The document investigates asphaltene and heavy metal removal from three Iranian crude oils using ceramic monolith membranes at temperatures ranging from 75-190°C. The experiments showed that asphaltene separation reached 60-87% depending on the crude oil's initial asphaltene content. Smaller pore size membranes more effectively separated asphaltenes and heavy metals like nickel and vanadium. Crude oil densities and viscosities decreased after filtration, indicating asphaltene and metal removal. The results demonstrate that thermal treatment can effectively aggregate and remove asphaltenes using membrane filtration without solvents.
Data mining, prediction, correlation, regression, correlation analysis, regre...IJERA Editor
The present work deals with the evaluation of some viscosity index improving additives. Three esters were
prepared by esterification of acrylic acid with alcohols having different alkyl chain length. The structures of the
prepared compounds were confirmed by Infra Red Spectroscopy. Three polymeric compounds were prepared by
free radical polymerization of the different acrylates with vinyl acetate. The molecular weights of the prepared
compounds were determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography. The prepared copolymers were evaluated as
viscosity index improvers for lube oil and the rheological properties of lube oil were studied. It was found that
the efficiency of the prepared additives as viscosity index improvers increases with increasing the molecular
weight and concentration of the prepared copolymers and it was found that the apparent viscosity decreases with
an increase in temperature.
This document discusses the maintenance of hydraulic oils, focusing on phosphate ester-based fluids. It describes the types of hydraulic fluids, including petroleum-based, synthetic fire-resistant, and water-based. Contamination sources like solids, liquids, and air are outlined. The document advocates for using best available technology and continuous purification to control fluid quality and extend fluid life to over 10 years while minimizing waste and costs. Vacuum distillation is presented as a best available technology for purification. Frequent sampling, analysis of key parameters, and filtration are recommended for maintenance.
This document discusses maintenance of mineral transformer oil. It describes the properties and importance of testing transformer oil to monitor for contamination and degradation. Key tests described include dissolved gas analysis to detect faults from gases produced by arcing, overheated oil or cellulose. Monitoring transformer oil condition allows reliability by discovering faults early to prevent expensive failures and downtime.
This document discusses methods for separating mixtures into their individual components. It focuses on distillation techniques including simple/atmospheric distillation, fractional distillation, and vacuum distillation. These methods separate mixtures based on differences in boiling points between components. The document explains key concepts like vapor pressure, boiling point, and how mixture type (miscible, partially miscible, non-miscible) impacts separation. It also provides examples of industrial distillation equipment for large-scale separation of multi-component mixtures.
This document discusses the maintenance requirements for phosphate ester-based fluids. Phosphate esters require strict control of acidity and water content to prevent degradation. Acidity and water content must be aggressively controlled within a narrow range using filtration systems containing moisture-adsorbing filters and fuller's earth to control acidity, or vacuum distillation systems to remove water. Ion exchange and acid scavenging can temporarily reduce acidity but are not effective long-term solutions on their own due to issues like increased water content promoting further degradation.
This document discusses the thermal and rheological properties of Povidone (PVP) and Copovidone polymers for use in hot melt extrusion. It finds that all PVP polymers show some degradation above 180°C, so that temperature is recommended as the upper limit for melt extrusion. PVP K-12 and S-630 are found to have ideal rheological properties for melt extrusion, with melt viscosities between 700-100,000 Pa.s. The other grades may require plasticization to be successfully melt extruded below 180°C.
1. This experiment involves the Fischer-Speier esterification reaction to produce the ester methyl salicylate from salicylic acid and methanol. Methyl salicylate has a minty smell and is used in pain relief products.
2. The reaction was carried out under reflux with sulfuric acid as a catalyst. A 83.8% yield of methyl salicylate was obtained. TLC plates showed conversion of salicylic acid to the product.
3. The mechanism involves the sulfuric acid accepting a proton from the carboxylic acid, allowing the methanol to bond and form methyl salicylate and water. Leaving the reaction under longer reflux allows more complete conversion to the
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) uses supercritical fluids, typically supercritical carbon dioxide, as solvents to separate chemical mixtures. SFE takes advantage of how supercritical fluids have densities close to liquids and viscosities close to gases. This allows for effective penetration and extraction. Key advantages of SFE include using less toxic solvents like CO2, shorter extraction times, and producing extracts with less contamination. SFE has applications in food/fragrance extraction, natural products separation, and analytical/preparative extractions.
Data mining, prediction, correlation, regression, correlation analysis, regre...IJERA Editor
The present work deals with the evaluation of some viscosity index improving additives. Three esters were
prepared by esterification of acrylic acid with alcohols having different alkyl chain length. The structures of the
prepared compounds were confirmed by Infra Red Spectroscopy. Three polymeric compounds were prepared by
free radical polymerization of the different acrylates with vinyl acetate. The molecular weights of the prepared
compounds were determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography. The prepared copolymers were evaluated as
viscosity index improvers for lube oil and the rheological properties of lube oil were studied. It was found that
the efficiency of the prepared additives as viscosity index improvers increases with increasing the molecular
weight and concentration of the prepared copolymers and it was found that the apparent viscosity decreases with
an increase in temperature.
This document discusses the maintenance of hydraulic oils, focusing on phosphate ester-based fluids. It describes the types of hydraulic fluids, including petroleum-based, synthetic fire-resistant, and water-based. Contamination sources like solids, liquids, and air are outlined. The document advocates for using best available technology and continuous purification to control fluid quality and extend fluid life to over 10 years while minimizing waste and costs. Vacuum distillation is presented as a best available technology for purification. Frequent sampling, analysis of key parameters, and filtration are recommended for maintenance.
This document discusses maintenance of mineral transformer oil. It describes the properties and importance of testing transformer oil to monitor for contamination and degradation. Key tests described include dissolved gas analysis to detect faults from gases produced by arcing, overheated oil or cellulose. Monitoring transformer oil condition allows reliability by discovering faults early to prevent expensive failures and downtime.
This document discusses methods for separating mixtures into their individual components. It focuses on distillation techniques including simple/atmospheric distillation, fractional distillation, and vacuum distillation. These methods separate mixtures based on differences in boiling points between components. The document explains key concepts like vapor pressure, boiling point, and how mixture type (miscible, partially miscible, non-miscible) impacts separation. It also provides examples of industrial distillation equipment for large-scale separation of multi-component mixtures.
This document discusses the maintenance requirements for phosphate ester-based fluids. Phosphate esters require strict control of acidity and water content to prevent degradation. Acidity and water content must be aggressively controlled within a narrow range using filtration systems containing moisture-adsorbing filters and fuller's earth to control acidity, or vacuum distillation systems to remove water. Ion exchange and acid scavenging can temporarily reduce acidity but are not effective long-term solutions on their own due to issues like increased water content promoting further degradation.
This document discusses the thermal and rheological properties of Povidone (PVP) and Copovidone polymers for use in hot melt extrusion. It finds that all PVP polymers show some degradation above 180°C, so that temperature is recommended as the upper limit for melt extrusion. PVP K-12 and S-630 are found to have ideal rheological properties for melt extrusion, with melt viscosities between 700-100,000 Pa.s. The other grades may require plasticization to be successfully melt extruded below 180°C.
1. This experiment involves the Fischer-Speier esterification reaction to produce the ester methyl salicylate from salicylic acid and methanol. Methyl salicylate has a minty smell and is used in pain relief products.
2. The reaction was carried out under reflux with sulfuric acid as a catalyst. A 83.8% yield of methyl salicylate was obtained. TLC plates showed conversion of salicylic acid to the product.
