X V I
GLOBAL REPORT ON AGEISM
F E R N A N D O , 6 4 ,
P L U R I N A T I O N A L
S T A T E O F B O L I V I A
S A U M Y A , 2 4 ,
I N D I A
X X V I
Discrimination against older people is a serious
issue. I was widowed seven months ago and
since my wife died, the people, my own family
has discriminated against me for being older and
41. Ageism refers to the stereotypes (how we think),
prejudice (how we feel) and discrimination (how
we act) directed towards others or oneself based
on age.
Ageism can manifest at the institutional or the
interpersonal level or it can be self-directed.
Ageism can be implicit or explicit depending on
our level of awareness of being ageist.
Ageism starts in childhood and is reinforced over
time.
Ageism intersects with other “-isms” and can
result in compounded disadvantage.
GLOBAL REPORT ON AGEISM
01
1.1
DEFINING AGEISM
Age is one of the first characteristics – along with sex
and race – that we notice about other people when
we interact with them (see Box 1.1) (3). Ageism arises
when age is used to categorize and divide people in
ways that lead to harm, disadvantage and injustice
and erode solidarity across generations.
Ageism takes many forms throughout our lifetime.
Imagine being systematically ignored by colleagues
and supervisors in the workplace, patronized by your
family at home, denied a loan at the bank, insulted or
42. avoided in the street, accused of witchcraft, denied
access to your property or land, or not being offered
treatment at a clinic, all simply because of your age.
These are all examples of how ageism penetrates our
lives, from younger age into older age.
Ageism is a multifaceted social phenomenon that
the World Health Organization (WHO) defines as the
stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination directed
towards others or oneself based on age (9). Ageism
has several interrelated aspects:
• three dimensions – stereotypes (thoughts),
prejudice (feelings) and discrimination (actions
or behaviour) (Section 1.1.1);
2
Section 1.1 of this chapter defines
ag e ism and i t s th re e ma in
dimensions: stereotypes, prejudice
and discrimination. A clear and
common understanding of ageism
is crucial to raise awareness and
ensure consistency in research, policy
and practice (1-2). The definitions
presented here underpin the rest
of the report. Section 1.2 describes
how ageism works and how it arises.
Section 1.3 describes intersections
between ageism and other “-isms”,
such as sexism and ableism,
illustrating their cumulative impacts.
Chapter
43. CHAPTER 01
Box 1.1
3
Age and stage of life are partly socially determined
Age, although correlated with biological processes, is also
socially shaped. Who
is considered young or old partly depends on context, purpose
and culture (4-6).
At age 18 you may be viewed as too old to become a
competitive pianist, but too
young to coach a professional soccer team. Cultures vary in how
they demarcate
old age, middle age and youth and in the norms and
expectations they have for
each of these life stages, which can change over time (7).
Environments also shape how we age. Inequalities linked, for
instance, to sex, eth-
nicity and income determine our access to health care and
education across the
life course, and they influence how we are at age 50, 60, 70 or
80. A large part of
the diversity we see in older age results from the cumulative
impact of these health
inequities across the life course (8).
• three levels of manifestation –
institutional, interpersonal and self-
directed (Section 1.1.2);
44. • two forms of expression – explicit
(conscious) and implicit (unconscious)
(Section 1.1.3).
1.1.1 Ageism as stereotypes,
prejudice and discrimination
The three dimensions of ageism – stereotypes,
prejudice and discrimination – each relate to
a distinct psychological faculty: thoughts
(stereotypes), feelings (prejudices) and
actions or behaviours (discrimination).
Stereotypes are cognitive structures that
store our beliefs and expectations about
the characteristics of members of social
groups, and stereotyping is the process
of applying stereotypic information (10).
Stereotypes guide our social behaviour and
often govern what information we seek and
remember (11-14).
In ageism, the stereotypes that people hold
about age can guide the inferences that
they make about other people based on
their age, including their physical and mental
capacities, social competencies and political
and religious beliefs. These inferences can
lead to overgeneralizations that consider
every person within a given age group
to be the same. For example, a common
overgeneralization is that older people are
frail, incompetent and friendly (15) or that
younger adults are materialistic, lazy and
impatient (16).
