This document describes a study that examined the effects of temperature and pressure on the size of asphaltene particles precipitated from crude oils diluted with n-pentane. Four crude oils ranging from a light condensate to a heavy bitumen were tested. The study found that average asphaltene particle size increased with pressure and decreased slightly with temperature. Particle size distributions were mostly unimodal but some were bimodal. The mean particle size did not show clear trends with crude oil molar mass.
The document discusses the key properties and standards for diesel fuel. It covers:
1) Diesel fuel is made from petroleum and refined through processes like hydro-treating to remove sulfur. Its main components include paraffins, isoparaffins, napthenes and aromatics.
2) Diesel fuel standards (ASTM D975) specify properties like cetane number, viscosity, sulfur content, distillation range and others that affect engine performance and emissions.
3) Properties like cetane number, density, cloud point and lubricity are important for combustion quality and low-temperature operability. Additives can be used to modify properties.
Process for making a totally new ANFO product that is waterproof with a plastic consistency. This product can easily outshoot any high strength nitroglycerin dynamite.
This document describes a patented process for producing micro-particle ammonium nitrate (MP-AN) through atomization. MP-AN is produced by spraying an 83% or 85% AN solution doped with a surfactant called NSol 1000. Initial testing showed MP-AN had properties making it suitable for use in commercial explosives, including higher densities and detonation velocities than conventional ANFO. Further iterations improved the spraying process, allowing higher production rates of spherical MP-AN particles with densities up to 1.44 g/cc. Field tests of MP-ANFO containing MP-AN showed detonation velocities over 6,000 m/s and fragmentation equivalent to emulsion explosives when used underground.
The document discusses various topics related to Canadian and American diesel fuel standards and specifications. It covers fuel qualities and their impact on engine operations, emissions regulations driving fuel changes, and issues related to low temperature properties and fuel cleanliness. It also briefly outlines future directions for diesel fuel, including continued reduction of sulfur levels to meet tighter emissions standards.
This document discusses diesel fuel properties and uses. It notes that diesel fuel is used in trucks, locomotives, ships, and increasingly passenger cars. Properties like specific gravity, flash point, viscosity, and sulfur content increase with more severe service conditions, while cetane number decreases. Refinery capacity must expand to increase diesel production. In India, there are two main types of diesel - high speed for vehicles and light diesel oil for stationary uses. The document outlines characteristics and properties that make certain hydrocarbons suitable for diesel fuel, including cetane number, density, distillation points, and additives that can improve ignition quality.
The document discusses the key properties and standards for diesel fuel. It explains how diesel fuel is produced from petroleum and the various hydrocarbon components. It then covers the ASTM D975 specification for diesel fuel, outlining important properties like cetane number, viscosity, sulfur content, and lubricity. It discusses how these properties can impact engine performance and emissions. Finally, it briefly mentions recent changes to the diesel fuel specification and resources for further information.
This document outlines the specifications for diesel fuel according to the ASTM D975 standard. It lists 18 properties of diesel fuel including flash point, water content, viscosity, sulfur content, corrosion, cetane number, distillation temperature, and lubricity. For each property, it provides the applicable ASTM test method and acceptable limit or range according to the standard. It notes that while there is guidance, the standard does not have requirements for low-temperature operability.
A Comparison of Liquid Biofuels in Home Heating FurnacesXZ3
A study tested various biofuel blends in home heating furnaces and found that a 20% blend of waste vegetable oil (WVO) performed well and was the first biofuel to be cheaper than petroleum heating oil. Field tests of 20% WVO and soybean oil (SVO) blends found no issues after several months of use. Using less refined plant oils and waste oils reduces biofuel production costs and brings the prices below the petroleum barrier. Future studies are needed on long-term storage stability and delivery issues for biofuel heating to help establish local production in Connecticut.
The document discusses the key properties and standards for diesel fuel. It covers:
1) Diesel fuel is made from petroleum and refined through processes like hydro-treating to remove sulfur. Its main components include paraffins, isoparaffins, napthenes and aromatics.
2) Diesel fuel standards (ASTM D975) specify properties like cetane number, viscosity, sulfur content, distillation range and others that affect engine performance and emissions.
3) Properties like cetane number, density, cloud point and lubricity are important for combustion quality and low-temperature operability. Additives can be used to modify properties.
Process for making a totally new ANFO product that is waterproof with a plastic consistency. This product can easily outshoot any high strength nitroglycerin dynamite.
This document describes a patented process for producing micro-particle ammonium nitrate (MP-AN) through atomization. MP-AN is produced by spraying an 83% or 85% AN solution doped with a surfactant called NSol 1000. Initial testing showed MP-AN had properties making it suitable for use in commercial explosives, including higher densities and detonation velocities than conventional ANFO. Further iterations improved the spraying process, allowing higher production rates of spherical MP-AN particles with densities up to 1.44 g/cc. Field tests of MP-ANFO containing MP-AN showed detonation velocities over 6,000 m/s and fragmentation equivalent to emulsion explosives when used underground.
The document discusses various topics related to Canadian and American diesel fuel standards and specifications. It covers fuel qualities and their impact on engine operations, emissions regulations driving fuel changes, and issues related to low temperature properties and fuel cleanliness. It also briefly outlines future directions for diesel fuel, including continued reduction of sulfur levels to meet tighter emissions standards.
This document discusses diesel fuel properties and uses. It notes that diesel fuel is used in trucks, locomotives, ships, and increasingly passenger cars. Properties like specific gravity, flash point, viscosity, and sulfur content increase with more severe service conditions, while cetane number decreases. Refinery capacity must expand to increase diesel production. In India, there are two main types of diesel - high speed for vehicles and light diesel oil for stationary uses. The document outlines characteristics and properties that make certain hydrocarbons suitable for diesel fuel, including cetane number, density, distillation points, and additives that can improve ignition quality.
The document discusses the key properties and standards for diesel fuel. It explains how diesel fuel is produced from petroleum and the various hydrocarbon components. It then covers the ASTM D975 specification for diesel fuel, outlining important properties like cetane number, viscosity, sulfur content, and lubricity. It discusses how these properties can impact engine performance and emissions. Finally, it briefly mentions recent changes to the diesel fuel specification and resources for further information.
This document outlines the specifications for diesel fuel according to the ASTM D975 standard. It lists 18 properties of diesel fuel including flash point, water content, viscosity, sulfur content, corrosion, cetane number, distillation temperature, and lubricity. For each property, it provides the applicable ASTM test method and acceptable limit or range according to the standard. It notes that while there is guidance, the standard does not have requirements for low-temperature operability.
A Comparison of Liquid Biofuels in Home Heating FurnacesXZ3
A study tested various biofuel blends in home heating furnaces and found that a 20% blend of waste vegetable oil (WVO) performed well and was the first biofuel to be cheaper than petroleum heating oil. Field tests of 20% WVO and soybean oil (SVO) blends found no issues after several months of use. Using less refined plant oils and waste oils reduces biofuel production costs and brings the prices below the petroleum barrier. Future studies are needed on long-term storage stability and delivery issues for biofuel heating to help establish local production in Connecticut.
This document summarizes an experimental study on using neem oil as an alternative fuel in a diesel engine. The authors tested the engine's performance using: 1) neat neem oil, 2) neem oil ester, 3) preheated neem oil, and 4) a neem oil-petrol dual fuel mode. Their results showed that esterification and preheating improved the engine's brake thermal efficiency and reduced emissions compared to neat neem oil, but the dual fuel mode increased emissions. The best performance was achieved with preheated neem oil at 160°C, obtaining a brake thermal efficiency close to diesel fuel.