3. The mechanism involves the sulfuric acid accepting a proton from the carboxylic acid, allowing the methanol to bond and form methyl salicylate and water. Leaving the reaction under longer reflux allows more complete conversion to the
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) uses supercritical fluids, typically supercritical carbon dioxide, as solvents to separate chemical mixtures. SFE takes advantage of how supercritical fluids have densities close to liquids and viscosities close to gases. This allows for effective penetration and extraction. Key advantages of SFE include using less toxic solvents like CO2, shorter extraction times, and producing extracts with less contamination. SFE has applications in food/fragrance extraction, natural products separation, and analytical/preparative extractions.
This document provides an overview of azeotropic distillation. It begins with an introduction that defines azeotropic distillation as a process where an entrainer is added to a feed mixture to form an azeotrope that can be separated. The document then discusses the working principle, provides examples of residue curve maps, and outlines considerations for process design and simulation. Finally, it discusses several industrial applications of azeotropic distillation, including alcohol dehydration, acetic acid dehydration, and ester production, before concluding and listing references.
An azeotrope is a mixture of two or more liquids that cannot be separated by simple distillation because the vapors have the same composition as the liquid mixture. Azeotropic distillation uses the addition of a third component to change the relative volatility of the mixtures and allow separation. For example, benzene is added to a water-ethanol azeotrope, where it forms an azeotrope with ethanol but not water, allowing the ethanol and water to be separated by distillation. Extractive distillation also uses a third component to facilitate separation, but the component remains in the mixture rather than forming new azeotropes.
Effect of heat treatment, water activity and storage temperature on the oxida...Omar Zeballos
This document summarizes a study investigating the effects of heat treatment, water activity, storage temperature, and time on the oxidative stability of whole milk powder. Three types of milk powder (low-heat, medium-heat, and high-heat) were stored at two temperatures (25°C and 45°C) and three water activities for up to 63 days. Oxidative stability was assessed using electron spin resonance spectrometry to measure free radicals, TBARS to measure secondary lipid oxidation, fluorescent spectroscopy and size-exclusion HPLC to measure protein damage, and sensory evaluation. Results showed that lipid oxidation increased greatly at 45°C, especially for low-heat powder. Sensory quality declined fastest for low-heat powder stored at
This experiment examines the SN1 solvolysis reaction of t-butyl chloride in different solvent systems (methanol-water, ethanol-water, and acetone-water). The time taken for the reaction to reach the phenolphthalein endpoint was measured for varying ratios of solvent to water in each system. The results showed that reaction time decreased with increasing water concentration for all solvents. Methanol-water took the least time, followed by ethanol-water, with acetone-water taking the most time. This is because water is the most effective solvent in stabilizing carbocation intermediates through solvation, influencing the reaction rate.
This document discusses the aging process of cellulose insulation in transformers. It explains that as transformers age, the cellulose insulation breaks down which decreases its dielectric strength over time. Two methods of evaluating the condition of the insulation are discussed - degree of polymerization testing which directly measures the length of cellulose chains, and furan analysis which tests for breakdown products in the oil. Regular monitoring and maintenance like oil purification can help preserve the cellulose insulation and extend the life of the transformer.
This document discusses colligative properties of solutions. It begins with an introduction to properties of pure liquids and how adding a solute can modify these properties. It then covers four main colligative properties: [1] lowering of vapor pressure, [2] lowering of freezing point, [3] raising of boiling point, and [4] osmotic pressure. Mathematical relationships are provided for each property. The document concludes with examples of calculations for freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, and determining moles of solute added based on a freezing point change.
Azeotropic and extractive distillation ppt 1AbdullahAdi3
This document discusses various advanced distillation techniques for separating multi-component mixtures, including azeotropic distillation, extractive distillation, and pressure swing distillation. It provides examples of using each technique, such as using benzene as an entrainer to break the azeotrope between ethanol and water. Additionally, it explains how adding a solvent in extractive distillation can increase the relative volatility of components to improve separation.
The group conducted the Fischer ester synthesis experiment to produce butyl acetate from acetic acid and n-butanol. After refluxing the reactants for 60 minutes with sulfuric acid as a catalyst, liquid-liquid extraction with water and sodium bicarbonate was performed to separate the ester product. Distillation was then used to purify the product, yielding 55.37% of butyl acetate with a refractive index close to the standard. While the synthesis was successful in producing the banana-scented ester, the product was not entirely pure due to various factors like reaction timing.
The document discusses the deterioration of mineral transformer oil over time from various factors like oxygen, moisture, and high temperatures. It causes the formation of acids and sludge inside transformers. This can reduce the dielectric strength of the oil and insulation, and potentially lead to short circuits. The document also discusses methods to recondition used transformer oil, including filtration with Fuller's Earth to remove acids and restore color, as well as vacuum dehydration to remove moisture. Maintaining low acidity of below 0.01 mg KOH/g is important for maximum transformer life.
US Patent 5231139 - Compositions based on vinylidene chloride copolymers stab...Patrick Françoisse
A composition containing as an epoxide heat stabilizer
at least one glycidyl methacrylate copolymer whose
epoxy value is at least 0.4. These effective heat stabilizers do not appreciably affect the transparency and the
imperviousness of vinylidene chloride copolymers. The
composition in question is particularly suited for the
extrusion of sheets and films intended for packaging.
Fame music Life (FML) will be an interactive online network that merges social networking and mobile applications with television to create a live social experience. FML will use platforms like webcams and mobile apps to connect audiences face-to-face with hosts in various locations to discuss pop culture, lifestyle, and trending topics. Revenue will come from traditional television advertising, product placement, and new forms of interactive mobile advertising. The goal is for FML to be the most entertaining online television network by allowing audiences to actively participate in live programming.
Biz Social Media Snow Camp 2015 - Telekom RomaniaGabriel Barliga
Telekom Romania wanted to appeal to young audiences and be seen as a "cool" brand. Their idea was to create an integrated long-term content marketing campaign called TADAAM, featuring a YouTube show that showcases real-life experiences worth sharing. The weekly vlog was extremely popular, receiving over 1.6 million YouTube views and 250,000 engaged unique users. This helped transform Telekom's image to young Romanians and increase brand acceptance. Going forward, Telekom plans to refine their digital product offering and expand the TADAAM concept across multiple platforms.
The document discusses the importance of completeness in communication. It provides guidelines for ensuring messages contain all necessary information. It emphasizes providing information to answer any questions asked, as well as considering offering additional details. The checklist for completeness includes remembering the questions of who, what, when, where, why and how and answering all questions directly or implied.
El documento repite la palabra "ÁREA" seguida de diferentes temas como arte, biblioteca, construcción, experimentos, familia y música, lo que sugiere que describe diferentes áreas o temas de interés.
Haiku Deck is a presentation tool that allows users to create Haiku-style slideshows. The tool encourages users to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentations, which can be shared on SlideShare. In just 3 sentences, it promotes creating Haiku Deck presentations and publishing them to SlideShare.
Haiku Deck is a presentation tool that allows users to create Haiku style slideshows. The tool encourages users to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentations which can be shared on SlideShare. In just a few sentences, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create visually engaging slideshows.
Best Practices for Data Driven Growth: How to Leverage Data to Align Your Tea...BrightGauge Software
Download the entire webinar for free: http://info.brightgauge.com/data-driven-growth-webinar
Our co-Founder & CEO, Eric Dosal, recently hosted a webinar to discuss the tactics that have helped drive growth at BrightGauge, for our customers, and at our MSP, Compuquip. Learn a few of the tips and tricks our fastest-growing partners are using to drive growth in their business!
