This document provides a historical overview of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) terrorism from the 1970s through the 1980s. It notes that while CBRN terrorism was not a major threat during this period, some terrorist groups did show interest in acquiring and using CBRN weapons. In the 1970s, there were a small number of incidents involving the use or acquisition of CBRN agents, mostly crude chemical or biological weapons. Debate emerged around terrorists' technical capabilities and motivations for CBRN use. In the 1980s, incidents slightly increased, including the first biological terrorism attack by the Rajneeshpuram Cult in 1984. However, CBRN terrorism was still not a
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Chapter 5 Global TerrorismNONSTATE ADVERSARIES, FUNDAMENTALIST.docxbissacr
Chapter 5 Global Terrorism
NONSTATE ADVERSARIES, FUNDAMENTALIST RELIGIOUS EXTREMISM, AND WEAPONS ARE THREE FORCES OF GLOBAL TERRORISM, ALL REPRESENTED BY TALIBAN FIGHTERS IN AFGHANISTAN.
Learning Objectives
1. 5.1Recognize that terrorism is a contentious issue that becomes hopelessly muddled by political and military considerations
2. 5.2Review the factors that are conducive to terrorism
3. 5.3Identify the goals, strategies, and weapons of terrorism
4. 5.4Identify the sources of funds that are used for financing terrorism
5. 5.5Review how terrorism adversely affects individuals, nations, and other groups
6. 5.6Summarize five kinds of terrorism
7. 5.7Examine the different ways of combating terrorism
8. 5.8Analyze the fundamental question about the balance between fighting terrorism and protecting democracy within the United States
The Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013 and the grisly murder of an off-duty British soldier in public in London in May 2013 that was filmed on mobile phones as the terrorist waited for police demonstrate a further shift away from centralized terrorist organizations to lone wolf terrorism. This kind of terrorism is conducted by self-motivated independent individuals. The attacks in Boston and London show how difficult it is to prevent lone wolf terrorism.
Successful U.S. counterterrorism measures against al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula and in Pakistan, combined with failed democratic transitions in the Middle East and North Africa, have contributed to the shift of global terrorism to Africa. Domestic terrorist groups such as Boko Haram, which means “Western education is sacrilege,” in northern Nigeria, collaborate with al-Qaeda. The Syrian civil war, chaos in Iraq following the U.S. withdrawal, and the disintegration of law and order in Libya have strengthened terrorism, most notably the group called the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), which claimed credit for the November 13, 2015 terrorist massacre in Paris.
The growing use of armed drones for targeted killings of suspected terrorists in Yemen, Pakistan, Somalia, Niger, and elsewhere raises many controversial issues. Drones are effective weapons against terrorists. Even though they kill fewer civilians than alternative methods, the loss of innocent civilian lives undermines their use.
Edward Snowden’s leaking of documents showing extensive spying on Americans as well as people and governments around the world by the National Security Agency (NSA) as part of America’s counterterrorism strategy raised global concerns about the basic right to privacy. It also has far-reaching consequences for U.S. security and foreign policy.
Osama bin Laden, widely viewed as the embodiment of global terrorism, was killed by U.S. Special Forces on May 1, 2011, in Pakistan. Despite this significant development, the war on terrorism continues. Think about how the escalation of global terrorism affects our daily lives. This global problem is now virtually inseparable from pe.
IN THIS SUMMARY
In No End to War, Walter Laqueur deals with the new elements in contemporary terrorism, why terrorism came so suddenly, and why it is so often and so thoroughly misinterpreted. Terrorism has changed over time and so have the terrorists, their motives, and the causes of terrorism. During the 1990s, a new factor arose that became the most prominent component of world terrorism: Islamic terrorism, especially from al Qa’ida under Osama bin Laden.
SUBSCRIBE TODAY
http://www.bizsum.com/summaries/no-end-war
WMD Proliferation, Globalization, and International Security.docxambersalomon88660
WMD Proliferation, Globalization, and International Security:
Whither the Nexus and National Security?
Strategic Insights, Volume V, Issue 6 (July 2006)
by James A. Russell
Strategic Insights is a bi-monthly electronic journal produced by the Center for Contemporary
Conflict at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. The views expressed here are
those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of NPS, the Department of
Defense, or the U.S. Government.
For a PDF version of this article, click here.
Introduction
Throughout the 1990s, the United States national security establishment gradually espoused the
idea of a growing threat posed by the proliferation of a variety weapons and weapons
technologies that could cause mass casualties to combatants and noncombatants alike. Nuclear
weapons had long occupied the rhetorical space used by policy makers to describe weapons that
could kill on a mass scale, but gradually the result was that the term “weapons of mass
destruction” was reinvigorated and quickly became an accepted term in the lexicon of national
security policy. The term is believed to have surfaced in the media in the aftermath of the German
bombing of Guernica, the Basque seat of power, in April 1937. It reappeared periodically during
World War II in reference to the indiscriminate killing of civilians by aircraft.[1] Today, the term is
defined in U.S. Code Title 50 as “any weapon or device that is intended, or has the capability, to
cause death or serious bodily injury to a significant number of people through the release,
dissemination, or impact of toxic or poisonous chemicals or their precursors; a disease organism;
radiation or radioactivity."[2] For the purposes of this analysis, the term is defined as weapons
that can inflict mass casualties on combatants and noncombatants using nuclear and radiological
devices, long range missiles, and lethal chemical- and biological agents.[3]
Arguably, the kick-off to the more recent formal shift in emphasis in the U.S. national security
bureaucracy came in September 1993 when President Clinton told the United Nations General
Assembly:
One of our most urgent priorities must be attacking the proliferation of weapons of mass
destruction, whether they are nuclear, chemical or biological; and the ballistic missiles
that can rain them down on populations hundreds of miles away… If we do not stem the
proliferation of the world’s deadliest weapons, no democracy can feel secure.[4]
Following the speech, President Clinton signed Presidential Directive 18, which ordered the
Department of Defense to develop a new approach in addressing the proliferation of weapons of
mass destruction. At the time of the initiative, the United States was particularly concerned with
the prospect of thousands of unsecured nuclear warheads in the former Soviet republics—the
problem of “loose nukes.”
In late 1993, Secretary of Defense Les Aspi.
Terrorism : A Global Issue Essay
Essay on terrorism
Definition Essay: Terrorism
Essay on Terrorism
Essay on History of Terrorism
Terrorism Essay
Essay on Terrorism
Essay on Terrorism
Essay on Terrorism: Its Forms and Effects
Essay On State Sponsored Terrorism
Essay on Terrorism
Essay on Terrorism
Essay On State Sponsored Terrorism
Essay on terrorism
Essay on Terrorism
Terrorism Essay
Terrorism : A Global Issue Essay
Terrorism Essay
Militaries Role In Combating Terrorism
Definition Essay: Terrorism
Essay on Solutions for Terrorism
Chapter 5 Global TerrorismNONSTATE ADVERSARIES, FUNDAMENTALIST.docxbissacr
Chapter 5 Global Terrorism
NONSTATE ADVERSARIES, FUNDAMENTALIST RELIGIOUS EXTREMISM, AND WEAPONS ARE THREE FORCES OF GLOBAL TERRORISM, ALL REPRESENTED BY TALIBAN FIGHTERS IN AFGHANISTAN.
Learning Objectives
1. 5.1Recognize that terrorism is a contentious issue that becomes hopelessly muddled by political and military considerations
2. 5.2Review the factors that are conducive to terrorism
3. 5.3Identify the goals, strategies, and weapons of terrorism
4. 5.4Identify the sources of funds that are used for financing terrorism
5. 5.5Review how terrorism adversely affects individuals, nations, and other groups
6. 5.6Summarize five kinds of terrorism
7. 5.7Examine the different ways of combating terrorism
8. 5.8Analyze the fundamental question about the balance between fighting terrorism and protecting democracy within the United States
The Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013 and the grisly murder of an off-duty British soldier in public in London in May 2013 that was filmed on mobile phones as the terrorist waited for police demonstrate a further shift away from centralized terrorist organizations to lone wolf terrorism. This kind of terrorism is conducted by self-motivated independent individuals. The attacks in Boston and London show how difficult it is to prevent lone wolf terrorism.
Successful U.S. counterterrorism measures against al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula and in Pakistan, combined with failed democratic transitions in the Middle East and North Africa, have contributed to the shift of global terrorism to Africa. Domestic terrorist groups such as Boko Haram, which means “Western education is sacrilege,” in northern Nigeria, collaborate with al-Qaeda. The Syrian civil war, chaos in Iraq following the U.S. withdrawal, and the disintegration of law and order in Libya have strengthened terrorism, most notably the group called the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), which claimed credit for the November 13, 2015 terrorist massacre in Paris.
The growing use of armed drones for targeted killings of suspected terrorists in Yemen, Pakistan, Somalia, Niger, and elsewhere raises many controversial issues. Drones are effective weapons against terrorists. Even though they kill fewer civilians than alternative methods, the loss of innocent civilian lives undermines their use.
Edward Snowden’s leaking of documents showing extensive spying on Americans as well as people and governments around the world by the National Security Agency (NSA) as part of America’s counterterrorism strategy raised global concerns about the basic right to privacy. It also has far-reaching consequences for U.S. security and foreign policy.
Osama bin Laden, widely viewed as the embodiment of global terrorism, was killed by U.S. Special Forces on May 1, 2011, in Pakistan. Despite this significant development, the war on terrorism continues. Think about how the escalation of global terrorism affects our daily lives. This global problem is now virtually inseparable from pe.
IN THIS SUMMARY
In No End to War, Walter Laqueur deals with the new elements in contemporary terrorism, why terrorism came so suddenly, and why it is so often and so thoroughly misinterpreted. Terrorism has changed over time and so have the terrorists, their motives, and the causes of terrorism. During the 1990s, a new factor arose that became the most prominent component of world terrorism: Islamic terrorism, especially from al Qa’ida under Osama bin Laden.
SUBSCRIBE TODAY
http://www.bizsum.com/summaries/no-end-war
WMD Proliferation, Globalization, and International Security.docxambersalomon88660
WMD Proliferation, Globalization, and International Security:
Whither the Nexus and National Security?
Strategic Insights, Volume V, Issue 6 (July 2006)
by James A. Russell
Strategic Insights is a bi-monthly electronic journal produced by the Center for Contemporary
Conflict at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. The views expressed here are
those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of NPS, the Department of
Defense, or the U.S. Government.
For a PDF version of this article, click here.
Introduction
Throughout the 1990s, the United States national security establishment gradually espoused the
idea of a growing threat posed by the proliferation of a variety weapons and weapons
technologies that could cause mass casualties to combatants and noncombatants alike. Nuclear
weapons had long occupied the rhetorical space used by policy makers to describe weapons that
could kill on a mass scale, but gradually the result was that the term “weapons of mass
destruction” was reinvigorated and quickly became an accepted term in the lexicon of national
security policy. The term is believed to have surfaced in the media in the aftermath of the German
bombing of Guernica, the Basque seat of power, in April 1937. It reappeared periodically during
World War II in reference to the indiscriminate killing of civilians by aircraft.[1] Today, the term is
defined in U.S. Code Title 50 as “any weapon or device that is intended, or has the capability, to
cause death or serious bodily injury to a significant number of people through the release,
dissemination, or impact of toxic or poisonous chemicals or their precursors; a disease organism;
radiation or radioactivity."[2] For the purposes of this analysis, the term is defined as weapons
that can inflict mass casualties on combatants and noncombatants using nuclear and radiological
devices, long range missiles, and lethal chemical- and biological agents.[3]
Arguably, the kick-off to the more recent formal shift in emphasis in the U.S. national security
bureaucracy came in September 1993 when President Clinton told the United Nations General
Assembly:
One of our most urgent priorities must be attacking the proliferation of weapons of mass
destruction, whether they are nuclear, chemical or biological; and the ballistic missiles
that can rain them down on populations hundreds of miles away… If we do not stem the
proliferation of the world’s deadliest weapons, no democracy can feel secure.[4]
Following the speech, President Clinton signed Presidential Directive 18, which ordered the
Department of Defense to develop a new approach in addressing the proliferation of weapons of
mass destruction. At the time of the initiative, the United States was particularly concerned with
the prospect of thousands of unsecured nuclear warheads in the former Soviet republics—the
problem of “loose nukes.”
In late 1993, Secretary of Defense Les Aspi.
1Comparing Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy with OthEttaBenton28
1
Comparing Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy with Other Approaches
Caroline E Sam
NRNP 6645
Psychotherapy with Multiple Modalities
Assignment week 7
01/15/2022
This study source was downloaded by 100000806925124 from CourseHero.com on 04-18-2022 09:34:05 GMT -05:00
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2
Comparing Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy with Other Approaches
Psychologists have developed various theories on human psychology. The Humanist,
existential, and humanist existential models explain the personality changes. The models are
central in therapies as they define how people perceive and accept life challenges. The humanist
model emphasizes the innate goodness in people, while the humanist-existential psychotherapy
model argues that personalities change, and people can develop new attributes based on
circumstances.
Two models: Humanistic-existential psychotherapy and Humanist psychotherapy
Humanistic-existential Psychotherapy
Humanistic Existential Psychotherapy (HE) postulates that the human personality is
dynamic, and changes occur across the lifespan that defines personality at each point
(Hounkpatin et al., 2015). The model integrates humanistic and existentialist approaches. The
humanist perspective claims that human beings are good, while the existentialist proposes that
people are neither good nor bad (Daei Jafari et al., 2020). Integration of the two models creates a
dynamic person capable of actualizing based on situations and strengths. The model is adopted as
a transition from the traditional conception of personality as a stable element that remains
consistent throughout life. The HE models framework asserts that individuals confront and
challenge a meaningless life as they transform their lives into a personality they desire. The
person pursues self-rated health, self-efficacy, psychological turning point, and life satisfaction
that involves a subjective evaluation of an individual’s wellbeing (Hounkpatin et al., 2015).
These components keep an individual driven to improve their lives. Notably, societal norms and
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3
the pursuit of authentic individual-based life goals contribute to an individual’s personality
changes.
There is a constant drive to meet an expectation, which is addressed in the social
investment theory- an investment in institutions such as work, and marriage motivates
personality changes. Notably, the ...
1Comment by Perjessy, Caroline SubstanEttaBenton28
1
Comment by Perjessy, Caroline:
Substance use Anxiety Group Curriculum
Southern New Hampshire University
Clinical Mental Health Counseling Department, COU660
Dr. Caroline P.
Rationale for the group
In Massachusetts, we have several groups for substance use both such as AA meetings and , NA meetings that are held in most area areasjust not a sufficient amount. Some. So me groups are also held at treatment centers by alumni which is a great thing because it will provide members with great responsibility skills. Some of the groups like psychoeducation and 12 steps meetings are mainly for those who are going through andchallenges and have a past with substance use. I plan to hold a group not only for those who have been through it but also withhave family members that are looking for resources and better understanding of the disease. The need for substance use group in the Boston, MassMassachusetts community is in high demand. Although Boston is a wide community where the rent can be high and have good paying jobs, many still struggle s with the everyday life stressors that can lead to excessive drinking. In my community I believe that the need for substance use group can benefit so many specifically those in the poverty area, because they are dealing with these issues every day. Also, due to therapy being frown upon in their environment and some lack the ability to seek professional help. Although some may have the need but will not attend due to therapy being frown upon in their environment. Comment by Perjessy, Caroline: Make sure you are revising for clarity. I know you said this was a draft, so keeping that In mind Comment by Perjessy, Caroline: Revise for clarity
The purpose of substance use group is to help individuals who are have dealing with anxiety and have an underlining issue like anxiety. Substance use clients with underlining issues like anxiety lack coping skills and the ability to perform everyday tasks. Evidence by, the lack of motivation, traumatic event, exposure to violence, withdrawal, and continuing alcohol or drug use. However, the misuse of alcohol not only can lead to neurological as well as anxiety. Several individuals who are actively using have an underlining issue that has cause them to use excessively rather its depression, bipolar, or anxiety. I will be focusing mainly on anxiety. Anxiety can be something that several deal with in silent or out loud, those who have been impacted by the disease either way many are not getting the help they deservemerit. Especially those who have been impacted with the disease For example, not they feeling at time they are not good enoughenough, the uncertainty of their job,; and will they have their job back; doubts about being accepted back into their familywill they have a family after. Comment by Perjessy, Caroline: This is uinclear…how are they dealing with anxiety and have an underlying issue of anxiety?
All those factors are negative im ...
1
College Student’s Depression
Jasmin Linthicum
Course Discovery Writing
Professor Aguiar
Date Due 02/24/2022
College Student’s Depression
2
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), depression is a common and severe
health issue that affects how someone feels, thinks and acts. The most common symptoms of
depression are; having bad moods and feeling very sad, losing interest in the activities that were
once fun, loss of appetite, which in turn will lead to massive weight loss or gain that is not related
to dieting and difficulty in concentrating, thinking or making decisions (LeMoult & Gotlib, 2019).
People become depressed due to various factors; some of the significant social factors that
bring about depression include; encountering traumatic events, separation from parents or
caregivers and being bullied. Personality some people are inclined towards experiencing
depression. For instance, people who tend to hold worries, have a low-self-esteem, are
perfectionists and are very sensitive towards negative criticism naturally have a higher likelihood
of facing depression.
Depression throughout history has always been a health problem for people. According to
articles written by philosophers and writers throughout humanity's history, there is depression,
which is a health condition. The articles also include some of the continuous struggles that have
been made to find a solution on treating this condition. For instance, the ancient Greeks and
Romans had different thinking on depression. Some of the literature shows that the Greeks had a
notion that depression was a form of evil spirit possession and used exorcism techniques like;
beatings and starvation as "treatments" to cure a person. On the other hand, the Romans thought
depression was a combination of biological and psychological issues and employed gymnastics,
special diet, herbal medicine and music to treat the patients (Taquet et al., 2020).
In our present day, some of the startling statistics concerning depression are; depression
affects approximately one in fifteen adults, that is close to 6.8% annually, and a projection of an
estimated one in six persons will encounter depression at a given point in their life, that is around
Christian Aguiar
All of these statistics come from research, so you need to cite them using an in-text citation like we learned in class. Luckily, we're reviewing them again today (3/17).
Christian Aguiar
Christian Aguiar
This is another place where you need to cite your source. Which literature tells us this?
Christian Aguiar
I like the historical context, Jasmin. This could be a great way to begin the script for your video, too.
Christian Aguiar
Since this is an argument based on research - it draws on what scientists know about depression - you need to make it clear what the source is.
Christian Aguiar
Do you mean "personally, some people are inclined..." or perhaps that "some people's perso ...
1
Close Looking Analysis: Visual ArtArtist’s Self-Portrait AnalysisPoint Value: 80 pts possible
· 80 pts for submitting analysis of the short story to BSP:Assignments by 11:59pm at the end of Module 3—Part 5*
*The analysis assignment will be run through TurnItIn to look for plagiarism, so be sure to leave yourself enough time to review your paper’s “Originality Report” and make any necessary changes before the due-date.
Don’t forget that Tutoring services are available to you.
If you have any difficulty submitting the assignment on Brightspace, consult the Brightspace (BSP) Help Desk
The struggle is inner: Chicano, indio, American Indian, mojado, mexicano, immigrant Latino, Anglo in power, working class Anglo, Black, Asian—our psyches resemble the bordertowns and are populated by the same people. The struggle has always been inner, and is played out in the outer terrains. Awareness of our situation must come before inner changes, which in turn come before changes in society. Nothing happens in the “real” world unless it first happens in the images in our heads.
Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (1987)
Introduction
In this part of Module 5, we have been exploring how visual artists and architects interact with borders in their work. Borders inherently establish defined points of view as well as remind us of the limitations and possibilities for transgressing those borders or living in the “borderlands” (Anzaldúa). Consider the images you viewed of the art, architecture, and design found at the physical borders between nations around the world. Could you imagine standing at these different borderlines or in the border spaces? Which borders can you step over? Where can you sit with someone on the other side? Where can you see across? Which ones are completely opaque? Which borders feel unsafe? They feel so different! How are they designed to feel or operate this way?
Then, consider artists and architects who explore borders as themes or principles in their work or who feel themselves to be operating in a border space? (see Marlin-Bennett, Maya Lin) Did any of the artists in our tours of Chicago’s public art use their work to highlight or bump up against the borders of a wall, a neighborhood, a community, the city?
Finally, we turn our attention to self, self-perception, and self-representation. How would you create a portrait of yourself? (Give it a try right now!) How do you express your internal spirit externally? In which ways do you intentionally “present” to the world and in which ways does the world layer an image on to you? When does creating your own image or own story act as resistance to a “single story” misperception? How can a self-portrait be powerful? Consider the story behind Artemisia Gentileschi’s Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting (see Mary Gerrard) and how she used dominant iconography of the time to render a feminist portrait. Almost every other artist you can think of or know personall ...