The aniline point test determines the lowest temperature at which equal volumes of aniline and an oil sample fully mix. A lower aniline point indicates a higher aromatic content in the oil sample. The test is suitable for transparent liquid samples with an initial boiling point above room temperature. The aniline point can be used to estimate properties like cetane number, diesel index, and aromatic content, which provide information about the oil sample's combustion quality and suitability for diesel fuel. Extracting the oil sample with furfuraldehyde can lower its aromatic content and thus increase the aniline point.
Filtration and water reduction of methyl ester for insulation purposeTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
An attempt to develop a monoester type insulating oil, especially methyl ester is being conducted
and the current results after conducting two kinds of treatment, namely, filtration and water reduction are
reported in this paper. Five different samples were prepared from methyl ester oil based on their melting
point. The important properties of oil samples such as breakdown voltage, viscosity, water content, acidity,
and density were tested, and are evaluated based on the standard specification of natural ester used for
the transformer, ASTM D-6871. Another important property, i.e. oxidation stability was also tested and is
evaluated by comparing the corresponding result of mineral oil. It is found that the breakdown voltage,
the viscosity and the relative density of the oil fulfill the requirements specified by the standard, whereas
other properties like water content, acidity and oxidation stability need further improvement.
CONVERSION OF DIMETHYL-NITROBENZENE TO DIMETHY L ANILINE, EFFECT OF SOME PROC...Berklin
The catalytic transfer hydrogenation of dimethyl-nitrobenzene (DN) to Dimethyl-aniline (DA) was studied
in the temperature range 343–403 K
o
, pressure range of 4–10 bar H2 and ethanol as solvent using Pd/C
as catalyst above agitation speed 800 rpm. The substrate feed concentration was varied in the range from
0.124 to 0.745 kmol/m3
while catalyst loading was in the range 4–12% (w/w) of dimethyl-nitrobenzene.
Dimethyl-aniline was the only reaction product, generated through the hydrogenation of the Nitro group of
dimethyl-nitrobenzene. The effects of hydrogen partial pressure, catalyst loading, dimethyl-nitrobenzene
concentration and temperature on the reaction conversion have been reported. Near first-order
dependence on dimethyl-nitrobenzene concentration and hydrogen pressure were observed for the initial
rate of dimethyl-nitrobenzene hydrogenation over the 5% Pd/C catalyst. Furthermore, an increase in the
catalytic activity as the reaction temperature, pressure and weight of catalysts was observed. Conventional
Arrhenius behavior was exhibited by catalyst, Pd/C showed activation energies of 614 J/mol.
Vegetable oil can be used to produce biodiesel through a process called transesterification. Transesterification reduces the viscosity of vegetable oils to make them suitable for use in diesel engines. It involves a series of chemical reactions that convert triglycerides in vegetable oil into fatty acid methyl esters. Previous studies have determined optimal conditions for transesterification, such as a molar ratio of 6.825:1 alcohol to oil, a temperature of 48°C, and a catalyst concentration of 0.679wt% KOH, which can yield 98.181% biodiesel.
The document discusses optimization of biodiesel production from sunflower oil using response surface methodology. Three variables (temperature, catalyst concentration, and molar ratio of methanol to oil) were analyzed for their interaction effects on biodiesel yield using a central composite design. The maximum predicted biodiesel yield of 98.181% was obtained at 48°C, a methanol to oil ratio of 6.825:1, 0.679 wt% catalyst concentration, and 2 hours of reaction time. Response surface methodology was successfully used to optimize the transesterification process for high biodiesel production.
The document discusses cast iron sectional solid fuel boilers made by Solidmaster. It describes the boilers' cast iron sectional design, materials used, heating powers available in 6 models, corrosion resistance, air control systems, optional safety heat exchangers, combustion control options including thermoregulators and electronic boards, ash removal, and efficiency up to 75%. Tables provide specifications for 8 boiler models including section numbers, capacities, weights, dimensions and fuel types.
Este documento describe los detalles de un proyecto de construcción de una carretera. Explica los materiales que se usarán, como concreto y asfalto, el trazado de la ruta de 10 millas, y un cronograma tentativo de 18 meses para completar el proyecto por fases.
AG Commercial Capital offers two new loan programs paying 1% referral fees to brokers. The Portfolio Bridge Loan Program provides financing for multifamily, office, industrial, retail, and lodging properties as well as note purchases, with loan amounts from $3-50 million, terms up to 3 years, and starting rates of 7.5%. The Portfolio 3 Loan Program focuses on multifamily, mobile home parks, office, industrial, retail, and self-storage properties, with loan amounts from $750,000 to $10 million, terms up to 7 years, and starting rates of 5.5%.
Este documento repite la misma URL, http://libreria-universitaria.blogspot.com, muchas veces sin otra información. No provee detalles sobre el contenido o propósito del sitio web mencionado.
Iii matematicas geometria analitica rene-jimenez-pdfLuis Leiva
El documento se repite la dirección web www.FreeLibros.org más de 200 veces, lo que indica que se trata de una lista muy larga de esta misma dirección web.
The document investigates asphaltene and heavy metal removal from three Iranian crude oils using ceramic monolith membranes at temperatures ranging from 75-190°C. The experiments showed that asphaltene separation reached 60-87% depending on the crude oil's initial asphaltene content. Smaller pore size membranes more effectively separated asphaltenes and heavy metals like nickel and vanadium. Crude oil densities and viscosities decreased after filtration, indicating asphaltene and metal removal. The results demonstrate that thermal treatment can effectively aggregate and remove asphaltenes using membrane filtration without solvents.
1) The document investigates the relationship between asphaltene self-precipitation onset and refractive index in crude oils at elevated temperatures.
2) Experimental measurements show that asphaltene precipitation occurred at a characteristic refractive index of 1.42 for three crude oils, regardless of asphaltene content or oil type.
3) Determining the refractive index of crude oils at different temperatures allowed predicting the onset temperatures of asphaltene self-precipitation, which were confirmed by microscopic observations showing initial formation of small dark spots at these temperatures.
This document summarizes a study on soot formation in co-flow diffusion flames fueled by biodiesel. Biodiesel fuels tested include pure methyl ester fuels (B100CME and B100SME) as well as blends with diesel fuel. Soot volume fraction profiles were measured using laser extinction for flames with varying oxygen concentration in air. Peak soot volume fractions were highest for flames with 35-50% oxygen and decreased with further oxygen addition. Biodiesel blends showed intermediate sooting compared to pure biodiesel and diesel fuels. Higher flame temperatures led to higher soot oxidation rates and lower soot volume fractions.
This document evaluates the thermooxidation stabilities of additive-free base oils used in two commercially available grades of automotive crankcase oil (SAE-28W50 and SAE-10W40). The base oils were obtained by stripping the commercial oils of their additive components. The base oils were then thermally oxidized using a modified Turbine Oil Oxidation Test apparatus at increasing temperatures up to 380°C. The stabilities were evaluated based on parameters like Total Acid Number and Total Oxidation Products. Results showed that the synthetic base oil (SAE-10W40) was the least stable, followed by the blended base oil, while the mineral base oil (SAE-28
Synthesis and characterization of antioxidant resin modified Alexander Decker
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of antioxidant resins modified from bisphenol A and formaldehyde. Bisphenol A was condensed with formaldehyde to form a methylolic resin (Resin I) which was then converted to alkoxy derivatives (Resins II, III, IV). The resins were characterized using techniques like IR spectroscopy, NMR, elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. The resins showed good thermal stability and low volatility. When added to lubricating oil at concentrations up to 0.5%, Resins II, III and IV significantly improved the oxidation stability of the oil as measured by reduced acidity, carbonyl index and viscosity change over 12 hours of oxidation testing compared to oil
Transformer oil which is obtained by fractional distillation of crude oil serves many purposes in a transformer insulation.This report includes the classifications of transformer oil under composition and additives and it also includes the different types contamination that can occur in a transformer.These contamination issues can be tracked by an analysis of transformer oil.This report is consist of different transformer oil testing and also my personal experience in observing few tests at the laboratory of Asset Management Hydro Electrical - CEB.