Some of the topics Eric covered:
- Understanding the role of data in growth
- How to properly set goals to align your team
- Holding your team accountable for their goals
- Developing a proper cadence for your team
- How to best get your team involved
This document provides an overview of azeotropic distillation. It begins with an introduction that defines azeotropic distillation as a process where an entrainer is added to a feed mixture to form an azeotrope that can be separated. The document then discusses the working principle, provides examples of residue curve maps, and outlines considerations for process design and simulation. Finally, it discusses several industrial applications of azeotropic distillation, including alcohol dehydration, acetic acid dehydration, and ester production, before concluding and listing references.
An azeotrope is a mixture of two or more liquids that cannot be separated by simple distillation because the vapors have the same composition as the liquid mixture. Azeotropic distillation uses the addition of a third component to change the relative volatility of the mixtures and allow separation. For example, benzene is added to a water-ethanol azeotrope, where it forms an azeotrope with ethanol but not water, allowing the ethanol and water to be separated by distillation. Extractive distillation also uses a third component to facilitate separation, but the component remains in the mixture rather than forming new azeotropes.
Effect of heat treatment, water activity and storage temperature on the oxida...Omar Zeballos
This document summarizes a study investigating the effects of heat treatment, water activity, storage temperature, and time on the oxidative stability of whole milk powder. Three types of milk powder (low-heat, medium-heat, and high-heat) were stored at two temperatures (25°C and 45°C) and three water activities for up to 63 days. Oxidative stability was assessed using electron spin resonance spectrometry to measure free radicals, TBARS to measure secondary lipid oxidation, fluorescent spectroscopy and size-exclusion HPLC to measure protein damage, and sensory evaluation. Results showed that lipid oxidation increased greatly at 45°C, especially for low-heat powder. Sensory quality declined fastest for low-heat powder stored at
This experiment examines the SN1 solvolysis reaction of t-butyl chloride in different solvent systems (methanol-water, ethanol-water, and acetone-water). The time taken for the reaction to reach the phenolphthalein endpoint was measured for varying ratios of solvent to water in each system. The results showed that reaction time decreased with increasing water concentration for all solvents. Methanol-water took the least time, followed by ethanol-water, with acetone-water taking the most time. This is because water is the most effective solvent in stabilizing carbocation intermediates through solvation, influencing the reaction rate.
This document discusses the aging process of cellulose insulation in transformers. It explains that as transformers age, the cellulose insulation breaks down which decreases its dielectric strength over time. Two methods of evaluating the condition of the insulation are discussed - degree of polymerization testing which directly measures the length of cellulose chains, and furan analysis which tests for breakdown products in the oil. Regular monitoring and maintenance like oil purification can help preserve the cellulose insulation and extend the life of the transformer.
This document discusses colligative properties of solutions. It begins with an introduction to properties of pure liquids and how adding a solute can modify these properties. It then covers four main colligative properties: [1] lowering of vapor pressure, [2] lowering of freezing point, [3] raising of boiling point, and [4] osmotic pressure. Mathematical relationships are provided for each property. The document concludes with examples of calculations for freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, and determining moles of solute added based on a freezing point change.
Azeotropic and extractive distillation ppt 1AbdullahAdi3
This document discusses various advanced distillation techniques for separating multi-component mixtures, including azeotropic distillation, extractive distillation, and pressure swing distillation. It provides examples of using each technique, such as using benzene as an entrainer to break the azeotrope between ethanol and water. Additionally, it explains how adding a solvent in extractive distillation can increase the relative volatility of components to improve separation.
The group conducted the Fischer ester synthesis experiment to produce butyl acetate from acetic acid and n-butanol. After refluxing the reactants for 60 minutes with sulfuric acid as a catalyst, liquid-liquid extraction with water and sodium bicarbonate was performed to separate the ester product. Distillation was then used to purify the product, yielding 55.37% of butyl acetate with a refractive index close to the standard. While the synthesis was successful in producing the banana-scented ester, the product was not entirely pure due to various factors like reaction timing.
The document discusses the deterioration of mineral transformer oil over time from various factors like oxygen, moisture, and high temperatures. It causes the formation of acids and sludge inside transformers. This can reduce the dielectric strength of the oil and insulation, and potentially lead to short circuits. The document also discusses methods to recondition used transformer oil, including filtration with Fuller's Earth to remove acids and restore color, as well as vacuum dehydration to remove moisture. Maintaining low acidity of below 0.01 mg KOH/g is important for maximum transformer life.
US Patent 5231139 - Compositions based on vinylidene chloride copolymers stab...Patrick Françoisse
A composition containing as an epoxide heat stabilizer
at least one glycidyl methacrylate copolymer whose
epoxy value is at least 0.4. These effective heat stabilizers do not appreciably affect the transparency and the
imperviousness of vinylidene chloride copolymers. The
composition in question is particularly suited for the
extrusion of sheets and films intended for packaging.
Fame music Life (FML) will be an interactive online network that merges social networking and mobile applications with television to create a live social experience. FML will use platforms like webcams and mobile apps to connect audiences face-to-face with hosts in various locations to discuss pop culture, lifestyle, and trending topics. Revenue will come from traditional television advertising, product placement, and new forms of interactive mobile advertising. The goal is for FML to be the most entertaining online television network by allowing audiences to actively participate in live programming.
Biz Social Media Snow Camp 2015 - Telekom RomaniaGabriel Barliga
Telekom Romania wanted to appeal to young audiences and be seen as a "cool" brand. Their idea was to create an integrated long-term content marketing campaign called TADAAM, featuring a YouTube show that showcases real-life experiences worth sharing. The weekly vlog was extremely popular, receiving over 1.6 million YouTube views and 250,000 engaged unique users. This helped transform Telekom's image to young Romanians and increase brand acceptance. Going forward, Telekom plans to refine their digital product offering and expand the TADAAM concept across multiple platforms.
The document discusses the importance of completeness in communication. It provides guidelines for ensuring messages contain all necessary information. It emphasizes providing information to answer any questions asked, as well as considering offering additional details. The checklist for completeness includes remembering the questions of who, what, when, where, why and how and answering all questions directly or implied.
El documento repite la palabra "ÁREA" seguida de diferentes temas como arte, biblioteca, construcción, experimentos, familia y música, lo que sugiere que describe diferentes áreas o temas de interés.
Haiku Deck is a presentation tool that allows users to create Haiku-style slideshows. The tool encourages users to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentations, which can be shared on SlideShare. In just 3 sentences, it promotes creating Haiku Deck presentations and publishing them to SlideShare.
Haiku Deck is a presentation tool that allows users to create Haiku style slideshows. The tool encourages users to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentations which can be shared on SlideShare. In just a few sentences, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create visually engaging slideshows.
Best Practices for Data Driven Growth: How to Leverage Data to Align Your Tea...BrightGauge Software
Download the entire webinar for free: http://info.brightgauge.com/data-driven-growth-webinar
Our co-Founder & CEO, Eric Dosal, recently hosted a webinar to discuss the tactics that have helped drive growth at BrightGauge, for our customers, and at our MSP, Compuquip. Learn a few of the tips and tricks our fastest-growing partners are using to drive growth in their business!
Some of the topics Eric covered:
- Understanding the role of data in growth
- How to properly set goals to align your team
- Holding your team accountable for their goals
- Developing a proper cadence for your team
- How to best get your team involved
Este documento trata sobre la odontopediatría y la psicología. La odontopediatría es la rama de la odontología que se enfoca en el tratamiento dental de niños, mientras que la psicología estudia los procesos mentales y las relaciones humanas. La psicología aplicada a la odontopediatría es importante para lograr un manejo adecuado del niño durante su primera experiencia odontológica. El documento también discute factores como la personalidad, madurez y ambiente del niño, así como técnicas para control
Identidad académica: estrategias de gestión de la identidad digital para inve...Víctor M. Moya-Orozco
Material de la sesión dedicada a identidad digital de los investigadores, dentro del seminario "Gestión de la Producción científica en Abierto: idUS, Mendeley y estrategias de visibilidad en Ciencias de la Educación".