1
CLA1
Xueyao Dong
Westcliff University
INT 501 EF Concentration:
Purchasing and Human Resources
Professor: Dr. Julia Sherm
Octomber 20, 2021
2
Learning Objectives
This was my third semester at Westcliff University, and I explored a wide range of
helpful strategies and practical techniques that benefited my overall career and life balance.
For instance, the habit of professional journaling helps me release my stress and motivate
myself to keep on track towards my goal.
From week 3, I started to prepare the professional portfolio, and I felt it was an
excellent way to keep a record of my achievements and experiences. From week 5, the
interview exercise taken with the senior manager from my department, I have learned about
her personal experiences and know a little more about strategic leadership. Another valuable
material that I learned from this class is always to be prepared. Before I interview the senior
manager, I prepare additional questions to ask my supervisor and colleagues about my
performance. I was nervous during the interview, but these extra questions helped me come
down and make the conversion more smooth.
At the beginning of this semester, my goal was to improve my communication skills
in the workplace and learn how to be more flexible in dealing with incidents. From week six
course’s video, “I Wanna Be a Human Resources Officer - A Day in the Life of a Human
Resources Officer,” made me see some perspectives of the responsibility of a Human
Resources Officer and provided me some direction to improve my interpersonal skills. I
always find ways to improve my confidence when I communicate with people and learn how
to be an active listener.
Week seven’s video about “Internship Expectations vs. Realities- the Intern Queen”
makes me think about expectations and realities at the workplace. What expectation does the
employer look for, and how should I improve my performance regarding their expectation?
3
Additionally, through this semester, I realized different ways of conveying a message
could have other effects and impact communication effectiveness. During the internship, I
utilized the benefits of a supportive and positive environment.
Taking everything into account, I believe that I made significant progress towards my
goals, and I became more efficient and productive at work.
Internship Experiences
This semester I am considering switching to a new company that will allow me to
practice my professional skills in the area of individual and corporate taxes. Therefore, I
started my journey to submit job applications and prepare for an interview. Finding an
appropriate position that matches my interests and abilities is not an easy task. I felt frustrated
for the first few weeks when I did not get many responses. However, I record all my feelings
and things that I need to work on in my resume and cover letter in my journal. Additionally, I
love to write some inspirational and motivationa ...
1CJ 550 2-2 Milestone One Southern New HaEttaBenton28
1
CJ 550 2-2 Milestone One
Southern New Hampshire University
Destiny Nance
CJ 550
September 4th, 2022
CJ 550 2-2 Milestone One
A. What are the departments or subdivisions into which your selected organization is divided, and how do these subdivisions work together as a whole in relation to the mission of the organization?
Office of Programs and Re-entry is an organization that focuses on leadership alongside rehabilitative programs ensuring better lives within the community. The organization is divided into four central departments that work together to achieve a common goal. The first department is the Bureau of program development which focuses on the various designs and implementation of risks and needs assessment tools. It also implements other processes and policies key to the restoration alongside rehabilitation of justice to the affected individual within the surrounding.
The second is the department Bureau of Education, which deals with academic and career issues, including technical education and library services (Bell et al., 2018). The third department is the Bureau of Substance Use Treatment which is helpful in dealing with services assisting in the transition period between incarceration and the return to society. The other department is the Bureau of Chaplaincy services dealing with spiritual matters on inmates and offenders. The last department is volunteering with the FDC to assist in a rewarding experience for the citizens. All the departments work together to achieve the organizational goal and mission in leadership and rehabilitation programs that assist the community. Every department has strict policies that make it possible to ensure that it helps the organization achieve its mission.
B. Describe your selected subdivision, and outline the specific goals and responsibilities of the subdivision, describing how they align with the overall mission of the agency. Consider how the goals of the selected subdivision align with the mission of the agency.
The correction officers have a specific function: protecting the community by leading and supervising offenders and reporting the individual who has failed to comply with the regulations to sentencing. Alongside the organizational mission, the correction subdivision has its designed mission. Its mission is to deliver effective service to the community by service diligently while collaborating with other agencies of the criminal justice community (Bell et al., 2018). As such, it serves the community without violating their rights. The detention department ensures people's safety within the community by protecting the surrounding society in various ways, such as establishing safe, secure, and human supervision. It also provides the confinement of inmates by making them follow the law without violation.
However, the subdivision is faced with challenges like the overpopulation of inmates. The inmates are flocked within the organization, thus posing a chall ...
1CLA 1Every organization aims at achieving a cerEttaBenton28
1
CLA 1
Every organization aims at achieving a certain level of performance when it comes to the profitability of the organization. The sales force in any organization is very instrumental towards the performance of an organization as they help push the sales of an organization to the desired level. Organizations must see the value that the salespersons bring to the organization as this impacts the motivation and the productivity of the salespersons (Kuvaas et al., 2017). When a sales team feels that there is value to an organization then they become engaged in their work and perform well. Organizations can show that they value the salespersons by involving them in decision-making, paying them well, and also recognizing achievements.
Skill sets refer to the various abilities and abilities that an individual employee has that enable them to perform according to expectations in an organization. The skill sets vary from the type of sales employee; a salesperson needs more persuasion skills while a sales manager might need more communication skills and leadership skills (Kuczmarski & Kuczmarski, 2019). An organization can ensure that it has the right skill set by ensuring that the recruitment process is thorough and looks at the practical skills of employees as well.
Global sales refer to the sales that an organization makes outside the country where it is located. Global sales skills are important in ensuring that an organization can effectively penetrate an outside market. Global sales skills include understanding the cultural differences and the language of the target nation. A sales team needs to understand what is offensive in other nations such as gestures, body language so that they do not put off customers (Cuevas, 2018). The global sales skill needed by sales managers includes effective communication and an understanding of the trade regulations in different countries. They need to be able to contact customers remotely and manage sales teams in different locations.
The performance of any organization is important as it is an indicator of growth and progress in an organization. When it comes to the performance of employees it is directly related to the rewards system in an organization. Employees need to be motivated to put in extra work in the organization and the easiest way for an organization to motivate employees is to make them feel that they are appreciated and their efforts are recognized. Employees and particularly sales employees work in teams when the performance appraisal is done, it is important that the best-performed employees are rewarded (Asaari et al, 2019). When this is done the other members of the team will be inspired and motivated to increase productivity. An increase in the productivity of an employee translates to the performance of an organization in terms of sales and profitability.
Rewards are multidimensional and exist in different forms and categories in different organizations. The two broad categ ...
1Child Development Observation and ReflectionEttaBenton28
1
Child Development: Observation and Reflection
Lua Shanks
Dr. Edwards
Child Development: Observation and Reflection
80MOD 2 ASSIGN 2
06-27-2021
Child Development: Observation and Reflection
The observation data that I gathered and the process that I used to observe significantly informed my ability to conduct observations in the field. For instance, I learned the most important steps in observation such as familiarizing myself with the subjects and taking note of all the activities that take place since they are all useful in the final analysis. The observation data made me realize the value of being keen during field observations so that no detail is left out.
Some of the questions that emerged during the observation process about the children in the media are whether children have similar developmental capabilities and whether play can be used to rectify a child’s developmental delays. The overall experience of observing made me question teachers’ ability to understand all the unique aspects of child development and how they use them to create unique and engaging learning activities. I experienced the challenge of remaining objective since my personal feelings were consistently influenced by judgments and observations.
As I reflect on the observation process and the overall experience, the question that arises is how infants and young children can exhibit an interest in problem-solving yet their mental faculties have not fully developed. The question exposes the complexity of cognitive development in children since it reveals that children develop cognition from social, emotional, and perceptual experiences.
I would like to know the cognitive capabilities of the children I observed by having one on one sessions with them so that I could test their abilities. I believe that intelligence varies not only in adults but also in children an indication that a child’s developmental milestones are unique and different from that of another child. The only similarities are the age of occurrence for each developmental milestone.
The data that I obtained during my observations deepened my understanding of children’s development and learning. I realized that the developmental domains are interlinked since the development of one domain builds onto another domain. For instance, the development of the social and emotional domains contributes to the emergence of the cognitive domain. I realized that the domains do not operate in isolation but instead strengthen each other as the child develops. I also learned that the environment plays a significant role in a child’s development. For instance, when a child grows up i ...
1
CHAPTER
4
BUSINESS-LEVEL STRATEGY
Chapter 2
The External Environment
Chapter 3
The Internal Organization
Vision
Mission
Chapter 4
Business-Level Strategy
Chapter 5
Competitive Rivalry and Dynamics
Chapter 6
Corporate-Level Strategy
Chapter 7
Merger and Acquisition Strategy
Chapter 8
International Strategy
Chapter 9
Cooperative Strategy
Strategy formulation
Strategic Competitiveness
Above-Average Returns
Chapter 10
Corporate Governance
Chapter 11
Organizational Structure and Controls
Chapter 12
Strategic Leadership
Chapter 13
Strategic Entrepreneurship
Strategy implementation
Analysis
Strategy
Performance
The Strategic Management Process
A-S-P model
Chapter 4:
BUSINESS-LEVEL STRATEGY
Chapter overview:
Defining business-level strategy
Customers: their relationship with business-level strategies
The purpose of a business-level strategy
Types of business-level strategies (link with Value chain and 5 forces)
3
Introduction
Strategy – increasingly important to a firm’s success and concerned with making choices among two or more alternatives. Choices dictated by
External environment
Internal resources, capabilities and core competencies
Examples from gaming industry (King Digital Entertainment vs. EA)
4
Introduction
Business level-strategy – integrated and coordinated set of commitments and actions the firm uses to gain a competitive advantage by exploiting core competencies in specific product markets
Generic strategy – a strategy that can be used by any organization competing in any industry
5
Introduction
6
A firm must use a Business Level Strategy
It is not necessary to use all the corporate level strategies, acquisition, restructuring, international…
From the dry cleaner to the multinational corporation – a firm must choose at least one business-level strategy
The business level strategy is the core strategy - the strategy that the firm forms to describe how it intends to compete in the product market
Introduction
7
In terms of customers, when selecting a business-level strategy the firm determines:
who will be served,
what needs those target customers have that it will satisfy, and
how those needs will be satisfied
Customers: Their Relationship with Business-Level Strategies
8
8
Strategic competitiveness results when firm can satisfy customers by using its competitive advantages
Returns earned are the lifeblood of firm
Most successful companies satisfy current customers and/or meet needs of new customers
Customers: Their Relationship with Business-Level Strategies
9
Five components in customer relationships
1. Effectively managing relationships with customers
Deliver superior value
Strong interactive relationships is foundation
2. Reach, richness and affiliation
Access and connection to customers
Depth and detail of two-way flow of information between firm and customer
Facilitating useful interactions with customers – viewing the world from the customer’s eyes
9
...
1Child Growth and DevelopmentYohana MangiaficoHousEttaBenton28
1
Child Growth and Development
Yohana Mangiafico
Houston Community College
TECA 1354: Child Growth and Development
Linda Jones
March 26, 2022
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
Add one more space between the title and your name.
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
Add the department name.
2
My neighbor’s son is a seven-year-old child who has progressed to second grade and is
becoming less reliant on his parents. He is a bright and athletic child who can ride a bike, roller
skate, and play badminton and table tennis. The child is attentive and can read, recount stories,
and do puzzles with ease. He is physically fit, standing 3 feet 12 inches tall and weighing 24
pounds. The body of a child grows and changes as it prepares to become an adult (Papalia &
Martorell, 2018). Seven years is a remarkable age, especially for boys, because it marks the end
of the newborn years and the beginnings of adulthood. He is, nevertheless, going through a
seven-year crisis, a period of change in which the child gains a new perspective on the world. It
enables him to advance to the next stage of his growth. Both at home and on the playground, the
observation was made. This case study is based on observing and analyzing changes in a seven-
year-old boy's physical, psychosocial, emotional, and cognitive development.
The boy spends roughly an hour and a half every day on the playground. He interacts
with the kids, runs with them, jumps, plays the ball, and hangs from the crossbar. The muscles of
the legs, arms, chest, and back are all actively developed, according to the findings. He grows
tough and robust, and he can walk for several kilometers. He can change the speed of his
movement by running slowly or swiftly. He can hop over minor barriers and shift direction
without slowing down while in motion. He can jump forward, up, to the sides, and over tiny
obstacles on one foot. He climbs up and down the stairwell and the rope ladder with ease. The
child has no developmental limitations and can readily hang from the crossbar. He also has no
trouble socializing and communicating with his classmates and other youngsters on the
playground.
Observing him on the playground, it is apparent that the child has reached a high degree
of physical development. He develops strength, endurance, and dexterity needs constant
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
Add the heading for Physical Development
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
informal
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
Yohana, the introduction should be like those in the Observation papers.
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
Title of the Paper
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
7
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
Only report what you actually see the child do, or what the parents/guardians/teacher report.
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
No opinions. Opinions are allowed in the summary portion.
3
exercise. While participating in sports, he understands and respects the rules of team games as
we ...
1
CHAPTER
2
THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT:
OPPORTUNITIES, THREATS, INDUSTRY COMPETITION
AND COMPETITOR ANALYSIS
Opening remarks
Company’s strategic actions are affected by
External environment
Internal environment
External environment is the source of:
Opportunities
Threats
The need for monitoring and analyzing external environment
The pace of change
Complexity
Uncertainty
2
The general, industry and competitor
analysis
3
General environment – broader society dimensions ( 7 dimensions)
Demographic, economic, political/legal, sociocultural, technological, physical and global
Out of firm’s control so must monitor and gather information
Industry environment – factors in competitive environment
Threat of new entrants, power of suppliers, power of buyers, threat of product substitutes, intensity of rivalry among competitors
Firm must assess industry’s opportunities for profit potential
Competitor analysis or competitive intelligence – the way firm’s can gather and analyze information on the industry competitors
Identifying their actions, responses and intentions
These three analyses influence and are influenced by the firm’s vision, mission and strategic actions
The general, industry and competitor environments
4
Three External Environments include:
General
Industry
Competitor
Segments of the general environment
5
DEMOGRAPHIC
Population size
Geographic distribution
ECONOMIC
Nature and direction of the economy in which a firm competes or may compete
SOCIO-CULTURAL
Refers to potential and actual changes in the physical environment and business practices that are intended to positively respond to and deal with those changes
Age structure
Ethnic mix
Income distribution
POLITICAL/LEGAL
PHYSICAL
TECHNOLOGICAL
GLOBAL
Arena in which organizations and interest groups compete for attention, resources, and a voice in overseeing the body of laws and regulations guiding the interactions among nations as well as between firms and various local governmental agencies
Concerned with a society's attitudes and cultural values
Includes the institutions and activities involved with creating new knowledge and translating that knowledge into new products, processes, and materials
Includes relevant new global markets, existing markets that are changing, important international political events, and critical cultural and institutional characteristics of global markets
External environmental analysis
6
The objective of this analysis is identification of
Opportunities and
Threats
Opportunity – a condition in the external environment that helps a company achieve strategic competitiveness, if exploited
Threat – a condition in the external environment that may diminish company’s efforts towards achieving strategic competitiveness
The four-step process includes
Scanning
Monitoring
Forecasting
Assessing
1. Scanning
Studying all the segments of the general environment
Early signals of changes an ...
1Chapter Two Literature ReviewStudents NameName of theEttaBenton28
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Chapter Two: Literature Review
Student's Name
Name of the Institution
Course Number and Name
Professor
Due Date
Privacy Issues in Multi-Tenant Cloud Computing
Chapter Two: Literature Review
Introduction
A multitenant cloud is a cloud computing architecture that allows customers to share computing resources in a public or private cloud. Multitenant involves different cloud computing clients using or transferring a single computing infrastructure. This arrangement exposes the clients who have agreed to various privacy issues relating to their data and information stored in the cloud (Al-Ruithe et al., 2018). Evidence indicates that some of the privacy issues involved in multitenant cloud computing include data leakage, data breach, and exposure of the private data relating to clients involved in the agreement. As the number of people using cloud computing balloon, privacy issues are becoming a significant problem for many consumers who use the same cloud computing architecture in a private or public setting. It is essential to define what multitenant cloud entails before developing a clear concept or problem that can be investigated. According to Park et al. (2018), "A multitenant cloud is a cloud computing architecture that allows customers to share computing resources in a public or private cloud" (Park et al., 2018). Each tenant's data must be isolated in this cloud computing arrangement and cannot be accessed or seen by the partner tenant. However, the recent growth in technology has made data privacy in cloud computing challenges, posing a big problem to cloud computing providers.
The theoretical foundation for the current privacy issues in multitenant cloud computing is drawn from the study done by Park et al. (2018). According to Park et al. (2018), the most significant privacy issue in multitenant cloud computing is the lack of configurability. Configurability poses a colossal privacy issue in this infrastructure because the tenants have to share the same configuration. However, there is little evidence to provide this theory, and this study will play a significant role in contributing to this theoretical framework (Meng et al., 2021). The purpose of the current study is to investigate privacy and confidentiality issues in multi-tenancy cloud computing. Specifically, in this chapter, studies that have been done in the last five years focusing on this topic will be reviewed through a professional literature review.
Chapter Outline
The current chapter will be structured using headings and subheadings to ensure that each aspect is captured during the literature review. The study will be structured in 12 different sections, of which some may have sub-sections. The twelve sections in the current chapter will include introduction, chapter outline, search strategy, introduction to cloud computing, multi-tenancy cloud computing, and cloud computing deployment models. The other sections will consist of cloud computing service models, ...
1CHAPTER 6 CHINAChinaBook ReferenceTerrill, R. J. (EttaBenton28
1
CHAPTER 6: CHINA
China
Book Reference
Terrill, R. J. (2016). World criminal justice systems: A comparative survey. Routledge.
Concepts to Know
· Kuomintang
· Cultural Revolution
· Deng Xiaoping
· National People’s Congress
· Standing Committee
· The “Mass Line”
· Ministry of Public Security
· Residents’ Committees
· Criminal Detention
· Adjudication Committees
· Political-legal Committees
· Supreme People’s Court
· Basic People’s Courts
· Procuratorate
· People’s Assessor
· Confucians
· Legalists
· Compulsory Measures
· Administrative Regulations
· Labor Camps
· Death Penalty
· Bang-jiao
Introduction
CHINA is an ancient country that has one of the oldest civilizations on earth. Its written history is almost 4,000 years old, and throughout much of its existence, its cultural traditions have had a profound impact on the entire East Asian region. China occupies much of the mainland of East Asia and shares land borders with 14 countries (Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Vietnam). With a geographical area of about 3.7 million square miles, China is slightly larger than the United States (see Figure 6.1). Among the countries of the world, only Russia and Canada are larger in area. Unlike the United States, where almost 20 percent of the land is utilized for agriculture, China cultivates around 10 percent of its land on a permanent basis.
Because of rugged and inhospitable geographical conditions, particularly in the western regions, large areas of China are uninhabited. As a result, approximately two-thirds of the population live along the east coast, which represents about one-fifth of the land. China has long held the distinction of having the world’s largest population at more than 1.3 billion. This figure is greater than the combined populations of Europe, Russia, and the United States. More than 91 percent of the people belong to the Han ethnic group. All of the other ethnic minorities represent less than 1 percent of the population, with the exception of the Zhuang minority at 1.3 percent of the total population.
Approximately 31 percent of the labor force is employed in agriculture and forestry, with industrial and service ventures employing 30 and 36 percent, respectively. Iron, steel, and textiles are among the more prominent industries. In 1978, Chinese leaders initiated a program to modernize agriculture, industry, science and technology, and national defense. Their goal was to achieve a fairly advanced industrialized country by the year 2000. This program was prompted, in part, by the fact that the standard of living had been in a considerable state of decline since the 1950s.
Throughout China’s more recent political history under communism, the state essentially owned the industrial enterprises and commercial ventures of the country. Because people were guaranteed life-long employment, concerns about workforce productivity had been negl ...