A presentation on Petroleum for the
Course: B.Tech. Polymer Science in DU FYUP
Subject: Raw Materials,
Year - For Ist Year Students.
You may download this ppt to get a better idea about the contents and animation!
Asphaltene solvency and stability of water in oil emulsion a case study of tw...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effect of asphaltene solvency on the stability of water-in-oil emulsions using two Nigerian crude oil samples. Crude A from Okoro oil well formed a very stable emulsion that did not resolve any water over 24 hours, while Crude B from Okpoho oil well resolved 55% of water over 24 hours. Solvency was modified by adding n-heptane, toluene, or a blend, and emulsion stability generally increased with higher aromatic solvent content. The results showed that emulsion stability is related to asphaltene content and resin/asphaltene ratio, with higher stability associated with higher asphaltene content and lower
The document discusses the synthesis and characterization of polymeric additives and their effectiveness as pour point depressants and viscosity improvers for waxy crude oils. Polyethylene acrylic acid (PEAA) was esterified with docosanol to produce PEAA-DcA, which was then grafted with vinyl acetate to produce PEAA-DcA-g-VA. The products were characterized using FT-IR and 1H NMR. Rheological measurements and pour point tests were performed on crude oils treated with the polymers. The pour point of crude oils was reduced from 27°C to 6°C depending on polymer composition and concentration. PEAA-DcA-g-VA performed best at reducing pour point, indicating these
This document summarizes an experimental study on using neem oil as an alternative fuel in a diesel engine. The authors tested the engine's performance using: 1) neat neem oil, 2) neem oil ester, 3) preheated neem oil, and 4) a neem oil-petrol dual fuel mode. Their results showed that esterification and preheating improved the engine's brake thermal efficiency and reduced emissions compared to neat neem oil, but the dual fuel mode increased emissions. The best performance was achieved with preheated neem oil at 160°C, obtaining a brake thermal efficiency close to diesel fuel.
The aniline point test determines the lowest temperature at which equal volumes of aniline and an oil sample fully mix. A lower aniline point indicates a higher aromatic content in the oil sample. The test is suitable for transparent liquid samples with an initial boiling point above room temperature. The aniline point can be used to estimate properties like cetane number, diesel index, and aromatic content, which provide information about the oil sample's combustion quality and suitability for diesel fuel. Extracting the oil sample with furfuraldehyde can lower its aromatic content and thus increase the aniline point.
Filtration and water reduction of methyl ester for insulation purposeTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
An attempt to develop a monoester type insulating oil, especially methyl ester is being conducted
and the current results after conducting two kinds of treatment, namely, filtration and water reduction are
reported in this paper. Five different samples were prepared from methyl ester oil based on their melting
point. The important properties of oil samples such as breakdown voltage, viscosity, water content, acidity,
and density were tested, and are evaluated based on the standard specification of natural ester used for
the transformer, ASTM D-6871. Another important property, i.e. oxidation stability was also tested and is
evaluated by comparing the corresponding result of mineral oil. It is found that the breakdown voltage,
the viscosity and the relative density of the oil fulfill the requirements specified by the standard, whereas
other properties like water content, acidity and oxidation stability need further improvement.
CONVERSION OF DIMETHYL-NITROBENZENE TO DIMETHY L ANILINE, EFFECT OF SOME PROC...Berklin
The catalytic transfer hydrogenation of dimethyl-nitrobenzene (DN) to Dimethyl-aniline (DA) was studied
in the temperature range 343–403 K
o
, pressure range of 4–10 bar H2 and ethanol as solvent using Pd/C
as catalyst above agitation speed 800 rpm. The substrate feed concentration was varied in the range from
0.124 to 0.745 kmol/m3
while catalyst loading was in the range 4–12% (w/w) of dimethyl-nitrobenzene.
Dimethyl-aniline was the only reaction product, generated through the hydrogenation of the Nitro group of
dimethyl-nitrobenzene. The effects of hydrogen partial pressure, catalyst loading, dimethyl-nitrobenzene
concentration and temperature on the reaction conversion have been reported. Near first-order
dependence on dimethyl-nitrobenzene concentration and hydrogen pressure were observed for the initial
rate of dimethyl-nitrobenzene hydrogenation over the 5% Pd/C catalyst. Furthermore, an increase in the
catalytic activity as the reaction temperature, pressure and weight of catalysts was observed. Conventional
Arrhenius behavior was exhibited by catalyst, Pd/C showed activation energies of 614 J/mol.
Vegetable oil can be used to produce biodiesel through a process called transesterification. Transesterification reduces the viscosity of vegetable oils to make them suitable for use in diesel engines. It involves a series of chemical reactions that convert triglycerides in vegetable oil into fatty acid methyl esters. Previous studies have determined optimal conditions for transesterification, such as a molar ratio of 6.825:1 alcohol to oil, a temperature of 48°C, and a catalyst concentration of 0.679wt% KOH, which can yield 98.181% biodiesel.
The document discusses optimization of biodiesel production from sunflower oil using response surface methodology. Three variables (temperature, catalyst concentration, and molar ratio of methanol to oil) were analyzed for their interaction effects on biodiesel yield using a central composite design. The maximum predicted biodiesel yield of 98.181% was obtained at 48°C, a methanol to oil ratio of 6.825:1, 0.679 wt% catalyst concentration, and 2 hours of reaction time. Response surface methodology was successfully used to optimize the transesterification process for high biodiesel production.
The document discusses cast iron sectional solid fuel boilers made by Solidmaster. It describes the boilers' cast iron sectional design, materials used, heating powers available in 6 models, corrosion resistance, air control systems, optional safety heat exchangers, combustion control options including thermoregulators and electronic boards, ash removal, and efficiency up to 75%. Tables provide specifications for 8 boiler models including section numbers, capacities, weights, dimensions and fuel types.
Este documento describe los detalles de un proyecto de construcción de una carretera. Explica los materiales que se usarán, como concreto y asfalto, el trazado de la ruta de 10 millas, y un cronograma tentativo de 18 meses para completar el proyecto por fases.
AG Commercial Capital offers two new loan programs paying 1% referral fees to brokers. The Portfolio Bridge Loan Program provides financing for multifamily, office, industrial, retail, and lodging properties as well as note purchases, with loan amounts from $3-50 million, terms up to 3 years, and starting rates of 7.5%. The Portfolio 3 Loan Program focuses on multifamily, mobile home parks, office, industrial, retail, and self-storage properties, with loan amounts from $750,000 to $10 million, terms up to 7 years, and starting rates of 5.5%.
Este documento repite la misma URL, http://libreria-universitaria.blogspot.com, muchas veces sin otra información. No provee detalles sobre el contenido o propósito del sitio web mencionado.
Iii matematicas geometria analitica rene-jimenez-pdfLuis Leiva
El documento se repite la dirección web www.FreeLibros.org más de 200 veces, lo que indica que se trata de una lista muy larga de esta misma dirección web.
The document investigates asphaltene and heavy metal removal from three Iranian crude oils using ceramic monolith membranes at temperatures ranging from 75-190°C. The experiments showed that asphaltene separation reached 60-87% depending on the crude oil's initial asphaltene content. Smaller pore size membranes more effectively separated asphaltenes and heavy metals like nickel and vanadium. Crude oil densities and viscosities decreased after filtration, indicating asphaltene and metal removal. The results demonstrate that thermal treatment can effectively aggregate and remove asphaltenes using membrane filtration without solvents.
1) The document investigates the relationship between asphaltene self-precipitation onset and refractive index in crude oils at elevated temperatures.