50oleada del panel hogares “las tic en los hogares españoles” OptimediaSpain
Este documento presenta los resultados de la 49a oleada del Panel de Hogares y Usuarios de Telecomunicaciones y Sociedad de la Información referente al tercer trimestre de 2015. Incluye información sobre el equipamiento y servicios TIC de los hogares españoles, el gasto en telecomunicaciones y su distribución, así como datos sobre la contratación conjunta de servicios.
1) The document discusses how to use competitive intelligence to improve one's own search marketing strategies. It advocates shifting from keyword-driven monitoring to market-driven monitoring to stay ahead of competitors.
2) Specific strategies are presented for "stealing" competitors' best performing keywords, copy approaches like emphasizing product ranges or sales, and integration tactics between paid search and organic search.
3) The key takeaways are to use market-driven monitoring to stay ahead of competitors, identify competitors' best strategies to outwit them, and increase ROI by effectively integrating paid and organic search.
The document outlines the life cycle of oil and gas wells, including planning, drilling, completion, production, and abandonment phases. It describes the planning process including well classification and formation pressure considerations. Key aspects of drilling are discussed such as rig types, crews, casing, and use of drilling mud to remove cuttings from the wellbore.
The document discusses oil and gas production and surface facilities. It begins with an introduction to the upstream, midstream, and downstream sectors of the oil and gas industry. It then covers well types at the production phase, including oil, gas, and water injection wells. It describes key wellhead components like the casing head, tubing head, Christmas tree, and safety control subsurface safety valve. It provides details on various artificial lift methods and their relative advantages and disadvantages. It concludes with descriptions of hook-up and flow line components used to transport oil and gas from wells.
This document describes a study that examined the effects of temperature and pressure on the size of asphaltene particles precipitated from crude oils diluted with n-pentane. Four crude oils ranging from a light condensate to a heavy bitumen were tested. The study found that average asphaltene particle size increased with pressure and decreased slightly with temperature. Particle size distributions were mostly unimodal but some were bimodal. The mean particle size did not show clear trends with crude oil molar mass.
1) The document investigates the relationship between asphaltene self-precipitation onset and refractive index in crude oils at elevated temperatures.
2) Experimental measurements show that asphaltene precipitation occurred at a characteristic refractive index of 1.42 for three crude oils, regardless of asphaltene content or oil type.
3) Determining the refractive index of crude oils at different temperatures allowed predicting the onset temperatures of asphaltene self-precipitation, which were confirmed by microscopic observations showing initial formation of small dark spots at these temperatures.
This document evaluates the thermooxidation stabilities of additive-free base oils used in two commercially available grades of automotive crankcase oil (SAE-28W50 and SAE-10W40). The base oils were obtained by stripping the commercial oils of their additive components. The base oils were then thermally oxidized using a modified Turbine Oil Oxidation Test apparatus at increasing temperatures up to 380°C. The stabilities were evaluated based on parameters like Total Acid Number and Total Oxidation Products. Results showed that the synthetic base oil (SAE-10W40) was the least stable, followed by the blended base oil, while the mineral base oil (SAE-28
A presentation on Petroleum for the
Course: B.Tech. Polymer Science in DU FYUP
Subject: Raw Materials,
Year - For Ist Year Students.
You may download this ppt to get a better idea about the contents and animation!
Asphaltene solvency and stability of water in oil emulsion a case study of tw...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effect of asphaltene solvency on the stability of water-in-oil emulsions using two Nigerian crude oil samples. Crude A from Okoro oil well formed a very stable emulsion that did not resolve any water over 24 hours, while Crude B from Okpoho oil well resolved 55% of water over 24 hours. Solvency was modified by adding n-heptane, toluene, or a blend, and emulsion stability generally increased with higher aromatic solvent content. The results showed that emulsion stability is related to asphaltene content and resin/asphaltene ratio, with higher stability associated with higher asphaltene content and lower
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Structural properties of vegetable oil thermosets effect of crosslinkers, mo...吉成 朴
This document discusses structural properties of vegetable oil thermosets and the effect of crosslinkers, modifiers, and oxidative aging. Specifically, it examines tung oil-based biopolymers prepared using different comonomers (styrene, divinylbenzene, methyl ester of tung oil) or a modifier (acrylated epoxidized soybean oil). It analyzes the chemical aging of the fatty acid segments through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results show values for glass transition temperature, storage moduli, tanδ, and free nanohole volumes change over one year of aging at room temperature and
Material Science and Engineering-B_Synthesis of ultra high molecular weight p...Shashi Kant
This document summarizes an article that appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is provided to the author for non-commercial research and education purposes only. The author is permitted to share the copy with colleagues and use it for teaching. However, reproducing, distributing, selling, licensing or posting the copy online is prohibited without permission from Elsevier. The authors are allowed to post their version of the article in Word or Tex format on their personal or institutional websites. Further information about Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies can be found online.
Chemical Formula of Alxoy on Synthesize Of Al2o3 For Buffer Catalyst by Sol-G...theijes
Heterogeneous catalyst used in the process of improving the oxidative stability of biodiesel is the Pt-Rh-Pd catalyst supported by γ-Al2O3 (γ-alumina). The purpose of this research was to know the effect of sintering and calcination treatment in sol-gel process on the atomic weight ratio of Al/O that could affect the formation of γ-alumina phase as buffer catalyst. Precursors used was Al (NO3)3.9H2O, NH4OH and (C6H8O7) to be dissolved in Aquabidestilate. The calcination process was performed at a temperature which varied of 190oC, 275oC and 320oC for 4 hours respectively and sinter process carried out at a temperature of 420oC for 4,6 and 8 hours. XRD test results confirm that all of the powder has a single phase with different ratio of Al/O atomic weight. For calcination process at a temperature of 320oC for 4 hours and sintering at 420oC for 4, 6, and 8 hours was obtained powder with the atomic weight ratio of Al/O in accordance with ratio of Al/O in Al2O3 compound is 0.6667 (2/3). Alumina with the smallest particle size of 84.5 nm is owned by powder with ratio of Al/O = 0.6667. Morphology of the crystals is not homogen in size and shape and it is still agglomerated.
marine fuel stability and compatibility (1).pdfmunawar hussain
1) Fuel stability and compatibility have become more important issues for the marine industry due to new environmental regulations requiring the use of lower sulfur fuels in Emission Control Areas.
2) When a ship switches between heavy fuel oil and marine gas oil, it risks fuel incompatibility issues like asphaltene precipitation forming sludge that can clog filters and pipes.
3) Proper testing and management of fuel switching procedures are needed to safely change fuels when entering or leaving Emission Control Areas and avoid technical problems or breaching emission limits.
Aluminum doped sba 15 silica as acid catalyst for the methanolysis of sunflow...Solange Quintella
The document summarizes research on using aluminum-doped SBA-15 silica materials as solid acid catalysts for the methanolysis (biodiesel production) of sunflower oil. Different Si/Al molar ratios were tested after post-synthesis alumination of SBA-15 silica. The catalyst with a Si/Al ratio of 20 achieved 96% biodiesel yield using only 10% catalyst at 200°C over 4 hours and showed good stability and recyclability. The catalysts were able to simultaneously catalyze transesterification of triglycerides and esterification of free fatty acids, even with 9% free fatty acids present.