1Chapter 9TelevisionBroadcast and Beyond2EttaBenton28
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Chapter 9
Television:
Broadcast and Beyond
2
Sinclair Broadcast Group
Family run group of 173 stations in 81 markets; affiliated with Fox, ABC, CBS, NBC and Univision
Questions about corporate “must run” messages sent to affiliates brought company into the news
3
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
3
Sinclair Broadcast Group
Required broadcast of conservative commentaries
Biggest controversy was script complaining about “fake news” sent out to all stations to be recorded by local anchors
4
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Invention of Television
Philo T. Farnsworth
1922: diagrams plans for television at age 16
1930: receives patent cathode ray tube
RCA attempted to promote its own Vladimir Zworykin as inventor of TV
1947: Farnsworth’s television patent expires just before TV starts to take off
5
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
5
Beginning of Broadcast Television
1939: NBC starts broadcasting, most sets in bars, restaurants
1942: TV manufacturing suspended for duration of WW II; most stations go off air
Licensing of new TV stations suspended 1948–1952, leaving many cities without television
6
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
6
Lucy & Desi End Live TV
1951: Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz create I Love Lucy
One of the first sitcoms to be filmed, rather than live
Lucy and Desi hold onto syndication rights to the show, still being broadcast today
7
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
7
Color Television
1950s: early experiments in color television
1965: Big Three networks broadcasting in color
NBC peacock logo designed to tell B&W viewers show was in color
Early color TVs cost equivalent of big screen TVs today
8
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
8
Beginning of Cable Television
Community antenna television (CATV)
Early form of cable television used to distribute broadcast channels in communities with poor television reception
Relatively expensive, was source of a good TV signal, not additional programming
9
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
9
Rebirth of Cable
By mid-1970s, FCC began loosening rules on cable companies
1975: HBO starts providing programming nationwide, sending signal to local cable companies via satellite
Key point: HBO could send programming to 1,000 cable companies as cheaply as to one
10
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
10
Ted Turner – Cable Pioneer
1963: inherits failing billboard company from father
1970: buys Channel 17 in Atlanta
Buys Atlanta Braves and Hawks sports franchises to provide programming for channel
Turns Channel 17 into Superstation WTBS in 1976, takes local station national
11
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in ...
1CHAPTER 5 RUSSIARussiaBook ReferenceTerrill, R. J.EttaBenton28
1
CHAPTER 5: RUSSIA
Russia
Book Reference
Terrill, R. J. (2016). World criminal justice systems: A comparative survey. Routledge.
Concepts to Know
· Marxism–Leninism
· Mikhail Gorbachev
· Democratization
· Constitution of the Russian Federation
· President of the Russian Federation
· Federal Security Service (FSB)
· Propiska
· Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation
· Judicial Department
· Procuracy
· Defense Counsel
· Justices of the Peace
· Jury
· Material Definition of Crime
· Measures of Restraint
· Plea Bargaining
· Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD)
· Commission on Juvenile Affairs
Introduction
THE LONGEST-RUNNING social science experiment of the twentieth century officially ended on December 25, 1991, with the resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev as president of the Soviet Union. From the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 until Gorbachev’s resignation, the rulers of the Soviet Union had attempted to create a communist society that would be the envy of the world. Support for this goal was continual for more than 70 years, but the sense of purpose and direction began to unravel during the late 1980s. The principal cause for this shift in opinion was Gorbachev’s alternative rationale for achieving socialism. Although his ideas were a radical departure from some of the basic tenets of Leninism, Gorbachev generally favored implementing them incrementally. Nevertheless, disaffection with these ideas became quite pronounced among devoted communists, which led to the attempted coup of August 1991. This was followed by Gorbachev’s resignation and the formal dissolution of the country by year’s end.
The Soviet Union had been composed of 15 republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelorussia, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirghizistan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Russia, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Russia was not only the largest republic in terms of territory and population, but it also dominated the policies of the Soviet Union—so much so that the words Russian and Soviet were often used interchangeably when referring to the foreign and domestic policies of the Soviet Union. Today, Russia is the largest country in the world, almost twice the size of the United States. It encompasses more than 6.5 million square miles that stretch from Eastern Europe through the northern half of Asia. The population of about 139 million has become more urban over the past 50 years. In fact, it has reached about 80 percent of the population— almost an exact reversal of the urban and rural ratio at the time of the 1917 Revolution (see Figure 5.1).
Russia is a federation consisting of six categories of administrative units. These include 21 republics, nine territories, 46 provinces, two federal cities, one autonomous republic, and four autonomous regions. Among these administrative units, the republics have the greatest claim to self-government. Although Russians comprise more than 80 percent of the country’s population, there are some 126 national ...
1Chapter 6Newspapers and the NewsReflections of aEttaBenton28
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Chapter 6
Newspapers and the News:
Reflections of a Democratic Society
2
When Is It News That an Entire City
Is Being Poisoned By Its Water Supply?
City of Flint, Mich., had high levels of lead in its water after changing from lake to river water
Local journalists say they were slow to respond because officials said water was ok
But local journalists eventually drove the story to receive national attention
3
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
National journalists saw it as heartland story, followed national stories instead
Communities depend on local journalism for news about important local occurrences
When Is It News That an Entire City
Is Being Poisoned By Its Water Supply?
4
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Early Newspapers
1618: Curanto, published in Amsterdam, is first English-language newspaper
1622: newspapers being published in Britain, distributed through coffeehouses
Followers of church reformers John Calvin and Martin Luther among earliest publishers
5
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
5
Colonial Publishing
1690: Publick Occurrences, first paper published in American colonies
Colonial newspapers subject to British censorship
6
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
6
Colonial Publishing
1721: New England Courant
Published by James Franklin, Ben’s older brother
First paper published without “By Authority” notice; James sent to prison for doing so, Ben takes over publishing paper
7
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
7
Early American Newspapers
Audience primarily wealthy elite
Published by political parties
Focused on opinion, not news
Expensive and had small circulation
Generally bought by prepaid subscription
8
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
8
Penny Press Revolution
Benjamin Day’s idea: The New York Sun – “It shines for all”
Sold on the street for one or two cents
Supported primarily by advertising
9
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
9
Penny Press Revolution
First papers to shift focus on news
Journalistic objectivity developed as a way to appeal to larger audiences
Rise of working class supported penny press growth
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
10
10
A Modern Democratic Society
Rapidly growing number of papers
Growing number of people working for wages
U.S. transforming from rural to urban society
Expanding interest in national and global events
Newspapers promoted democratic market society
People acquire the news “habit”
11
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
11
Newspaper Wars: Hearst vs. Pulitzer
Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World
Creation of the front page
Often staged sensational ...
1CHAPTER 4 SOUTH AFRICA South AfricaConcepts to Know·EttaBenton28
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CHAPTER 4: SOUTH AFRICA
South Africa
Concepts to Know
· Afrikaner
· Apartheid
· Natives Land Act (1913)
· African National Congress
· National Party
· Group Areas Act (1950)
· Nelson Mandela
· Freedom Charter (1955)
· Truth and Reconciliation Commission
· Ubuntu
· National Assembly
· Public Protector
· Independent Police Investigative Directorate
· S v. Makwanyana (1995)
· Judicial Service Commission
· Law Reform Commission
· Constitutional Court
· Advocates
· Assessors
· Inspecting Judge
· NICRO
· Child Justice Act (2008)
Introduction
SOUTH AFRICA encompasses the southern tip of the African continent. It is the ninth largest country on the continent and the thirty-third largest in the world. Its northern border is shared with Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Swaziland. Its coastline borders the Indian Ocean on the east and south and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. In addition, South Africa surrounds the small country of Lesotho, which is approximately the size of the state of Maryland. Lesotho is a constitutional monarchy that gained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1966 (see Figure 4.1).
The population of South Africa is almost 53 million and consists of 79.5 percent black, 9 percent white, 9 percent “colored,” and 2.5 percent Asian or Indian residents. The use of the word “colored” in the South African context refers to people of mixed race and often is associated with people of African and Dutch ancestry. The principal industries of the country are minerals, mining, motor vehicles, and machinery. South Africa is a significant producer of platinum, manganese, gold, and chrome. Its major trading markets include China, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
South Africa has 11 official languages: Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu, Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, and Xitsonga. With the exception of Afrikaans and English, the other languages are all Bantu languages. Bantu languages are spoken by more than 100 million Africans in east, central, and southern Africa. Afrikaans is a seventeenth-century variation of Dutch that has been considered a distinct language since the nineteenth century. Approximately 7 percent of the South African population are Afrikaners, that is, people who trace their roots to the early Dutch, French, and German settlers. Most of the English spoken is by nonwhites, along with approximately 2 million English-speaking whites who trace their ancestors to British immigrants and to the 1 million people of Asian/Indian origins.
Throughout the second half of the twentieth century South Africa was associated most with its policy of apartheid, a white supremacist ideology that emphasized white domination and racial discrimination. More will be said about apartheid shortly. First, an outline is offered of the arrival of white Europeans to this part of Africa and the pre-apartheid policies of racial segregation that had been introduced and in practice for a num ...
1Chapter 3 JAPANIntroductionJAPAN is an island countrEttaBenton28
1
Chapter 3: JAPAN
Introduction
JAPAN is an island country located off the eastern coast of the Eurasian continent. It is generally considered a small country, in part because its geographical proximity to China and Russia dwarfs its size. However, compared to western European countries, Japan’s 145,902 square miles make it larger than England or Italy. In terms of the United States, it is slightly smaller than the state of California (see Figure 3.1). Japan’s population of 126.5 million is more than twice that found in England, and they are among the world’s most literate people. It is also interesting to note that Japan’s population is growing older faster than any other country in the world. This fact raises a host of economic and social issues for the country’s future. Because the terrain is very mountainous and the habitable land limited, Japan is one of the most densely populated regions in the world.
Although the climate is conducive to farming, less than 15 percent of the land is fertile enough for agriculture. Fishing has long been a significant source of income, but the attention Japan receives regarding its economy generally centers on its industrial production. Before the middle of the nineteenth century, Japan was one of the most isolated countries in the world, and this insular position was by design. The political leadership realized, however, that it could no longer maintain that posture completely. As a result, the leaders made a conscious decision to industrialize. Although the country is not rich in mineral deposits, Japan has emerged as an industrial giant since World War II. Japan is unique in that it is the only non-Western country that has become completely industrialized, exporting a wide range of products that include motor vehicles, electronic equipment, and mechanical tools.
Like the Scandinavians, the Japanese have remained one of the most homogenous of the advanced peoples in the world. More than 98 percent of the population is Japanese, and the largest minority group is Korean. The Japanese have a common history, language, and race. The dominant religions are Shintoism and Buddhism, but these are viewed more as features of Japanese custom than as beliefs that attract devoted followers. It has been estimated that between 70 and 80 percent of the people do not practice any religion. The homogenous qualities of the Japanese are enhanced further by their insular society and entrepreneurial spirit. This may appear somewhat contradictory from a Western perspective, but it is an example of a curious blending of the country’s traditions with modern pragmatism.
The Japanese recognized the value of expanding their trade routes and introducing industrialization to an economy that for centuries had been based on feudal principles. Because of their commitment to this change, the Japanese are recognized today for a competitive spirit that had long been associated with capitalist countries in the West. However, it is a group ...
1Comparing Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy with OthEttaBenton28
1
Comparing Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy with Other Approaches
Caroline E Sam
NRNP 6645
Psychotherapy with Multiple Modalities
Assignment week 7
01/15/2022
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2
Comparing Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy with Other Approaches
Psychologists have developed various theories on human psychology. The Humanist,
existential, and humanist existential models explain the personality changes. The models are
central in therapies as they define how people perceive and accept life challenges. The humanist
model emphasizes the innate goodness in people, while the humanist-existential psychotherapy
model argues that personalities change, and people can develop new attributes based on
circumstances.
Two models: Humanistic-existential psychotherapy and Humanist psychotherapy
Humanistic-existential Psychotherapy
Humanistic Existential Psychotherapy (HE) postulates that the human personality is
dynamic, and changes occur across the lifespan that defines personality at each point
(Hounkpatin et al., 2015). The model integrates humanistic and existentialist approaches. The
humanist perspective claims that human beings are good, while the existentialist proposes that
people are neither good nor bad (Daei Jafari et al., 2020). Integration of the two models creates a
dynamic person capable of actualizing based on situations and strengths. The model is adopted as
a transition from the traditional conception of personality as a stable element that remains
consistent throughout life. The HE models framework asserts that individuals confront and
challenge a meaningless life as they transform their lives into a personality they desire. The
person pursues self-rated health, self-efficacy, psychological turning point, and life satisfaction
that involves a subjective evaluation of an individual’s wellbeing (Hounkpatin et al., 2015).
These components keep an individual driven to improve their lives. Notably, societal norms and
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3
the pursuit of authentic individual-based life goals contribute to an individual’s personality
changes.
There is a constant drive to meet an expectation, which is addressed in the social
investment theory- an investment in institutions such as work, and marriage motivates
personality changes. Notably, the ...
1Comment by Perjessy, Caroline SubstanEttaBenton28
1
Comment by Perjessy, Caroline:
Substance use Anxiety Group Curriculum
Southern New Hampshire University
Clinical Mental Health Counseling Department, COU660
Dr. Caroline P.
Rationale for the group
In Massachusetts, we have several groups for substance use both such as AA meetings and , NA meetings that are held in most area areasjust not a sufficient amount. Some. So me groups are also held at treatment centers by alumni which is a great thing because it will provide members with great responsibility skills. Some of the groups like psychoeducation and 12 steps meetings are mainly for those who are going through andchallenges and have a past with substance use. I plan to hold a group not only for those who have been through it but also withhave family members that are looking for resources and better understanding of the disease. The need for substance use group in the Boston, MassMassachusetts community is in high demand. Although Boston is a wide community where the rent can be high and have good paying jobs, many still struggle s with the everyday life stressors that can lead to excessive drinking. In my community I believe that the need for substance use group can benefit so many specifically those in the poverty area, because they are dealing with these issues every day. Also, due to therapy being frown upon in their environment and some lack the ability to seek professional help. Although some may have the need but will not attend due to therapy being frown upon in their environment. Comment by Perjessy, Caroline: Make sure you are revising for clarity. I know you said this was a draft, so keeping that In mind Comment by Perjessy, Caroline: Revise for clarity
The purpose of substance use group is to help individuals who are have dealing with anxiety and have an underlining issue like anxiety. Substance use clients with underlining issues like anxiety lack coping skills and the ability to perform everyday tasks. Evidence by, the lack of motivation, traumatic event, exposure to violence, withdrawal, and continuing alcohol or drug use. However, the misuse of alcohol not only can lead to neurological as well as anxiety. Several individuals who are actively using have an underlining issue that has cause them to use excessively rather its depression, bipolar, or anxiety. I will be focusing mainly on anxiety. Anxiety can be something that several deal with in silent or out loud, those who have been impacted by the disease either way many are not getting the help they deservemerit. Especially those who have been impacted with the disease For example, not they feeling at time they are not good enoughenough, the uncertainty of their job,; and will they have their job back; doubts about being accepted back into their familywill they have a family after. Comment by Perjessy, Caroline: This is uinclear…how are they dealing with anxiety and have an underlying issue of anxiety?
All those factors are negative im ...
1
College Student’s Depression
Jasmin Linthicum
Course Discovery Writing
Professor Aguiar
Date Due 02/24/2022
College Student’s Depression
2
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), depression is a common and severe
health issue that affects how someone feels, thinks and acts. The most common symptoms of
depression are; having bad moods and feeling very sad, losing interest in the activities that were
once fun, loss of appetite, which in turn will lead to massive weight loss or gain that is not related
to dieting and difficulty in concentrating, thinking or making decisions (LeMoult & Gotlib, 2019).
People become depressed due to various factors; some of the significant social factors that
bring about depression include; encountering traumatic events, separation from parents or
caregivers and being bullied. Personality some people are inclined towards experiencing
depression. For instance, people who tend to hold worries, have a low-self-esteem, are
perfectionists and are very sensitive towards negative criticism naturally have a higher likelihood
of facing depression.
Depression throughout history has always been a health problem for people. According to
articles written by philosophers and writers throughout humanity's history, there is depression,
which is a health condition. The articles also include some of the continuous struggles that have
been made to find a solution on treating this condition. For instance, the ancient Greeks and
Romans had different thinking on depression. Some of the literature shows that the Greeks had a
notion that depression was a form of evil spirit possession and used exorcism techniques like;
beatings and starvation as "treatments" to cure a person. On the other hand, the Romans thought
depression was a combination of biological and psychological issues and employed gymnastics,
special diet, herbal medicine and music to treat the patients (Taquet et al., 2020).
In our present day, some of the startling statistics concerning depression are; depression
affects approximately one in fifteen adults, that is close to 6.8% annually, and a projection of an
estimated one in six persons will encounter depression at a given point in their life, that is around
Christian Aguiar
All of these statistics come from research, so you need to cite them using an in-text citation like we learned in class. Luckily, we're reviewing them again today (3/17).
Christian Aguiar
Christian Aguiar
This is another place where you need to cite your source. Which literature tells us this?
Christian Aguiar
I like the historical context, Jasmin. This could be a great way to begin the script for your video, too.
Christian Aguiar
Since this is an argument based on research - it draws on what scientists know about depression - you need to make it clear what the source is.
Christian Aguiar
Do you mean "personally, some people are inclined..." or perhaps that "some people's perso ...
1
Close Looking Analysis: Visual ArtArtist’s Self-Portrait AnalysisPoint Value: 80 pts possible
· 80 pts for submitting analysis of the short story to BSP:Assignments by 11:59pm at the end of Module 3—Part 5*
*The analysis assignment will be run through TurnItIn to look for plagiarism, so be sure to leave yourself enough time to review your paper’s “Originality Report” and make any necessary changes before the due-date.
Don’t forget that Tutoring services are available to you.
If you have any difficulty submitting the assignment on Brightspace, consult the Brightspace (BSP) Help Desk
The struggle is inner: Chicano, indio, American Indian, mojado, mexicano, immigrant Latino, Anglo in power, working class Anglo, Black, Asian—our psyches resemble the bordertowns and are populated by the same people. The struggle has always been inner, and is played out in the outer terrains. Awareness of our situation must come before inner changes, which in turn come before changes in society. Nothing happens in the “real” world unless it first happens in the images in our heads.
Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (1987)
Introduction
In this part of Module 5, we have been exploring how visual artists and architects interact with borders in their work. Borders inherently establish defined points of view as well as remind us of the limitations and possibilities for transgressing those borders or living in the “borderlands” (Anzaldúa). Consider the images you viewed of the art, architecture, and design found at the physical borders between nations around the world. Could you imagine standing at these different borderlines or in the border spaces? Which borders can you step over? Where can you sit with someone on the other side? Where can you see across? Which ones are completely opaque? Which borders feel unsafe? They feel so different! How are they designed to feel or operate this way?
Then, consider artists and architects who explore borders as themes or principles in their work or who feel themselves to be operating in a border space? (see Marlin-Bennett, Maya Lin) Did any of the artists in our tours of Chicago’s public art use their work to highlight or bump up against the borders of a wall, a neighborhood, a community, the city?
Finally, we turn our attention to self, self-perception, and self-representation. How would you create a portrait of yourself? (Give it a try right now!) How do you express your internal spirit externally? In which ways do you intentionally “present” to the world and in which ways does the world layer an image on to you? When does creating your own image or own story act as resistance to a “single story” misperception? How can a self-portrait be powerful? Consider the story behind Artemisia Gentileschi’s Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting (see Mary Gerrard) and how she used dominant iconography of the time to render a feminist portrait. Almost every other artist you can think of or know personall ...
1
CLA1
Xueyao Dong
Westcliff University
INT 501 EF Concentration:
Purchasing and Human Resources
Professor: Dr. Julia Sherm
Octomber 20, 2021
2
Learning Objectives
This was my third semester at Westcliff University, and I explored a wide range of
helpful strategies and practical techniques that benefited my overall career and life balance.
For instance, the habit of professional journaling helps me release my stress and motivate
myself to keep on track towards my goal.
From week 3, I started to prepare the professional portfolio, and I felt it was an
excellent way to keep a record of my achievements and experiences. From week 5, the
interview exercise taken with the senior manager from my department, I have learned about
her personal experiences and know a little more about strategic leadership. Another valuable
material that I learned from this class is always to be prepared. Before I interview the senior
manager, I prepare additional questions to ask my supervisor and colleagues about my
performance. I was nervous during the interview, but these extra questions helped me come
down and make the conversion more smooth.
At the beginning of this semester, my goal was to improve my communication skills
in the workplace and learn how to be more flexible in dealing with incidents. From week six
course’s video, “I Wanna Be a Human Resources Officer - A Day in the Life of a Human
Resources Officer,” made me see some perspectives of the responsibility of a Human
Resources Officer and provided me some direction to improve my interpersonal skills. I
always find ways to improve my confidence when I communicate with people and learn how
to be an active listener.
Week seven’s video about “Internship Expectations vs. Realities- the Intern Queen”
makes me think about expectations and realities at the workplace. What expectation does the
employer look for, and how should I improve my performance regarding their expectation?
3
Additionally, through this semester, I realized different ways of conveying a message
could have other effects and impact communication effectiveness. During the internship, I
utilized the benefits of a supportive and positive environment.
Taking everything into account, I believe that I made significant progress towards my
goals, and I became more efficient and productive at work.
Internship Experiences
This semester I am considering switching to a new company that will allow me to
practice my professional skills in the area of individual and corporate taxes. Therefore, I
started my journey to submit job applications and prepare for an interview. Finding an
appropriate position that matches my interests and abilities is not an easy task. I felt frustrated
for the first few weeks when I did not get many responses. However, I record all my feelings
and things that I need to work on in my resume and cover letter in my journal. Additionally, I
love to write some inspirational and motivationa ...