45. Age stereotypes can range from positive
to negative (17-19), but, being by definition
overgeneralizations, both so-called positive
and negative stereotypes are inaccurate and
potentially harmful. Some age stereotypes
cut across regions and cultures (20, 21). For
example, older adults tend to be stereotyped
as a mixture of warmth (positive) and
incompetence (negative) across different
countries in Europe, Asia and North and
South America, while younger adults are
stereotyped as highly competent (positive)
but low in warmth (negative) (20, 22-24).
Other age stereotypes tend to differ by
contexts and culture (17, 21, 25-28). Table
1.1 provides a catalogue of stereotypes
identified in different institutional settings
across the world. Which stereotypes
4
GLOBAL REPORT ON AGEISM
Table 1.1. A catalogue of stereotypes identified in different
institutional settings and countries
INSTITUTION OR SECTOR
STEREOTYPES
YOUNGER PEOPLE ARE… OLDER PEOPLE ARE…
Health and social carea
46. POSITIVE Healthy
Physically active
Strong and energetic
Warm
Likeable
NEGATIVE Risk-takers
Drug-users
Stressed and anxious
Rigid
Irritable and f rustrating
Lonely and isolated
Frail and weak
Asexual
Easily confused
Depressed and depressing
Needy
Disabled
Workb
POSITIVE Energetic
Ambitious
Tech-savvy
Hard-working (middle-aged)
Reliable
Committed
Experienced
Hard-working
Socially skilled
Good mentors and leaders
Able to deal with change
47. NEGATIVE Narcissistic
Disloyal
Entitled
Lazy
Unmotivated
Easily distracted
Incompetent and unproductive
Unmotivated
Resistant to change
Harder to train and unable to learn
Not flexible
Not technologically competent
Mediac
POSITIVE Attractive Healthy
Engaged
Productive
Self-reliant
NEGATIVE Troublesome
Violent criminals
Unattractive
Unhappy
Senile
Badly dressed
Inactive
Dependent
Unhealthy
Disempowered and poor
Vulnerable
Diabolical
48. a For additional information, see references 16 and 33-40.
b For additional information, see references 16 and 41-48.
c For additional information, see references 32 and 49-51.
5
CHAPTER 01
predominate in a given situation depend
largely on the age of the person being
ageist (29) and the context, such as the
place where the older or younger person is
encountered (30, 31). Social and economic
changes and shifts in values within a
society can lead to stereotypes evolving
over time (32).
Prejudice is an emotional reaction or
feeling, either positive or negative, that is
directed towards a person based on their
perceived group membership (1, 52). Prejudice
contributes to creating or maintaining
hierarchical status relations between groups
(53). In the case of ageism, prejudice is
directed towards an individual or a group
based on perceptions of their age.
Feelings of pity or sympathy are two
common forms of prejudice towards older
adults (15), and they can generate a desire
to exclude oneself from the company of
older people (54). In turn, younger people
may provoke feelings of fear or aversion,
often based on the presumption that they
49. are delinquents or criminals.
Discrimination consists of actions, practices
or policies that are applied to people
on account of their perceived or real
membership in some socially salient group
and that impose some form of disadvantage
(negative discrimination) or advantage
(positive discrimination) on them (55).
In relation to ageism, discrimination relates
to behaviours – including actions, practices
and policies – that are directed towards
people based on their age. Employers who
refuse to allow a person to lead a discussion
because they consider the person to be too
young or who do not allow an employee
to attend a training session because they
consider the person to be too old to benefit
from it are examples of, respectively,
negative discrimination towards younger
and older people. Examples of positive
actions include offering discounts to
younger or older adults who are unlikely to
have a regular income.
In short, ageism involves how we think
(stereotypes), feel (prejudice) and act
(discrimination) in relation to others and
ourselves based on age (see Fig. 1.1).
This report focuses on the negative
implications of age-based stereotypes,
prejudice and discrimination, regardless
of whether the specific thoughts, feelings
50. or actions are perceived to be positive or
negative.