2) Experimental measurements show that asphaltene precipitation occurred at a characteristic refractive index of 1.42 for three crude oils, regardless of asphaltene content or oil type.
3) Determining the refractive index of crude oils at different temperatures allowed predicting the onset temperatures of asphaltene self-precipitation, which were confirmed by microscopic observations showing initial formation of small dark spots at these temperatures.
This document summarizes a study on soot formation in co-flow diffusion flames fueled by biodiesel. Biodiesel fuels tested include pure methyl ester fuels (B100CME and B100SME) as well as blends with diesel fuel. Soot volume fraction profiles were measured using laser extinction for flames with varying oxygen concentration in air. Peak soot volume fractions were highest for flames with 35-50% oxygen and decreased with further oxygen addition. Biodiesel blends showed intermediate sooting compared to pure biodiesel and diesel fuels. Higher flame temperatures led to higher soot oxidation rates and lower soot volume fractions.
This document evaluates the thermooxidation stabilities of additive-free base oils used in two commercially available grades of automotive crankcase oil (SAE-28W50 and SAE-10W40). The base oils were obtained by stripping the commercial oils of their additive components. The base oils were then thermally oxidized using a modified Turbine Oil Oxidation Test apparatus at increasing temperatures up to 380°C. The stabilities were evaluated based on parameters like Total Acid Number and Total Oxidation Products. Results showed that the synthetic base oil (SAE-10W40) was the least stable, followed by the blended base oil, while the mineral base oil (SAE-28
Synthesis and characterization of antioxidant resin modified Alexander Decker
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of antioxidant resins modified from bisphenol A and formaldehyde. Bisphenol A was condensed with formaldehyde to form a methylolic resin (Resin I) which was then converted to alkoxy derivatives (Resins II, III, IV). The resins were characterized using techniques like IR spectroscopy, NMR, elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. The resins showed good thermal stability and low volatility. When added to lubricating oil at concentrations up to 0.5%, Resins II, III and IV significantly improved the oxidation stability of the oil as measured by reduced acidity, carbonyl index and viscosity change over 12 hours of oxidation testing compared to oil
Transformer oil which is obtained by fractional distillation of crude oil serves many purposes in a transformer insulation.This report includes the classifications of transformer oil under composition and additives and it also includes the different types contamination that can occur in a transformer.These contamination issues can be tracked by an analysis of transformer oil.This report is consist of different transformer oil testing and also my personal experience in observing few tests at the laboratory of Asset Management Hydro Electrical - CEB.
A presentation on Petroleum for the
Course: B.Tech. Polymer Science in DU FYUP
Subject: Raw Materials,
Year - For Ist Year Students.
You may download this ppt to get a better idea about the contents and animation!
Asphaltene solvency and stability of water in oil emulsion a case study of tw...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effect of asphaltene solvency on the stability of water-in-oil emulsions using two Nigerian crude oil samples. Crude A from Okoro oil well formed a very stable emulsion that did not resolve any water over 24 hours, while Crude B from Okpoho oil well resolved 55% of water over 24 hours. Solvency was modified by adding n-heptane, toluene, or a blend, and emulsion stability generally increased with higher aromatic solvent content. The results showed that emulsion stability is related to asphaltene content and resin/asphaltene ratio, with higher stability associated with higher asphaltene content and lower
The document discusses the synthesis and characterization of polymeric additives and their effectiveness as pour point depressants and viscosity improvers for waxy crude oils. Polyethylene acrylic acid (PEAA) was esterified with docosanol to produce PEAA-DcA, which was then grafted with vinyl acetate to produce PEAA-DcA-g-VA. The products were characterized using FT-IR and 1H NMR. Rheological measurements and pour point tests were performed on crude oils treated with the polymers. The pour point of crude oils was reduced from 27°C to 6°C depending on polymer composition and concentration. PEAA-DcA-g-VA performed best at reducing pour point, indicating these
The document investigates the suitability of groundnut and coconut oils for high voltage insulation as alternatives to mineral oil. Tests were conducted on samples of groundnut oil, coconut oil, and mineral oil (transformer oil) including pour point, flash point, aging, moisture content, and dielectric strength tests. Results showed that groundnut oil has better insulating properties than coconut oil, with dielectric strengths of 30kV and 4kV respectively. Groundnut oil also had lower moisture content and peroxide values, indicating it could potentially be used as transformer oil up to 66kV systems. Coconut oil was found unsuitable for high voltage due to its low dielectric strength but may be suitable for low voltage insulation. Both oils are biodegrad
Biodiesel can be made through several processes, including direct use and blending of vegetable oils with diesel, microemulsions, thermal cracking through pyrolysis, and transesterification. Transesterification is the most common process, where a fat or oil is reacted with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to form esters and glycerol. Key factors that affect the transesterification reaction include the molar ratio of alcohol to oil, the type of catalyst used, the reaction time, and temperature. The conversion rate increases with longer reaction times and higher temperatures, with most reactions taking less than an hour to reach high yields.
Comparative study of the oxidative stabilities of palm oil and olive oil.Alexander Decker
This document compares the oxidative stabilities of palm oil and olive oil. Palm oil and olive oil samples were subjected to methylene blue sensitized photoxidation to induce oxidation. Progress of the reaction was monitored by thin layer chromatography, which showed that oxidation products formed in palm oil after 13 hours of irradiation and 10 hours for olive oil, indicating olive oil's lower oxidative stability. Analysis of the reaction mixtures and isolated oxidation products confirmed the formation of hydroperoxides during sensitization. Proton NMR spectra showed reductions in peaks corresponding to easily oxidizable groups in the oils, with more pronounced changes in olive oil, reflecting its higher level of unsaturated fatty acids and lower oxidative stability compared to palm oil.
Experimental Investigations on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Bio...IRJET Journal
The document presents the results of experiments conducted to evaluate the combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel blends made from Java plum seed oil and custard apple seed oil. The key findings are:
- Biodiesel blends produced lower brake thermal efficiency compared to diesel fuel due to their lower energy content.
- Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions were lower for biodiesel fuels compared to diesel, while NOx emissions were slightly higher.
- Ignition delay was shorter for Java plum seed methyl ester blends compared to custard apple methyl ester blends and diesel fuel.
- The combustion characteristics of the methyl ester blends closely followed those of
This article examines the stability of water-in-crude oil emulsions and the role of asphaltenes and waxes. It extracted asphaltenes and resins from two crude oils to study their impact on emulsion stability. It prepared emulsions and used sedimentation tests and dielectric spectroscopy to measure stability. The results showed that for the asphaltic crude oil, asphaltenes were the main stabilizers of the emulsions. For the paraffinic crude oil, both waxes and interactions between waxes and natural surfactants impacted stability, especially at low temperatures.
Design and implementation of a control structure for quality products in a cr...ISA Interchange
In recent years, interest for petrochemical processes has been increasing, especially in refinement area. However, the high variability in the dynamic characteristics present in the atmospheric distillation column poses a challenge to obtain quality products. To improve distillates quality in spite of the changes in the input crude oil composition, this paper details a new design of a control strategy in a conventional crude oil distillation plant defined using formal interaction analysis tools. The process dynamic and its control are simulated on Aspen HYSYS dynamic environment under real operating conditions. The simulation results are compared against a typical control strategy commonly used in crude oil atmospheric distillation columns.
Improved Characterization of Heptane Plus Fraction of Niger Delta Light CrudesDr. Amarjeet Singh
Accurate determination of molecular weight of heptane plus(C_(7^+ )) fractions is essential in reliable phase behavior calculations and compositional EOS modeling studies. Empirical correlations provide cheaper alternatives in time and cost, to obtaining reliable molecular weight data than by experiments, though with compromised accuracies.