1CJ 550 2-2 Milestone One Southern New HaEttaBenton28
1
CJ 550 2-2 Milestone One
Southern New Hampshire University
Destiny Nance
CJ 550
September 4th, 2022
CJ 550 2-2 Milestone One
A. What are the departments or subdivisions into which your selected organization is divided, and how do these subdivisions work together as a whole in relation to the mission of the organization?
Office of Programs and Re-entry is an organization that focuses on leadership alongside rehabilitative programs ensuring better lives within the community. The organization is divided into four central departments that work together to achieve a common goal. The first department is the Bureau of program development which focuses on the various designs and implementation of risks and needs assessment tools. It also implements other processes and policies key to the restoration alongside rehabilitation of justice to the affected individual within the surrounding.
The second is the department Bureau of Education, which deals with academic and career issues, including technical education and library services (Bell et al., 2018). The third department is the Bureau of Substance Use Treatment which is helpful in dealing with services assisting in the transition period between incarceration and the return to society. The other department is the Bureau of Chaplaincy services dealing with spiritual matters on inmates and offenders. The last department is volunteering with the FDC to assist in a rewarding experience for the citizens. All the departments work together to achieve the organizational goal and mission in leadership and rehabilitation programs that assist the community. Every department has strict policies that make it possible to ensure that it helps the organization achieve its mission.
B. Describe your selected subdivision, and outline the specific goals and responsibilities of the subdivision, describing how they align with the overall mission of the agency. Consider how the goals of the selected subdivision align with the mission of the agency.
The correction officers have a specific function: protecting the community by leading and supervising offenders and reporting the individual who has failed to comply with the regulations to sentencing. Alongside the organizational mission, the correction subdivision has its designed mission. Its mission is to deliver effective service to the community by service diligently while collaborating with other agencies of the criminal justice community (Bell et al., 2018). As such, it serves the community without violating their rights. The detention department ensures people's safety within the community by protecting the surrounding society in various ways, such as establishing safe, secure, and human supervision. It also provides the confinement of inmates by making them follow the law without violation.
However, the subdivision is faced with challenges like the overpopulation of inmates. The inmates are flocked within the organization, thus posing a chall ...
1CLA 1Every organization aims at achieving a cerEttaBenton28
1
CLA 1
Every organization aims at achieving a certain level of performance when it comes to the profitability of the organization. The sales force in any organization is very instrumental towards the performance of an organization as they help push the sales of an organization to the desired level. Organizations must see the value that the salespersons bring to the organization as this impacts the motivation and the productivity of the salespersons (Kuvaas et al., 2017). When a sales team feels that there is value to an organization then they become engaged in their work and perform well. Organizations can show that they value the salespersons by involving them in decision-making, paying them well, and also recognizing achievements.
Skill sets refer to the various abilities and abilities that an individual employee has that enable them to perform according to expectations in an organization. The skill sets vary from the type of sales employee; a salesperson needs more persuasion skills while a sales manager might need more communication skills and leadership skills (Kuczmarski & Kuczmarski, 2019). An organization can ensure that it has the right skill set by ensuring that the recruitment process is thorough and looks at the practical skills of employees as well.
Global sales refer to the sales that an organization makes outside the country where it is located. Global sales skills are important in ensuring that an organization can effectively penetrate an outside market. Global sales skills include understanding the cultural differences and the language of the target nation. A sales team needs to understand what is offensive in other nations such as gestures, body language so that they do not put off customers (Cuevas, 2018). The global sales skill needed by sales managers includes effective communication and an understanding of the trade regulations in different countries. They need to be able to contact customers remotely and manage sales teams in different locations.
The performance of any organization is important as it is an indicator of growth and progress in an organization. When it comes to the performance of employees it is directly related to the rewards system in an organization. Employees need to be motivated to put in extra work in the organization and the easiest way for an organization to motivate employees is to make them feel that they are appreciated and their efforts are recognized. Employees and particularly sales employees work in teams when the performance appraisal is done, it is important that the best-performed employees are rewarded (Asaari et al, 2019). When this is done the other members of the team will be inspired and motivated to increase productivity. An increase in the productivity of an employee translates to the performance of an organization in terms of sales and profitability.
Rewards are multidimensional and exist in different forms and categories in different organizations. The two broad categ ...
1Child Development Observation and ReflectionEttaBenton28
1
Child Development: Observation and Reflection
Lua Shanks
Dr. Edwards
Child Development: Observation and Reflection
80MOD 2 ASSIGN 2
06-27-2021
Child Development: Observation and Reflection
The observation data that I gathered and the process that I used to observe significantly informed my ability to conduct observations in the field. For instance, I learned the most important steps in observation such as familiarizing myself with the subjects and taking note of all the activities that take place since they are all useful in the final analysis. The observation data made me realize the value of being keen during field observations so that no detail is left out.
Some of the questions that emerged during the observation process about the children in the media are whether children have similar developmental capabilities and whether play can be used to rectify a child’s developmental delays. The overall experience of observing made me question teachers’ ability to understand all the unique aspects of child development and how they use them to create unique and engaging learning activities. I experienced the challenge of remaining objective since my personal feelings were consistently influenced by judgments and observations.
As I reflect on the observation process and the overall experience, the question that arises is how infants and young children can exhibit an interest in problem-solving yet their mental faculties have not fully developed. The question exposes the complexity of cognitive development in children since it reveals that children develop cognition from social, emotional, and perceptual experiences.
I would like to know the cognitive capabilities of the children I observed by having one on one sessions with them so that I could test their abilities. I believe that intelligence varies not only in adults but also in children an indication that a child’s developmental milestones are unique and different from that of another child. The only similarities are the age of occurrence for each developmental milestone.
The data that I obtained during my observations deepened my understanding of children’s development and learning. I realized that the developmental domains are interlinked since the development of one domain builds onto another domain. For instance, the development of the social and emotional domains contributes to the emergence of the cognitive domain. I realized that the domains do not operate in isolation but instead strengthen each other as the child develops. I also learned that the environment plays a significant role in a child’s development. For instance, when a child grows up i ...
1
CHAPTER
4
BUSINESS-LEVEL STRATEGY
Chapter 2
The External Environment
Chapter 3
The Internal Organization
Vision
Mission
Chapter 4
Business-Level Strategy
Chapter 5
Competitive Rivalry and Dynamics
Chapter 6
Corporate-Level Strategy
Chapter 7
Merger and Acquisition Strategy
Chapter 8
International Strategy
Chapter 9
Cooperative Strategy
Strategy formulation
Strategic Competitiveness
Above-Average Returns
Chapter 10
Corporate Governance
Chapter 11
Organizational Structure and Controls
Chapter 12
Strategic Leadership
Chapter 13
Strategic Entrepreneurship
Strategy implementation
Analysis
Strategy
Performance
The Strategic Management Process
A-S-P model
Chapter 4:
BUSINESS-LEVEL STRATEGY
Chapter overview:
Defining business-level strategy
Customers: their relationship with business-level strategies
The purpose of a business-level strategy
Types of business-level strategies (link with Value chain and 5 forces)
3
Introduction
Strategy – increasingly important to a firm’s success and concerned with making choices among two or more alternatives. Choices dictated by
External environment
Internal resources, capabilities and core competencies
Examples from gaming industry (King Digital Entertainment vs. EA)
4
Introduction
Business level-strategy – integrated and coordinated set of commitments and actions the firm uses to gain a competitive advantage by exploiting core competencies in specific product markets
Generic strategy – a strategy that can be used by any organization competing in any industry
5
Introduction
6
A firm must use a Business Level Strategy
It is not necessary to use all the corporate level strategies, acquisition, restructuring, international…
From the dry cleaner to the multinational corporation – a firm must choose at least one business-level strategy
The business level strategy is the core strategy - the strategy that the firm forms to describe how it intends to compete in the product market
Introduction
7
In terms of customers, when selecting a business-level strategy the firm determines:
who will be served,
what needs those target customers have that it will satisfy, and
how those needs will be satisfied
Customers: Their Relationship with Business-Level Strategies
8
8
Strategic competitiveness results when firm can satisfy customers by using its competitive advantages
Returns earned are the lifeblood of firm
Most successful companies satisfy current customers and/or meet needs of new customers
Customers: Their Relationship with Business-Level Strategies
9
Five components in customer relationships
1. Effectively managing relationships with customers
Deliver superior value
Strong interactive relationships is foundation
2. Reach, richness and affiliation
Access and connection to customers
Depth and detail of two-way flow of information between firm and customer
Facilitating useful interactions with customers – viewing the world from the customer’s eyes
9
...
1Child Growth and DevelopmentYohana MangiaficoHousEttaBenton28
1
Child Growth and Development
Yohana Mangiafico
Houston Community College
TECA 1354: Child Growth and Development
Linda Jones
March 26, 2022
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
Add one more space between the title and your name.
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
Add the department name.
2
My neighbor’s son is a seven-year-old child who has progressed to second grade and is
becoming less reliant on his parents. He is a bright and athletic child who can ride a bike, roller
skate, and play badminton and table tennis. The child is attentive and can read, recount stories,
and do puzzles with ease. He is physically fit, standing 3 feet 12 inches tall and weighing 24
pounds. The body of a child grows and changes as it prepares to become an adult (Papalia &
Martorell, 2018). Seven years is a remarkable age, especially for boys, because it marks the end
of the newborn years and the beginnings of adulthood. He is, nevertheless, going through a
seven-year crisis, a period of change in which the child gains a new perspective on the world. It
enables him to advance to the next stage of his growth. Both at home and on the playground, the
observation was made. This case study is based on observing and analyzing changes in a seven-
year-old boy's physical, psychosocial, emotional, and cognitive development.
The boy spends roughly an hour and a half every day on the playground. He interacts
with the kids, runs with them, jumps, plays the ball, and hangs from the crossbar. The muscles of
the legs, arms, chest, and back are all actively developed, according to the findings. He grows
tough and robust, and he can walk for several kilometers. He can change the speed of his
movement by running slowly or swiftly. He can hop over minor barriers and shift direction
without slowing down while in motion. He can jump forward, up, to the sides, and over tiny
obstacles on one foot. He climbs up and down the stairwell and the rope ladder with ease. The
child has no developmental limitations and can readily hang from the crossbar. He also has no
trouble socializing and communicating with his classmates and other youngsters on the
playground.
Observing him on the playground, it is apparent that the child has reached a high degree
of physical development. He develops strength, endurance, and dexterity needs constant
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
Add the heading for Physical Development
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
informal
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
Yohana, the introduction should be like those in the Observation papers.
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
Title of the Paper
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
7
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
Only report what you actually see the child do, or what the parents/guardians/teacher report.
Linda Jones
57280000000003184
No opinions. Opinions are allowed in the summary portion.
3
exercise. While participating in sports, he understands and respects the rules of team games as
we ...
1
CHAPTER
2
THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT:
OPPORTUNITIES, THREATS, INDUSTRY COMPETITION
AND COMPETITOR ANALYSIS
Opening remarks
Company’s strategic actions are affected by
External environment
Internal environment
External environment is the source of:
Opportunities
Threats
The need for monitoring and analyzing external environment
The pace of change
Complexity
Uncertainty
2
The general, industry and competitor
analysis
3
General environment – broader society dimensions ( 7 dimensions)
Demographic, economic, political/legal, sociocultural, technological, physical and global
Out of firm’s control so must monitor and gather information
Industry environment – factors in competitive environment
Threat of new entrants, power of suppliers, power of buyers, threat of product substitutes, intensity of rivalry among competitors
Firm must assess industry’s opportunities for profit potential
Competitor analysis or competitive intelligence – the way firm’s can gather and analyze information on the industry competitors
Identifying their actions, responses and intentions
These three analyses influence and are influenced by the firm’s vision, mission and strategic actions
The general, industry and competitor environments
4
Three External Environments include:
General
Industry
Competitor
Segments of the general environment
5
DEMOGRAPHIC
Population size
Geographic distribution
ECONOMIC
Nature and direction of the economy in which a firm competes or may compete
SOCIO-CULTURAL
Refers to potential and actual changes in the physical environment and business practices that are intended to positively respond to and deal with those changes
Age structure
Ethnic mix
Income distribution
POLITICAL/LEGAL
PHYSICAL
TECHNOLOGICAL
GLOBAL
Arena in which organizations and interest groups compete for attention, resources, and a voice in overseeing the body of laws and regulations guiding the interactions among nations as well as between firms and various local governmental agencies
Concerned with a society's attitudes and cultural values
Includes the institutions and activities involved with creating new knowledge and translating that knowledge into new products, processes, and materials
Includes relevant new global markets, existing markets that are changing, important international political events, and critical cultural and institutional characteristics of global markets
External environmental analysis
6
The objective of this analysis is identification of
Opportunities and
Threats
Opportunity – a condition in the external environment that helps a company achieve strategic competitiveness, if exploited
Threat – a condition in the external environment that may diminish company’s efforts towards achieving strategic competitiveness
The four-step process includes
Scanning
Monitoring
Forecasting
Assessing
1. Scanning
Studying all the segments of the general environment
Early signals of changes an ...
1Chapter Two Literature ReviewStudents NameName of theEttaBenton28
1
Chapter Two: Literature Review
Student's Name
Name of the Institution
Course Number and Name
Professor
Due Date
Privacy Issues in Multi-Tenant Cloud Computing
Chapter Two: Literature Review
Introduction
A multitenant cloud is a cloud computing architecture that allows customers to share computing resources in a public or private cloud. Multitenant involves different cloud computing clients using or transferring a single computing infrastructure. This arrangement exposes the clients who have agreed to various privacy issues relating to their data and information stored in the cloud (Al-Ruithe et al., 2018). Evidence indicates that some of the privacy issues involved in multitenant cloud computing include data leakage, data breach, and exposure of the private data relating to clients involved in the agreement. As the number of people using cloud computing balloon, privacy issues are becoming a significant problem for many consumers who use the same cloud computing architecture in a private or public setting. It is essential to define what multitenant cloud entails before developing a clear concept or problem that can be investigated. According to Park et al. (2018), "A multitenant cloud is a cloud computing architecture that allows customers to share computing resources in a public or private cloud" (Park et al., 2018). Each tenant's data must be isolated in this cloud computing arrangement and cannot be accessed or seen by the partner tenant. However, the recent growth in technology has made data privacy in cloud computing challenges, posing a big problem to cloud computing providers.
The theoretical foundation for the current privacy issues in multitenant cloud computing is drawn from the study done by Park et al. (2018). According to Park et al. (2018), the most significant privacy issue in multitenant cloud computing is the lack of configurability. Configurability poses a colossal privacy issue in this infrastructure because the tenants have to share the same configuration. However, there is little evidence to provide this theory, and this study will play a significant role in contributing to this theoretical framework (Meng et al., 2021). The purpose of the current study is to investigate privacy and confidentiality issues in multi-tenancy cloud computing. Specifically, in this chapter, studies that have been done in the last five years focusing on this topic will be reviewed through a professional literature review.
Chapter Outline
The current chapter will be structured using headings and subheadings to ensure that each aspect is captured during the literature review. The study will be structured in 12 different sections, of which some may have sub-sections. The twelve sections in the current chapter will include introduction, chapter outline, search strategy, introduction to cloud computing, multi-tenancy cloud computing, and cloud computing deployment models. The other sections will consist of cloud computing service models, ...
1CHAPTER 6 CHINAChinaBook ReferenceTerrill, R. J. (EttaBenton28
1
CHAPTER 6: CHINA
China
Book Reference
Terrill, R. J. (2016). World criminal justice systems: A comparative survey. Routledge.
Concepts to Know
· Kuomintang
· Cultural Revolution
· Deng Xiaoping
· National People’s Congress
· Standing Committee
· The “Mass Line”
· Ministry of Public Security
· Residents’ Committees
· Criminal Detention
· Adjudication Committees
· Political-legal Committees
· Supreme People’s Court
· Basic People’s Courts
· Procuratorate
· People’s Assessor
· Confucians
· Legalists
· Compulsory Measures
· Administrative Regulations
· Labor Camps
· Death Penalty
· Bang-jiao
Introduction
CHINA is an ancient country that has one of the oldest civilizations on earth. Its written history is almost 4,000 years old, and throughout much of its existence, its cultural traditions have had a profound impact on the entire East Asian region. China occupies much of the mainland of East Asia and shares land borders with 14 countries (Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Vietnam). With a geographical area of about 3.7 million square miles, China is slightly larger than the United States (see Figure 6.1). Among the countries of the world, only Russia and Canada are larger in area. Unlike the United States, where almost 20 percent of the land is utilized for agriculture, China cultivates around 10 percent of its land on a permanent basis.
Because of rugged and inhospitable geographical conditions, particularly in the western regions, large areas of China are uninhabited. As a result, approximately two-thirds of the population live along the east coast, which represents about one-fifth of the land. China has long held the distinction of having the world’s largest population at more than 1.3 billion. This figure is greater than the combined populations of Europe, Russia, and the United States. More than 91 percent of the people belong to the Han ethnic group. All of the other ethnic minorities represent less than 1 percent of the population, with the exception of the Zhuang minority at 1.3 percent of the total population.
Approximately 31 percent of the labor force is employed in agriculture and forestry, with industrial and service ventures employing 30 and 36 percent, respectively. Iron, steel, and textiles are among the more prominent industries. In 1978, Chinese leaders initiated a program to modernize agriculture, industry, science and technology, and national defense. Their goal was to achieve a fairly advanced industrialized country by the year 2000. This program was prompted, in part, by the fact that the standard of living had been in a considerable state of decline since the 1950s.
Throughout China’s more recent political history under communism, the state essentially owned the industrial enterprises and commercial ventures of the country. Because people were guaranteed life-long employment, concerns about workforce productivity had been negl ...
1Chapter 9TelevisionBroadcast and Beyond2EttaBenton28
1
Chapter 9
Television:
Broadcast and Beyond
2
Sinclair Broadcast Group
Family run group of 173 stations in 81 markets; affiliated with Fox, ABC, CBS, NBC and Univision
Questions about corporate “must run” messages sent to affiliates brought company into the news
3
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
3
Sinclair Broadcast Group
Required broadcast of conservative commentaries
Biggest controversy was script complaining about “fake news” sent out to all stations to be recorded by local anchors
4
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Invention of Television
Philo T. Farnsworth
1922: diagrams plans for television at age 16
1930: receives patent cathode ray tube
RCA attempted to promote its own Vladimir Zworykin as inventor of TV
1947: Farnsworth’s television patent expires just before TV starts to take off
5
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Beginning of Broadcast Television
1939: NBC starts broadcasting, most sets in bars, restaurants
1942: TV manufacturing suspended for duration of WW II; most stations go off air
Licensing of new TV stations suspended 1948–1952, leaving many cities without television
6
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SAGE Publishing, 2019
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Lucy & Desi End Live TV
1951: Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz create I Love Lucy
One of the first sitcoms to be filmed, rather than live
Lucy and Desi hold onto syndication rights to the show, still being broadcast today
7
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
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Color Television
1950s: early experiments in color television
1965: Big Three networks broadcasting in color
NBC peacock logo designed to tell B&W viewers show was in color
Early color TVs cost equivalent of big screen TVs today
8
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
8
Beginning of Cable Television
Community antenna television (CATV)
Early form of cable television used to distribute broadcast channels in communities with poor television reception
Relatively expensive, was source of a good TV signal, not additional programming
9
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
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Rebirth of Cable
By mid-1970s, FCC began loosening rules on cable companies
1975: HBO starts providing programming nationwide, sending signal to local cable companies via satellite
Key point: HBO could send programming to 1,000 cable companies as cheaply as to one
10
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Ted Turner – Cable Pioneer
1963: inherits failing billboard company from father
1970: buys Channel 17 in Atlanta
Buys Atlanta Braves and Hawks sports franchises to provide programming for channel
Turns Channel 17 into Superstation WTBS in 1976, takes local station national
11
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in ...
1CHAPTER 5 RUSSIARussiaBook ReferenceTerrill, R. J.EttaBenton28
1
CHAPTER 5: RUSSIA
Russia
Book Reference
Terrill, R. J. (2016). World criminal justice systems: A comparative survey. Routledge.
Concepts to Know
· Marxism–Leninism
· Mikhail Gorbachev
· Democratization
· Constitution of the Russian Federation
· President of the Russian Federation
· Federal Security Service (FSB)
· Propiska
· Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation
· Judicial Department
· Procuracy
· Defense Counsel
· Justices of the Peace
· Jury
· Material Definition of Crime
· Measures of Restraint
· Plea Bargaining
· Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD)
· Commission on Juvenile Affairs
Introduction
THE LONGEST-RUNNING social science experiment of the twentieth century officially ended on December 25, 1991, with the resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev as president of the Soviet Union. From the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 until Gorbachev’s resignation, the rulers of the Soviet Union had attempted to create a communist society that would be the envy of the world. Support for this goal was continual for more than 70 years, but the sense of purpose and direction began to unravel during the late 1980s. The principal cause for this shift in opinion was Gorbachev’s alternative rationale for achieving socialism. Although his ideas were a radical departure from some of the basic tenets of Leninism, Gorbachev generally favored implementing them incrementally. Nevertheless, disaffection with these ideas became quite pronounced among devoted communists, which led to the attempted coup of August 1991. This was followed by Gorbachev’s resignation and the formal dissolution of the country by year’s end.