1.1.2 Institutional,
interpersonal and self-
directed ageism
Institutional ageism refers to the laws,
rules, social norms, policies and practices of
institutions that unfairly restrict opportunities
and systematically disadvantage individuals
on the basis of their age (1, 53, 56). It also
refers to the ideologies that institutions
foster to justify their ageism.
While institutional ageism can result from
conscious and overt efforts made by
individuals in an institution (in which case
it overlaps with interpersonal ageism), it
does not necessarily require the intentional
support of the individuals in an institution or
any awareness of bias towards younger or
older people. Often people fail to recognize
the existence of such institutional ageism
because the rules, norms and practices of
the institution are of long-standing, have
become ritualized and are seen as normal.
Moreover, institutional ideologies – often
tacit – offer justifications for “the way
things are done” (1, 53). Thus, while not
always intentional, institutional ageism
can legitimize the exclusion of people
from power and influence, reinforcing an
51. 6
GLOBAL REPORT ON AGEISM
asymmetric power structure that is based
on age and age-associated assumptions
(57).
Because institutional ageism – like
institutional racism or sexism – is not
always the result of overt bias on the part
of individuals, it often must be inferred
from the disparate outcomes occurring
between age groups. For instance, in
health care, decisions regarding whether
or not to withhold life sustaining therapies
(e.g. ventilator support, surgery or dialysis)
often vary by age contributing to different
outcomes for different age groups. These
disparate outcomes can then be traced back
and attributed, at least in part, to the laws,
polices or practices of an institution, which
is then considered institutionally ageist.
Thus, a key consideration in institutional
ageism is not so much the intention, but the
disparate outcomes (55, 57, 58).
Examples of institutional ageism include:
• policies in the health sector that allow
care to be rationed by age (59); and
• in the labour sector, discriminatory
hiring practices or mandatory
retirement ages (42, 43, 60).
52. Interpersonal ageism refers to ageism
occurring during interactions between two
or more individuals.
In interpersonal ageism, the perpetrator is
distinguished from the target of ageism.
Fig. 1.1. The three dimensions of ageism include stereotypes,
prejudice and
discrimination. These dimensions may be perceived as positive
or negative
7
CHAPTER 01
Fig. 1.2. Interpersonal, institutional and self-directed ageism
are intertwined and
mutually reinforcing
Examples of interpersonal ageism include:
• disrespecting or patronizing older
and younger adults, ignoring their
points of view in decision-making or
avoiding contact and interactions;
• using an overly accommodating tone
and simple vocabulary and sentence
structure when interacting with
older adults (known as elderspeak).
This type of speech, by assuming
that older adults are less capable,
53. infantilizes them and increases
the likelihood that others will view
them as incompetent and incapable,
and treat them disrespectfully and
impolitely (61, 62);
• insulting older people by saying that
they are worthless because of their
age, or younger people by saying
that they are thoughtless, selfish or
criminals because of their age.
Self-directed ageism refers to ageism turned
against oneself. People internalize age-
based biases from the surrounding culture
after being repeatedly exposed to those
biases, and they then apply those biases to
themselves (63).
Examples of self-directed ageism include:
• people in their twenties who think
that they are too young for a job and
may be reluctant to apply;
• older individuals who do not believe
it is possible to learn new skills
later in life and hesitate to enrol at
university or take up a new hobby.
The three levels at which ageism manifests
itself are intertwined and mutually reinforcing
(see Fig. 1.2).
54. 8
GLOBAL REPORT ON AGEISM
Ageist institutional rules, norms and
practices, and the ageist ideologies they
foster, can shape, and be shaped by, the
attitudes of individuals – which underlie
interpersonal ageism – who are members of
these institutions and wider society.
At the same time, institutional and
interpersonal ageism can be internalize d
and lead to self-directed ageism. And
self-directed ageism can result in people
conforming to their society’s age stereotypes,
which in turn reinforces interpersonal and
institutional ageism.