Several empirical correlations developed to predict molecular weight of C_(7^+ ) fractionsof petroleum were reviewed. A new correlation for calculating molecular weight of heptane plus fractions of light crudes was developed from a database compiled from Niger Delta fields for over 1,200 light crude oil assays, conventional PVT reports, and literature data. The correlation was developed using rational multiple regression analysis method.
The new correlation’s performance was compared with five others which do not depend on boiling point temperatures. Results showed that the new correlation has superior performance with the lowest absolute average and relative mean square errors. The new correlation had an average relative error of 8.15%, root mean square error of 0.09% and correlation coefficient of 0.955.
Structural properties of vegetable oil thermosets effect of crosslinkers, mo...吉成 朴
This document discusses structural properties of vegetable oil thermosets and the effect of crosslinkers, modifiers, and oxidative aging. Specifically, it examines tung oil-based biopolymers prepared using different comonomers (styrene, divinylbenzene, methyl ester of tung oil) or a modifier (acrylated epoxidized soybean oil). It analyzes the chemical aging of the fatty acid segments through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results show values for glass transition temperature, storage moduli, tanδ, and free nanohole volumes change over one year of aging at room temperature and
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
1. Subscriber access provided by UNIV OF CALGARY
Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Asphaltene Particle
Size Distributions in Crude Oils Diluted with n-Pentane
Bent B. Nielsen, William Y. Svrcek, and Anil K. Mehrotra
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1994, 33 (5), 1324-1330• DOI: 10.1021/ie00029a031 • Publication Date (Web): 01 May 2002
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Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research is published by the American Chemical
Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036
2. 1324
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1994,33, 1324-1330
Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Asphaltene Particle Size
Distributions in Crude Oils Diluted with n-Pentane
Bent B. Nielsen, William Y. Svrcek, and Ani1 K. Mehrotra'
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Calgary,
Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
The effects of temperature (0-150 "C)
and pressure (0-5.6 MPa) on the size distribution of asphaltene
particles (or agglomerates), formed as a result of diluting the crude oils with n-pentane, were studied
using a modified laser particle analyzer. Four crude oils, ranging from an asphaltic condensate to
a heavy oil-sand bitumen, were tested in this investigation. The average size of asphaltene
agglomerates ranged from 266 to 495 pm. The results suggest that the mean asphaltene particle
size increases with pressure and decreases slightly with temperature; however, no trends were evident
with the molar mass of crude oils. Although the particle size distributions in most cases were
unimodal and described adequately by the log-normal distribution function, bimodal distributions
were also identified in certain cases.
Introduction
INCREASING
Formation and deposition of asphaltene agglomerates
is a major obstacle in the production of heavy oils and
bitumens as well as during secondary and tertiary crude
oil recovery operations. The formation of two phases in
heavy oils, their incompatibility, and the size distribution
of the precipitated asphaltene agglomerates are important
interrelated phenomena which are not well understood at
the present. Changes in temperature (Ali and Al-Ghannam, 1981), pressure (Burke et al., 1990; Park and
Mansoori, 1988),composition (Nadirov et al., 1987; Katz
and Beu, 1945),and electrical effects (Katz and Beu, 1945;
Lichaa and Herrera, 1975) have been reported to cause
asphaltene deposition in wells, pipelines, and production
equipment. The presence of asphaltenes aggravates
fouling of catalysts, coking, and promotion of emulsions
during the processing of crude oils.
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the
effects of temperature and pressure on the size of
asphaltene particles or agglomerates that are formed when
a crude oil is mixed with a paraffinic diluent. Four crude
oils were tested with the average molar mass ranging from
114 kg/kmol for an asphaltic condensate to 522 kg/kmol
for an oil-sand bitumen. The diluent used in all of the
tests was 99.5% pure n-pentane, obtained from BDH.
The measurements were carried out at two pressures:
2.2 and 5.6 MPa. The effect of temperature at constant
pressure was studied in 50 "C increments; from 0 to 150
"C using the two high-viscosity oils from Cold Lake and
Lindberg (Alberta), while the two low-viscosity oils from
Countess (Alberta) and the Border Gas Plant (British
Columbia) were tested from 0 to 100 "C.
Nature of Asphaltenes and Their Agglomeration
Asphaltenes are a dark brown to black solid solubility
class found in most crude oils. They are typically defined
as being insoluble in either n-pentane or n-heptane but
soluble in aromatic solvents (such as benzene and toluene),
carbon disulfide, and chloroform (Lichaa and Herrera,
1975). Asphaltene residue may be precipitated from a
crude oil by the addition of a nonpolar miscible solvent
(for example, n-pentane or n-heptane). The chain length
of the paraffin used determines the amount of residue
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
E-mail: mehrotra@acs.ucalgary.ca.
oaaa-5aasi94i2~33-1324$04.50/0
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE
MOLAR MASS
OF OIL
CARBON NO.
OFDILUENT
DILUENT/OI L
RATIO
EXTENT OF
ASPHALTENE
PRECIPITATION
coOOOO
omooOOOO
aoOOOO
Figure 1. Qualitative relationship between the various parameters
on the extent of asphaltene precipitation.
(Corbett and Petrossi, 1978; Mitchell and Speight, 1973),
its degree of polarity (Speight, 1991), and the asphaltene
particle size distribution (Ferworn, 1992). Typically,
smaller molecules such as propane promote the deposition
of more (but less polar) residue, while n-heptane causes
precipitation of lesser amounts of a more polar residue.
This trend is limited, as methane by itself will not cause
deposition and molecules heavier than n-heptane do not
appreciably promote a more polar or a decreased amount
of residue (Mitchell and Speight, 1972).
The non-asphaltic fraction of a crude oil, often referred
to as the maltenes, is comprised of oils, waxes, and resins.
The difference in the amount of residuum obtained with
propane and either n-pentane or n-heptane is referred to
as the resins.
Crude oils consist of hydrocarbon components with a
l,
continuous distribution of molar mass (Champagneet a .
19851, including in situ gases and low molar mass hydrocarbons up to the highly polar, high molar mass asphaltene
micelles. The solubility of heavier components in a crude
oil is dependent on the relatively lighter components, whose
solubility is in turn dependent on the still lighter components. This delicate balance suggests why asphaltenes
are precipitated by disturbances to the solubility of the
component species.
Changes in any of the several conditions can alter the
thermodynamic stability of the crude oil. Figure 1shows
qualitatively the effects of varying the parameters on the
extent of asphaltene precipitation. Increasing the temperature, the molar mass of the oil, or the diluent-to-oil
0 1994 American Chemical Society
3. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 33, No. 5, 1994 1325
I
8
i
A
W
E
-
hydraulic line
- - - glycol
line
-oil
line
Figure 2. Schematic of high-pressure laser cell apparatus: A,
bitumen reservoir; B, Gikion pump; C, glycol pump; D, hydraulic
fluid reservoir;E, diluent reservoir;F, Jeffri pump; G, laser cell inside
Brinkmann analyzer; H, pressure cell with stirrer; J, water bath; W,
waste receptacle.
ratio results in larger amounts of asphaltene precipitate.
Conversely, increasing the pressure or the number of
carbon atoms in the diluent molecule results in adecreased
extent of asphaltene precipitation. A brief discussion of
the effects of some of the important variables on asphaltene
precipitation is presented below.
Effect of Diluent Type and Ratio. The mean molar
mass of the precipitated asphaltenes normally decreases
when a shorter chain diluent is used (Jamesand Mehrotra,
1988). This is because a lighter diluent precipitates more
of the lower molar mass asphaltene fraction due to its
lower solubility. An increase in the fraction of asphaltenes
precipitated has been observed with increasing dilution
ratio (Ali and Al-Ghannam, 1981; Burke et al., 1990;James
and Mehrotra, 1988; Speight et al., 1984). The diluentto-oil ratio also affects the asphaltene particle size distribution; Ferworn et al. (1993) and Funk (1979) found
that asphaltene particle size increases with an increase in
the dilution ratio at ambient pressure and temperature.