The Soviet Union had been composed of 15 republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelorussia, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirghizistan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Russia, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Russia was not only the largest republic in terms of territory and population, but it also dominated the policies of the Soviet Union—so much so that the words Russian and Soviet were often used interchangeably when referring to the foreign and domestic policies of the Soviet Union. Today, Russia is the largest country in the world, almost twice the size of the United States. It encompasses more than 6.5 million square miles that stretch from Eastern Europe through the northern half of Asia. The population of about 139 million has become more urban over the past 50 years. In fact, it has reached about 80 percent of the population— almost an exact reversal of the urban and rural ratio at the time of the 1917 Revolution (see Figure 5.1).
Russia is a federation consisting of six categories of administrative units. These include 21 republics, nine territories, 46 provinces, two federal cities, one autonomous republic, and four autonomous regions. Among these administrative units, the republics have the greatest claim to self-government. Although Russians comprise more than 80 percent of the country’s population, there are some 126 national ...
1Chapter 6Newspapers and the NewsReflections of aEttaBenton28
1
Chapter 6
Newspapers and the News:
Reflections of a Democratic Society
2
When Is It News That an Entire City
Is Being Poisoned By Its Water Supply?
City of Flint, Mich., had high levels of lead in its water after changing from lake to river water
Local journalists say they were slow to respond because officials said water was ok
But local journalists eventually drove the story to receive national attention
3
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
National journalists saw it as heartland story, followed national stories instead
Communities depend on local journalism for news about important local occurrences
When Is It News That an Entire City
Is Being Poisoned By Its Water Supply?
4
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Early Newspapers
1618: Curanto, published in Amsterdam, is first English-language newspaper
1622: newspapers being published in Britain, distributed through coffeehouses
Followers of church reformers John Calvin and Martin Luther among earliest publishers
5
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
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5
Colonial Publishing
1690: Publick Occurrences, first paper published in American colonies
Colonial newspapers subject to British censorship
6
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
6
Colonial Publishing
1721: New England Courant
Published by James Franklin, Ben’s older brother
First paper published without “By Authority” notice; James sent to prison for doing so, Ben takes over publishing paper
7
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
7
Early American Newspapers
Audience primarily wealthy elite
Published by political parties
Focused on opinion, not news
Expensive and had small circulation
Generally bought by prepaid subscription
8
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
8
Penny Press Revolution
Benjamin Day’s idea: The New York Sun – “It shines for all”
Sold on the street for one or two cents
Supported primarily by advertising
9
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
9
Penny Press Revolution
First papers to shift focus on news
Journalistic objectivity developed as a way to appeal to larger audiences
Rise of working class supported penny press growth
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
10
10
A Modern Democratic Society
Rapidly growing number of papers
Growing number of people working for wages
U.S. transforming from rural to urban society
Expanding interest in national and global events
Newspapers promoted democratic market society
People acquire the news “habit”
11
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
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11
Newspaper Wars: Hearst vs. Pulitzer
Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World
Creation of the front page
Often staged sensational ...
1CHAPTER 4 SOUTH AFRICA South AfricaConcepts to Know·EttaBenton28
1
CHAPTER 4: SOUTH AFRICA
South Africa
Concepts to Know
· Afrikaner
· Apartheid
· Natives Land Act (1913)
· African National Congress
· National Party
· Group Areas Act (1950)
· Nelson Mandela
· Freedom Charter (1955)
· Truth and Reconciliation Commission
· Ubuntu
· National Assembly
· Public Protector
· Independent Police Investigative Directorate
· S v. Makwanyana (1995)
· Judicial Service Commission
· Law Reform Commission
· Constitutional Court
· Advocates
· Assessors
· Inspecting Judge
· NICRO
· Child Justice Act (2008)
Introduction
SOUTH AFRICA encompasses the southern tip of the African continent. It is the ninth largest country on the continent and the thirty-third largest in the world. Its northern border is shared with Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Swaziland. Its coastline borders the Indian Ocean on the east and south and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. In addition, South Africa surrounds the small country of Lesotho, which is approximately the size of the state of Maryland. Lesotho is a constitutional monarchy that gained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1966 (see Figure 4.1).
The population of South Africa is almost 53 million and consists of 79.5 percent black, 9 percent white, 9 percent “colored,” and 2.5 percent Asian or Indian residents. The use of the word “colored” in the South African context refers to people of mixed race and often is associated with people of African and Dutch ancestry. The principal industries of the country are minerals, mining, motor vehicles, and machinery. South Africa is a significant producer of platinum, manganese, gold, and chrome. Its major trading markets include China, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
South Africa has 11 official languages: Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu, Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, and Xitsonga. With the exception of Afrikaans and English, the other languages are all Bantu languages. Bantu languages are spoken by more than 100 million Africans in east, central, and southern Africa. Afrikaans is a seventeenth-century variation of Dutch that has been considered a distinct language since the nineteenth century. Approximately 7 percent of the South African population are Afrikaners, that is, people who trace their roots to the early Dutch, French, and German settlers. Most of the English spoken is by nonwhites, along with approximately 2 million English-speaking whites who trace their ancestors to British immigrants and to the 1 million people of Asian/Indian origins.
Throughout the second half of the twentieth century South Africa was associated most with its policy of apartheid, a white supremacist ideology that emphasized white domination and racial discrimination. More will be said about apartheid shortly. First, an outline is offered of the arrival of white Europeans to this part of Africa and the pre-apartheid policies of racial segregation that had been introduced and in practice for a num ...
1Chapter 3 JAPANIntroductionJAPAN is an island countrEttaBenton28
1
Chapter 3: JAPAN
Introduction
JAPAN is an island country located off the eastern coast of the Eurasian continent. It is generally considered a small country, in part because its geographical proximity to China and Russia dwarfs its size. However, compared to western European countries, Japan’s 145,902 square miles make it larger than England or Italy. In terms of the United States, it is slightly smaller than the state of California (see Figure 3.1). Japan’s population of 126.5 million is more than twice that found in England, and they are among the world’s most literate people. It is also interesting to note that Japan’s population is growing older faster than any other country in the world. This fact raises a host of economic and social issues for the country’s future. Because the terrain is very mountainous and the habitable land limited, Japan is one of the most densely populated regions in the world.
Although the climate is conducive to farming, less than 15 percent of the land is fertile enough for agriculture. Fishing has long been a significant source of income, but the attention Japan receives regarding its economy generally centers on its industrial production. Before the middle of the nineteenth century, Japan was one of the most isolated countries in the world, and this insular position was by design. The political leadership realized, however, that it could no longer maintain that posture completely. As a result, the leaders made a conscious decision to industrialize. Although the country is not rich in mineral deposits, Japan has emerged as an industrial giant since World War II. Japan is unique in that it is the only non-Western country that has become completely industrialized, exporting a wide range of products that include motor vehicles, electronic equipment, and mechanical tools.
Like the Scandinavians, the Japanese have remained one of the most homogenous of the advanced peoples in the world. More than 98 percent of the population is Japanese, and the largest minority group is Korean. The Japanese have a common history, language, and race. The dominant religions are Shintoism and Buddhism, but these are viewed more as features of Japanese custom than as beliefs that attract devoted followers. It has been estimated that between 70 and 80 percent of the people do not practice any religion. The homogenous qualities of the Japanese are enhanced further by their insular society and entrepreneurial spirit. This may appear somewhat contradictory from a Western perspective, but it is an example of a curious blending of the country’s traditions with modern pragmatism.
The Japanese recognized the value of expanding their trade routes and introducing industrialization to an economy that for centuries had been based on feudal principles. Because of their commitment to this change, the Japanese are recognized today for a competitive spirit that had long been associated with capitalist countries in the West. However, it is a group ...
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
1CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL AND NUCLEAR (CBR
1. 1
CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL,
RADIOLOGICAL AND NUCLEAR
(CBRN) TERRORISM IN
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
The attacks on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon on 11
September
2001 (9/11) came as a complete surprise, but should not have
been
unanticipated. Throughout the 1990s terrorism analysts from
both inside
and outside government had been arguing that it was only a
matter of time
before the first act of mass destruction terrorism. Yet threat
assessments
had increasingly focused on acts of mass destruction terrorism
involving
CBRN weapons. This raises questions about why attention was
focused on
CBRN weapons when there was a greater potential threat from
other forms
of attack. The starting point in searching for the answer to that
question is
the history of CBRN terrorism, coupled with the nature of the
public and
political debates that have surrounded it. This historical
narrative shows that
some terrorist groups in the latter part of the twentieth century
have always
2. been interested in CBRN weapons, with the first decade of
significant
terrorist interest in CBRN terrorism being the 1970s.
CBRN Terrorism in the 1970s
Terrorism in the 1970s was dominated by ethno-nationalist
separatist or
independence groups such as the Palestine Liberation
Organization (PLO)
and the Irish Republic Army (IRA) in Northern Ireland. It was
also the
decade when radical left- and right-wing political groups in
Western Europe
such as the Red Army Faction (RAF) also known as the Baader -
Meinhof
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SYSTEM
AN: 355536 ; Benjamin Cole.; The Changing Face of Terrorism
: How Real Is the Threat From Biological, Chemical and
Nuclear Weapons?
Account: s7348467.main.ehost
8. 6 The Changing Face of Terrorism
gang, and the Red Brigades were operating at their peak.
Despite the high
levels of terrorist violence, particularly in the Middle East,
security debates
in the West were dominated by the Cold War. Concerns about
terrorism
and ethno-nationalist guerrilla movements assumed significance
primarily
because of concerns that the Soviet Union was using them as
proxies to
de-stabilize democratic regimes and spread communism.
Against this background of heightened terrorist activity, there
was
significant, albeit limited, interest among some terrorists groups
in using
CBRN weapons. These incidents can be divided into three broad
groups:
those where there was a threat to use CBRN weapons but no
evidence
that the group involved actually possessed them; incidents
where a group
possessed a CBRN weapon but it was never used; and incidents
in which a
CBRN weapon was actually used. In the majority of reported
incidents in
the 1970s there was no evidence that the group concerned
actually possessed
a CBRN weapon. Yet there were a small number of incidents in
which a
terrorist group acquired a CBRN weapon and apparently
intended to use it.
9. A number of groups, such as the revolutionary left-wing group
Weather
Underground, attempted, but failed, to acquire CBRN
weapons.1 But a
number of groups and individuals did succeed in developing or
otherwise
acquiring CBW. These included left-wing groups, right-wing
groups, an
unspecified Arab group, and various individuals whose political
affiliations
are unknown. Perhaps the most significant of these incidents
occurred in
1972 when members of the Order of the Rising Sun, a neo-
Nazi group
in the USA, were arrested in possession of 30–40kg of
Typhoid bacillus
and charged with conspiring to contaminate the water supplies
of large
cities in the USA.2 This case indicated that some terrorist
groups had the
technological capability to develop biological agents, and were
interested
in using them to indiscriminately kill large numbers of
civilians. There was
also one other alleged plot to indiscriminately kill civilians by
poisoning
water supplies, but in all of the other cases the targets were
discriminate,
these included President Gerald Ford, the Supreme Court and
the Capitol
Building in Washington.3 The threat from this small number of
groups
and individuals was neutralized by the success of the security
forces in
apprehending the culprits before they executed their attacks.
10. There were only three terrorist incidents involving the use of
CBRN
weapons in the 1970s. In November 1973 members of the left-
wing
revolutionary group, the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA)
killed
California school superintendent Dr Marcus Foster and wounded
Deputy
Superintendent Robert Blackburn with cyanide-tipped bullets.4
In 1979 the
Arab Revolutionary Army Palestinian Commandos injected
Israeli oranges
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CBRN Terrorism in Historical Context 7
that were being exported to Western Europe with mercury. More
than a
dozen people were poisoned by the oranges, and a number of
children were
killed. The following year, the same terrorist group threatened
to poison
other Israeli agricultural exports to Europe,5 whilst in Italy, the
Red Brigades
allegedly tried seven times to poison reservoirs, but were
unsuccessful
because the toxins were quickly diluted.6 This last incident was
particularly
worrying because of the intent to cause indiscriminate mass
casualties.
11. A number of observations can be made from these incidents.
The
number of incidents involving the use of a CBRN weapon or in
which
the terrorist group acquired a CBRN agent but did not use it,
was far
outweighed by the number of unsubstantiated allegations,
threats and
hoaxes. The ‘weapons’ involved were crude, with the terrorists
being
restricted to using chemical or biological agents for individual
assassinations
or as contaminants. The nature of the plots raised a number of
significant
questions that remained unanswered. Foremost amongst them
was whether
terrorist use of these weapons was restricted by technical
considerations,
or whether some groups might have been deterred from using
them for a
range of moral, tactical, political or religious reasons.
These incidents fostered a small but well-informed debate on
CBRN
terrorism in the academic and policy communities. Writing in
1977, David
Rosenbaum argued that individuals with the necessary skills to
develop
nuclear weapons are easily found, and that ‘most revolutionaries
now
however seem to consider indiscriminate slaughter a primary
tactic and one
of which they are proud’.7 Yet the debate was reasonably
balanced, with
analysts such as Brian Jenkins questioning terrorists’ ability and
motivations
12. to procure CBRN weapons: ‘nuclear terrorism is neither
imminent nor
inevitable … simply killing a lot of people is not an objective
of terrorism’.8
It was argued that serious obstacles to CBRN terrorism existed,
and that the
political and strategic disincentives to perpetrati ng WMD
attacks would be
high. Studies assumed that terrorists needed political and
material support,
and aimed to raise awareness of their cause in order to build
popular support
for it. The view of many observers was that the use of CBRN
weapons and
particularly WMD, would stiffen the resolve of governments
not to accede
to the terrorists’ demands, and would alienate the potential
supporters of
terrorist groups.
As a result of the small number of attacks, and their limited
impact,
the debate on CBRN terrorism in the 1970s was not driven by
events.
CBRN terrorism was not a significant feature of mainstream
terrorist
activity and neither was it a major threat to the national security
of any state.
For governments, it remained marginal to other more immediate
national
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13. 8 The Changing Face of Terrorism
security concerns. Thinking about nuclear terrorism w as merely
an adjunct
to broader debates about nuclear non-proliferation following
India’s test of
a nuclear weapon and the signature of the Nuclear Non-
Proliferation Treaty
(NPT) in 1974. As a consequence, the issue was lost sight of
alongside the
more immediate concerns of policy makers to contain
proliferation and
manage the Cold War. As a consequence, the issue failed to
galvanize any
significant response from governments. Overall, events in the
1970s served
notice of emerging risks and challenges, but the spectre of
WMD terrorism
involving CBRN weapons still seemed to be a long way off.
CBRN Terrorism in the 1980s
Terrorist activity in the 1980s was similar to that in the
previous decade. It
was dominated by ethno-nationalist groups such as the PLO, the
IRA, the
Basque separatist group Euzkadi Ta As Katasuna (ETA), and the
Ellalan
Force of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Ealam (the Tamil
Tigers) in Sri
Lanka. However, some of the political groups in Western
Europe such
as the RAF and Red Brigades were in decline by the end of the
decade.
The strategies and targets of many of these groups evolved as
14. government
counter-terrorism measures began to have an impact, but many
of these
groups still displayed an interest in perpetrating indiscriminate
attacks
against civilian targets.
The arguments about terrorist use of CBRN weapons that
emerged
in the 1970s continued to permeate the public debate in the
1980s. Grant
Wardlow argued that, ‘The capability of killing on a grand
scale must be
balanced against the fear of widespread revulsion and
alienating perceived
constituents [supporters], of provoking a massive, publicly
approved
government crackdown’,9 whilst Konrad Kellen argued that
because
terrorists believe that their struggle is intended to better the
human
condition, mass killing is not likely to be attractive to most of
them.10
At the beginning of the 1980s the main focus of governments
and
the policy community was on nuclear terrorism, which
culminated in the
convening of the International Task Force On the Prevention of
Nuclear
Terrorism, in 1985. The task force brought together experts
from different
fields to consider nuclear terrorism from the point of view of
arms control,
security, intelligence, civil nuclear programmes, crisis
prevention and
15. international law. Its seminal report was published in 1987.11
Chemical and
biological terrorism was a much lower concern at that time,
despite the fact
that chemical weapons (CW) are easier to develop than nuclear
weapons and
most of the incidents in the 1970s involved CW. The threat of
biological
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CBRN Terrorism in Historical Context 9
terrorism was downplayed because the use of biological
weapons (BW) was
considered to be so morally repugnant that: no one would
consider using
them; the technology was too difficult for all but the most
sophisticated
laboratories to master; and the potential destructiveness of
these weapons
was simply too great for terrorists to consider using them.12
There was a slight increase in the number of actual attacks
involving
CBRN weapons during the 1980s, including a small number of
serious
incidents. Arguably the most important was the first case of
BW terrorism.
In September 1984, followers of the Rajneeshpuram Cult in the
USA,
infected the salad bars of restaurants in the town of The Dalles
16. in Oregon
with salmonella, causing serious food poisoning to 751 people.
This attack
had been preceded by a number of other failed attacks. In
August, cult
members had given water laced with Salmonella typhimurium to
two local
government officials and the bacteria was also used to
contaminate produce
at a local grocery store, and was smeared onto door and urinal
handles in
the county courthouse. On another occasion a cult member was
instructed
to contaminate the food in schools and nursing homes. Cult
members then
made two attempts to contaminate the water supply of The
Dalles. It appears
that they did not have enough Salmonella typhimurium and so
probably used
sewage mixed with dead rats instead. None of this
contamination appears
to have caused any illness. There are also reports that the group
attempted
to aerosolize HIV-contaminated blood, and also considered
using hepatitis
and giardia.13
The next incident occurred in 1985 in Israel, when the nerve
agent
carbamate was added to the coffee at an Israeli military dining
hall, but there
were no reports of casualties.14 This was followed in 1987 by
the killing of
19 police recruits in the Philippines in what officials believed
could have
been a mass poisoning by either the communist New Peoples’
17. Army, or one
of the Muslim separatist groups operating on the island of
Mindanao.15
Following the successful contamination of Israeli oranges in
1979 there
was also a large increase in the number of threats by different
insurgent
groups to contaminate the export products of a number of
states. These
threats were primarily intended to damage the national
economies of those
states and publicize the causes of the relevant insurgent groups.
Examples
include Uganda (coffee and tea), Sri Lanka (tea), South Africa
(wine and
fruit), the Philippines (pineapples), Israel (citrus fruits), Chile
(grapes), and
the USA (the pain killer Tylenol).16
An equally significant development was an increased number of
incidents
in which groups and individuals managed to develop a CBRN
agent but did
not actually use it. This provided a clear indication of an
increasing interest
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10 The Changing Face of Terrorism
in CBRN weapons amongst terrorist groups. In 1981, a number
18. of neo-
Nazi arms caches uncovered by West German police were
reported to have
contained ‘various poisons including arsenic, strychnine and
cyanide’.17
In 1982, it was claimed that Israel had captured a PLO
representative in
Lebanon, who was in possession of a CW. In 1983, the FBI
seized 28g of
ricin from two brothers in Springfield, Massachusetts, but it is
not known
why they had acquired it.18 There were also reports that in the
early 1980s,
French police raided a safe house in Paris belonging to a cell of
the left-
wing RAF (Baader-Meinhof gang), where they discovered a
laboratory
containing cultured Clostridium botulinum (which produces
botulinum toxin),
and notes about bacteria induced diseases.19
There were also a number of other incidents that served as
indicators of a
potential worsening of the situation in the 1990s. The first
group of incidents
involved the burgeoning extreme right-wing movement in the
USA. This
movement is comprised of a diverse mix of racist, Christian,
neo-Nazi, white
supremacist, and anti-government groups. In 1983 a plot was
hatched at a
meeting of white supremacists from the USA and Canada at the
Headquarters
of the Aryan Nations, in Idaho, which included the ‘polluting
of municipal
water supplies’. Four years later, this resulted in 14 individuals
19. being indicted
for plotting to engage in indiscriminate mass murder by
poisoning the water
supplies of two major US cities.20 In 1985, police in the USA
raided the
compound of The Covenant, the Sword and the Arm of Lord, a
Christian,
millenarian, neo-Nazi group, where they discovered 30 gallons
of potassium
cyanide that the group was intending to use to poison the water
supplies of
several cities.21 In 1988, members of a racist group called the
Confederate
Hammerskins were convicted of attacking the Jewish Temple
Shalom and
the Mosque of Richardson in Dallas, Texas. Former members
testified that
the group had planned to pump cyanide into Temple Shalom,
through its air
conditioning system. 22 The final CBRN terrorist incident of
the 1980s passed
almost unnoticed in 1989. In Japan, members of the Aum
Shinrikyo religious
cult murdered a lawyer and his family in the city of Yokohama,
by injecting
them with potassium chloride.23 It was a portent of a wave of
CBRN attacks
by Aum Shinrikyo in the early 1990s.
