سياسة محمد رضا بهلوي

1. 1
‫االداب‬ ‫كلية‬ / ‫الكوفة‬ ‫جامعة‬
)‫الرابعة‬ ‫(المرحلة‬ ‫التاريخ‬ ‫قسم‬
‫وتركيا‬ ‫ايران‬ ‫تاريخ‬ : ‫المادة‬
‫العالق‬ ‫احمد‬ .‫أ.م.د‬ : ‫المادة‬ ‫استاذ‬
‫االنفتاح‬ ‫عهد‬ ‫في‬ ‫الداخلية‬ ‫السياسة‬ ‫التطورات‬‫السياسي‬1491-1491
‫إ‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫وي‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫عت‬‫إ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫عه‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاده‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫إ‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ث‬
‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حاد‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫و‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ت‬‫أ‬‫ىشو‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ي‬1491‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫أع‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬
‫ىهنن‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫حاو‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫غ‬‫حا‬-‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ر‬ ‫ىشريتن‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫آ‬1491‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬
‫إ‬‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ايا‬ ‫حانه‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫نهص‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ضاه‬ ‫تيهع‬‫دتهتشض‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىها‬‫ا‬‫حادل‬ ‫ىض‬‫و‬‫أج‬ ‫إذ‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىش‬‫ل‬‫حاوي‬
‫شا‬ ‫اصهاح‬ ‫حانض‬ ‫عا‬ ‫حاتالن‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫حاج‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ )‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫وش‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫ىتش‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫وي‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬ ‫أ‬‫أ‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬
‫ىشو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫أي‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىههأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬1491‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىسا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫تن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬‫حاد‬
‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ش‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ب‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫دد‬ ‫ا‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ش‬‫أ‬‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫إ‬‫حإ‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫حع‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬‫ش‬ ‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حادن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫ا‬
‫ذح‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ش‬ ‫تشض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حعن‬‫ض‬‫ي‬‫إ‬‫حره‬‫ض‬‫عت‬‫ه‬ )‫ن‬‫س‬‫ىض‬‫ي‬‫ه‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ىض‬‫ي‬‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫شض‬ ‫ش‬ ‫جل‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬
‫حنن‬‫ض‬‫ب‬ ‫حا‬ ‫لك‬ ‫حا‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫حاج‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ح‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ىهعه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬‫إ‬‫ر‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫د‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫حاا‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ت‬
‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حابش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ا‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫وت‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫إ‬‫ذ‬‫ح‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ض‬‫قش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫و‬‫الش‬ ‫حا‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىا‬‫د‬‫ت‬ ‫ت‬‫ىض‬‫ت‬ ‫ىا‬‫ن‬‫ده‬ ‫شال‬ ‫رها‬‫حأ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ىت‬‫د‬‫ىذ‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫و‬‫جن‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫إ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىهض‬ ‫ني‬‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ج‬
‫حإ‬‫حإ‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫ق‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫قه‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ده‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ح‬‫و‬ ‫ىت‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫إ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاا‬‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حااش‬ ‫ىهض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نت‬
‫ض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫لنل‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫حاه‬ ‫نهنق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫حان‬ ‫حنتاهض‬‫ش‬‫ال‬ ‫د‬‫ىن‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىع‬‫ل‬‫حاه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫انبش‬ ‫نتيجل‬
‫ل‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫نش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حونها‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫حان‬ ‫هدق‬ ‫لنل‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫تيه‬ ‫هض‬
‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫بي‬ ‫تدب‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫عل‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىيتها‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىنهل‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حا‬ ‫ىضشب‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫حا‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬
‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫تثو‬ ‫ىهث‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫ىذح‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىبش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫عض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫دهر‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫شا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ض‬‫أ‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫إ‬)‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫دت‬
‫ىتشض‬ ‫ال‬‫و‬ ‫ىك‬‫ا‬‫ذ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫شتج‬‫إ‬‫ىنه‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ر‬‫نضش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫حاج‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ىش‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫ه‬‫ض‬
‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫غ‬‫رضش‬‫أ‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫د‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ع‬‫إ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫حاش‬ ‫ىديلل‬‫ى‬ ‫حات‬ ‫ىهض‬‫ى‬ ‫ات‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ع‬‫أ‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬

2. 2
‫إ‬ ‫ىا‬‫ىهت‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫نا‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ل‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىني‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬‫أ‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىشض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬
‫ه‬ ‫ضؤ‬ ‫نهع‬ ‫دها‬ ‫حاتن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫ح‬ ‫حاب‬ ‫ييا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يه‬
‫دها‬‫ا‬ ‫ةد‬ ‫دتش‬ ‫د‬‫أ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىذ‬ ‫ىض‬‫و‬‫حأ‬ )‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ن‬‫شده‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫د‬‫ىا‬ ‫ىدلا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬
‫حاذيا‬ ‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫حاا‬‫ش‬ ‫ثل‬ ‫احاث‬ ‫شعل‬ ‫ج‬‫أ‬‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫عنيع‬ ‫ج‬‫رض‬‫ىا‬ ‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ىض‬‫ا‬‫جن‬ ‫ىعث‬ ) ‫ى‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ىض‬‫و‬
‫ىته‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ضش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫شض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ض‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىدن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ج‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬ ‫ىشض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىشض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫و‬
‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ىع‬‫ى‬ ‫حابه‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫شع‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حا‬ ‫ىذح‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫ك‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫تنه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫ىده‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫شت‬
‫ش‬‫أ‬‫هنه‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫كثض‬‫إ‬‫حاد‬ ‫عب‬ ‫ذ‬‫أ‬‫حرشو‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ )‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ؤت‬ ‫شو‬1491‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ع‬)‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬
‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫دل‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاضجن‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حااه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫حاناهو‬‫أ‬‫ال‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫ال‬ ‫صد‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬‫أ‬‫ي‬ ‫ى‬ ‫احابه‬ ‫وضد‬ ‫دض‬ ‫يه‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬‫إ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىؤت‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نت‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫شه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ال‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬ )‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ن‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ا‬
‫عهع‬1491
‫ح‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىضا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫شه‬‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ا‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ين‬ ‫ىشى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىيه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نا‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫اتا‬‫يا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىشو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ا‬
‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نههن‬1491‫ر‬‫س‬‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫احإ‬ ‫ىند‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ة‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬
‫حإ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىلي‬‫ى‬ ‫حاشنن‬‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫شتدب‬ ‫حض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ين‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ضش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ع‬
‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حااهضج‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاد‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫حان‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ض‬‫ح‬‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫دض‬ ‫ىهث‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ىد‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫ه‬ ‫شغيض‬ ‫احايشعي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ضش‬ ‫د‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬‫احاض‬
‫ىل‬‫ي‬‫احاجو‬ ‫ىند‬‫ل‬‫ل‬ ‫ىل‬‫ي‬‫دجو‬ ‫ىن‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حاا‬ ‫ىك‬‫ل‬‫ت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫هيضا‬ ‫حاتن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫حاتكت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ش‬
‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىلي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاشنن‬‫أ‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ش‬ ‫ا‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حاا‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫س‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حاجو‬ ‫ا‬
‫حإ‬‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫دتشض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫عت‬‫ا‬1‫ي‬
‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫ل‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬
‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫دت‬ ‫ىييا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫إ‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬1494‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حأ‬
‫حاذ‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىض‬‫و‬‫ج‬‫إ‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىذ‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ىض‬‫ه‬‫حان‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىه‬‫ع‬‫ىه‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬‫أ‬ ‫إذ‬ ‫ا‬‫ىه‬‫ي‬‫نيهج‬ ‫ىل‬‫ي‬‫حاجو‬ ‫ىا‬‫ن‬‫عل‬
‫ا‬1‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حيا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫بث‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ي‬1784‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ث‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬ ‫عه‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫نه‬ ‫ىشا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىشع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ا‬‫ىهنش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حا‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫قهجه‬
‫ة‬ ‫نه‬ ‫شعهضض‬ )‫ههه‬1414‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ىها‬‫ت‬‫ض‬ ‫حعتب‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫عض‬ ‫عل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ضاه‬ ‫تنصي‬ ‫شدذاك‬
‫ح‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ع‬ ‫ج‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ع‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حرا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫وت‬ ‫ر‬1491‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫نه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حنت‬
‫ىل‬‫د‬‫دض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ق‬ )‫ى‬‫ن‬‫إ‬ ‫ىذح‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫حأ‬‫ش‬ ‫ضي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ه‬ ‫شاحا‬ ‫ضي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫شاحااه‬ ‫ضي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫حهأ‬‫ض‬‫احا‬ ‫جل‬ ‫حا‬
‫ا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫الش‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ض‬ ‫شعيا‬ ‫حاناط‬ ‫ع‬ ‫تس‬1491-1491