Ferworn et al. (1993) showed that the formation of
asphaltene agglomerates by diluting crude oils with
n-heptane takes place almost instantaneously.
Effect of Temperature. An increase in temperature
affects the agglomeration of asphaltenes by decreasing
the solvating power of the crude oil. As a result, the lesssoluble, higher molar mass asphaltenes are precipitated
initially followed by progressively lighter asphaltene
molecules. The subsequent addition of the lower molar
mass asphaltenes results in a decrease in the overall molar
mass of the precipitated particles (Burke et al., 1990;
Hirschberg et al., 1984; Mansoori and Jiang, 1985;
Moschopedis et al., 1976).
Effect of Pressure. Burke et al. (1979) and Hirschberg
et al. (1984) investigated the effects of pressure on
asphaltene precipitation. For oils above their bubble point
pressure, increasing the pressure has a positive influence
on the solubility parameter. As a result, asphaltenes are
generally more soluble in hydrocarbons at higher pressures.
Experimental Apparatus and Procedure
A schematic of the experimental apparatus used for
collecting the data reported here is shown as Figure 2. The
centerpiece of the apparatus is a Brinkmann 2010 particle
size analyzer, which directly measures the particle size by
sweeping a laser beam at a known velocity through a cell
containing the sample onto a photocell. By monitoring
the interruption of the laser beam by suspended particles,
the particle size analyzer combines the results of a large
number of such measurements as a size distribution
histogram (Ferworn et al., 1993; LeBlanc, 1988). As
expained later, modifications were made to the Brinkmann
particle size analyzer to allow measurement of particle
sizes over the 10-1200-pm range (Nielsen, 1993).
Laser Sampling Cell. A new high-pressure sample
cell was designed to replace the originally-supplied microflow cell, as used by Ferworn et al. (19931, which was
capable of operation only at atmospheric pressure and
ambient temperature. The new laser cell was designed
and built to withstand pressures up to 6 MPa at temperatures from 0 to 150 "C. The cell windows were
constructed from optical-quality quartz to withstand highpressure and let the laser beam through uninhibited. The
cell was provided with an internal heat exchanger to allow
good temperature regulation.
Ancillary Equipment. The high-pressure mixing
equipment consisted of two high-pressure cells: a 600-mL
cell (H) mixing the diluent-crude oil mixture and
for
another 16-mL cell (A) for holding the crude oil sample.
A centrifugal pump circulated glycol solution to maintain
the laser cell at the test temperature. Two pressure gauges
were used to monitor the pressure of the main cell (H)
and
at the discharge of a Gilson 303 pump. The Gilson pump
was used to maintain the system pressure and force the
diluent-oil mixture through the laser cell. A 500-cmsJeffri
pump was used to fill the mixing cell with the diluent and
inject crude oil samples.
The mixing of crude oil and diluent took place in the
stirred high-pressure cell. An air motor, coupled through
a planetary gearbox to the stirrer, provided the power for
stirring at a constant speed of 150 rev/min. The stirring
speed was maintained the same in all experiments to
minimize any effect, if any, of changes in the flow regime
on the size of asphaltene agglomerates. Diluent was
injected into the cell by use of the Jeffri pump. The Gilson
pump supplied a monitored rate of hydraulic fluid to the
underside of the piston in the main pressure cell, forcing
the diluent-oil mixture through the laser cell and backpressure valves to the waste reservoir. Back pressure was
maintained through a series of relief valves that allowed
both the addition of the diluent under pressure and the
circulation of the mixture during pumping. The crude oil
was injected by opening a valve leading to the crude oil
storage cell from the Jeffri pump and closing another valve
to bypass the main flow line.
Procedure. Before an experiment was started with a
was
new sample, the high-pressure cell (H) dismantled
and the upper chamber was cleaned alternately with
toluene and n-pentane. The cell was then reassembled
and flushed with nitrogen to expel air and other vapors,
followed by drawing vacuum to remove the nitrogen. The
Jeffri pump was used to measure 250 mL of n-pentane
into the main pressure cell and to bring the system up to
the test pressure.
In a typical experiment, 4.2 mL of crude oil sample was
measured and poured into the high-pressure sample cell
(A), the air was expelled, and the cell was reconnected to
the flow line. A difficulty was encountered while the highviscosity Cold Lake and Lindberg oils were poured into
the high-pressure sample cell (A); hence, these two crude
oils were diluted with an equal volume of pure toluene.
The low-viscosityCountess oil and Border condensatewere
poured nas is", i.e., without any dilution.
After allowing 30 min for the temperature to equalize
(with stirring),the contents of the sample cell were forced
4. 1326 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 33, No. 5, 1994
Table 1. Analysis of Crude Oil Samples
asphaltene
mlr
oa
(pentane-insoluble) density at
maee
petroleum sample
content (mase %) 15 "C (kg/ms) (kg/kmol)
Border condensate
0.6
740.8
114
Countess crude oil
5.7
886.3
251
this etudy
Ferworn et al. (1993)
8.1
911.0
354
Lindberg heavy oil
17.6
988.0
483
Cold Lake bitumen
this study
21.8
996.8
522
Ferworn et al. (1993)
16.7
995.0
585
slowlyinto the high-pressure cell (H) the Jeffri pump.
using
The Gilson pump was then started to maintain a pumping
rate of 1.5-3 mL/min, and the particle size measurement
was commenced. A total of 425 runs (including repeated
trials) were made using the above procedure with the four
oil samples at the selected pressures and temperatures.
Representation of Particle Size Distribution. Ferworn et al. (1993) and Popplewell et al. (1989) suggested
that particle size distributions could be modeled using a
log-normal curve. The volume-basis probability function,
p ( x ) , for the log-normal distribution is given as
Table 2. Mean Asphaltene Particle Si= Data for Cold
Lake Bitumen and a-Heptane in 1:60 Ratio at Atmospheric
Pressure
0
50
42
46
where m and (1- m) are the weights of the first and second
log-normal curves.
The mean log particle diameter, log [,is converted into
the mean particle diameter, d, (in pm),
by
- = 1ok1g~+1.1513~*
d,
(3)
In eq 3, the mean particle diameter, d,, is seen to be a
nonlinear function of the mean and the standard deviation
of log(x). The shift in the mean particle diameter caused
by the variance in the standard deviation can mask any
change in
To avoid this, log 5 is used to represent the
mean particle diameter for most of the results presented
in this paper.
Crude Oil Samples. Table 1lists the molar mass, the
density, and the (pentane-insoluble) asphaltene content
of the four crude oil samples, ranging from the light
asphaltic Border condensate to the heavy and viscous Cold
Lake bitumen. Also given in Table 1,for comparison, are
analyses for the Countess oil and Cold Lake bitumen
samples used by Ferworn et al. (1993).
PreliminaryExperimentswith Cold Lake Bitumen
and n-Heptane. A series of experiments were performed
by alternating between the original Brinkmann laser cell
and the high-pressure laser cell at ambient pressure and
temperature to reproduce the results reported by Ferworn
et al. (1993). The mean asphaltene particle sizes, with a
1:40 ratio (by volume) of Cold Lake bitumen and n-
q.
259
243
380
339
Table 3. Summary of High-Pressure Experiments with
n-Pentane at 1:60 Dilution Ratio and Results Obtained
aephaltene
particle size
no. of trials
statietics
temp prese.
petroleumsample ("C) (MPa) total ignored log[ u dmb m )
Bordercondensate
0
2.2
23
1
2.59 0.23 448
Countess oil
Lindberg heavy oil
Cold Lake bitumen
where log [ denotes the mean of log(x), u the standard
deviation of log(x), and x the diameter of the asphaltene
particle.