As was the case in the 1970s, a diversity of different types of
terrorist
groups threatened or attempted to acquire CBRN weapons in the
1980s.
But again, no group managed to develop a WMD or even to
effectively
weaponize a CBW agent that it had acquired. This restricted
20. them to using
chemical and biological agents as contaminants. Security forces
were the
target of some of these attacks, but the majority of the attacks
and planned
attacks, were aimed against civilians, and there was an increase
in the number
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CBRN Terrorism in Historical Context 11
of plots that could potentially have resulted in mass casualties.
Unfortunately,
these incidents provided no further clarity to the uncertainties
about the
threat that had been identified in the 1970s. The relative
influence of the
various moral, technical, political, religious, tactical, and
strategic factors
that might impact on terrorists’ decision making on whether to
acquire and
use CBRN remained unknown. It was apparent that some groups
with an
intent to cause indiscriminate mass casualties lacked the
technical expertise
to weaponize CBRN agents, whilst others which might have had
the
technological capability seemed to lack interest. It also remains
unknown
whether those groups that actually had a CBW but were arrested
before
21. using it would ever have actually gone through with an attack.
CBRN Terrorism in the 1990s
The defining feature of the security environment in the 1990s
was the
end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union.
These events
fostered radical changes in international relations and changed
the nature of
security debates as a wave of nationalism and other ideologies
and causes
rose to prominence in a number of strategically significant
regions of the
world. The result was that the primary threats to international
security were
perceived to come from a greater number of smaller, more
amorphous
sources, such as regional states in pursuit of regional political
ambitions,
inter-ethnic civil wars, and transnational threats from non-state
actors
particularly terrorism, narcotics, and crime. To an extent these
problems
were interlinked, with many radical regimes in the developing
world being
profoundly anti-American, and actively seeking to limit the
influence of the
USA in their regions. This prompted allegations that these
regimes were
sponsoring terrorism as a means of pursuing their foreign
policy goals. In
particular, a significant increase in terrorist activity from
groups with an
Islamic fundamentalist or Islamist ideology seemed to confirm
assessments
22. that Iran was attempting to export its revolution throughout the
Gulf
region and the Middle East, threatening US strategic interests
such as the
security of Israel and oil supplies. These threats had always
existed but had
previously been dominated by Cold War issues. Now they rose
to assume
the primacy that the superpower confrontation had once held. It
was at this
time that al-Qaeda rose to prominence as a major facilitator of
global jihad,
with a number of high profile attacks on US targets.
In conjunction with these changes in the international political
system,
the debate on CBRN and WMD terrorism gained heightened
political
prominence. This was due to a combination of increased levels
of
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12 The Changing Face of Terrorism
terrorism and the continued proliferation of CBRN weapons
and WMD,
particularly by states that were alleged to sponsor terrorism.
The 1991 Gulf
War and the subsequent exposure of Iraq’s WMD programme
provided
conclusive evidence that the clandestine production of WMD is
23. possible
despite the existence of international arms control treaties.
Concerns about
Libya’s intentions were also raised after the identification of an
alleged
CW production facility at Tarhuna. These developments were
linked into
a broader set of concerns about the increasing ease with which
terrorist
groups could potentially acquire the technological expertise to
develop
CBRN weapons. There was particular concern that some
scientists who
had previously been employed in the WMD programmes of the
former
Soviet Union (FSU) might hire their services out to the highest
bidder.
But in general terms, it was also a time of rapid advances in
biotechnology
and genetic engineering, and of increasingly easy access to
dual-use
technology and scientific expertise. In 1996, former Director of
the CIA
John Deutch, summed up the situation by claiming that the
‘proliferation of
nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons and their potential
use by states
or terrorists is the most urgent challenge facing the national
security, and
therefore the intelligence community in the post-Cold War
world’.24
Terrorism in the 1990s was dominated by two underlying trends.
The first
was the increasing lethality of terrorist violence.25 On average,
individual
24. terrorist incidents were becoming more lethal. During the 1980s
the number
of international terrorist incidents was approximately 50 per
cent greater
than in the 1970s, and twice as many people were killed.26
During the 1990s
the number of international terrorist incidents began to fall. A
record 484
incidents occurred in 1991, which fell to 343 in 1992, then to
360 in 1993,
to 353 in 1994 and finally to 278 in 1995. Yet as the figures
fell, a greater
percentage of these incidents resulted in fatalities.27 The
evidence in respect
of domestic terrorism is more problematic. In Algeria and Sri
Lanka there
were a significant number of attacks against civilian targets,
whilst there was
no significant increase in the number of casualties from attacks
by groups
such as the IRA and ETA.
Hidden within these statistics however, was a more dramatic
trend that
lies at the heart of the contention that the trend towards
increasing levels
of lethality in terrorist attacks will result in the increasing use
of CBRN
weapons. Writing in 1990, Professor Paul Wilkinson identified a
trend that
originated from 1982, of increasingly indiscriminate and lethal
attacks in
which civilians were targeted. He pondered:
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CBRN Terrorism in Historical Context 13
How does one explain this increase in indiscriminateness? In
part it
results from the terrorists’ ever more desperate desire for
publicity.
With the media and the public satiated with reports of violence
around
the world, terrorist leaders have concluded that they must
commit
greater atrocities to capture the headlines. Another key factor is
the
growing attraction of soft targets to terrorists, increasingly
aware of
the greater risks that face them if they seek to attack high
prestige
targets … Some experienced observers have suggested that
another
major element may be a shift inside terrorist organizations away
from
the more pragmatic ‘politically minded’ terrorist leaders to
fanatical
hard men, obsessed with vengeance and violence.28
But despite these trends, terrorist attacks which sought to kill
large
numbers of people were actually quite rare.29 Between 1925
and 2000 there
were only 16 terrorist incidents that resulted in more than 100
casualties.30
Nine of these attacks occurred in the 1980s, and only four in
the 1990s.
26. So statistically, attacks at the higher end of the casualty
spectrum reached
a high point in the 1980s and then declined in number. This
shows that
the generally increasing lethality of terrorist attacks does not
automatically
result in an increase in the number of the most lethal attacks.
However,
these figures do not include failed attacks, and attacks where
there was an
intention to kill large numbers but which failed to achieve that
goal, such as
the bombing of the World Trade Centre in 1993. The other
main feature
of these attacks is that many of the targets were discriminate
in nature,
such as the 1984 bombing of the US Marine Corps barracks in
Beirut. But
of the four attacks that occurred in the 1990s, half of them –
the series of
10 bombs detonated in Bombay in 1993, and the destruction of
a Moscow
apartment block in 1999, were indiscriminate in nature.
Therefore, even
when terrorists seek to kill large numbers of people, they will
not necessarily
choose an indiscriminate civilian target, although there did
seem to be a shift
towards attacking such targets in the 1990s. This raises
questions about the
extent to which many terrorist groups are interested in
perpetrating attacks
that would cause indiscriminate mass casualties.
These figures in themselves do not prove that terrorists will
attempt
27. to procure CBRN weapons in order to perpetrate indiscriminate
attacks
resulting in mass casualties. What 9/11 proved is that it is
possible to kill
large numbers of people with conventional weapons, and in the
1990s,
terrorists had not yet reached the full potential for mass killing
using
conventional weapons. This suggested that if greater numbers
of terror
groups are moving towards attacks intended to cause mass
casualties, it
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14 The Changing Face of Terrorism
should initially have been manifest in a greater number of
attacks involving
conventional weapons. And this is exactly what happened, when
an Islamist
terrorist cell attempted to destroy the World Trade Centre in
1993 by
detonating a massive bomb in its basement. The bomb exploded
but failed
in its intention to topple one of the towers into the other. It was
a portent
of things to come and provided clear evidence of some
terrorists’ interest
in perpetrating indiscriminate mass casualty attacks.
The increasing lethality of terrorist violence was perceived to
28. be driven
by the other main trend in terrorist violence in the 1990s: the
growth of
‘religious’ terrorism. Many secular terrorist groups such as the
IRA and
the PLO are ‘religious’ to the extent that their members are
drawn almost
exclusively from one particular faith, but their ideologies and
goals are
political in nature. For a new generation of terrorists that first
emerged in the
late 1980s, their ideologies and objectives are a blend of
politics and religion.
This involves all of the world’s major religions, from extreme
right-wing
Christian groups, radical Jews, militant Sikhs, and Islamic
fundamentalists
or Islamists. These ‘religious’ terrorist groups operate all
around the world,
including Europe, North America, South Asia, and the Middle
East. When
the first of these modern ‘religious’ terrorist groups emerged in
1980, they
comprised only two of the 64 active terrorist groups. By 1992
that number
had risen to 11, comprising a quarter of all the terrorist groups
that carried
out attacks in that year. By 1994, the trend had accelerated, and
16 (or one-
third) of the 49 identifiable groups could be classified as being
religious in
character or motivation. In 1995 that number had risen again to
25 out of
58 known active terrorist groups, or 42 per cent. These figures
indicated that
politico-religious ideologies were fast becoming one of the
29. primary drivers
of terrorism.31
But among these new ‘religious’ terrorists there are differences
over
the extent to which they are driven by theological imperatives.
Many have
clear political objectives such as the liberation of their
homelands from
occupation, or the establishment of a theocratic regime. In
contrast, others
have much less comprehensible nationalist or ideological
motivations,
embracing far more amorphous religious and millenarian aims,
which in
their eyes are divinely sanctioned. In some instances their aims
go far beyond
the establishment of some theocracy amenable to their
particular deity, to
embrace mystical, almost transcendental and divinely inspired
imperatives,
or a vehemently anti-government form of populism, reflecting
far-fetched
conspiracy notions, based on a volatile mixture of seditious,
racial, and
religious dictums.32
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CBRN Terrorism in Historical Context 15
The linkage between the growth of ‘religious’ terrorism and the
30. trend
towards increasing lethality in terrorist attacks is evident from
the fact that
although ‘religious’ terrorists committed only 25 per cent of
the recorded
international terrorist incidents in 1995, they were responsible
for 58 per
cent of the fatalities, and carried out all of the attacks in 1995
which incurred
more than eight fatalities.33 This is particularly apparent in the
attacks that
resulted in more than 100 casualties. All of the attacks in the
1990s which
resulted in more than 100 casualties were perpetrated by
‘religious’ groups,
whilst several of those in the 1980s, such as the bombing of
Pan Am flight
103 over the Scottish village of Lockerbie in 1988, were
perpetrated by
‘secular’ groups. It was generally considered that the
theological imperatives
of the ideologies of these groups led them to place fewer
constraints on the
use of violence.
Yet despite the broad range of ‘religious’ terror groups, the
high levels
of lethality associated with this type of group were primarily
due to the
activities of Islamic fundamentalist and Islamist groups. In the
1980s and
1990s, Shi’a terrorist groups were responsible for over a quarter
of the
deaths from terrorism, and between 1982 and 1989 were
responsible for
30 per cent of the total fatalities despite committing only 8 per
31. cent of all
attacks.34 However, Shi’a terrorist groups were not responsible
for any of
the significant terrorist incidents involving CBRN weapons in
the 1990s.
This illustrates that the linkages between the general trend of
the increasing
lethality of contemporary terrorism and the use of CBRN
weapons, are
equivocal at best.
One of the features of CBRN terrorism in the 1990s was a
significant
increase in the number of groups and individuals linked to
extreme right-wing
Christian groups in the USA, developing biological agents.
There were eight
incidents of US citizens developing, or attempting to develop
ricin in the
1990s. Whilst the motives of some of the perpetrators are
unknown, at least
four of these incidents can be linked to wider networks of
extreme right-
wing Christian groups. The amounts of ricin that were
discovered were
small, with the largest amount being 130g, and none of the
perpetrators had
developed an effective delivery mechanism. The targets of most
of these
plots were discriminate in nature, and included judges, federal
officials, and
local government officials. In one of the plots in 1994 by a cell
linked to
the Patriots’ Council, the plan was to smear the ricin on the
doorknobs of
federal law enforcement officials, whilst another plot involved
32. mailing ricin
to the target.35 None of these plots resulted in an actual attack,
but the
bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah building in Oklahoma City in
1995, which
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16 The Changing Face of Terrorism
killed 169 adults and children, was seen as evidence of the
interest of this
type of group in perpetrating acts of mass murder.
Individuals linked to the wider networks of extreme right-wing
Christian groups also showed an interest in other forms of
CBW. In 1995,
Larry Wayne Harris acquired bubonic plague virus from the
American Type
Culture Collection. Harris claimed to be writing a training
manual for the
Aryan Nations, and that he had purchased the virus to support
his research on
treatments for the plague. No evidence was ever discovered that
he had any
plans to use the virus.36 In 1998, members of a Texan
independence group
called the Republic of Texas were arrested for planning to
murder federal
agents, their families, and government officials. Investigators
discovered
that they possessed containers of HIV-infected blood, samples
33. of the rabies
virus, and anthrax spores, as well as instruction manuals,
written threats, and
production equipment. According to press reports the group
were trying to
develop a device to shoot barbs coated with anthrax, HIV, or
rabies at President
Clinton.37 In 1997, investigators discovered a cache of
chemicals at the home
of a libertarian extremist called James Dalton Bell. The cache
included 500g of
sodium cyanide, disopropyl fluorophosphate, as well as a range
of corrosive
acids and two precursor chemicals used in the manufacture of
the nerve agent,
sarin. Computer files revealed that Bell was also interested in
purchasing castor
beans (from which ricin can be produced) and cultivating
botulinum toxin.38
There was also an attempt by white-supremacist skinheads to
disperse toxic
chemicals through the internal ventilation systems of buildings
in Arizona.39
A common feature of all these incidents was that although
these groups
and individuals had the technical knowledge to develop
biological agents, none
of them proved willing or able to develop a delivery
mechanism to weaponize
the agent into a WMD. A further interesting feature of these
incidents was
that there were no actual attacks. It could be argued that the
police prevented
the attacks from taking place, but there is also no hard evidence
that these
34. individuals were actually preparing to carry out an attack. The
reasons for this
reticence remain unclear, since the fact that they had gone to
the effort of
acquiring chemical and biological agents is indicative of an
intention to use
them. However, there is no evidence that some of them were
professional
terrorists, and they could best be described as fantasists or
criminals. As
such, they may have been intimidated by the risk of being
caught, or else felt
that the time was not right to launch an attack.
In contrast to the reticence of extreme right-wing groups in the
USA, the
explosion of violence from the Aum Shinrikyo religious cult in
Japan during
the 1990s has been the single most important incident of CBRN
terrorism
ever. Aum Shinrikyo was the first non-state group to possess
both the potential
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CBRN Terrorism in Historical Context 17
capability to develop a WMD, and the intent to use them.
Between 1990 and
1995 the cult was known to have been responsible for 17 CBW
attacks or
attempted attacks. Ten of these attacks involved the use of
35. CW, four attacks
used the nerve agent sarin, four used the nerve agent VX, one
used phosgene
and one involved the use of hydrogen cyanide. The cult also
attempted to carry
out seven attacks using biological weapons, four involved
anthrax and three
involved the use of botulinum toxin. But all of these attacks
failed because
the cult’s engineers had failed to produce virulent strains of
either anthrax
bacteria or botulinum toxin. During 1993 the cult attempted to
use BW for
indiscriminate mass casualty attacks, whilst it used CW for
eight actual and
attempted assassinations between 1993 and 1995. Because the
attempted BW
attacks in 1993 failed, the cult switched tactics in 1994 and
1995 to use sarin
and hydrogen cyanide for indiscriminate attacks against civilian
targets. The
most serious attack perpetrated by the cult was the sarin attack
on the Tokyo
subway in March 1995, in which cult members placed 11 bags
of sarin on five
different trains and punctured them with sharpened umbrella
tips. The attack
killed 12 people and injured over 5,000.40 The cult has also
been linked with
19 other incidents that might have been CBW attacks, and is
also suspected of
murdering internal dissidents with sarin and VX. There is also
evidence that
the cult considered attacking the USA, and that it had attempted
to procure
the ebola virus and nuclear weapons.41
36. Overall, Aum Shinrikyo’s campaign of terrorism using CBW
was a failure.
Only two of the indiscriminate attacks against population
targets succeeded.
These two attacks using sarin, resulted in the deaths of 19
people. More
surprisingly, only one of the assassinations, using VX,
succeeded. It would
have been cheaper, easier, and more effective for the murderers
to have used a
gun. Nevertheless, Aum Shinrikyo demonstrated the potential
threat posed
by terrorist groups that make a sustained effort to acquire and
use CBRN
weapons.
In contrast to Aum Shinrikyo, some other groups that seemed to
be
capable of developing CBRN weapons displayed a reticence
about actually
using them. In November 1995 Chechen separatists threatened
to detonate
radiological devices in and around Moscow. The Chechen
guerrilla leader
Shamyl Basayev informed the Russian television network NTV
that he
had hidden four cases of caesium in Moscow. NTV discovered
a case
in Izmailovsky Park that was emitting 310 times the amount of
normal
radioactivity. Basayev had frequently threatened to attack
Moscow with
nuclear weapons but Russian officials dismissed the threat,
claiming that
the material was caesium-137 (which is used in X-ray
37. equipment), and
that it was only capable of emitting 100 times the background
amount
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18 The Changing Face of Terrorism
of radioactivity.42 In July 1995 and March 1996 Chechen
separatists made
further threats to use CBW on Russian territory. The Head of
Russia’s
chemical warfare troops, Stanislav Petrov, denied that the
Chechens
possessed modern CW, but admitted they could have stocks of
chlorine and
prussic acid, which are similar to agents that had been used as
CW in the
First World War.43 In December 1998, a radiological dispersal
device was
allegedly discovered in Chechnya.44 Following renewed
fighting in 1999 and
2000 both sides claimed that the other had waged chemical
warfare. These
allegations stemmed from the bombing of tanks of chlorine
near the city
of Grozny. The Russian army claimed that the insurgents had
blown up
containers of toxic chemicals, and suggested that the insurgents
might set
off other bombs at what were suspected to be chlorine filled
chemical plants
38. on the outskirts of the city.45
Several other groups which attempted to use CBW lacked the
technical
sophistication of Aum Shinrikyo, consequentl y they were
restricted to using
often commercially available materials as contaminants. As was
also the case
in the 1970s and 1980s, the efforts of many terrorist groups to
develop or
use CBRN weapons appeared to be ad hoc decisions that were
determined
by opportunity and circumstances.46 But there was also an
increase in
the number of reports of terrorist groups and individuals
persistently
attempting to procure CBRN weapons, including from the
former Soviet
Union. This included numerous reports about al-Qaeda. The
majority of
these reports remain unsubstantiated and the fact that there were
no attacks
using CBRN weapons by Islamist cells linked to al-Qaeda
indicates that these
attempts failed.
The increased number of CBRN terrorist incidents during the
1990s
provides a considerable amount of additional information from
which
to draw conclusions about the potential threat from CBRN
terrorism, and
many unknowns remain. No terrorist group was able to develop
a WMD but
there is still a lack of clarity about the factors which were
either preventing
39. or deterring these groups from using CBRN weapons. However,
a number
of general observations can be made. There was a correlation
between the
increase in terrorist activity by ‘religious’ terrorist groups and
the increased
acquisition of BW in the 1990s because of the number of
cases involving
cults and extreme right-wing Christian groups in the USA.
However, this
did not tie in very strongly with the trend of increasing
lethality in terrorist
attacks, since extreme right-wing Christian groups do not have a
history
of systematic campaigns of violence against indiscriminate
civilian targets.
Islamic fundamentalist and Islamist groups are primarily
responsible for the
increasing lethality of ‘religious’ terrorism, but apart from al-
Qaeda’s failed
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CBRN Terrorism in Historical Context 19
efforts to procure CBRN weapons, they did not feature
prominently in the
history of CBRN terrorism. Another significant observation
was that the
increased use of CBRN weapons did not contribute to the trend
towards
increasing lethality in terrorist attacks, although many of the
40. intended targets
of the actual and planned CBRN attacks were indiscriminate in
nature.
These developments, coupled with major conventional terrorist
attacks
such as the 1993 World Trade Centre bombing, the Oklahoma
City bombing
in 1995, and the bombing of the US embassy in Kenya in 1998,
heightened
perceptions of societal vulnerability to terrorism. For US
citizens, vulnerability
to terrorism became ‘America’s Achilles heel’.47 This
galvanized the media
and political debate on CBRN terrorism, prompting knee-jerk
reactions from
legislators in the USA, which blew the threat out of proportion.