3. 3
‫و‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نها‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىشث‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬‫إ‬‫ش‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬‫ح‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫غ‬‫ا‬‫ىدهرل‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫شد‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حانضر‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫د‬‫إذ‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫ت‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ا‬
‫حاجوي‬‫به‬ ‫د‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاشنن‬ ‫ل‬‫ه‬ ‫نه‬‫تكت‬ ‫دهنا‬ ‫و‬‫ه‬ ‫ه‬‫أ‬‫حهه‬ ‫د‬‫ش‬ ‫شنبههها‬‫ح‬‫حا‬ ‫تده‬
‫صني‬ ‫شعل‬‫آ‬‫ىه‬ ‫دها‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫حااهض‬ ‫ىض‬‫ي‬‫غ‬ ‫ىها‬ ‫حابش‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حاشنن‬ ‫ىل‬‫د‬‫حادض‬ ‫تولشضا‬ ‫اض‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ىهاا‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬ ‫ىبش‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىناا‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬‫ل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫قت‬
‫حا‬ ‫هدبشقيه‬ ‫نهاهل‬ ‫هها‬ ‫ها‬ ‫حابش‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫أا‬ ‫رو‬‫ىتها‬ ‫شدض‬ ‫ىها‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حذ‬ ‫ىاث‬ ‫د‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ضشعل‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫شغيض‬ ‫تها‬ ‫ب‬‫ض‬‫شع‬‫ل‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ع‬ ‫قها‬
‫إ‬‫ىل‬ ‫حاثهن‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حانها‬ ‫ىض‬‫د‬‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫ىن‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫بيجهن‬‫ض‬‫حرذ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاشنن‬ ‫حادضدل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫نتن‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬
‫ع‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ج‬ ‫ىشضا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫تو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫احا‬ ‫ىهاد‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حذ‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫درض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫تن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫تس‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬
‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىهنني‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حرذ‬ ‫حنن‬‫ض‬‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫آ‬1499‫إذ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىؤت‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ع‬‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫شو‬
‫حأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ر‬ ‫حالن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫شنهه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ض‬‫و‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىؤت‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىهق‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ش‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫شو‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ع‬
‫إ‬‫الد‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حالجنل‬ ‫نتاههها‬‫رإ‬‫ه‬ ‫ض‬ ‫شض‬ ‫و‬ ‫جناض‬ ‫نتا‬)‫ا‬
‫و‬ ‫دها‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫ىش‬‫ا‬ ‫ىيشال‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫حاج‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫حاتنه‬ ‫عل‬ ‫حاباها‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫حاب‬ ‫دها‬
‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬‫ريتن‬‫إ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ت‬ ‫ذ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ا‬ ‫ىشريتني‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫احا‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬
‫ش‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حذ‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫تدض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ده‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫حاتش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫جوض‬‫أ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫تشج‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ده‬ ‫ا‬
‫بيجها‬‫ض‬‫حذ‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫دهص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ها‬ ‫حاده‬ ‫ة‬ ‫هع‬ ‫ا‬
‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ذ‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ع‬‫إ‬‫ىهنن‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حرذ‬ ‫ىشننن‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نت‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ع‬ ‫ذ‬‫إ‬)‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ه‬ ‫جت‬
‫حأ‬‫ع‬ ‫حاثهنن‬ ‫رن‬ ‫شو‬‫حرشو‬ ‫ا‬‫دهنش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬1499‫ذحا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حذ‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫ددش‬ ‫ىدي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أعلا‬‫ش‬
‫ىشض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫و‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫جن‬ ‫ىيه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫أ‬‫ض‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىذحتن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حاد‬‫ر‬‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ةي‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫اع‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ددش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬
‫ش‬ ‫ىهنن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حرذ‬ ‫ىذحتن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حاد‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫تن‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ج‬ ‫نه‬‫ض‬‫و‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ح‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نت‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ح‬
‫ش‬ ‫ىنون‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ييا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫دته‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫شتدش‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫بهن‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ال‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىشاض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ت‬
‫ش‬‫ح‬‫حاصدهرل‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫د‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ن‬
‫ت‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫غع‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫شع‬‫س‬‫شض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫شا‬ ‫ىذحتن‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حاد‬ ‫ذحا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫بيجهن‬‫ض‬‫حرذ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫بهننهت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ىع‬‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫الاهضج‬‫س‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ك‬)‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫غو‬‫ض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬
‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫عا‬ ‫بيجها‬‫ض‬‫حذ‬ ‫رص‬ ‫رن‬
‫و‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫حاج‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ىضا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫هه‬‫إ‬‫دها‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫إ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫قت‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬‫ح‬‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫شش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫هع‬ ‫جت‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ا‬ ‫وتش‬‫ش‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ىها‬‫ا‬‫حاب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ح‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫شغيض‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ب‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬

4. 4
‫حإ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬ ‫دها‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حذ‬ ‫ىدها‬‫ى‬ ‫ىضب‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ع‬‫س‬‫حإ‬ ‫ا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫تو‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ثا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫دها‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫حنييا‬‫ض‬‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫د‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫إ‬‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫دها‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬
‫ه‬ ‫عه‬
‫ه‬‫حاددش‬ ‫نا‬ ‫بهو‬ ‫ها‬‫لننل‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حع‬‫ش‬‫ق‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬‫وض‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ل‬‫دهشال‬ ‫ا‬‫إ‬‫د‬ ‫يجه‬
‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حذ‬ ‫ىدلل‬‫ى‬ ‫ا‬‫ىشريا‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ولش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫اهش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىهالجشا‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫شذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫تش‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ىشريت‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حا‬ ‫ج‬‫ىضش‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ب‬ ‫ىهب‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ق‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬
‫آ‬‫ىهض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬1491‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫ىط‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ن‬ ‫ىضدل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫تس‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫به‬–‫ىشريت‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫هو‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫أ‬‫ض‬‫و‬‫ب‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ىتضك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫علي‬‫أ‬‫ىيض‬‫ى‬‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫ىهشض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫الت‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫تش‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ث‬
‫ش‬ ‫شض‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ددش‬‫أ‬‫أ‬ ‫وتشق‬ ‫اهشاها‬ ‫حا‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫نتيا‬‫إ‬‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ىض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ا‬‫حاثه‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫تاهق‬
1491‫شنص‬‫بيجهنييا‬‫ض‬‫حأذ‬ ‫نها‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دويض‬ ‫جهن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫تلو‬ ‫عل‬ ‫ا‬
‫حإ‬‫ش‬ ‫بيجهنيا‬‫ض‬‫حرذ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫حاتاهشض‬ ‫دا‬ ‫اع‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ىهب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ىشى‬ ‫ع‬‫إ‬‫و‬ ‫ىه‬‫ا‬ ‫ىلش‬‫إ‬)‫ى‬‫ت‬‫تهن‬
‫إ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حإي‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬ ‫ىذح‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حذ‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫اجن‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ىد‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىتنه‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫ىتغلا‬‫ى‬
‫ىل‬ ‫حاددش‬‫إ‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ا‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ج‬‫رهد‬ ‫ىه‬‫ي‬‫انن‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ي‬‫اتنا‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫علي‬ ‫حب‬‫ض‬‫ى‬
‫حأ‬ ‫شدا‬‫إ‬ ‫ا‬‫نجهديه‬‫أ‬‫حأ‬ ‫علنا‬‫حإ‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حانضر‬ ‫ددهع‬‫ا‬‫ىهنش‬‫د‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ىض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫حهأ‬‫ض‬‫حا‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ع‬ ‫قل‬
‫حاثه‬‫نن‬1491‫حإ‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫د‬ ‫حان‬ ‫حتيه‬‫ش‬‫ق‬ ‫الا‬ ‫ش‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ق‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ىع‬‫ت‬ ‫يض‬ ‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حاب‬ ‫ىها‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىض‬‫ث‬
‫إ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ا‬‫ىهنش‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫تو‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حانه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ىت‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫شو‬1491‫ىبه‬‫ى‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ش‬
‫حاتن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫بيجهن‬‫ض‬‫حأذ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاددش‬‫د‬‫لا‬‫أ‬‫ىض‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬ ‫ىهنيا‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حرذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫حنيش‬‫ض‬‫ب‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ه‬‫حررب‬
‫شري‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫حاد‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬ ‫نيع‬‫ىيا‬‫د‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ىشض‬ ‫و‬ ‫جناض‬ ‫نيع‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬‫أ‬‫ىا‬ ‫ىها‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ب‬‫عت‬
‫أ‬‫بيجهنييا‬‫ض‬‫أذ‬ ‫حننيا‬‫ش‬ ‫ش‬ ‫حاد‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫عاها‬‫آ‬‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ا‬
‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىتها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫دض‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ض‬‫به‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫قش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ر‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ييع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫شا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاتن‬‫ه‬‫ر‬‫س‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫حا‬ ‫ا‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ثب‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫أ‬‫ي‬‫ىشو‬‫ى‬‫ل‬1491‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫اه‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ج‬‫أ‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫اه‬ ‫ى‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ددش‬ ‫يه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫ىل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫اج‬ ‫د‬ ‫دشض‬‫إ‬‫ي‬ ‫ىض‬‫ك‬‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬ ‫د‬‫ىذ‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىتهنن‬ ‫حاكض‬ ‫حنن‬‫ض‬‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫د‬‫ال‬ ‫حة‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ىدلا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ت‬‫حا‬
‫ت‬‫س‬‫ه‬ ‫ض‬‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫رن‬‫آ‬1499
‫حأ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىؤت‬ ‫حاد‬ ‫عب‬‫ال‬ ‫شو‬‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ث‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ا‬‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬
‫حأ‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫شو‬1499‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ال‬ ‫حالن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىهج‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نت‬

5. 5
‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىن‬‫ا‬‫قه‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ال‬‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ش‬‫إ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ىد‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حا‬ ‫ا‬‫ىش‬‫ك‬‫ات‬ ‫ىتهاد‬‫ى‬ ‫ددض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ىد‬‫ص‬ ‫حض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬
‫الد‬‫ىذحتن‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىع‬‫د‬‫حاد‬ ‫ذحا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حذ‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫يش‬ ‫ج‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫تنهغ‬ ‫دضدل‬ ‫شرن‬‫أ‬‫ىن‬‫ا‬‫قه‬ ‫ىا‬‫ل‬‫ع‬
‫حاثهنن‬ ‫ا‬‫دهنش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫حاثهنن‬ ‫رن‬1491‫ت‬‫س‬‫ي‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫يش‬ ‫ج‬‫ىع‬‫د‬‫حاد‬ ‫ذحا‬ ‫ههه‬
‫حإ‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىهن‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ىذحتن‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ىشريتن‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ت‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫قه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نت‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ىدلا‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬‫أ‬‫شو‬
‫عهع‬ ‫هه‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ايه‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ش‬1491
‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ه‬ ‫ىذحتند‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حاد‬ ‫ذحا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫يه‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫يش‬ ‫دج‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حج‬‫ش‬
‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫شههاد‬ ‫ىتها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫دض‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىضض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫ت‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫بي‬‫ض‬‫حذ‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىشة‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫شق‬‫ىيه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نا‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫د‬
‫حأ‬‫حإ‬ ‫يض‬ ‫ها‬ ‫اا‬ ‫ا‬‫ىها‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬‫ىل‬‫ا‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ي‬‫حج‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ه‬‫يه‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫ددش‬ ‫ىضضا‬‫ق‬ ‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬
‫ش‬‫أ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫و‬‫ىض‬‫ي‬‫غ‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫قش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫بهش‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ك‬‫إ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ن‬ ‫ىع‬‫ا‬ ‫ىك‬‫ا‬‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬‫ىا‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫إ‬‫ىهع‬‫د‬‫قت‬
‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫بهش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ح‬‫حأ‬ ‫ا‬‫ىهنش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حاشا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫يش‬ ‫حاج‬ ‫ىبه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫شو‬
1491‫ش‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫تيه‬ ‫قه‬ ‫عتبهو‬‫ح‬‫ع‬‫هنل‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫وتي‬ ‫هن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ر‬ ‫يع‬ ‫ح‬
‫أ‬‫ر‬ ‫ىتها‬‫ى‬ ‫ب‬‫ض‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حااهض‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫غ‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫حابش‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫ت‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬‫ى‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حابش‬ ‫هدبشقيه‬ ‫نهاوا‬ ‫حاتن‬‫ح‬‫شدض‬ ‫بيجها‬‫ض‬‫ذ‬‫ه‬ ‫ر‬‫أ‬‫ىض‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ع‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ضاه‬ ‫حو‬ ‫ا‬
‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬‫أ‬‫ىهدا‬‫ص‬‫أ‬ ‫ىن‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫ب‬‫ض‬‫حان‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىشى‬‫ب‬‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫د‬‫تدض‬ ‫ا‬‫أ‬‫ىهاع‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىدل‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫حريه‬ ‫ى‬
‫ن‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫علي‬ ‫ىشو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫الد‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حابش‬ ‫ب‬‫ىهادبش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫ها‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىذح‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫شع‬‫ىضض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫جه‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ )‫ىشا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ىتها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ب‬‫ض‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬
‫حإ‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ضشؤ‬‫ع‬ ‫قل‬
‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫جه‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬‫إ‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ىلنها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ )‫ىت‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نتاه‬1491)‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ح‬‫ش‬
‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ب‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حج‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ت‬ ‫و‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ا‬
‫إ‬)‫ت‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ب‬‫ض‬‫حان‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حابهه‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫ضؤش‬ ‫ىهذو‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ىلا‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ )‫ىت‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نتاه‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ىضض‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬
‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫ش‬1499‫حإ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ت‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫او‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىتها‬‫ى‬ ‫ب‬‫ض‬‫ع‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نتاه‬
‫ى‬ ‫ههاا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ىه‬‫ي‬‫اكن‬ ‫ديع‬ ‫ى‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ش‬ ‫ىع‬‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫ىض‬‫ي‬‫تغي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫دهشاا‬ ‫أا‬ ‫هن‬ ‫نضبي‬‫ىع‬‫ث‬
‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫ع‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫إ‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نتاه‬1491‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاايل‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫نن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
)‫انت‬ ‫نا‬ ‫شتا‬‫إ‬‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫دهشال‬ ‫ش‬ ‫رييه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاده‬ ‫عل‬ ‫حاباها‬‫ش‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬ ‫د‬ ‫حا‬ ‫و‬ ‫دت‬
‫ىتها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ب‬‫ض‬‫ع‬ ‫ىهنق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ىهقن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫حا‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ىلا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ان‬ ‫ا‬‫حا‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حا‬ ‫ىشو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ش‬ ‫ىو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬
‫حاتن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاددش‬‫أ‬‫حأ‬ ‫شرضاا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫بهش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫نيا‬‫ح‬ ‫ددهع‬‫ل‬ ‫انضر‬