1.1.3 Explicit and implicit
ageism
People may not always be aware that they
are being ageist. Ageism can be either
explicit or implicit, depending on a person’s
level of consciousness or awareness of being
ageist. In explicit ageism, a person’s ageist
thoughts, feelings and actions towards
others or themselves are conscious and
intentional – that is, within their awareness
and control.
In implicit ageism, however, a person’s
ageist thoughts, feelings and actions
towards others or themselves operate
without conscious awareness and are largely
55. unintentional and beyond their control
(64). In implicit ageism, individuals do not
recognize the thoughts, feelings and actions
that are triggered by age stereotypes, and
they may rationalize such behaviour by
attributing it to other factors.
For example, rather than employers
acknowledging that they prefer to hire
a younger person, they might invoke an
older candidate’s personality or lack of
specific training. When a culture’s ageist
attitudes are internalized and the ageism
within its main institutions has become
so routine and normalized that it is no
longer recognized by its members, ageism
has become part of the subconscious
framework of society, which can be
expressed through implicit ageism (65).
1.2
HOW AGEISM WORKS
AND HOW IT ARISES
1.2.1 Interactions between
stereotypes, prejudice and
discrimination
Because our thoughts, feelings and
actions influence each other, the relation
between stereotypes, prejudice and
discrimination is multidirectional (see Fig.
1.3). Stereotypes can influence prejudice
and discrimination; discrimination can
influence stereotypes and prejudice; and
56. prejudice can influence discrimination
and stereotypes. For example, in English,
using terms such as elderly to refer to
older adults has been shown to evoke
negative stereotypes of older people as
frail and dependent (stereotypes) (66).
A study found that young adults with
negative attitudes towards older adults
showed less compassion towards them
and wanted to keep their distance from
them rather than show them empathy
(prejudice) (67). Another study showed
that employers who held negative
stereotypes about older employees
were also more punitive towards them
(discrimination) (68).
These relationships between stereotypes,
prejudice and discrimination are not
automatic. The mere activation of a
stereotype does not imply that people will
inevitably have negative feelings and act in
9
CHAPTER 01
discriminatory ways (69). These relationships
are influenced by contexts, including laws
and culture (70).
1.2.2 Ageism starts early in
life and is reinforced over
57. time
Ageism starts in early childhood. From the
age of 4 years, children become aware of
their culture’s age stereotypes through
the cues they pick up from people around
them (71, 72). They begin to internalize and
use these stereotypes to make inferences
and to guide their feelings and behaviour
towards people of different ages (12, 73).
For instance, children in preschool and
primary school were shown drawings that
depicted a man at four stages of life, and
two thirds of the children viewed the oldest
man as being ‘‘helpless, incapable of caring
for himself, and generally passive’’ (63, 74).
We also draw on our culture’s age
stereotypes to perceive and understand
ourselves and to guide our behaviour as
members of a given age group, which can
result in self-directed ageism at any age.
For example, when individuals reach old
age, the ageing stereotypes internalized in
childhood and then reinforced for decades
can become self-stereotypes (63). Indeed,
research has shown that older people
express attitudes towards their own group
that are as negative as those expressed
by younger people towards older people
(75). For instance, older people in the
United States of America were more likely
than younger people to oppose federal
programmes that benefit them, and their
opposition to these programmes was
58. predicted by the stereotypes about ageing
that they held (63).
Stereotype-consistent behaviour can also
be triggered through what is known as
stereotype threat. Stereotype threat arises
when people underperform on a task due
to worries about confirming a negative
stereotype about their group (76, 77). For
instance, an older person may do less well
on a driving test or cognitive test due to
anxiety about confirming stereotypes about
older people being bad drivers or mentally
slower. Furthermore, by behaving in a
stereotype-consistent manner, older adults
can help to reinforce prevailing attitudes,
which can give rise to further age prejudice
and discrimination.