These incidents made terrorism a national security priority and
challenged accepted beliefs and assumptions about terrorist
activity in
the USA. They prompted Senator Richard Lugar to argue that
‘from the
tragedies of Oklahoma City and the World Trade Centre to the
first act of
nuclear terrorism requires but one small step’.48 Following the
Oklahoma
City bombing in 1995 President Clinton declared that ‘one thing
we owe
those who have sacrificed is a duty to purge ourselves of the
dark forces
which give rise to this evil. They are forces that threaten our
common
peace, our freedom, our way of life’.49 However, the defining
incident which
brought the issues of terrorism and proliferation together was
41. the Aum
Shinrikyo attack on the Tokyo subway. It made the issue policy-
relevant,
transforming what was previously considered to be a potential
threat into
something that was real and imminent. In the immediate
aftermath of the
attack President Clinton issued Presidential Decision Directive
39, ‘US
Policy on Counter-Terrorism’, which stated that:
The development of effective capabilities for preventing and
managing the consequences of terrorist use of nuclear,
biological or
chemical (NBC) materials or weapons is the highest priority.
Terrorist
acquisition of weapons of mass destruction is not acceptable
and
there is no higher priority than preventing the acquisition of
such
materials/weapons or removing this capability from terrorist
groups.50
Similarly, Congress declared in the Anti-Terrorism and
Effective Death
Penalty Act (1996) that ‘international terrorism is among the
most serious
transnational threats faced by the United States and its allies,
far eclipsing
the dangers posed by population growth and pollution’.51 Yet a
reasoned
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42. 20 The Changing Face of Terrorism
analysis of the extent and impact of international terrorism at
that time did
not support this statement.
In many respects the arguments that dominated the public
debate in
the early 1990s were not dissimilar to those that were first
developed in
the literature from the late 1970s, but from the mid-1990s the
debate was
marked by an emphasis on worst-case analysis, and the sense of
balance
within the debate was lost. The debate in the USA in particular
generated
apocalyptic visions of terrorist attacks involving WMD,
spawning a whole
new terminology of ‘super terrorism’, ‘catastrophic terrorism’,
‘ultimate
terrorism’, and ‘ultraterrorism’.52 Senator Sam Nunn argued
that, ‘the
threat of terrorist attack on American cities involving chemical,
biological,
radiological, or nuclear weapons has reached a point where a
bold and
vigorous effort is required. This is a clear and present danger to
the American
people that requires a timely response’.53 Similarly, Kyle Olsen
argued that
‘people must recognize that the threat from bioterrorism is not a
curiosity
but a grim reality as we enter the next century’.54 Oliver
Revell, a former FBI
43. Investigations Chief, suggested that there is a new style of
terrorism, which
‘wants nothing more than the overthrow of the West, and since
that’s not
going to happen, they just want to punish; the more casualties
the better’.55
This change in the tone of the debate was due to the political
context
within which the debate was taking place, as well as the trends
in terrorist
activity which, it was argued, were pointing towards the
increasing use of
CBRN weapons by terrorists. One of the underlying reasons for
the change
in the public debate on CBRN terrorism in the 1990s was the
nature of the
ideologies of the active terrorist groups at that time. During the
1970s, the
conclusions about CBRN terrorism were drawn from an analysis
of the
strategies and objectives of secular terrorists. In the 1990s the
focus shifted
to ‘religious’ terrorists. The perceived differences between the
two types of
groups contributed to the different tenor of the debate. Bruce
Hoffman
argues that the different characteristics, justifications, and
mindsets of
‘religious’ and ‘quasi-religious’ groups suggest that they might
be the most
likely types of group to use CBRN weapons, because they have
radically
different value systems, mechanisms of legitimization and
justification,
concepts of morality, and world view.56 It became a commonly
44. held belief
that a CBRN attack was probably not likely to come from a
typical terrorist
group, but it was more likely to emanate from a group who have
placed
themselves above conventional morality. The RAND
Corporation argued
that,
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CBRN Terrorism in Historical Context 21
Terrorist groups with more millennial aims, as opposed to those
operating on behalf of concrete political programmes, may be
less
constrained in their actions and hence more willing to cause or
risk
mass casualties. These more fanatical and extreme terrorist
groups
tend to hold apocalyptic views, devoid of specific political
content and
seek the creation of new and continuing disasters as the
precondition
for the emergence of a new heavenly order on earth.57
This emphasis on ‘religious’ terrorism highlighted three
principle groups
of suspects: Islamic fundamentalists and Islamists; extreme
right-wing
Christian groups in the USA; and religious cults.
45. The sheer volume of work on this issue in the 1990s was
significantly
higher than in other decades. More importantly, the issue
became a debate
in its own right, rather than remaining an adjunct to the broader
debates
about proliferation and terrorism. Activist legislators in the
USA seized on
the issue and demanded action. The cumulative pressure from
the debate in
the policy community and the Congress led to significant policy
responses
from the administration, which were replicated in other states.
President
Clinton was noticeable in making strong public statements on
the issue. In
January 1999, he went on record as stating that the USA would
be subject to
a terrorist attack involving chemical or biological weapons
within the next
few years,58 whilst William Cohen, the US Secretary of
Defence, stated that
‘the question is no longer if this will happen, but when’.59
This contrasted
with the much more discreet approach of European leaders,
who rarely
made public comments about the threat.
This change in political context was paralleled by developments
in science
and technology which served to broaden the debate. Concern
about nuclear
terrorism revived in the early 1990s when it became evident that
there was
a haemorrhage of nuclear materials from insecure nuclear
facilities in the
46. states of the former Soviet Union. However, the most likely
threat was still
considered to be from CBW. By the mid-1990s, developments in
education
and technology had made the development of all forms of
CBRN weapons
relatively easier for non-state actors. But it was the explosive
growth of the
biotechnology industry, which coupled with the potential
casualty levels
that BW can cause, combined to put biological terrorism at the
forefront
of concern for the USA. In 1998, Richard Betts argued that
‘Biological
Weapons should now be the most serious concern, with nuclear
weapons
second and chemicals a distant third’.60
By the late 1990s the debate in the USA was again becoming
more
balanced, with an increasing number of analysts downplaying
the likelihood
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22 The Changing Face of Terrorism
of a catastrophic attack involving a WMD, whilst accepting
that it was a
theoretical possibility. This was summed up best by Richard
Falkenrath,
who argued that WMD terrorism was ‘a low-probability, high-
47. consequence
threat’. Falkenrath concluded that there has been a general
aversion amongst
most terrorist groups to causing mass casualties. He suggested
that this was
not necessarily due to the inability of terrorist groups to
develop CBRN
weapons, but rather to a conscious decision on the part of many
terrorist
groups to kill fewer people than they potentially could have. He
identified
the main reasons for terrorists making such decisions as being a
fear that
such attacks would undermine their political support, raise the
risk of
unfettered government reprisal, and generally because such
violent attacks
do not make it easier for terrorists to achieve their aims.61
Whereas at the
beginning of the decade, analysts focused on the factors which
made CBRN
terrorism more likely, by the late 1990s a larger number of
analysts were
emphasizing the factors which would inhibit CBRN terrorism.
Yet despite
this, the US Commission on National Security still claimed in
1999 that ‘the
most serious threat to our security may consist of unannounced
attacks
on American cities by sub-national groups (such as drug cartels,
cults, or
criminal gangs) using genetically engineered pathogens’.62
The Threat from CBRN Terrorism at the Turn of the
Twenty-first Century
48. At the turn of the twenty-first century there was little evidence
to indicate
any significant worsening of the threat of CBRN terrorism.
Despite this,
the world officially moved into the realm of mass destruction
terrorism on
9/11. In the immediate aftermath of the attacks, speculation
about further
mass casualty attacks including with CBRN weapons and WMD
flooded
the media and assumed a heightened prominence in the policy
debate. 9/11
also heralded an abrupt upturn in the trend of attacks causing
large number
of casualties. Since 2001, there have been 19 terrorist attacks
which have
resulted in more than 100 deaths, 16 of which were perpetrated
by Islamist
or Islamic fundamentalist groups.63 This reversed the decline in
the most
lethal attacks that occurred in the 1990s.
The fears of al-Qaeda using CBRN weapons were seemingly
confirmed
in October 2001 when anthrax was posted in seven letters to a
number of
media providers as well as Senators Tom Daschle and Patrick
Leahy. By
late October the attack seemed to be escalating out of control
when two
postal workers in Washington died, and a number of other
postal workers in
facilities that processed contaminated letters in Washington and
New Jersey
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CBRN Terrorism in Historical Context 23
also contracted anthrax. Only about 10g of anthrax in total was
posted in the
letters but it disseminated widely causing significant cross-
contamination.
Despite being sealed in envelopes an aerosol of anthrax was
released during
the processing of the mail.64 Spores were found in Washington
area postal
facilities, as well as all the offices of all major government
departments
including the Supreme Court and the State Department, and
congressional
offices. Contaminated letters also turned up across a wide
geographical area,
including New York, Florida, Washington, Nevada, and
Connecticut, and
spores were even carried to US diplomatic missions abroad in
diplomatic
pouches. The crisis petered out after a few months and the last
case of
infection was reported on 7 November 2001. A total of 22
people contracted
anthrax during the course of the attack of whom four died, and
a massive
environmental decontamination was undertaken.65
The reasons why the perpetrator stopped sending the letters
remain
unknown. It is conceivable that the perpetrator had achieved his
50. objective,
or had wanted to escape before being detected. Perhaps as
important was
the fact that the letters had passed their peak effectiveness once
counter-
measures to screen post and decontaminate postal sorting
offices had
been put in place. The origins of the anthrax are also uncertain,
but it was
evident that the perpetrator possessed considerable technical
skills because
the weaponization process that had been used was
extraordinarily effective.
The concentration and purity of the spores coupled with a
coating on the
spores and a special form of silica identified in one of the
samples was
characteristic of what is known as the ‘optimal US process’. It
caused
considerable concern because the anthrax had been designed and
milled
to a very fine size specifically to stay in the air, increasing the
chances of
infecting people with the respiratory form of the disease.66
Al-Qaeda was initially the prime suspect, but the fact that the
letters
stopped suddenly while the war in Afghanistan was continuing
suggests that
it was not the culprit. The technical sophistication of the
anthrax raised the
question of whether a state had sponsored the attack. Many
commentators
and political figures were quick to point the finger at Iraq. But
no evidence
of Iraqi involvement was ever discovered, and previous Iraqi
51. attempts to
weaponize anthrax had been significantly cruder than the
samples contained
in the letters. In November 2001, the FBI announced that that
they
suspected that the letters were the work of a lone individual.67
By December
an official close to the investigation confirmed that a
government insider or
someone with links to such an individual was ‘the most likely
hypothesis …
it’s definitely reasonable’.68 This seemed to confirm the fears
raised in the
1990s, that lone operators represented one of the principle
threats of CBRN
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24 The Changing Face of Terrorism
terrorism, and also confirmed fears of the potential role of
‘insiders’ from
national CBRN weapon development and defence
infrastructures. It was
not until 2008 that the FBI closed the case, when Dr Bruce
Ivins, a former
microbiologist at the biological defence facility at Fort Detrick,
committed
suicide. Ivins was reported to have had a history of mental
illness69 and has
not been linked with any known terrorist organization.
52. A number of observations can be drawn from the attack that are
pertinent to the assessment of future BW threats. Despite the
prevailing
fear of BW causing mass casualties, the letters were singularly
unsuccessful
in killing many people. Thousands of people were screened for
anthrax,
but very few were found to be infected, and the majority of
those were
successfully treated with antibiotics. An alternative explanation
is that the
objective of the attack was not to actually kill people but
rather, to create
disruption and public anxiety. There is some evidence for this
hypothesis
in the fact that the letters themselves warned of the anthrax and
the need
to take antibiotics which enabled those who handled the letters
to protect
themselves. A number of hoaxes sent before the genuine letters
also fit into
this explanation by heightening the sense of public awareness.
Although
several postal workers were killed, it is conceivable that the
perpetrator
did not anticipate that the mail sorting process would expel
spores from
the letters and cause such extensive cross-contamination and
collateral
casualties.70 Since there is no reason to believe that the
perpetrator did
not possess more anthrax it can be assumed that he must have
achieved
everything he wanted with the small number of letters that he
did send.
53. One of the main impacts of the attack was the short-term
disruption to
everyday life. Despite the persistent sense of unease during
those months,
everyday life quickly resumed as people adapted. The attacks
brought
temporary halts to the work on Capitol Hill, at the Supreme
Court, and at the
Postal Service, but once the buildings were decontaminated and
technology
was brought in to screen incoming post, work continued as
normal. The
speed with which people adapted was aided by the fact that
attacks were
targeted rather than random in nature and the anthrax was
contained in
letters rather than released directly into the environment.
The anthrax letters were not the breakthrough in biological
terrorism
that people had feared and the attack is better characterized as a
criminal
rather than a terrorist act. But whilst al-Qaeda and its affiliates
were not
the perpetrators, significant evidence of al-Qaeda’s efforts to
develop
CBRN weapons was discovered in the aftermath of the US
invasion of
Afghanistan in 2001. This was coupled with a sharp increase in
the number
of reports of Islamist terrorist groups either talking about, or
planning
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54. CBRN Terrorism in Historical Context 25
to use, CBRN weapons. However, it is extremely difficult to
differentiate
fact from fiction in many of the often sensationalist media
stories about
al-Qaeda and CBRN weapon plots, many of which are based on
dubious
sources and were subsequently discovered to be untrue. But a
small number
have been confirmed and have resulted in convictions.
According to the 9/11 Commission, al-Qaeda operatives in
Afghanistan
were considering ways of using WMD prior to 2001. This
included using
mustard gas and cyanide against Jews in Iran, ‘forcing Russian
scientists
to fire a nuclear armed missile against the US’, and using air
conditioning
systems in buildings to pump poison gas.71 But the first actual
incident
occurred in February 2002, when a cell of four Tunisians was
convicted in
Italy of conspiring to traffic in false documents, weapons,
explosives, and
chemical weapons.72 Police in Rome and Milan had intercepted
telephone
conversations involving the leader of the cell in which he had
discussed the
use of chemical substances in terrorist attacks. Some reports
suggest that
he discussed how to hide chemical poison in cans of tomatoes,
55. whilst other
reports suggests that the cell simply used ‘tomato cans’ as a
codeword for
cyanide. However, there is no indication that they actually
possessed any
chemical agents.73 The same month, police in Rome foiled an
attack by a
cell of Moroccans who possessed a cache of potassium
ferrocyanide with
the intention of poisoning the water supply in the
neighbourhood around
the American embassy.74
In 2003, US intelligence sources allege that al-Qaeda came
within 45
days of launching a cyanide attack on the New York subway
system, after
details of the plot were found on a computer belonging to
members of the
cell who had been arrested in Bahrain. The attack was
apparently called off
by bin Laden’s deputy, Ayman Al Zawahiri, for unknown
reasons.75 The
same year, al-Qaeda operatives allegedly delivered an
unspecified poison to
Afghan cooks who were working for the US armed forces in
Afghanistan,
with the intention that they kill American servicemen. Some
sources suggest
that the Islamist group Ansar al Islam was involved and that the
poison in
question was ricin.76
Since 2001 a number of Islamist terrorist cells in the UK have
discussed,
or planned to use, CBRN weapons. One cell allegedly planned
56. to kill Members
of the European Parliament and officials by releasing sarin into
the European
Parliament building,77 but the veracity of this report is
questionable given
that there is no evidence of al-Qaeda ever having produced
sarin. In January
2003 however, police discovered a primitive production facility
along with
castor beans and instructions for manufacturing ricin at an
apartment in
north London. Despite sensational media reporting of the
discovery, no
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26 The Changing Face of Terrorism
ricin was ever found.78 In 2004, UK police arrested an Islamist
cell which
had developed a plan to detonate a radiological weapon in a
major city,
whilst another cell discussed poisoning hamburgers or beer at a
soccer
stadium. British intelligence sources also claimed to have
prevented a CW
attack using conventional explosive and osmium tetroxide.79
Despite the
interest of these three cells in using CBRN weapons, the key
feature of all
of these plots was that they were at a preliminary planning
stage, and none
57. of them possessed the necessary CBRN agents or materials.
Following the invasion of Iraq in 2003, it was discovered that
Ansar al
Islam had successfully developed ricin. Ansar al Islam is
generally considered
to be an affiliate of al-Qaeda, although the extent of the links
between the
two groups are a matter of considerable speculation. There is
no evidence
that Ansar al Islam had actually used ricin, but Kurdish
intelligence
sources indicated that it was intended for use in
assassinations.80 This
added credence to the USA’s intelligence assessments of al -
Qaeda’s CBRN
weapon development. In testimony before the Senate Select
Committee
on Intelligence in 2003, the former Director of the CIA George
Tenet
claimed that al-Qaeda was seeking materials to develop CBRN
weapons
and re-iterated concerns that al-Qaeda had a sophisticated BW
capability
having acquired both the expertise and equipment in
Afghanistan.81 But
despite these reports, it is evident that al-Qaeda had failed to
develop CBRN
weapons (al-Qaeda’s efforts to develop CBRN weapons will be
explored in
greater depth in Chapter 2).
The willingness of Islamist terror groups to use CBRN weapons
was
illustrated by a spate of chlorine bomb attacks on Shi’a civilian
targets in
58. Iraq in early 2007. In these attacks chlorine cylinders were
packed around
explosives in car bombs, causing casualties from both blast and
chemical
effects.82 In 2004 US forces also discovered 3kg of cyanide at
a house in
Baghdad which insurgents were going to place in construction
bricks and
then use to attack US troops.83 However, these attacks were ad
hoc in nature,
and betrayed the lack of technological capability within the
insurgency to
develop effective CBRN weapons.
Whilst al-Qaeda and other Islamist terrorist groups have been
responsible for the majority of terrorist incidents involving
CBW since
9/11, other types of groups have also experimented with using
CBW. In
2001, rebels from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia
(FARC)
fired improvised CW mortar shells at police, killing four and
injuring one.84
This was a significant departure for the FARC, which has been
fighting
the Columbian government since the 1960s but had not
previously been
linked with any CWB attacks. And in 2007, a right-wing
extremist in the
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59. CBRN Terrorism in Historical Context 27
UK was convicted of possessing ricin.85 This illustrates how
groups with
no previous interest in CBRN weapons can suddenly decide to
experiment
with them. Although these seem to have been isolated incidents,
rather than
the beginning of systematic campaigns by these groups to
develop and use
CBW.
The twenty-first century has therefore also seen a confluence of
two
significant trends in terrorist activity that emerged in the 1990s.
Islamist
groups that are responsible for a significant increase in the most
lethal
terrorist attacks, including an act of mass destruction, are also
responsible
for the increase in the attempted acquisition and use of CBRN
weapons.
However, this increase in the attempted acquisition and use of
CBRN
weapons by Islamist terror cells, was matched by a
corresponding decrease
in the attempted acquisition of CBRN weapons by extreme
right-wing
groups in the USA. Similarly, since the Aum Shinrikyo attacks
in the early
1990s, there has been no indication of religious cults seeking to
acquire
CBRN weapons. Unlike the groups and individuals linked to the
extreme
right wing movement in the 1990s however, Islamist terror
groups have
60. displayed a greater willingness to actually use whatever agents
or weapons
they can acquire.
As a consequence of the activities of al-Qaeda and other
Islamist
terrorist groups, and partly fuelled by government
pronouncements, the
nature of the policy debate on CBRN terrorism changed
completely to
assume that a WMD attack involving a CBRN weapon would
only be a
matter of time. The prevailing attitude was summed up by
British Prime
Minister Tony Blair, who declared that,
These dangers can strike at any time. At the moment barely a
day goes
by without some new piece of intelligence coming via our
security
services about a threat to UK interests. Today’s breed of
terrorist
knows no bounds – of geography, of humanity, of scale. They
are
looking for evermore dramatic and devastating outrages to
inflict on
the people they claim to be their enemy.86
Highlighting the threat in this way serves the interests of the
police
and security services in heightening public awareness and
encouraging the
population to watch out for suspicious activity, but publicity of
this sort
can also have negative repercussions. Terrorists will generally
monitor
61. political and social developments in their target state carefully,
and will
adapt their strategies and tactics accordingly. The nature of the
public and
political debate on CBRN terrorism indicates that this is a threat
which the
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28 The Changing Face of Terrorism
West particularly fears. This in itself could encourage some
groups to try
and develop CBRN weapons, which is why many governments
used to
downplay the issue.