6. 6
‫ث‬‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاثهن‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حانها‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ضد‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫إ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نشع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نتبه‬
‫ىد‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬ ‫ىدض‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ب‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ثب‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ع‬1491
‫أ‬)‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫عل‬ ‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ن‬‫أ‬‫ةد‬ ‫ىنه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫د‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫إر‬‫إ‬‫أ‬ ‫ىضض‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ت‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حإ‬‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حاتند‬ ‫ىشض‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ه‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫ق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ذ‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫إ‬)‫ىهن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫تنه‬ ‫ىضا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ه‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬
‫أ‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىاط‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫تن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ده‬ ‫ى‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫تتهن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ده‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حا‬ ‫ىنيه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاددش‬‫ل‬ ‫ب‬‫ض‬‫حان‬ ‫ل‬ ‫قل‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫علييه‬ ‫حاباها‬ ‫تع‬ )‫ن‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ج‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىهاتدضك‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫حاتضد‬ ‫ا‬‫يش‬ ‫ىبه‬‫ى‬ ‫حاب‬
‫هن‬‫أ‬‫ا‬ ‫حي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬‫أ‬‫شاح‬ ‫شاهعيع‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫حاج‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬‫س‬‫ىض‬‫ص‬‫نه‬ ‫ىشو‬‫د‬ ‫ا‬‫يش‬ ‫ىبه‬ ‫حاب‬ ‫ات‬
‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫عا‬‫ىهض‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬‫إ‬‫و‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫يلت‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىنيع‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫ا‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ىهب‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫إ‬‫ىهقيع‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ت‬
‫إر‬ ‫اه‬‫ض‬‫ىد‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ش‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ىبه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاب‬ ‫ىضك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫رت‬‫إ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫حاي‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حج‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬
‫ر‬‫س‬‫ش‬ ‫ىتيه‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫تغي‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىنضا‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ىا‬‫ن‬‫ته‬‫إ‬‫ت‬ ‫ب‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫ىلش‬‫ى‬)‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫اك‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫نن‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىيا‬‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫ىه‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ىبه‬ ‫حاب‬ ‫عا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اا‬ ‫اع‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫ددش‬ ‫ىنض‬‫ا‬‫إ‬‫يع‬ ‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىأ‬ ‫ىهب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬
‫عهع‬ ‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ا‬ ‫رن‬1491‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ىل‬ ‫حانها‬ ‫ىض‬‫د‬‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫نيه‬ ‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حاذ‬ ‫حنن‬‫ض‬‫ب‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫هن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاثهن‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ر‬ ‫ىنيع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬1491‫ىهث‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫الددش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نه‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬
‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ث‬ ‫حات‬‫ش‬ ‫ىهون‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬‫ح‬‫ى‬‫ىشض‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫قه‬‫إ‬‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬ ‫قل‬‫ح‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىدل‬‫ى‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬
‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫شهاي‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫شت‬ ‫ىهنبيع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫أ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫نن‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫و‬‫أ‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حأ‬‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نهش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬
‫اصهاح‬ ) ‫د‬ ‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫شق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ثع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫د‬ ‫ع‬‫أ‬‫حانضريا‬ ‫د‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫أ‬‫را‬‫ىهش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫الددش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫نه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حادض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ق‬ ‫ا‬‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ )‫ىلنت‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫اتن‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ذ‬ ‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫اتدب‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫اد‬‫ض‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ت‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬‫حاش‬ )‫ت‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬
)‫لنت‬ ‫تدا‬ ‫ا‬‫دش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫قش‬ ‫ج‬ ‫اونها‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫حا‬ ‫هع‬ ‫ا‬ )‫ت‬ ‫ق‬
‫إ‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫دهش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىتغ‬‫ى‬‫ىهه‬‫ى‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫ىضض‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬ ‫غت‬1494
‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫اجه‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ض‬‫اه‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫أث‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫الب‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نهض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىدهو‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫إ‬‫ذ‬‫أ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫عل‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫د‬
‫ش‬ ‫ةد‬ ‫دتش‬ ‫د‬ ‫عل‬ ‫حاداض‬ ‫رضض‬ ‫ه‬ ‫د‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حانضر‬‫أ‬‫ىا‬ ‫ىض‬‫ي‬‫دو‬ ‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫عتب‬‫أ‬) ‫ىه‬‫ا‬‫ع‬‫ىذح‬‫د‬ ‫ش‬
‫حإ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫دهش‬ ‫ىهاا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ )‫ت‬‫ض‬‫ن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىضض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫ىهل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حااض‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫ثه‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫غت‬
‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫تس‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ىدي‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫أ‬ )‫ىلنت‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫شاتن‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫إ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ند‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ها‬ ‫أع‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫رتت‬
‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫هإ‬‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ج‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىيش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫ىشاا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫شت‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ا‬

7. 7
‫ىايع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬‫إ‬‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ىتنه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ) ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫عه‬
‫أ‬‫عن‬ ‫صدهويه‬‫إ‬‫عهع‬ ‫حاددع‬ ) ‫ت‬1491‫د‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬‫دش‬ ‫شبذاك‬‫أ‬‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫عه‬‫أ‬‫ىهع‬
‫حإ‬‫حا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫تو‬‫ب‬‫د‬ ‫هجهض‬‫ال‬‫ض‬‫دتهتش‬ ‫ش‬‫أ‬) ‫و‬
‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حادض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حاب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬‫حإ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ىهدل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫نا‬‫أ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫أ‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬‫ىناط‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫حا‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫ىشريا‬‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫ت‬‫إ‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬
‫ىه‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫تنايذ‬ ‫ينش‬‫أ‬‫ىش‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ )‫ىت‬ ‫جل‬ ‫ىض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ا‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ع‬ ‫ا‬1498‫ىع‬‫ا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ت‬‫حا‬
‫حإ‬ ‫حع‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ري‬ ‫ىضض‬‫ن‬‫ل‬ ‫ىشريت‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حاده‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫تاهق‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬
‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حإي‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫إ‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ىذد‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫آ‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىههأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حأش‬ ‫ىهاا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬ ‫إذ‬
1498)‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىشو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫أي‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاثهن‬‫ش‬‫ىضض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ري‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫نل‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نه‬ ‫حا‬‫حإ‬ ‫حع‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫شع‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫تاهق‬–‫ىهنن‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ىشريت‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬
‫حأ‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬‫شو‬1498‫حإ‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫يق‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حات‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىض‬‫ر‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫ال‬‫ىل‬ ‫تاهق‬
‫ضراه‬‫ه‬ ‫ته‬
‫ىني‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬‫آ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫أ‬‫ا‬‫إ‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ت‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ج‬ ‫حقل‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ت‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ي‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬
‫ىهع‬‫ع‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ن‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫انهن‬‫ض‬‫و‬ ‫ىأ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حانان‬1497‫ى‬‫و‬‫أ‬‫ىضدل‬ ‫ىأ‬ ‫ىها‬‫ا‬‫اهش‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ا‬
‫حأ‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ند‬–‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حي‬‫أ‬‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫تشق‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىاضا‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫ىس‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫تاهق‬–‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫دل‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىههأ‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ن‬
‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬1494‫حإ‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫عض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬‫قل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫تاهق‬
‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫علي‬‫أ‬‫ىيه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫أ‬‫ض‬‫شات‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫دش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫هن‬ ‫ا‬‫ض‬‫و‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫اج‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫شض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫دها‬
‫ل‬ ‫حاشنن‬ ‫حاجويل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ص‬ ‫دتشض‬ ‫حا‬‫ىه‬‫ص‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫د‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫شدها‬‫ة‬ ‫ى‬ ‫نه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىأ‬ ‫تشق‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ردل‬‫ىدي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫وت‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬ ‫حو‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حاج‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬1491‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حالج‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حجي‬‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬
‫اإل‬ ‫وضرايه‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىد‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ىه‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫تاهق‬‫ىه‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫تاهق‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫إ‬‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ىه‬‫ث‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫و‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫نهاو‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نهض‬ ‫حا‬‫س‬‫ىناط‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ع‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ا‬‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬‫إ‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىس‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ا‬
‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫صلدل‬‫انه‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ىه‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىبط‬ ‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نش‬ ‫ىا‬‫ق‬‫ش‬ ‫ض‬ ‫شاع‬‫وضصه‬‫ىن‬‫ر‬ )‫ى‬‫ل‬‫قهت‬ ‫ىها‬‫ص‬
‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىههأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫آ‬‫ذحض‬1491‫أ‬‫ها‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نه‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ع‬ ‫ىوند‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ني‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫دال‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫عل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫نلب‬
‫عد‬ ‫ح‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬‫إ‬‫ثا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬ ‫غت‬‫أ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىشان‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫و‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫نت‬
‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىهنن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫حا‬‫آ‬‫ذحض‬1491‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫س‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬ ‫ىناط‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ال‬‫أ‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حالج‬ ‫ضا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫و‬‫س‬‫ع‬