1.3
AGEISM AND OTHER
"-ISMS"
Ageism is, to an extent, different from other
“-isms”, such as racism or sexism. Whereas
other “-isms” involve bias against relatively
stable subpopulations that do not vary
across the life course, ageism involves bias
against a moving target. People belong
to different age groups at different points
Fig. 1.3. Stereotypes, prejudice and
discrimination interact with and
influence each other in multidirectional
relationships
59. 1 0
GLOBAL REPORT ON AGEISM
in their lives and, thus, will be more or
less likely to perpetrate or be a target of
ageism at different times. Another difference
between ageism and the other “-isms” is
that everyone is susceptible to experiencing
it. Ageism also tends to be more accepted
and challenged less often than other “-isms”
(1, 78), and it has been shown to be more
pervasive than sexism and racism across 28
countries in Europe (79).
Ageism can interact with other forms of
bias, such as sexism and ableism, and
exacerbate disadvantage, which may
compound the impact on individuals’ health
and well-being (80-82). A growing number
of studies have explored the interactions
and intersections between different “-isms”.
Ageism and ableism and ageism and sexism
are two forms of intersection that have been
explored in some detail.
1.3.1 Ageism and ableism
Ableism refers to the stereotypes, prejudice
and discrimination directed against people
with disabilities or those who are perceived
to have have a disability. Ageism and
ableism are closely intertwined in ways that
can often result in mutual reinforcement (4).
60. For instance, given that stereotypes
commonly associated with older people
(i.e. they are warm yet incompetent) are the
same as those associated with people with
disabilities, they may reinforce each other
and prevent people from recognizing the
diversity seen among older adults with a
disability (20). It is also often assumed that
disability is the norm in older age (83, 84),
which may stem from the fact that most
people with disabilities are older (85). Still,
this does not mean that most older people
live with some form of disability. The
discourse around successful ageing, with its
emphasis on maintaining able- bodiedness
and able mindedness in older age, may have
further reinforced ageism and ableism (86).
In younger people, physical impairment
may be particularly undermining, as it
challenges people’s expectations regarding
active, independent and able-bodied young
adults (87). Younger adults with a disability
may be treated with disdain or disrespect
because they are violating the cultural norm
of able-bodiedness, whereas their older
counterparts may be treated with support
and empathy. For example, a study in the
United States found that the link between
disability and perceived discrimination
is more pronounced among working-age
adults relative to persons aged 65 and
older (88).
61. People with disabilities are also treated as if
they are either significantly older or younger
than people of the same age without
disability. Often they are viewed either as
an older person in a stereotypical state of
decline or as a child with limited competence
and autonomy (89). At the same time, there
is evidence that programmes, expenditures,
and goals for people with disabilities differ
substantially across age groups in ways that
suggest ageism (90). For example, in the
United States, government expenditures per
recipient are substantially higher for younger
individuals with disabilities, and care options
rejected by younger people with disabilities
(e.g. institutional care) are often considered
acceptable for older adults (90). In Sweden,
disability policies have been found to serve
children and young adults better than
older persons with disabilities (91). This
is particularly problematic if we consider
that older people are disproportionately
represented in disability populations (85).
1.3.2 Ageism and sexism
Research on the combined impact of sexism
and ageism in older age has concluded that
older women – relative to older and younger
1 1
CHAPTER 01
62. men and younger women – bear the brunt
of multiple forms of discrimination.
The term “gendered ageism” has been coined
to cover the intersection of age and gender,
and it refers to differences in ageism faced by
women compared with men (92, 93). Women
are often in a situation of double jeopardy in
which patriarchal norms and a preoccupation
with youth result in a faster deterioration
of older women’s status compared with
that of men (94). This double jeopardy also
explains why the physical appearance of
older women is judged differently than that
of older men (95-99). Men with grey hair
and wrinkles are seen as distinguished, wise
and experienced, whereas grey hair and
wrinkles are considered to make women
look unattractive in many cultures. Women
also face greater pressure than men to hide
signs of ageing through the use of hair dye
and anti-ageing products (100-102), and they
are targeted by an ever-growing anti-ageing
beauty industry (103).
Two other ways in which the intersection
between ageism and sexism manifest are
through accusations of witchcraft and
discrimination directed against older widows.