Conclusion
Despite 30 years of CBRN terrorism, worsening threat
assessments, and the
continuing interest of Islamist terrorist cells in these weapons,
the nature
and extent of the current threat from CBRN terrorism remains
unclear. The
most recent incidents of CBRN terrorism are not fundamentally
different
from those in the 1980s. The majority still involve the crude
dissemination
of chemical and biological agents, particularly as contaminants.
Despite
the larger number of incidents linking terrorists to CBRN
62. weapons, only
a small proportion of them actually led to the use of a CBRN
weapon. In
1999, the Monterrey database of terrorist CBRN incidents
identified 282
such incidents, but only 26 per cent of them involved the actual
use of
a weapon.87 Although there are also a number of cases where a
group or
individual acquired an agent or pathogen but were arrested
before being
able to use it.
Nevertheless, these previous incidents suggest that further
terrorist
incidents involving CBRN weapons are probably inevitable. But
it does not
establish a case that a terrorist incident involving a WMD is
inevitable or even
likely, since no terrorist group has ever posed a credible WMD
threat. Aum
Shinrikyo’s success in developing sarin and VX remains an
isolated case, and
it never managed to develop a WMD. The most significant
development in
respect of CBRN terrorism in the 1990s was the increasing
acquisition of
chemical and biological agents by terrorist groups. Yet attacks
have been
rare enough to suggest that they will remain occasional isolated
incidents.
However, the setting of key precedents such as the use of
CBW against
indiscriminate population targets, has been a highly significant
development.
But weighed against this are indications that some
63. technologically capable
groups and individuals have previously been deterred from
using CBRN
weapons.
Of the incidents in the twentieth century which did not result in
an
attack there are difficulties in differentiating between what are
genuine cases
of terrorists attempting to acquire CBRN weapons with a
serious intent to
use them; cases where groups made threats with no intent to
either develop
or use such weapons; and reports which are little more than
hearsay. Some
incidents are supported by a body of facts, but unsubstantiated
reports
comprise over half of the recorded incidents. But even
uncorroborated
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CBRN Terrorism in Historical Context 29
reports cannot be dismissed as mere hearsay since the security
forces in a
number of states may well have prevented some attacks but not
released full
details. It is now commonly assumed that terrorists will use
CBRN weapons,
if they can acquire them.
64. In the twentieth century, incidents involving CW constituted
approximately 52 per cent of the previous cases of CBRN
terrorism,88
but there have been many more threats and conspiracies than
cases where
terrorists actually managed to execute an attack using a CW.
There was an
increase in both the number of plots and threats, and also the
number of
times that terrorists have actually acquired or used CW, in the
1990s. The
increase in the number of cases of acquisition and use was due
almost
entirely to the large number of attempted attacks by Aum
Shinrikyo in
the twentieth century. Incidents involving BW constitute
approximately
26 per cent of the previous cases of CBRN terrorism.89 There
have only
ever been five confirmed cases of terrorists actually using BW,
although
the increasing trend of successful acquisition of BW in the
1990s is even
more pronounced than is the case with CW. There has been a
much lower
incidence of radiological and nuclear terrorism than is the case
with CBW,
(approximately 4 per cent of previous cases of CBRN
terrorism).90 There
is no evidence that a terrorist group has ever even attempted to
develop
a nuclear weapon, and there have been only a few reports of
groups
attempting to purchase a nuclear device or fissile material.
Equally as significant is the fact that the targets of many of the
65. planned
CBW attacks highlighted in this chapter were, or were intended
to be,
discriminate in nature, against individuals or the occupants of
specific
buildings. The targeting of individuals or specific bui ldings
means that
many of these attacks were not intended to cause indiscriminate
mass
destruction. But even so, a significant number of the other
planned attacks
were intended to cause indiscriminate mass casualties, although
none of
them actually succeeded. However, in the cases where the agent
was not
used it is sometimes impossible to determine what the target
actually was,
or whether the group would actually have gone through with the
attack.
There is, however, a significant number of cases where the
intent was to
cause casualty levels sufficient to be labelled ‘mass
destruction’, principally
through contaminating the water supplies of cities. Whatever
the feasibility
of achieving this objective through contaminating water
supplies, the intent
of the perpetrators is what is important.
Most importantly, no group has ever developed a WMD. Only
Aum
Shinrikyo has ever manufactured a nerve agent, or got close to
engineering
a CW into a WMD, but their inability to achieve this was due to
its inability
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30 The Changing Face of Terrorism
to mass produce sarin of sufficiently high purity and to develop
an effective
delivery system. Most of the attacks by other groups have had
to rely on
using chemicals in a discriminate fashion, or as contaminants,
particularly in
food and drink, which has greatly restricted the potential
casualties that they
could cause. In terms of BW, the various individuals or groups
linked to
extreme right-wing groups in the USA who managed to develop
biological
pathogens or toxins also had to rely on using them as
contaminants. Aum
Shinrikyo also attempted to engineer biological agents into a
WMD but
failed, although it is not known how close it actually was to
successfully
developing and weaponizing their pathogens. This raises
questions about the
technological problems that terrorists face in developing and
using CBRN
weapons and WMD. The principle significance of the Tokyo
subway attack
was as an indicator that non-state actors were getting closer to
developing a
WMD. But significantly, it remains an isolated case.
67. A wide spectrum of groups, including nationalist separatist
movements,
Islamic fundamentalists, Islamists, religious cults, and various
extreme right
wing groups, have at some time shown an interest in acquiring
and using CW,
and interest is by no means restricted to ‘religious’ groups.
However, there
does appear to have been a gradual shift in the type of groups
attempting to
procure BW, from predominantly secular and ethno-nationalist
groups in the
1970s and 1980s to predominantly ‘religious’ groups in the
1990s. Perhaps
the most worrying aspect of these developments is the fact that,
unlike with
CW, it is not entirely due to the activities of Aum Shinrikyo,
because of the
number of extreme right-wing Christian groups and individuals
in the USA
who successfully developed ricin, as well as the Rajneeshees’
use of Salmonella
typhimurium. Religious cults have been responsible for the
largest number
of incidents or attacks where actual possession of a chemical
or biological
weapon has been involved, followed by extreme right-wing
Christian groups
and individuals in the USA. Some Islamic fundamentalist
groups along with
some national liberation movements such as the Kurdish
Workers Party
(PKK) have been responsible for some isolated incidents. Since
2000,
the situation has reversed, with Islamist groups being
responsible for the
68. majority of incidents. Whilst this indicates that some groups
might pose
more of a threat than others at any given time, it also indicates
that a threat
could theoretically come from any quarter. Therefore, whilst a
correlation
has been identified between terrorists with a politico-religious
ideology and
CBRN weapons, it is important to avoid generalizations about
‘religious’
terrorists and CBRN weapons. The past history of CBRN
terrorism shows
that not all ‘religious’ terrorist groups are interested in CBRN
weapons. In
fact, only a small number of groups have ever made a
systematic attempt to
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CBRN Terrorism in Historical Context 31
procure them. This suggests that alternative explanations need
to be sought
to explain the interest of specific terrorist groups in CBRN
terrorism.
Therefore, whilst the trends in terrorist activity suggest broad
directions
in terrorist activity, they are of little use for determining the
nature and
extent of the future threat of CBRN terrorism. Instead, the
nature of
69. the future threat can be determined in greater detail only by
exploring key
themes in terrorists’ decision making in greater depth. These
include the
technical opportunities and constraints faced by terrorists
attempting to
develop CBRN weapons, their potential motivations to use these
weapons,
the likely disincentives to using these weapons, the strategies
and tactics
which different terrorist groups use, the personal motivations of
individual
terrorists, and the dynamics of decision making within different
terrorist
groups.
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1
wHat is terrorism?
Concern over terrorism has become a part of life in the twenty-
first
century. Although terrorism is not new, the events of 9/11/2001
70. in the United States, the Madrid train bombings in 2004, the
London transport bombings in 2005, continuing suicide attacks
in Iraq and Israel/Palestine, and terrorist violence in many other
places has focused attention on these types of events. Terrorism,
of course, has occurred in many countries and in many contexts.
It is not new phenomenon even though events such as these
have
made terrorism a more prominent concern in many countries. As
a
result, it is very important to have a better understanding of
what
terrorism is – why it occurs, who is responsible, what the
terrorists
hope to accomplish, and what the future holds for terrorism.
These
questions and others are basic to the topic of this book.
Although many people have a good idea of what terrorism is, it
is useful from the outset to have a working definition as to what
can
be considered terrorism (and what cannot be considered
terrorism).
It has frequently been stated that: “One person’s freedom
fighter
is another person’s terrorist.” Basically this statement says that
terrorism, like beauty, is in the eye of the beholder. People have
a
tendency to brand those who use violence for purposes that they
disagree with as terrorists while they regard those using the
same
kinds of violence in a “just cause” as freedom fighters. It is
essential
to have a definition that will apply to violent activities
regardless
of who is opposing or supporting the individuals involved or
who the targets are. The fact that terrorism includes all kinds of
73. actions would clearly have been justifiable.
DefInITIon of TeRRoRIsm
There are many definitions of terrorism that have been used.
Oftentimes the definitions are created to identify certain groups
as falling within the definition since the term terrorist has a
very
negative association. If a group is labeled as a terrorist group,
then
it is easier to mobilize public opinion against it. If supporters of
the
group are considered to be freedom fighters or a national
liberation
front, the likelihood that they will be able to generate more
sympathy
is increased. Other definitions attempt to be more neutral, but it
is
important to recognize that any definition will include groups
that
some individuals would exclude because they agree with the
goals
of the organizations. In other cases, the definition might
exclude
groups that others think should be considered as terrorists. The
best approach, of course, is to first specify a definition and then
to
determine whether or not a particular group fits the definition.
Even
with the arguments over the definitions, there are some common
elements used by scholars, governments, and journalists.
There are a number of basic components necessary in order for
a group to be considered as a terrorist organization. The
following
characteristics combine to provide a useful and usable
definition of
74. terrorism.
Terrorism involves political aims and motives. It is violent or
threatens
violence. It is designed to generate fear in a target audience that
extends beyond the immediate victims of the violence. The
violence
is conducted by an identifiable organization. The violence
involves a
non-state actor or actors as either the perpetrator, the victim of
the
violence, or both. finally, the acts of violence are designed to
create
power in situations in which power previously had been lacking
(i.e.
the violence attempts to enhance the power base of the
organization
undertaking the actions).
The key elements of the definition will be discussed in the
sections to follow. The importance of the various characteristics
will
Lutz, James, and Brenda J. Lutz. Terrorism: the Basics : The
Basics, Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.
ProQuest Ebook Central,
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68578.
Created from apus on 2021-09-09 02:14:59.
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WhaT is Terrorism? 3
be obvious in many of the other chapters as well. This
definition
will underlay much of the discussion in the following chapters
and
will demonstrate why it is important and why it combines in a
useful way to describe the phenomenon that we know as
terrorism.
PolITIcAl oBjecTIves
The first key element of this definition is that the violence is
primarily undertaken for political reasons. The fact that the
actions
are initiated to achieve political ends is a key element that
separates
terrorist acts from other forms of violence. The political
objectives
separate terrorism from violence that is launched for financial
reasons or because of personal issues. Kidnappings of
prominent
political leaders or corporate executives to make political
77. statements
are different from those kidnappings that serve as criminal
ventures
to raise money for the abductors. The use of fear to extort
money
from businesses (the protection rackets of American gangster
fame) is criminal, not political. Sometimes, of course,
opposition
groups have used kidnapping or bank robberies to finance their
organizations, and they have been known to use violence or the
threat of violence to levy “revolutionary taxes” on groups that
could be forced to pay. In these cases, the goals are still
generally
political because the money received is used to fund subsequent
political activities, including possibly more violence, rather
than
leading to gains in personal wealth.
While political objectives are a key for defining terrorism,
the goals that are sought by terrorists can fall into a number of
categories. The terrorists may be seeking to have a change in
policies, or a change in leadership, or even a change in
boundaries.
The attainment of these objectives may be ones that are seen by
the terrorists to be immediately possible or they may see them
as
being the end points of a long struggle. Some groups have
indeed
geared themselves for a long struggle to achieve these goals
while
others may believe that a show of violence is all that is
necessary to
topple the government in power or bring about the other
changes
that they desire.
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Terrorism: The Basics4
vIolence
The second element of a terrorist action is that the activity
involves violence or the threat of violence. Requests for
changes,
demonstrations, and petitions are not terrorism, no matter how
disconcerting they may be to a government. Although massive
demonstrations may make a government apprehensive about the
80. future, there is no direct threat of violence. Actual violence is
fairly
obvious when it occurs. Terrorism can also involve the credible
threat of violence. One situation in which the threat of violence
might be present would be one in which a group issues an
ultimatum
requiring action; if the appropriate action does not occur,
violence
will result. The threat of violence is only likely to be effective
as a
technique, however, with a group that has already demonstrated
that it is able and willing to use violence. A political
organization
that has never undertaken any type of political violence is
unlikely
to be credible in its threats. Once violence has been used,
however,
the threat of additional violence may generate the necessary fear
that the dissident group desires and lead the government to give
in
to the specific demands of the group. Hoaxes can, as a
consequence,
be part of a terrorist campaign, especially when they follow
upon
actual earlier violent actions.
TARGeT AuDIence
For violence, and even political violence, to qualify as
terrorism,
it must include a target audience beyond the immediate victims.
The violence is intended to influence the target audience or
audiences as part of the attempt to gain the political objectives
of
the organization. If a political leader is assassinated with the
goal
of removing that individual in order to permit the next in line
83. WhaT is Terrorism? 5
of buildings (with or without casualties) or car bombs in
crowded
areas are often intended to show the general public that they are
vulnerable. The resulting fear may lead the public to put
pressure
on the government to change policies or weaken public support
for
the leaders in power who clearly are unable to protect the
citizens
from dissidents. Frequently the victims of terrorist actions are
members of the target audience since that is the easiest way to
send a message to all the other members of the target audience.
One of the primary goals of the violence is to create fear in the
target audience. Thus, the immediate victims are usually not
chosen
specifically, but are simply convenient targets. The target
audience,
not the immediate victims of a terrorist act, is the key group
that
terrorist organizations are attempting to influence, and the goal
is
to generate fear in the target audience.
The need to reach a target audience is one reason why terrorist
groups seek publicity. If no one knows of a terrorist act, the
goals
have not been achieved. If the deaths of government personnel
are
ascribed to a plane crash rather than a bomb on the aircraft, the
target audience will draw the wrong conclusion about threats to
the
state or to the safety of individuals. The need for publicity is a
key
84. reason why some terrorist organizations have established pre-set
code words with the media so that they can authenticate the
claims
of the organization when they provide a warning that a bomb is
about to detonate. Of course, it will not be necessary in all
cases
for particular organizations to claim credit for particular
terrorist
actions. If a terrorist group has been active in the past, violence
against the government or its supporters will be ascribed to the
group without any need for a pronouncement from the terrorist
group. The local situation and the target will often make it clear
that
the cause of a particular group of dissidents is behind the
activity.
If swastikas are painted on a Jewish synagogue, the anti -Semitic
message is obvious. If a car bomb goes off at the headquarters
of the
ruling party, the general population is likely to know whether it
is
a local minority group or whether it is the political opposition
that
is behind the attack. Even if the source of the violence is
obvious, it
will still be necessary for information about the action to reach
the
target audience.
Lutz, James, and Brenda J. Lutz. Terrorism: the Basics : The
Basics, Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.
ProQuest Ebook Central,
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=6
68578.
Created from apus on 2021-09-09 02:14:59.
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Terrorism: The Basics6
oRGAnIzATIon
For political violence to be terrorism there must be an
identifiable
organization. A lone individual is unlikely to be able to carry
out
the actions, reach the target audience, and present the political
demands for the changes that are necessary to end the violence.
An
effective campaign to create change also requires enough
actions
to be credible, an effort beyond a single individual over time. A
political assassination to change a leader can be very effective
even if the assassin is killed if the change in leadership results
in a
desired change in the government. If the leader is simply
87. replaced
by another person with the same program and policies, then
nothing has been accomplished and the solitary individual who
was seeking the change is likely to be killed or captured.
Terrorist
actions almost inevitably lead to casualties or arrests among the
dissidents; thus, a single individual is very likely to be captured
or
killed. Large organizations do not have to be as concerned about
casualties among the members, while smaller organizations have
to
conserve scarce resources (members).
Theodore Kaczynski, the Unabomber in the United
States, is a classic example of the limitations inherent with
campaigns by one individual. Kaczynski sent package bombs to
a variety of individuals. He was essentially upset over the pace
of modernization and damaging changes that were occurring
in the environment. His bombings over the years inspired fear,
but the target audience was unclear, and it was not obvious what
actions the target audience was expected to take. The FBI and
other police agencies knew that the bombings were related due
to
forensic analyses, but they were unable to establish the linkages
between the victims, and were they were unable to identify the
political agenda of the person behind them. Until Kaczynski had
a
rambling manifesto published, his goals were unclear. Once
they
were published, he was identified by his writing and arrested.
His
activities demonstrate the need for a broader organization and
the
need for publicity (as well as the dangers that may come with
greater publicity).
90. for example, has supported actions by other groups that were
not
part of the organization. It provided funding and technical
support
for a number of attacks when it agreed with the goals and when
it thought there was a chance of successful actions. With mobile
phones, the internet, and other forms of communication, such
improvised or informal cooperative arrangements can extend the
reach of a formal organization and make it much more
dangerous.
Basically terrorist groups set up a network operation. The
network
does increase the dangers and at the same time often makes it
more
difficult for the authorities to infiltrate informers or breakup the
groups involved.
Another form of organization that is present in the modern
world
is what has come to be called leaderless resistance. Leaderless
resistance involves individuals or small groups that identify
with
some larger cause acting to achieve the goals of a larger group.
There may be an organization that provides some direction to
those wishing to undertake such “lone wolf” attacks by
indicating
appropriate targets or disseminating information on how to
make
bombs or use other types of violence. The individuals who were
responsible for the London transport bombings in 2005 were not
formal members of Al Qaeda or any other formal group. They
did
identify, however, with the goals of Al Qaeda and similar
groups,
and they saw their action as part of the broader struggle of
militant
91. Islam against activities of the West with which they disagreed.
These individual attacks do add to the strength of a group, and
there
is an element of implied organization present. There has to be
some
group that provides a central reference for the identification and
perhaps even to provide information on targets and techniques.
The
individuals agree with the broader goals, and they clearly seek
to
link themselves with the broader cause and to influence a target
audience. This kind of loosely coordinated activity thus exists
in
addition to the more conventionally organized groups; they do
not
replace them completely.
The anarchists were a group that operated in the late 1800s
and the early 1900s seeking to change political systems to
provide
Lutz, James, and Brenda J. Lutz. Terrorism: the Basics : The
Basics, Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.
ProQuest Ebook Central,
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=6
68578.
Created from apus on 2021-09-09 02:14:59.
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Terrorism: The Basics8
greater benefits for average citizens and the working class. The
anarchists first attempted to bring about political change
through
education efforts designed to convince the political elite to
extend
greater rights and freedom to the general population. When
these efforts failed, the anarchists decided to use violence in
their
attempts to bring about change. The anarchists attacked political
leaders in many countries. The targets included reigning
monarchs
and elected political leaders. Some were members of organized
groups, but in some cases individual anarchists would attempt
to
assassinate prominent leaders as part of this broader struggle.
The
anarchists thus provide one of the earlier examples of a form of
leaderless resistance.
AcToRs oTheR ThAn sTATes InvolveD
The actions of countries directed against other countries are
excluded in this definition of terrorism. Countries involved in
94. wars
have always attempted to inspire terror in their enemies, but
these
kinds of activities are part of international relations. Similarly,
in
situations of tension between countries, their intelligence
agencies
may engage in activities designed to spread fear or undermine
their
opponents. The CIA (American Central Intelligence Agency)
and
allies like Secret Intelligence Service (United Kingdom) as well
as the KGB (former Soviet intelligence service) engaged in
many
kinds of activities designed to weaken the Soviet Union and its
allies or the United States and its allies respectively during the
Cold
War between these countries. At least, at times, the activities of
these agencies were successful. The exclusion of activities
between
states is not intended to dismiss the importance of their actions,
nor is it intended to deny that sometimes these activities can be
horrific and cause devastation. During World War II, for
example,
both sides bombed cities in an effort to destroy the morale of
the
civilian populations. The bombings culminated with the
destruction
of Dresden and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki, all of which resulted in the deaths of large numbers
of people. Massacres of civilians and similar types of activities
undertaken by government forces during wartime are clearly
evil
as well. Actions such as these are not being dismissed and
definitely
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WhaT is Terrorism? 9
not accepted. They are simply part of another area of study and
analysis for political science and international relations.
There are three situations in which terrorism can occur within
this definition: first, dissidents may target a government or
governments; second, governments may target a group of their
own citizens or support groups that target a group of their own