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Determination of vanadium, nickel, copper and iron as complexes of bis acetyl...Alexander Decker
This document describes a study that used high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the concentrations of vanadium, nickel, copper, and iron in Nigerian crude oil samples. The researchers analyzed samples from 5 oil wells, both onshore and offshore. They found that nickel generally had the highest concentration, while copper had the lowest. Concentration levels ranged from 210-1620 ppb for nickel, 975-1125 ppb for iron, 225-1060 ppb for vanadium, and 54-138 ppb for copper. The results were consistent with previous studies on metals in Nigerian crude oils. The study provides data on heavy metal concentrations that can help assess the environmental and economic impacts of Nigerian crude
This article examines the stability of water-in-crude oil emulsions and the role of asphaltenes and waxes. It extracted asphaltenes and resins from two crude oils to study their impact on emulsion stability. It prepared emulsions and used sedimentation tests and dielectric spectroscopy to measure stability. The results showed that for the asphaltic crude oil, asphaltenes were the main stabilizers of the emulsions. For the paraffinic crude oil, both waxes and interactions between waxes and natural surfactants impacted stability, especially at low temperatures.
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The Effect of Temperature and Rock Permeability on Oil-Water Relative Permeab...IJERA Editor
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permeability liein300 md and 1000 md respectively were carried out to investigate the effect of temperature and
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Exploration of the Potential of Reclaimed Waste Cooking Oil for Oil-Immersed ...
ef100986m
1. 300r 2010 American Chemical Society pubs.acs.org/EF
Energy Fuels 2011, 25, 300–306 : DOI:10.1021/ef100986m
Published on Web 12/14/2010
Investigation on Asphaltene and Heavy Metal Removal from Crude Oil Using
a Thermal Effect
M. Ashtari,†
M. Bayat,*,‡
and M. Sattarin‡
†
Department of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran 16846, Iran, and
‡
Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI ), Post Office Box 14665-137, Tehran, Iran
Received July 29, 2010. Revised Manuscript Received November 6, 2010
Removal of asphaltenes and heavy metals, using asymmetric ceramic monolith membranes with pore sizes
of 0.2 μm and 50 nm, was investigated for three Iranian crude oils. The experiments were conducted in a
batch filtration unit at a pressure gradient of 200 kPa and temperature range of 75-190 °C based on
the amount of crude oil asphaltene contents. The investigated crude oils consisted of 1-10 wt % asphaltene
contents. During heating of crude oils to specified temperatures, nanometer particles of asphaltene
aggregated to micrometer size and then micrometer particles were separated smoothly using the
membranes. The obtained results illustrated that asphaltene separation reached 60-87 wt % based on
the asphaltene content of crude oils. In addition, the separation of asphaltene and heavy metals, such as
nickel and vanadium, increased using the membrane of a smaller pore size. Besides, densities and viscosities
of crude oils showed a sufficient decline after filtration through the membrane.
1. Introduction
Recently, heavy and extra-heavy crude oil reservoirs have
being explored in Iran. Low American Petroleum Institute
(API) gravity and high asphaltene and heavy metal contents
are the greatest disadvantages of heavy and extra-heavy
crudes, which may be a cause to reduce their worth seriously.
The asphaltenes and resins are the major polar fractions in
crude oil. These largeand polarcomponents havea condensed
polyaromatic structure containing alkyl chains, heteroatoms
(such as O, S, and N), and some metals.1
The asphaltenes are
defined as a solubility class, namely, the fraction of the crude
oil precipitating in light alkanes, such as pentane, hexane, or
heptane. The asphaltene is soluble in aromatic solvents, such
as toluene and benzene,2
while the resins are soluble in higher
molecular-weight normal alkanes and insoluble in lower
molecular-weight alkanes. The resin molecules attach to the
asphaltene with their polar head, form a layer around asphal-
tenes, and stabilize the asphaltene micelles. As long as the
asphaltenes are kept stable in the micelles, no precipitation
occurs.3
Variations of temperature, pressure, composition,
flow regime, and electrokinetic effect cause the asphaltene
precipitation and deposition during petroleum production,
transportation, refining, and processing. Asphaltene precipi-
tation makes oil production more arduous and costly because
of the partial plugging in the oil well, pipeline, and equipment.
The asphaltene precipitation may further decrease recovery
efficiency or even stop oil production.4
Asphaltene precipita-
tion was postulated to occur in the following steps: (1) molec-
ular self-association into dimer- or trimer-like molecules, (2)
micellization with resins and aromatic compounds, and (3)
aggregation of micelles into precipitates.5
It is of great importance to know under which conditions
that the asphaltenes precipitate and to what extent precipi-
tated asphaltenes can be redissolved. In other words, to what
extent the processofasphalteneprecipitationisreversiblewith
respecttothechangeinthermodynamicconditions.Thesubject
of asphaltene precipitation has been studied greatly by re-
searchers, but there are still some controversies and disagree-
ments between researchers. The content of disagreements is
about the nature of asphaltene in crude oil. There are two
different models that describe the nature of asphaltene in
solution. The first approach is the solubility model, which
considers asphaltene to be dissolved in a true liquid state and
asphaltene precipitation to be a thermodynamically reversible
process. The second approach is the colloidal model, in which
asphaltenes are considered to be solid particles that are sus-
pended colloidally in the crude oil and are stabilized by large
resin molecules and the precipitation of asphaltene is consid-
ered to be irreversible. The validity of each of these models
depends upon whether the precipitation process is reversible or
not.6,7
Andersen and Stenby studied the effect of the temperature
on asphaltene precipitation/dissolution in crude oil. They
*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: bayatm@
ripi.ir.
(1) Mohamed, R. S.; Loh, W.; Ramos, A.; Delgado, C.; Almeida, V.
Reversibility and inhibition of asphaltene precipitation in Brazilian
crude oils. Pet. Sci. Technol. 1999, 17 (7), 877–896.
(2) Orangi, H. S.; Modarress, H.; Fazlali, A.; Namazi, M. H. Phase
behavior of binary mixture of asphaltene þ solvent and ternary mixture
of asphaltene þ solvent þ precipitant. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2006, 245,
117–124.
(3) Al-Sahhaf, T. A.; Fahim, M. A.; Elkilani, A. S. Retardation of
asphaltene precipitation by addition of toluene, resins, deasphalted oil
and surfactants. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2002, 194-197, 1045–1057.
(4) Zewen, L.; Ansong, G. Asphaltenes in oil reservoir recovery. Chin.
Sci. Bull. 2000, 45, 682–688.
(5) Kyeongseok, O.; Terry, A.; Milind, D. Asphaltene aggregation in
organic solvents. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2004, 271, 212–219.
(6) Jamialahmadi, M.; Soltani, B.; M€uller-Steinhagen, H.; Rashtchian,
D. Measurement and prediction of the rate of deposition of flocculated
asphaltene particles from oil. J. Heat Mass Transfer 2009, 52 (19-20),
4624–4634.
(7) Peramanu, S.; Singh, C.; Agrawala, M.; Yarranton, H. Investiga-
tion on the reversibility of asphaltene precipitation. Energy Fuels 2001,
15, 910–917.