In parts of sub-Saharan Africa, accusations
of witchcraft are widespread, with older
women being persecuted and accused of
causing ill luck, disease or death (104). In
many parts of the world, older widows are
socially ostracized or discriminated against.
For instance, they are denied the right to
63. inherit the property they shared with their
husbands (105, 106) (see Section 2.2 of
Chapter 2).
The interaction between ageism and sexism
can manifest in many different institutions.
For example, in health care, disparities
have been documented in terms of older
women’s access to preventive care and
treatment. Multiple studies conducted in the
United States have reported that older men
generally receive more thorough medical
examinations, more follow-up and more
evidence-based medical care than women
do, and men are also more likely to receive
preventive care (107-110).
In employment, the disadvantages of being
too young or too old impact women more
than men. This suggests that in these age
ranges, being a woman intensifies age
prejudice (60, 101), which not only has an
effect on a woman’s career but also on
her ability to access a pension in older
age (92). Compared with older men, older
women typically have had fewer years in
the workforce, have earned less and are
less likely to have pensions or substantial
retirement savings.
1.3.3 Other “-isms”
Although research has mainly focused on
the intersections of ageism with ableism and
sexism, there may be as many intersections
64. as there are forms of stereotypes, prejudice
and discrimination, including with racism,
classism, heterosexism, homophobia and
transphobia.
An important intersection that has not
been sufficiently explored is that between
ageism and racism, but this field of research
is growing. For example, in Canada there is
evidence that stigma acts as a barrier to
black female youth accessing mental health
services and support (111). In the United
States minority women were more likely to
report unfair treatment based on age than
other respondents, including white men (112).
Another intersection that is being increasingly
explored is that of ageism and heterosexism
and sexuality (113-115). A growing body
of cross-cultural research recognizes the
importance of examining how age, gender
and sexuality work together and with other
forms of exclusion, including those based
1 2
GLOBAL REPORT ON AGEISM
on ethnicity and class, to form a range of
inequalities (or opportunities) for people as
they age. Qualitative studies revealed that
older lesbians report frequent experiences
of homophobia, heterosexism and ageism
in the health care system and elsewhere
65. (116), and that older black gay men and
lesbian women feel alienated from the black
community, deliberately conceal their sexual
identity and orientation, and feel isolated
(117). These findings suggest that how these
identities are managed may have an impact
on an individual’s adjustment to the ageing
process.
Despite these advances in research,
further research is needed to explore
the intersections between ageism and
these other “-isms” and the multiple and
compounding forms of discrimination that
they elicit.
1.4
CONCLUSIONs AND
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
This chapter described what ageism is and
how it works. It provides the conceptual
basis for the rest of the report. Ageism
refers to the stereotypes (how we think),
prejudice (how we feel) and discrimination
(how we act) directed towards people
based on their age. It manifests itself at
three levels – institutional, interpersonal and
self-directed – and can be either explicit or
implicit. Age-based stereotypes, prejudice
and discrimination interact and mutually
reinforce each other. Ageism tends to start
early in life and be reinforced over time
through interactions between individuals
and their social environments. Ageism can
66. also interact and intersect with other “-isms”,
such as sexism, ableism and racism, thus
exacerbating disadvantage.
The definition of ageism proposed in this
report is the result of a decades-long process
of refinement, and it enjoys considerable
consensus among ageism researchers.
Future priorities for understanding the
nature of ageism should include:
• promoting the use of the definition
proposed in this report to enable
cross-cultural comparisons of
research and practice;
• improving our understanding of the
way in which different languages and
cultures refer to ageism to improve
translatability;
• increasing awareness among all
key stakeholders of what ageism
is, particularly in low- and middle-
income countries, to foster a shared
understanding of the issue and
stimulate action;
• conducting further research on the
ways in which ageism intersects
with other “-isms”, which will have
important implications for the actions
taken to tackle ageism and other
forms of stereotypes, prejudice and
discrimination.
67. Ageism can also interact and
intersect with other “-isms”,
such as sexism, ableism and
racism, thus exacerbating
disadvantage.
1 3
CHAPTER 01
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