8. 8
‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫علييه‬ ‫ب‬ ‫شصه‬ ‫حاناط‬‫ىا‬ ‫ىض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ا‬‫حا‬ ‫ىشع‬‫ي‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬‫آ‬‫ذحض‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫ىل‬‫ب‬‫حر‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬
) ‫نا‬ ‫يض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬ ‫حان‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رت‬ ‫يش‬ ‫حا‬
‫أ‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىيا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ى‬‫ض‬ ‫حض‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حا‬ ‫ىذح‬ ‫قلق‬‫إ‬‫ىن‬‫ر‬ )‫ىتبهات‬
‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىههأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬1491‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫دتشض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫تكل‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫ىضض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬
‫قل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫شت‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىدي‬‫ى‬ ‫وت‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاته‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫علي‬
)‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ا‬‫ىهنش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫تنا‬ ‫ىهث‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ونبن‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ددش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ض‬‫و‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬‫س‬‫ع‬
‫ش‬ ‫حاناط‬‫ح‬‫حإ‬ ‫ا‬‫قهنش‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ص‬‫را‬ ‫نتاههها‬‫عا‬‫إ‬‫ل‬ ‫شنن‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ق‬ ‫تاهذ‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫اض‬
‫أ‬‫ت‬ ‫واصش‬ ‫ه‬‫س‬‫رب‬ ‫حاناط‬ ‫ع‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬ ‫انهن‬‫ض‬‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ش‬ ‫حض‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حا‬ ‫ىذح‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ىيه‬‫ا‬‫تنه‬‫أ‬
‫ض‬‫انه‬‫ض‬ ‫رنليه‬‫ر‬‫س‬‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫تهنا‬‫أ‬‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫رن‬ ‫صهاديه‬ ‫عل‬ ‫دهرهل‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ج‬‫إذ‬
‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫اغشنه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫هض‬‫ح‬‫ال‬‫ض‬‫ىد‬ ‫شع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫قتصه‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ا‬‫ىل‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬
‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نل‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫شا‬ ‫حا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫دد‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫آ‬‫ىهض‬‫ى‬1491
‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫دد‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حان‬ ‫حض‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ر‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫نن‬1491‫ه‬‫س‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫غ‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬
‫علييه‬ ‫نضشال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حابا‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ههانهض‬ ‫اتصل‬
‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫إ‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ )‫ىتبهات‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ع‬‫ه‬‫إ‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىههأ‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬
‫ش‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫حااه‬1491‫حأ‬ ‫شرق‬ ‫عل‬‫تع‬ ‫حاتهان‬ ‫حايشع‬ ‫شرن‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫تش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حب‬‫ض‬‫ع‬)‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫تكل‬
‫ح‬ ‫ج‬‫ع‬ ‫قل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫شت‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫حاش‬ ‫دي‬ ‫وت‬‫ىأ‬ ‫حاته‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ن‬‫جه‬ ‫ىا‬ )‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ددش‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬
‫ش‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ص‬ ‫نل‬ ‫ثع‬‫إ‬‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫الش‬ )‫ت‬ ‫ه‬‫ض‬ ‫جهن‬ ‫حا‬ )‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬‫ض‬‫حاد‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ش‬ ‫نه‬
‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نل‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫ا‬‫إ‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىههأ‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ )‫ىتبهات‬‫ى‬1491
‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫حاج‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ىدي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫وت‬ ‫حع‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫رد‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ة‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫نها‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ص‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫س‬‫ش‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ن‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ذعا‬‫أ‬‫ىل‬ ‫ب‬‫ض‬‫حاد‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ش‬ )‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬
‫را‬‫عا‬‫إ‬‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫حاش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬‫وض‬ )‫دتاهه‬
‫حإ‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ل‬ ‫وج‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬ ‫هه‬‫حإ‬ ‫دها‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حإ‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫قت‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ح‬‫أ‬‫ا‬‫ىهنش‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىلح‬‫ى‬‫ص‬
‫حإ‬‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫ىد‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ات‬‫س‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫تاا‬ ‫ى‬‫جض‬
‫شقل‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫د‬ ‫حان‬‫ىيا‬‫و‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫اك‬ ‫ىها‬‫ج‬‫ا‬ ‫ىد‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حان‬ ‫حا‬ ‫لدل‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫حاب‬ ‫ع‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫شغيض‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حاج‬‫ىهو‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬‫حأ‬‫ش‬‫و‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫تش‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ذ‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ن‬ )‫دهت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىلدل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ال‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حانه‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاب‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ر‬ ‫ىعد‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫د‬ ‫ر‬‫ش‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫احا‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬

9. 9
)‫هت‬ ‫د‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫ا‬
‫شق‬‫أ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىض‬‫و‬‫ج‬‫ىش‬‫ل‬‫وي‬ ‫ىضب‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ىه‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىضك‬‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫بل‬ ‫ىب‬
‫لكه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫حاتن‬ ‫حان‬‫ض‬‫حأ‬ ‫اأ‬ ‫تش‬ ‫أشق‬‫ش‬‫ه‬ ‫ال‬
‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىتال‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىهشو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫آ‬1491‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ا‬
‫ر‬ ‫لا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫دهشال‬ ‫حا‬‫س‬‫ب‬ ‫ص‬ ‫علا‬‫إ‬‫ىض‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫إ‬ ‫ج‬‫ىهض‬‫ا‬)‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ي‬ )‫ى‬ ‫شعل‬
‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫هثي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬‫ضش‬ ‫تهه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ج‬‫راض‬‫ىا‬ ‫شبانل‬ ‫اكا‬‫إ‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ا‬‫اشده‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ع‬‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ىتاهه‬
‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫اد‬‫ض‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫حا‬C.I.A.‫ى‬ ‫ح‬ ‫را‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫عيا‬ ‫يي‬‫ىه‬ ‫ض‬‫ىأ‬ ‫حاته‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ىش‬‫ل‬‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ع‬‫آ‬1491‫شرن‬‫أ‬‫ل‬ ‫حاشنن‬ ‫حاجويل‬ ‫ا‬‫شدل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ص‬ ‫جا‬ )‫عبهه‬‫ىه‬‫ع‬ ‫دذح‬ ‫ش‬
‫حأ‬ ‫عل‬ )‫ت‬‫ض‬‫ن‬ ‫اضض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫ي‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫رن‬ ‫شاهو‬