2. 301
Energy Fuels 2011, 25, 300–306 : DOI:10.1021/ef100986m Ashtari et al.
used a mixture of toluene and n-heptane and performed
solvent reversibility runs at 24, 50, and 80 °C. Although the
reversibility of precipitation with the temperature was not
explicitly investigated, the results showed that asphaltenes
partially redissolve with an increase in the temperature.8
Buckley et al. showed that asphaltene precipitation occurs
by not only adding alkanes as a solvent but also increasing the
temperature. According to this research, the size of precipi-
tated particles as a result of the increasing temperature was
less than 10 μm and this size was much smaller than the
precipitated particles as a result of adding solvent.9
Peramanu et al. reported that solvent treatments can be an
effective method for redissolving asphaltenes in crude oil,
when there is sufficient turbulence to break up the asphaltene
particles, but temperature treatments in the n-dodecane/
asphaltenesystem may not be the best method for redissolving
asphaltenes.7
Mousavi-Dehghani et al. showed that asphaltene precipita-
tion in crude oil increases with an increase of the temperature
and asphaltene precipitation is an irreversible process.10
Ashoori et al. reported that asphaltene precipitation is
reversible with respect to the temperature and composition.11
Bayat et al. developed a correlation that predicts the
asphaltene precipitation onset temperature of crude oil using
the crude oil refractive index (RI).12
In this work, the asphaltene precipitation and precipitation
reversibility were investigated relating to the temperature
effect in crude oils with low, mild, and high asphaltene
contents. The precipitation onset temperature was identified
using Bayat et al. correlation.12
The asphaltene separation
experiments were performed in a batch system using a ceramic
membrane. All experiments were performed without adding
solvents.
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Chemicals and Materials. Three crude oils with different
asphaltene contents were selected. Their physical properties
and metal contents are demonstrated in Tables 1 and 2. Merck
toluene and n-heptane were used for rinsing. Nitrogen, at 99.5%
purity, was used for blanketing and drying the system.
2.2. Apparatus. The batch filtration unit included a 19-
channel, ceramic monolith membrane placed in stainless-steel
housing, a feed pump, and two pressure gauges.
The19-channel,ceramic monolithmembrane(length,1016 mm;
outside diameter, 30 mm; and inside diameter of each channel,
4 mm) was secured in the housing by two special o-rings, resisted
to organic solvents and high temperatures, located on ferrules
glued to either end of the ceramic membrane. Feed entered the
housing on the tube side, and permeate was collected from the shell
side through a ball valve located near the bottom of the membrane
housing. The crude oil, fed from a pressure vessel using the feed
pump, entered the recycle loop. A portion of crude oil was bled
back to the feed tank. A reflux condenser has been used to prevent
light end evaporation.
The crude oil feed vessel included several electrical heating
elements, which maintained the heavy oil at an elevated tem-
perature. The capacity of the feed pump was 10 L/min at a
maximum differential pressure of 10 bar. It was driven by a
0.75 kW alternating current (AC) motor. The graphite mechan-
ical seal of the pump withstands high temperatures near 200 °C
in the presence of organic solvents. The flow stream was con-
trolled by bypassing some portion of the stream to the feed
vessel. The over pressure of the system was controlled by a
pressure safety valve over the feed vessel. The temperature and
pressure indicators were installed as thermocouples and pres-
sure gauges. The permeate flow was also measured every 2 min
for up to 4-5 h.
2.3. Experimental Procedures. At first, 5 L of crude oil was fed
to the feed vessel, and then electrical heaters were turned on. The
system was purged with nitrogen to remove trapped air com-
pletely. Then, the feed pump was turned on, and the feed was
routed in the loop line. The pressure of filtration in the system
was regulated by V-6 valve, and the full open condition of this
valve allowed the fluid to circulate to its greatest extent. The
light hydrocarbon vapors after depressurizing through the shell
side of the filter housing condensed in the provided condenser
E-4. The cooling fluid in the condenser was chilled water at a
temperature of 5 °C. The experiments were performed in tem-
peratures between 75 and 190 °C, and nitrogen was purged into
the system to prevent cracking of heavy hydrocarbons during
heating. Thus, the pressure changed rarely while the tempera-
ture increased. The permeate stream was sampled periodically
and weighed to determine the mass flux. The schematic of the
separation system was illustrated in Figure 1.
2.4. Analytical Methods. 2.4.1. Asphaltene Analysis. The
asphaltene contents of feed and permeate, defined as n-heptane
insoluble, were determined using a full automatic asphaltene
analyzer, model APD-500A, whose operation is based on
the measurement of absorbance of two wavelengths of asphal-
tene particles. This method had a strong correlation to ASTM D
6560 and IP 143/01 methods.13
2.4.2. Metal Analysis. The metal contents of feed and perme-
ate, defined as vanadium, nickel, iron, and sodium contents of
crude oil, were determined using an atomic absorption spectro-
meter according to the ASTM D 5863 standard.14
Table 1. Crude Oil Characterization
crude oil place asphaltene content (wt %) density (g/cm3
) viscosity at 10 °C (cP) viscosity at 40 °C (cP)
LabSefid Khuzestan Province 1.50 0.858 19.51 5.46
Foruzan Khark Island 4.36 0.876 35.26 10.58
Nowruz Khark Island 9.51 0.933 599.4 103.6
Table 2. Metal Analysis
crude oil vanadium (ppm) nickel (ppm) iron (ppm) sodium (ppm)
LabSefide 41 11 9.5 5.7
Foruzan 62 14 1 12
Nowruz 122 21 3.7 16
(8) Andersen, S. I.; Stenby, E. H. Thermodynamics of asphaltene
precipitation and dissolution investigation of temperature and solvent
effects. Fuel Sci. Technol. Int. 1996, 14, 261–287.
(9) Buckley, J. S.; Hirasaki, G. J.; Liu, Y.; Von Drasek, S.; Wang,
J. X.; Gill, B. S. Asphaltene precipitation and solvent properties of crude
oils. Pet. Sci. Technol. 1998, 16 (3-4), 251–285.
(10) Mousavi-Dehghani,S.A.;Riazi,M.R.;VafaieSefti,M.;Mansoori,
G. A. An analysis of methods for determination of onsets of asphaltene
phase separations. Pet. Sci. Eng. 2003, 42, 145–156.
(11) Ashoori, S.; Jamialahmadi, M.; M€uller Steinhagen, H.; Ahmadi,
K. Investigation of reversibility of asphaltene precipitation and deposi-
tion for an Iranian crude oil. Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. 2006, 25 (3),
41–47.
(12) Bayat, M.; Sattarin, M.; Teymouri, M. Prediction of self-pre-
cipitation in dead crude oil. Energy Fuels 2008, 22, 583–586.
(13) UIC, Inc. www.uicinc.com/AsphalteneAnalyzer.htm; UIC, Inc.:
Joliet, IL, 2009.
(14) American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). ASTM D
5863-00a, Standard Test Methods for Determination of Nickel, Vana-
dium, Iron, and Sodium in Crude Oils and Residual Fuels by Flame Atomic
Absorption Spectrometry; ASTM: West Conshohocken, PA, 2005.
3. 302
Energy Fuels 2011, 25, 300–306 : DOI:10.1021/ef100986m Ashtari et al.
2.4.3. Density and Viscosity. The crude oil density was mea-
sured by a digital density analyzer, model FP-6000, according
to the ASTM D 4052 standard.15
Furthermore, the crude oil
viscosity was measured using glass capillary viscometers in a water
bath at10 and40 °C, according tothe ASTMD 445-06 standard.16
3. Results and Discussion
The asphaltene molecular weight is extended from 1000 to
2 000 000 in different crude oils.17
The parameters that affect
molecular weight of asphaltene components are nearly un-
known, but it may be hypothesized that crude oils with
different asphaltene contents consist of different molecular
weights of asphaltene. The temperature effect on three kinds
of crude oils with different asphaltene contents have been
investigated regarding the probability of the molecular-weight
effect on asphaltene precipitation and redissolving behavior.
The asphaltene separation using a ceramic membrane was
evaluated as permeate mass flux and asphaltene rejection. The
“permeate mass flux” was calculated by dividing the mass of
the permeate sample to the interval of time. The asphaltene
rejection (R) is calculated using eq 1
R ¼ ð1 - Cp=Cf Þ Â 100 ð1Þ
where Cp and Cf are asphaltene contents in permeate and
feed, respectively.