In certain processes, particle size distributions can be
bimodal, especially when the process involves agglomeration or shattering of particles (Popplewell et al., 1989). A
bimodal distribution is modeled using the sum of two
weighted log-normal curves:
287 i 69
287 69
50
100
0
0
50
100
0
0
50
0
0
50
0
2.2
2.2
5.6
2.2
2.2
2.2
5.6
2.2
2.2
5.6
2.2
2.2
5.6
40
35
21
21
29
43
31
32
29
34
20
33
33
3
1
0
4
1
0
3
4
0
1
2
2
1
2.28
2.36
2.60
2.53
2.55
2.51
2.56
2.60
2.55
2.59
2.53
2.56
2.53
0.47
0.23
0.22
0.31
0.29
0.21
0.33
0.29
0.25
0.26
0.23
0.29
0.28
338
266
450
440
447
366
483
495
422
457
394
423
444
heptane, ranged from 254 to 303 pm, which compare
favorably with d, = 286 f 82 pm reported by Ferworn et
al. (1993).
In preliminary experiments at ambient conditions, a
high-speed video camera was used to visually examine the
shape of asphaltene particles. It was noted that the
particles were not round, but instead elongated and
irregular in shape (Ferworn, 1992; Nielsen, 1993).
Additional atmospheric pressure experiments were
performed a t 0 and 50 "C using Cold Lake bitumen diluted
with n-heptane in a ratio of 1:60. As summarized in Table
2, the results of these 88 repeated experiments showed no
effect of temperature between 0 and 50 "C. These
experiments confirmed that a large number of repeated
trials are necessary to generate statistically significant
results. It also became apparent that the particle size
range was outside the existing capacity of the Brinkmann
analyzer (0-600pm); hence, modifications were made to
expand the range to 10-1200 pm.
Results Obtained at High Pressures with
nBentane
The first set of high-pressure experiments, with npentane as the diluent, were performed a t 0 "C and 5.6
MPa for each crude oil. Subsequently, tests were performed at 2.2 MPa at temperatures of 0,50, and 100 "C.
Results of all high-pressure experiments are summarized
in Table 3. Additional experiments were carried out at
temperatures higher than 100 "C, but certain difficulties
were encountered in measuring the asphaltene particle
size. Nonetheless, these higher temperature experiments
provided some important insight into asphaltene agglomeration process.
Results at 6.6 MPa. Figure 3 presents the results of
experiments with the four crude oils at 0 "C and 5.6 MPa.
Aside from a few exceptions, most trials yielded particle
size distributions that had similar shapes. Although the
precise reason why the trends from a few trials did not
conform to a vast majority of the experiments is not clear,
these were attributed to partial blockage of flow lines and/
or the laser cell by asphaltene particles. In calculating
the averages for all of the tests a t each set of conditions,
5. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 33, No. 5, 1994 1327
40
40
30
30
5
p
3
20
10
B
p
E
a
3
x
eo
10
x
e o
8
-3
2
E
E3
20
E
40
30
20
20
10
10
o
n
Y
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0 ,3.5 1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
,
1.0
,
1.5
,
,
2.0
2.5
Log (Diameter, pm)
Figure 3. Results of asphaltene particle size analyses at 0 O and
C
5 6 MPa: (a) Border condensate, (b) Countess oil, (c) Lindberg oil,
.
(d) Cold Lake bitumen.
3.5 1.0
1.5
2.0
Log (Diameter, pm)
2.5
3.0
3.5
Figure 5. Results of asphaltene particle size analyses at 0 O and
C
2.2 MPa: (a) Border condensate, (b) Countess oil, (c) Lindberg oil,
(d) Cold Lake bitumen.
All
E3
,
3.0
c
,
,
1.0
1.5
2.0
20
,.
.
,
,
,
1.5
2.0
,
..
,
3.0
3.5
20
10
, .,,. ,
10
0
1.0
n
Y
1.5
2.0
2.5
30
.
3.5 1.0
1.S
2.0 2.5
Log (Diameter, pm)
3.0
3.5
2.5
3.0 -3.5 1.0
Log (Diameter, pm)
2.5
Figure 4. Representation of asphaltene particle size averages at 0
O and 5.6 MPa with unimodal log-normal function: (a) Border
C
condensate, (b) Countess oil, (c) Lindbergoil, (d) Cold Lake bitumen.
Figure 6. Results of asphaltene particle size analyses at 50 O and
C
2.2 MPa: (a) Border condensate, (b) Countess oil, (c) Lindberg oil,
(d) Cold Lake bitumen.
the data for the unusual trials were ignored. The number
of trials ignored in calculating the averages are identified
in Table 3.
The averages of the experimental data are plotted in
Figure 4. Also plotted in Figure 4 are the log-normalcurves
that were obtained by fitting the data through the
minimization of the sum of the square of the errors. The
statistical parameters for each curve are also listed in Table
3. It is pointed out that the means (p) shown in Figure
4 were calculated from experimental data and not from
the log-normal curve (eq 1).
Results at 2.2 MPa. Figures 5-7 present the results
of experiments a t 2.2 MPa that were performed at 0,50,
and 100 "C, respectively. Notice that some of the results
exhibit more than one particle size distribution, which is
not unexpected as agglomeration processes can produce
bimodal particle size distributions (Popplewellet al., 1989).
Figures 8-10 show the averagesof the data shown in Figures
5-7 for all crude oil samples a t temperatures of 0,50, and
100O C , respectively. The corresponding log-normalcurves
are also shown in these figures, which in most cases describe
the experimental data fairly well.
Experiments at Temperatures Higher Than 100 O .
C
In experiments with Cold Lake bitumen and Lindberg oil
at temperatures higher than 50 OC, asphaltene particles
were observed in the laser cell window initially when the
crude oil was injected into n-pentane. Within a period of
1-3 min, however, the particles disappeared and only clear
liquid was seen in the laser cell window. At first, this was
attributed to either plugging of the flow lines or, as
suggested by Corbett and Petrossi (1975), the formation
of another liquid phase. On examining the mixing cell
after cooling, it became apparent that the asphaltene
6. 1328 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 33, No. 5, 1994
-60
8
50
c
(
40
e
30
c
0
20
h
.
Y
3
2
10
90 ,
2
c4 1.0
~~
,
,
,
,
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
~~
#
3.5 1.0
Log (Diameter, pm)
c
Figure 7. Results of asphaltene particle size analyses at 100 "C and
2.2 MPa: (a) Border condensate, (b) Countess oil.
40L
I--
+cT
,
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5 1.0
,
,
,
1.5
2.0
2.5
Log (Diameter, pm)
,
3.0
3.5
Figure 9. Representation of asphaltene particle size averages at 50
"C and 2.2 MPa with unimodal log-normal function: (a) Border
condensate, (b)Countess oil, (c) Lindberg oil, (d)Cold Lake bitumen.
0 40
cd
3
.
Y
3
2
z
#
30
20
IO
0
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
1.5
2.0
Log (Diameter, pm)
2.5
3.0
3.5
Figure 8. Representation of asphaltene particle size averages at 0
"C and 2.2 MPa with unimodal log-normal function: (a) Border
condensate, (b)Countessoil, (c) Lindberg oil, (d) Cold Lake bitumen.
particles had formed 5-10-mm-diameter "super agglomerates", in a cone-shaped aggregate under the stirrer and
scattered across the piston. Experiments with Cold Lake
bitumen and Lindberg oil, at temperatures higher than
100 "C, needed to be terminated due to seizing of the
piston ring with "gumlike" material. Similar observations
with these two crude oils were made even at 75 "C; hence,
as shown in Table 3, the highest temperature for data
with these heavier crude oils was 50 "C.