10. 11
‫الثا‬ ‫المبحث‬‫في‬ ‫الداخلية‬ ‫السياسة‬ ‫مالمح‬ :‫ني‬‫حقبة‬‫الدديكتاتور‬ ‫القمع‬
3591–3593.
‫نذ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫حاش‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ك‬ ‫إني‬‫إ‬‫را‬‫ىهش‬‫د‬ ‫رن‬ ‫لنل‬ ‫حا‬ ) ‫ت‬‫إ‬‫ىها‬‫ق‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىه‬‫ع‬
‫حإ‬‫ىدل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫وا‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ذ‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫غ‬‫حا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ىهاع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫شو‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫قت‬
‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ضش‬ ‫ش‬‫إ‬‫ذ‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫انهن‬‫ض‬‫و‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫إ‬‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫حأ‬ ‫ا‬‫ىهنش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ولش‬‫شو‬
1491‫ا‬1‫ي‬
‫ىا‬ ‫حااه‬ ‫شرن‬‫آ‬1499‫ىأ‬ ‫تشق‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬‫تش‬‫إت‬‫ىأ‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫اهق‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حانان‬ ‫ىضدها‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ش‬ ‫ج‬‫تيشعي‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬ ‫احاكشن‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫جنو‬‫ا‬1‫ي‬
‫ح‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫و‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىشو‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ىهج‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ن‬
‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫شد‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حانا‬‫إ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫وتش‬ ‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫يتن‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ض‬‫ح‬‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫حاتنش‬‫ش‬ ‫ىهت‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ض‬‫ا‬9‫ي‬
‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬
‫ح‬ ‫حربل‬‫ش‬‫حإ‬ ‫عل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ىيش‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫قل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ص‬ ‫ه‬ ‫دايا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫د‬ ‫ل‬ ‫تاهق‬
‫حأ‬‫شو‬1499‫ا‬9‫ي‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫أ‬‫ا‬‫إ‬‫ىهنن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫حا‬ ‫ا‬‫ىهنش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫نت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬1499
‫آذحض‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ىض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ )‫ىهت‬‫ى‬ ‫جل‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىتح‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫ح‬‫ش‬1499‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫شع‬
‫ىش‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىدي‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ح‬ ‫عه‬ ‫ثع‬ ‫جل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حاييه‬‫ش‬ ‫شصشو‬‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىهنن‬‫ث‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬
) ‫نا‬ ‫حانهع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬1‫ي‬
‫ا‬1‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫اهنن‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ت‬‫ضش‬ ‫ي‬179–179
‫ا‬1‫ي‬‫ش‬ ‫حاكشن‬‫ت‬‫ض‬‫ض‬ ‫اث‬ ‫دي‬ ‫يت‬ ‫يشع‬‫ىل‬ ‫انهن‬‫ض‬‫و‬ ‫ىضدل‬ ‫ى‬‫ن‬‫جه‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫ههر‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫انهن‬‫ض‬‫شب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫اد‬‫ض‬ ‫ح‬ ‫دها‬
–‫ىهوق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حش‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬‫ض‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫شان‬117‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ؤ‬ ‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫؛‬
‫ح‬ ‫هغ‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫حاثش‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ش‬ ‫ن‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫اها‬‫ض‬‫و‬ ‫حر‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ه‬ ‫تث‬ ‫حر‬148111
‫ا‬1‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حاتنش‬ ‫صهوض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫رش‬ ‫حجأث‬‫ض‬ ‫ة‬ ‫نه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫عا‬ ‫التاهصي‬ ‫ي‬‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬114-111
‫ا‬9) ‫نا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ي‬118
‫ا‬9‫ه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫شت‬ ‫شاض‬ ‫حات‬ ‫ا‬ ‫حرنتاههها‬ ‫تا‬ ‫اع‬ ‫ي‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬ ‫ىل‬‫ا‬‫نهض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ثهض‬‫أ‬‫ىأ‬‫ج‬‫ض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬
‫ا‬ ‫ينن‬ ‫حا‬‫آ‬‫هنه‬ ‫و‬ ‫هنني‬ ‫حاكه‬ ‫ل‬‫ل‬ ‫ع‬‫ض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫هن‬‫أ‬‫حأ‬ ‫شتنشض‬ ‫جل‬ ‫دذح‬ ‫عا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حض‬‫ض‬‫ق‬‫ض‬
‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬‫نهضال‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ويا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫عن‬ ‫جيها‬‫أ‬‫ىي‬‫ص‬‫التاه‬ ‫ى‬‫د‬‫شجض‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫قت‬ ‫ىبش‬ ‫ىا‬‫ع‬ ‫ىاضا‬
) ‫نا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حجأث‬‫ض‬117–111

11. 11
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫س‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫الي‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حااض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫حاج‬ ‫ىضشب‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫حا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬ ‫ىذاك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫س‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫أ‬‫ههإ‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫حات‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىهاي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫إ‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ؤا‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬
‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫د‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫هو‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬1499‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫إ‬‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ه‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫دتاه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬
) ‫نا‬ ‫تشض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫عل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫تجهش‬ ‫رب‬ ‫شبيذح‬‫ا‬8‫ي‬
‫أ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ه‬‫حآ‬ ‫ىلش‬‫ىن‬‫ر‬ )‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫دهش‬ ‫ىها‬‫د‬‫ر‬ ‫ىض‬‫ا‬
‫وت‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫شذ‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نهه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ب‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ه‬ ‫ىاها‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫إ‬‫س‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ىدل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫ب‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫حالن‬ ‫ج‬‫ىضش‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ىذ‬‫ى‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫يه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫يض‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىط‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حاا‬‫ش‬ ‫حب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫حأ‬‫احاشنن‬ ‫د‬‫ا‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫احا‬ ‫عد‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ش‬ ‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬1498‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬
‫إ‬‫عتههض‬‫إا‬‫حأ‬‫حو‬‫ش‬ ‫شو‬‫حآ‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫الددش‬‫ىها‬‫ت‬‫ب‬‫ض‬‫ب‬ ‫ىيتها‬‫ص‬‫ا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ب‬ ‫حاد‬ ‫أ‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ىهضض‬‫ن‬ ‫ىض‬‫ا‬
‫حقههو‬ ‫نشجيض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬7‫ي‬
‫علع‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ا‬4‫ي‬
‫ي‬
‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫أ‬‫ىتن‬‫ى‬ ‫دتهتشض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نهه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ح‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ذ‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬
‫ل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ؤ‬‫أ‬‫ه‬ ‫اد‬ ‫يه‬ ‫قه‬‫نهضال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫شاب‬ ) ‫عض‬ ‫ل‬‫أ‬‫اه‬
‫أ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حاضد‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫ىد‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىهدا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫رو‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫علي‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫عت‬
‫إ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫غ‬‫ول‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫وونه‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ت‬‫ر‬‫ييه‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫أ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ؤ‬‫أ‬‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬‫إ‬‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬
‫حاج‬ ‫ا‬‫ؤش‬ ‫عل‬ ) ‫ونا‬ ‫ضب‬‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫را‬‫عا‬‫إ‬‫ال‬‫ض‬‫د‬ ‫حان‬ ‫حانابها‬ ‫ا‬‫أ‬‫ىل‬ ‫حن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ل‬‫ثب‬
‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫حان‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫غ‬‫حاهها‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫اد‬‫ض‬ ‫حر‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫ن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫شذ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ات‬
‫ا‬1‫ىهوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىذش‬‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬119‫ىل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ن‬‫حات‬ ‫ىهوض‬‫ص‬ ‫ىل‬‫ا‬ ‫رش‬ ‫؛‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫رن‬111-111
‫ا‬1‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىهوث‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫حق‬ ‫ىشجيض‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ي‬1414‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫ض‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حانه‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬ ‫عه‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ي‬
‫ىهع‬‫ع‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫ىش‬‫ل‬‫ا‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىهح‬‫ص‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬‫نه‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫تب‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫ن‬‫ض‬‫ر‬ ‫رن‬ ‫حان‬1498‫ىأث‬‫ج‬‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫ىي‬‫ص‬‫التاه‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫غلن‬ ‫حوش‬ ‫شصان‬11-18
‫ا‬1‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىعث‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ي‬1414‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫جه‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ )‫ىت‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حك‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حقنهع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ل‬ ‫عه‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬
‫حاو‬ ‫ىاشض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حك‬‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫نه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫تب‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫انهن‬‫ض‬‫ث‬‫حا‬‫ش‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫أ‬1411-1419
)‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىأث‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫التاه‬74–41‫ىلث‬‫ى‬ ‫تضج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬ ‫ري‬ ‫؛‬
‫ة‬‫ض‬ ‫حابه‬ ‫ض‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫التضج‬ ‫حع‬‫ض‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ضد‬147711
‫ا‬9‫صض‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫هع‬ ‫حرجت‬ ‫حرهنه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫حاثش‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬ ‫ي‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ي‬147999
‫ا‬9‫حاهدشأ‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫ي‬‫ش‬‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫هغ‬ ‫ةد‬‫ض‬‫نهص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫دحي‬ ‫ها‬ ‫نلش‬ ‫حا‬119
‫ا‬1‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬ ‫ي‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ي‬91