3.1. Asphaltene Precipitation in Crude Oil with a Low
Asphaltene Content. The Labsefide crude oil, consisting of
1.5 wt % asphaltene, was selected as a low-asphaltene-
content sample. Asphaltene rejection via the temperature is
shown in Figure 2 for two different pore sizes of membranes.
The rejection asphaltene maxima are detected at 44 and 60%
for the membranes with 0.2 and 0.05 μm pore sizes, respec-
tively, at 105 °C. Consequently, this temperature is consid-
ered as the optimum temperature for separating asphaltene
in this crude oil. When the temperature increases over
105 °C, the asphaltene separation reduces and the asphal-
tenes redissolve in the crude oil. In fact, at first, when the
temperature increases, resin layers are dissolved gradually
Figure 1. Schematic of the separation process system.
Figure 2. Asphaltene rejection versus the temperature for the membrane at Δp = 200 kPa and Cf = 1.5 wt %.
(15) American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). ASTM D
5002-96, Standard Test Method for Density and Relative Density of
Liquids by Digital Density Meter; ASTM: West Conshohocken, PA, 2002.
(16) American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). ASTM D
445-06, Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
and Opaque Liquids; ASTM: West Conshohocken, PA, 1990.
(17) Mansoori, G. A. A unified perspective on the phase behaviour of
petroleum fluids. Int. J. Oil, Gas Coal Technol. 2009, 2 (2), 141–167.
4. 303
Energy Fuels 2011, 25, 300–306 : DOI:10.1021/ef100986m Ashtari et al.
and, then, at the optimum temperature, the resin layers are
dissociated from the asphaltenes molecules. Hence, the
asphaltene particles can aggregate better and form micropar-
ticles. After optimum temperature, if the temperature increase
continues, the kinetic energy of asphaltene particles will in-
crease; consequently, the asphaltene aggregation will break,
and the microparticles will convert to nanoparticles again.
Figure 2 illustrates the variation trend of asphaltene
rejection at different temperatures, which is only 10% for
low asphaltene crude oil. As seen, most asphaltenes are
rejected at 105 °C. Equation 2 shows the RI correlation of
this crude oil. Measurements of the RI at the onset of
precipitation have shown that, for each oil-precipitant
combination, the onset occurs at a characteristic RI of
1.42-1.44 and is independent of the crude oil asphaltene
content.9
According to eq 2, the RI of this crude oil reaches
1.42 at a temperature of 124 °C. This temperature is almost
close to the experimental temperature in the presented work.
RI ¼ 1:4944 - 0:0006T ð°CÞ ð2Þ
Figure 3 illustrates a comparison of the permeate flux versus
time in different temperatures, using a 0.2 μm membrane
pore size. The maximum flux, as seen, belongs to 120 and
130 °C, while the minimum asphaltene separation is ob-
served at both temperatures. In fact, the precipitation rever-
sibility was observed to a little extent at the mentioned
temperatures. Furthermore, other temperatures had a simi-
lar flux trend that can be explained by a little difference
between asphaltene rejection values.
According to Figures 2 and 3, the optimum temperature
for the separation process is 105 °C, because most asphaltene
is separated at this temperature.
The densities, viscosities, and metal contents of the perme-
ate samples at 105 °C, in different membrane pore sizes, are
compared in Tables 3 and 4. The second column in Table 3
specifies the asphaltene content in the permeate samples. The
densities are reported at a standard temperature (15.56 °C),
and the viscosities are reported at 10 and 40 °C. As shown in
Table 3, the asphaltene content has an important role in the
viscosity value. In fact, although the viscosity value is deter-
mined by both asphaltene and resin contents of crude oil,18
the asphaltene content plays a basic role in determining the
viscosity and its reduction can remarkably reduce the vis-
cosity value. The viscosity reduction is more obvious in
heavy crude oils, which have higher asphaltene contents. In
addition, the asphaltene contents influence the crude oil
density, and their reduction decreases the density value;
however, a direct relation does not exist between them.19
Furthermore, the asphaltene separation causes a reduction
of the crude oil metal contents, such as nickel and vanadium.
The deleterious effects of metals in petroleum have appeared
as product contamination, catalyst poisoning, and equip-
ment corrosion. They also tend to form particulate emissions
in the sub-micrometer range.20
According to Table 4, the
vanadium and nickel contents were reduced in permeate
samples in both membrane pore sizes. However, the iron
content increased after the separation process, and this
Figure 3. Permeate flux versus time for the membrane at Δp = 200 kPa and Cf = 1.5 wt %, with a membrane pore size of 0.2 μm.
Table 3. Characteristics of the Permeate Sample in Low-Asphaltene-Content Feed (LabSefid, Khuzestan Province)
pore size (μm) asphaltene content (wt %) density (g/cm3
) viscosity at 10 °C (cP) viscosity at 40 °C (cP)
0.2 0.83 0.854 14.85 4.38
0.05 0.59 0.853 10.06 3.84
Table 4. Metal Analysis of the Permeate Sample in Low-Asphaltene-Content Feed (LabSefid, Khuzestan Province)
temperature (°C) pore size (μm) vanadium (ppm) nickel (ppm) iron (ppm) sodium (ppm)
105 0.05 7 8.3 3.4 3.7
105 0.2 11 11 3.6 7
(18) Hinkle, A.; Shin, E. J.; Liberatore, M. W.; Herring, A. M.; Batzle,
M. Correlating the chemical and physical properties of a set of heavy oil
from around the world. Fuel 2008, 87, 3065–3070.
(19) Evdokimov, I. N. Bifurcated correlations of the properties of
crude oils with their asphaltene content. Fuel 2005, 84, 13–28.
(20) Farhat Ali’, M.; Abbas, S. A review of methods for the deme-
tallization of residual fuel oils. Fuel Process. Technol. 2006, 87 (7), 573–
584.
5. 304
Energy Fuels 2011, 25, 300–306 : DOI:10.1021/ef100986m Ashtari et al.
phenomenon could be as a result of corrosion of the filtration
equipment.
3.2. Asphaltene Precipitation in Crude Oil with a Mild
Asphaltene Content. The second crude oil, Foruzan, with
4.36 wt % asphaltene content, was selected as a mild-
asphaltene-content crude oil. Figure 4 shows the asphaltene
rejection via the temperature for two different pore sizes of
membranes. The asphaltene rejection maxima, 61 and 81%,
are observed at 120 °C for 0.2 and 0.05 pore size membranes,
respectively. Consequently, the optimum temperature for
asphaltene separation from Foruzan crude oil is 120 °C,
higher than the optimum temperature of the previous crude
oil, because this crude oil includes more asphaltene content
and precipitation of them occurs at higher temperatures.
Similar to the former case, the asphaltene participates are
redissolved when the temperature increases over 120 °C, but
the precipitation reversibility in this case is shown more.
According to Figure 4, the variation trend of asphaltene
rejection in different temperatures is approximately 30%,
while this variation trend was detected at 10% for the lighter
crude oil. Because, in the second crude oil, asphaltene
particles exist more, they can form larger accumulations that
cannot pass from the filter. Therefore, the separation value
increases regarding the first case. Equation 3 correlates the
RI of Foruzan crude oil. According to this equation, the RI
of Foruzan crude oil reaches 1.42 at 126.8 °C (onset tem-
perature of asphaltene precipitation), which is close to the
experimental temperature of 120 °C.
RI ¼ 1:4961 - 0:0006T ð°CÞ ð3Þ
In Figure 5, the permeate flux versus time is compared at
different temperatures using a 0.2 μm membrane pore size.
As seen, the maximum flux belongs to 160 °C, and the highest
precipitation reversibility is observed at this temperature,
while the minimum flux is detected at the optimum tempera-
ture of 120 °C.