Discussion of Results
The asphaltene particle size distribution has been
suggested to follow a log-normal distribution (Ferworn et
al., 1993), and this is supported by most of the results
presented in Figures 4 and 8-10. Listed in Table 4 are the
coefficients of multiple determination or the correlation
coefficients (r2)for eq 1,for the trials presented in Table
3. Evidently, a satisfactory representation of all cases is
obtained (r2L 0.9), except for Border condensate at 50 "C
(Figure 6a or 9a) and Countess oil at 0 O (Figure 5b or
C
8b). For these two cases, the asphaltene particle size data
clearly exhibit a bimodal distribution, which may reflect
the heterogeneous nature of asphaltene micelles in these
two crude oils. The data for these two cases were fitted
to eq 2, which, as mentioned previously, is a function
composed of two log-normal distributions coupled with
weights (m) (1- m). An optimum bimodal curve for
and
;(Diameter, pm)
Figure 10. Representation of asphaltene particle size averages at
100 "C and 2.2 MPa with unimodal log-normal function: (a) Border
condensate, (b) Countess oil.
Table 4. Coefficient of Multiple Determination for
Log-Normal Distribution (Eq 1)
coeff of mult determination
(r2)at T-P conditions
50°C/ 100"C/
O°C/
O"C/
petroleum sample 2.2 MPa 5.6 MPa 2.2 MPa 2.2 MPa
Border condensate
0.95
0.96
0.79
0.91
Countess oil
0.15
0.91
0.94
0.93
Lindberg heavy oil
0.90
0.90
0.92
Cold Lake bitumen
0.94
0.91
0.92
each case is shown in Figure 11. The parameters in eq 2
for Figure l l a are m = 0.43, log ( 1 = 2.28, log €2 = 2.66,
u1= 0.11, and u2 = 0.16, and for Figure l l b are m = 0.35,
log €1 = 2.28, log E2 = 2.66, 01 0.09,
and ~2 = 0.11,
Although bimodal distributions are readily apparent
for the two sets of results, they could exist for other results
as well. Popplewell et al. (1989) argued that if the means
are in close proximity and the standard deviations are
relatively large (asis the case for most of the results here),
then a bimodal distribution may actually resemble a
unimodal distribution. An examination of Figure 5c or
8c, for example, suggests the likelihood of more than one
distribution.
Effects of Pressure and Temperature. A dependence of particle size on pressure was expected as the
solubility parameter increases with increasing pressure
(Hirschberg et al., 1984). Indeed, Figure 12a displays a
7. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 33, No. 5, 1994 1329
3.00
b 50 ~ 1 2 . MPa
2
log-noma1
bimodal
2.75
2
5
6 2.50
N
;j
;
e2
0 2.25
d
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0 .3.5 1.0
1.5
2.0
Log (Diameter, pm)
2.5
3.0
3.5
Figure 11. Comparison of unimodal and bimodal log-normal
functions fitted to asphaltene particle size averages: (a) Countess oil
C
at 0 *C and 2.2 MPa, (b) Border condensate at 50 O and 2.2 MPa.
,
.
.
*a
2
3.00
B
e2
8
2.75
8
+
I
.
b
2.50
e-
o
3
A
2,00
I
2
Countess oil
Lindbere oil
Cold Lake bitumen
5
4
5
Pressure, MPa
1-
Border condensate
Countess oil
o Lindbergoil
a Cold Lake bitumen
v
o
W
2.25
b
0
25
50
0
200
400
600 0
200
400
600
Molar Mass of Crude Oil ( k g h o l )
I
7501w
Temperature, C
Figure 12. Effects of pressure and temperature on mean asphaltene
particle size: (a) at a constant temperature of 0 OC, (b) at a constant
pressure of 2.2 MPa.
slight increase in the mean particle size with pressure for
all crude oils except the Lindberg oil.
Figure 12bpresents the mean particle sizes as a function
of temperature for all crude oils. The Border condensate
showed an interesting effect of temperature; there is a
significant decrease in log E from 2.60 to 2.28 between 0
and 50 "C followed by an increase to 2.36 at 100 "C. The
results are similar to those reported for Qaiyarah oil by
Ali and Al-Ghannam (1981). It is possible that the
asphaltene particles at 0 "C have a greater occlusion of
the diluent and maltenes. The Cold Lake, Countess, and
Lindberg oils show only slight change in the mean particle
size over the temperature ranges.
At higher temperatures (75-150 "C), it appears that the
asphaltenes of the heavier crude oils soften to the point
where the agglomeration of larger particles takes place
due to increased adhesion. As suggested by Speight (19911,
it may be caused by an increase in the amount of nearasphaltene molecules (resins of high molar mass) precipitating due to their decreased solubility. The viscosity
measurements by Mehrotra et al. (1989) on the heaviest
fraction (cut no. 5)of Cold Lake bitumen, which comprised
49 mass % asphaltenes, indicated a softening temperature
of approximately 100 "C for the glasslike solid. Furthermore, the observation of Speight (1991) that a decrease in
the solubility parameter would precipitate a "tacky"
semisolid residue may explain the "super agglomerates"
observed with Cold Lake bitumen and Lindberg oil at
higher temperatures. Thus, the term "particle size" may
not have any significance for asphaltene agglomerates at
temperatures higher than approximately 75-100 "C.
Effect of Crude Oil Molar Mass. Figure 13 shows
the effect of oil molar mass on the mean asphaltene particle
diameter. The experiments at 50 and 100 "C show
discernible trends for an increase in particle size with molar
mass of crude oils. There is limited agreement with
Ferworn et al. (1993), who had found an increase in
asphaltene particle size with crude oil molar mass at
Figure 13. Relationship between molar mass of crude oils and mean
asphaltene particle size.
22 "C and atmospheric pressure. However, for other
temperature and pressure conditions, i.e., 0 "C and either
2.2 or 5.6 MPa, the results do not show any appreciable
dependence of asphaltene particle size with molar mass.
Overall, the results of this study suggest a slight increase
of the mean asphaltene particle size with an increase in
pressure and with a decrease in temperature; however,
any effect of crude oil molar mass is not apparent.
Conclusions
Modifications of the Brinkmann particle size analyzer
were described for studying the effects of temperature
and pressure on the size of asphaltene particles in crude
oils diluted with n-pentane. Expanding the range for the
particle size analyzer to 10-1200 pm proved invaluable to
this investigation. Experiments were performed with four
crude oil samples diluted (in a volumetric ratio of 1:60)
with n-pentane at 0-150 "C and up to 5.6 MPa. Although
the particle size distribution in most cases was log-normal,
the Border condensate and Countess oil showed instances
where bimodal distributions were clearly apparent.
An increase in pressure yielded an increase in the mean
asphaltene particle size for all oil samples except the
Lindberg oil. Varying the temperature from 0 to 100 "C
yielded a significant change in the mean particle size for
the Border condensate. In experiments with the two higher
molar mass crude oils (Cold Lake bitumen and Lindberg
oil), "super agglomerates" were observed at temperatures
of 75 "C and higher, which is attributed to the softening
and adhesion of asphaltene particles.
Acknowledgment
Financial support provided by the Natural Sciences and
Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the
Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority
(AOSTRA), and the Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering (University of Calgary) is gratefully
acknowledged.
Nomenclature
-
d, = mean particle diameter, pm
rn = relative weight of the first log-normal curve
8. 1330 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 33, No. 5, 1994
x = diameter of an asphaltene particle, pm
Greek Symbols
p = mean of particle size analyses, pm
log $ = mean of log@)
,
u = standard deviation of log(x)
Subscripts
1 = first log-normal curve in a bimodal distribution
2 = second lognormal curve in a bimodal distribution
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Received for reuiew September 13, 1993
Accepted January 26,1994 0
~
e Abstract
1994.
~~~~~~~
published in Advance ACS Abstracts, March 15,