12. 12
‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫رض‬‫ش‬ ‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ل‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫شا‬1499‫ش‬1411‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬
‫ال‬‫ض‬‫د‬ ‫حان‬‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫أ‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاثهن‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حاضد‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ج‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫عت‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىهرهكي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫احا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫حأ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىضب‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ها‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ش‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬‫أ‬‫ىشضد‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ن‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ا‬‫أ‬‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫ىلي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬‫ا‬19‫ي‬
‫ت‬‫س‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬1498‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫حان‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نهض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حاب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫و‬
‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫حاوي‬‫ا‬19‫ي‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حاج‬ ‫ىدي‬‫ى‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ها‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاان‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ا‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫اد‬‫ض‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ىيع‬‫ى‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫حاج‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ج‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫احا‬ ‫يلند‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫دحر‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ىتاهه‬‫ى‬
‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىذح‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ات‬‫ىهض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫وات‬ ‫ىشض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫حو‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حاج‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ا‬18‫ي‬
‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬ ‫ىهرهك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ض‬ ‫شو‬‫إ‬‫ىهط‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ض‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نه‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫ت‬‫ض‬ ‫ىهرهك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ض‬ ‫ىنح‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫هه‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫حاج‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حاج‬
‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫حاش‬‫ا‬17‫ي‬
‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫عها‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫إ‬)‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫غ‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ات‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬ ‫ىهرهك‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىشذ‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ن‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫حايي‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ح‬‫حض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ه‬
‫ا‬1‫ويضشا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫رن‬ ‫حاوتضشو‬‫ش‬ ‫ع‬ ‫حر‬ ‫حو‬‫ض‬‫ص‬ ‫ل‬ ‫صهغ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ده‬ ‫ي‬148791
‫ا‬1‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حاتنش‬ ‫صهوض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫رش‬ ‫ي‬191
‫ا‬1‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىهج‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫يه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حد‬ ‫ي‬147411‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حد‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ا‬ ‫؛‬
‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حن‬ ‫ىنه‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ض‬ ‫ىنه‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ض‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫إ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىهى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ض‬ ‫ح‬1171‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
91–91
‫ا‬9‫قد‬ ‫ىه‬‫ث‬‫شش‬ ‫حض‬‫ض‬‫ى‬ ‫دح‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫اها‬‫ض‬‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىن‬ ‫حااه‬ )‫حاشج‬ ‫هرهك‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫رن‬ ‫هض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫دضدل‬ ‫عع‬ ‫اجنل‬ ‫ي‬‫ىها‬‫ن‬‫او‬
‫ا‬14
‫ا‬9‫ى‬ ‫ههان‬ ‫ىهط‬‫ت‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫قش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حابش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫هض‬ ‫احاوات‬ ‫قويلل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫هضث‬ ‫وات‬ ‫شض‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬
‫ىض‬‫و‬ ‫ىع‬‫ث‬ ‫ىه‬‫ب‬‫ض‬‫أش‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫إ‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ا‬‫ن‬ ‫ىهض‬ ‫وات‬ ‫ىشذ‬‫ا‬‫ن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ىه‬‫ن‬‫ت‬ ‫ىو‬ ‫شه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫هض‬ ‫ىان‬ ‫ح‬ ‫اه‬‫ض‬‫اث‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫شجل‬ ‫أ‬
‫ىهوق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫يه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حد‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ه‬ ‫حغت‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬19–18‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫رن‬ ‫ىذيض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫؛‬‫ىيض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬
‫ا‬‫ض‬‫هه‬ ‫ها‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫يش‬ ‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫عي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫حاغض‬1477114-111
‫ا‬1‫ىهوق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫رن‬ ‫ىذيض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ىأث‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫التاه‬ ‫ي‬114‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حات‬ ‫ىهوض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫رش‬ ‫؛‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬191-199