The densities and viscosities of the permeate samples at
120 and 140 °C for both membrane pore sizes are reported in
Table 5. The second column specifies the asphaltene contents
in the permeate samples. The densities are reported at the
standard temperature (15.56 °C). Also, the viscosities are
Figure 4. Asphaltene rejection versus temperature for the membrane at Δp = 200 kPa and Cf = 4.36 wt %.
Figure 5. Permeate flux versus time for the membrane at Δp = 200 kPa and Cf = 4.36 wt %, with the membrane pore size of 0.2 μm.
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Energy Fuels 2011, 25, 300–306 : DOI:10.1021/ef100986m Ashtari et al.
reported at 10 and 40 °C. Because most asphaltenes sepa-
rated at 120 °C, the viscosity and density decreased con-
siderably in this temperature. In Table 6, the metal contents
of the permeate samples at 120 °C are reported. As seen, the
vanadium contents in permeate samples reduced 39 and
28 ppm regarding the feed, using membranes with 0.05 and
0.2 μm pore sizes, respectively. Furthermore, nickel contents
decreased 7 and 3 ppm using membranes with 0.05 and
0.2 μm pore sizes, respectively. However, the iron content
increased after the separation process, and this phenomenon
could most likely be as a result of the corrosion of the
filtration equipment.
3.3. Asphaltene Precipitation in Crude Oil with a High
Asphaltene Content. In the third case, Nowruz crude oil,
with 9.51 wt % asphaltene content, was selected as a high-
asphaltene-content sample. Figure 6 shows the asphaltene
rejection via the temperature for two different pore sizes of
membranes. The asphaltene rejection maxima, 57 and 87%,
are observed at 140 °C for 0.2 and 0.05 pore size membranes,
respectively. Consequently, the optimum temperature for
asphaltene separation from this crude oil is 140 °C, higher
than the previous crude oil, and as explained before, heavier
crude oils include more asphaltene content and these parti-
cles agglomerate at higher temperatures with respect to
lighter crude oils. In addition, the redissolving of asphaltene
participates occur in this crude oil too, when the temperature
increased over 140 °C. During the experiments, complete
precipitation reversibility was not observed in any cases.
According to Figure 6, the variation trend of asphaltene
rejection in different temperatures is 40%. The RI correlation
of Nowruz crude oil is determined on the basis of eq 4.
According to this equation, the RI of Nowruz crude oil
reaches 1.42 at 188.5 °C (onset temperature of asphaltene
precipitation), which is higher than the experimental tem-
perature.
RI ¼ 1:5331 - 0:0006T ð°CÞ ð4Þ
In Figure 7, the permeate flux versus time was compared in
different temperatures using a 0.2 μm membrane pore size for
heavy crude oil. As shown, the minimum flux belongs to 140
°C, as long as the maximum asphaltene separation was
detected at this temperature. In addition, the maximum flux
was observed at 100 °C.
The densities and viscosities of the permeate samples at
140 and 120 °C in different membrane pore sizes are reported
in Table 7. As shown, at 140 °C, the best quantities of
viscosity and density are obtained. It is clear, because the
highest asphaltenes are separated at this temperature; thus,
the viscosity and density decrease significantly.
In Table 8, the metal contents of the permeate samples
are reported at 140 °C. As seen, the vanadium contents in
permeate samples reduced 82 and 51 ppm regarding feed,
using membranes with 0.05 and 0.2 μm pore sizes, respec-
tively. Furthermore, nickel contents decreased 6 and 4 ppm
using membranes with 0.05 and 0.2 μm pore sizes, respec-
tively. Although the separation process could significantly
reduce the metal contents of particularly heavy crude oil, the
iron content increased after the separation process. This
phenomenon could most likely be as a result of corrosion
Table 5. Characteristics of the Permeate Sample in Mild-Asphaltene-Content Feed (Foruzan, Khark Island)
temperature (°C) pore size ( μm) asphaltene content (wt %) density (g/cm3
) viscosity at 10 °C (cP) viscosity at 40 °C (cP)
120 0.2 1.69 0.882 27.10 9.11
140 0.2 2.98 0.884 34.19 10.17
120 0.05 0.73 0.870 19.17 5.73
140 0.05 1.01 0.880 29.20 10.09
Table 6. Metal Analysis of the Permeate Sample in Mild-Asphaltene-Content Feed (Foruzan, Khark Island)
temperature (°C) pore size ( μm) vanadium (ppm) nickel (ppm) iron (ppm) sodium (ppm)
120 0.05 23 7 4.3 11
120 0.2 34 11 6.1 12
Figure 6. Asphaltene rejection versus temperature for the membrane at Δp = 200 kPa and Cf = 9.51 wt %.
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Energy Fuels 2011, 25, 300–306 : DOI:10.1021/ef100986m Ashtari et al.
of the filtration equipment. In fact, the increasing iron con-
tent is more evident in the last experiments in relation to the
initial experiments, and this phenomenon can confirm the
assumption of corrosion of the filtration equipment.
4. Conclusion
The temperature effect was investigated on asphaltene
separation from crude oil, using a 19-channel, ceramic mono-
lith membrane. The experiments were performed on crude oils
with different asphaltene contents. In all cases, the maximum
asphalteneseparation occurred at theasphaltene precipitation
onset temperature. Then, when the temperature was increased,
the asphaltene separation decreased, because of the precipita-
tion reversibility. In fact, increasing the temperature causes the
resin layers to dissolve, which enclosed asphaltene molecules.
Then, at the optimum temperature, the resin layers are dis-
sociated from the asphaltene molecules. Therefore, the asphal-
tene particles can aggregate better and form microparticles.
Consequently, the separation percentage reaches a maximum
at the optimum temperature. If the temperature increase
continues after the optimum temperature, the kinetic energy
of asphaltene particles will increase, and this phenomenon will
cause the asphaltene aggregates to break and convert to nano-
particles; as a result, the separation percentage declined.
Increasing the asphaltene content of crude oil causes an
increase of the temperature of asphaltene precipitation onset.
Furthermore, the variation range is wider in heavier crude oil,
because more asphaltene particles are presented and can form
larger aggregations stuck behind the filter. Also, the density,
viscosity, and heavy metal contents of permeate, including
nickel and vanadium, decrease as a result of removing asphal-
tenes in the feed content.
Acknowledgment. The authors gratefully acknowledge the
support of this by the Research Institute of Petroleum Industry
of Iran.
Nomenclature
Cf = feed asphaltene content (wt %)
Cp = permeate asphaltene content (wt %)
Δp = pressure difference (bar)
R = asphaltene rejection (wt %)
RI = refractive index
T = temperature (°C)
Figure 7. Permeate flux versus time for the membrane at Δp = 200 kPa and Cf = 9.51 wt %, with the membrane pore size of 0.2 μm.
Table 7. Characteristics of the Permeate Sample in High-Asphaltene-Content Feed (Nowruz, Khark Island)
temperature (°C) pore size ( μm) asphaltene content (wt %) density (g/cm3
) viscosity at 10 °C (cP) viscosity at 40 °C (cP)
120 0.2 7.65 0.934 571.70 94.82
140 0.2 5.52 0.933 245.10 58.31
120 0.05 2.10 0.909 113.22 28.30
140 0.05 1.21 0.877 89.80 20.01
Table 8. Metal Analysis of the Permeate Sample in High-Asphaltene-Content Feed (Nowruz, Khark Island)
temperature (°C) pore size ( μm) vanadium (ppm) nickel (ppm) iron (ppm) sodium (ppm)
140 0.05 40 10 8.3 14
140 0.2 71 12 5.7 13