13. 13
‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫حاجه‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬)‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫غ‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫إ‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫حاض‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫يث‬ ‫ىهرهكد‬‫ى‬ ‫دحا‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬
‫حنييا‬‫ض‬‫حري‬‫ا‬14‫ي‬
‫حإ‬ ‫هب‬ ‫ى‬ ‫شرن‬‫ىن‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫حاحا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ي‬‫علي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ق‬–)‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫عش‬ ‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬–‫إ‬‫حأ‬ )‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ع‬‫ىهع‬‫د‬‫د‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ىل‬‫ا‬‫دهش‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حانضر‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ده‬ ‫ىن‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫نه‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫د‬
‫ه‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىضا‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫حإ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫اصش‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫حاب‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫لا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حج‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ن‬‫ة‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬
‫ل‬ ‫حاشنن‬ ‫حاجويل‬‫ش‬‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫ى‬‫و‬‫أ‬) ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نهض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫حاب‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬–‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫اصش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬‫إ‬‫ىتهع‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ك‬ ‫ت‬
‫جيه‬ ‫هن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫شر‬‫أ‬‫ىهرهكي‬ ‫احا‬ ‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ض‬ ‫ا‬–‫و‬‫إ‬‫ىهع‬‫ع‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىش‬‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ين‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ىض‬‫ي‬‫حاكث‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ب‬‫عت‬
1499‫ح‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ال‬ ‫ىدض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫اتن‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫عت‬‫أ‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ث‬
‫حاج‬ ‫صاشب‬ ‫رن‬ ‫حااهه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫حان‬‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫أ‬‫ىضض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫شت‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاب‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ره‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاشنن‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حاجو‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫ىجا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫يه‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ع‬
‫نا‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حاذ‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫تدا‬ ‫يه‬ ‫نا‬ ‫دي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫عه‬‫إ‬‫لد‬ ‫حاشنن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫بهش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ددضدل‬ ‫ع‬‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫ىن‬‫ر‬
‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نيه‬1499‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫شتنض‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫اد‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫ان‬1491‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬
‫ا‬1‫ىهوق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىته‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىشقن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫إ‬ ‫ي‬81–89‫ىهوق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫؛‬
11-11
‫ا‬1‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حاتنش‬ ‫صهوض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫رش‬ ‫ي‬199
‫ا‬1‫ىل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ىه‬‫ث‬‫شش‬ ‫ىي‬‫ص‬‫تاه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىش‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ت‬‫احاك‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫ىدض‬ ‫حان‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫دهكع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫أص‬ ‫ي‬
‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫دهك‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ال‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫ىد‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ىهدل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ش‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ىويا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نت‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىهه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حا‬ ‫ا‬
‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ض‬‫حان‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫حاا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىشننن‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىضض‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حات‬‫ش‬ ‫ىناط‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫شا‬ ‫ا‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ج‬ ‫ىأث‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫التاه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ال‬
‫ىضشا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ه‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ىلث‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫تضج‬1489111‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حات‬ ‫ىهوض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫رش‬ ‫؛‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬199–111
‫ا‬9‫ىنجهون‬‫ى‬ ‫اع‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىهث‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ت‬ ‫قه‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫ح‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ي‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىهض‬‫ى‬ ‫وات‬ ‫وشض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫إ‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬ ‫هه‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىهنق‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬
‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ض‬ ‫هه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ر‬ ‫ىشننن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىشضش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ح‬
‫ىهنن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫نها‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫شد‬‫ىهوض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫رش‬‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حات‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬199–199

14. 14
‫ها‬ ‫ىتين‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬ ‫و‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىيه‬‫ى‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ىدي‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ح‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫اكن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاتنه‬ ‫حتيه‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حادض‬
‫لد‬ ‫حاثهن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاشنن‬ ‫دحاجويل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ح‬ ‫تدا‬‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫إ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ها‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫حانبه‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ات‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫حاب‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ضا‬ ‫ىت‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ا‬19‫ي‬
‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫شقه‬
‫و‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬‫إ‬‫ه‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاتنه‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىجا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫حع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ا‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬‫س‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نبه‬ ‫ا‬
‫ىا‬ ‫ىها‬‫د‬ ‫ىن‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىهو‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ىهك‬ ‫ىل‬‫ج‬‫نها‬ ‫تنأ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اع‬ ‫اكنيه‬ ‫النههع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫تب‬ ‫ىهث‬‫ي‬
‫حأ‬ ‫شقلل‬ ‫حانشالل‬ ‫حان‬ ‫هعها‬‫ها‬ ‫ا‬ ‫شجش‬ ‫ع‬ ‫شع‬ ‫جشض‬‫إ‬‫حأ‬ ‫هعن‬ ‫جت‬‫ىذ‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىض‬‫أ‬‫ى‬
‫إ‬‫ش‬ ‫ىأ‬ ‫حاب‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ )‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حجي‬‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ت‬‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىهو‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ىضك‬‫د‬‫ت‬ ‫حا‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫غ‬ ‫ىه‬‫ص‬‫ت‬
‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫قه‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىهنض‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫د‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حا‬ ‫حاحا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫إ‬‫حإ‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حا‬ ‫ا‬‫ىهنش‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ىهعن‬‫ى‬ ‫جت‬
)‫ا‬ ‫تكا‬ ‫اع‬ ‫حاذ‬‫أ‬‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حانهد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬‫ا‬19‫ي‬
‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫حاب‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫حان‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫شض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫و‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حادض‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫عه‬‫س‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫حان‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ت‬
‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ده‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىنل‬‫ى‬ ‫حانه‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حادض‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ال‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ة‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ها‬ ‫عه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىهل‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ا‬
‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاشنن‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حاجو‬‫ش‬‫حإ‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ره‬‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫شج‬ ‫ة‬‫أ‬‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ب‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ضا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬
‫حإ‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫حان‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىها‬ ‫نت‬‫أ‬‫ىل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ج‬‫أ‬‫ىن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ش‬‫أ‬‫حإ‬ ‫ش‬‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫حك‬‫ض‬‫ىت‬
‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حابه‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫ههانبش‬ ‫تيع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫شتش‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫جه‬ ‫ىشو‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ت‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬
‫ىشة‬‫ى‬ ‫حاب‬‫ش‬ ‫ىهانن‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ج‬‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫الددش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نهض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫نه‬‫حأ‬‫ى‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ق‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬
‫ش‬ ‫ت‬‫ىض‬‫ج‬‫ش‬‫ح‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىل‬‫ه‬‫حانل‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ب‬‫عت‬‫أ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫دض‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬
‫نها‬ ‫حاجه‬‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫ا‬1‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫حو‬ ‫رن‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫ي‬‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬149-148
‫ا‬1‫ىهع‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬ ‫تس‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫هود‬ ‫حان‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حتده‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫اا‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫حا‬ ‫جل‬ ‫دحا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫دلا‬ ‫ي‬1499‫ة‬‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ه‬ ‫ه‬
‫ة‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ىهوض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫رش‬‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حات‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬111
‫ا‬1‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حجأث‬‫ض‬ ‫التاهصي‬ ‫ي‬) ‫نا‬111-111
‫ا‬9‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ده‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ي‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حاكش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫حنش‬‫ض‬‫و‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ىبش‬‫ى‬ ‫هتن‬147111-11‫ىهوض‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫رش‬ ‫؛‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حاتنش‬111-114

15. 15
‫حإ‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫حانل‬‫ش‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫الن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫د‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫شد‬‫ال‬‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نتاه‬
‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫حاا‬‫ش‬‫ا‬18‫ي‬
‫إ‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاتن‬‫ش‬ ‫ىشة‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاب‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ه‬‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫جت‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫ده‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ا‬
‫ىتني‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ )‫ت‬‫ض‬‫ن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ا‬‫نه‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ههض‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ج‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىدهرل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىهإع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬
)‫لنت‬‫ا‬17‫ي‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫قت‬‫أ‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫غع‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ىين‬‫ى‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ىط‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬
‫حإ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫هع‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫حاناط‬ ‫حا‬ ‫عه‬ ‫ة‬ ‫اه‬‫ىشض‬‫ي‬‫ه‬ ‫ىه‬‫ي‬‫ج‬ ‫نته‬ ‫ىيا‬‫و‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ىها‬‫د‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫اد‬‫ض‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ل‬ ‫قتصه‬
‫تناذة‬ ‫نهبل‬‫إ‬‫ه‬ ‫قتصه‬‫ا‬14‫ي‬
‫شرا‬‫عا‬‫إ‬‫تاهو‬‫ض‬‫ثل‬ ‫اث‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫حا‬ ‫تكهاي‬‫أ‬‫ىا‬‫ع‬ ‫حانهنليا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ة‬ ‫اه‬ ‫ش‬ ‫انهب‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫جت‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حاا‬ ‫ىهل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ة‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬
‫حإ‬‫ل‬ ‫حانبهو‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ها‬ ‫حان‬ ‫حهها‬‫ض‬‫ان‬‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حان‬‫إ‬‫حنيا‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫وتد‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ري‬ ‫ىهاويا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫حهها‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬
‫حإ‬‫ر‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫تده‬‫س‬‫ىذ‬‫ى‬ ‫ىنا‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬‫حإ‬‫ىتيع‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حج‬‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫ده‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ ‫لا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬ ‫حهها‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬
‫ش‬ ‫حانن‬‫ش‬ ‫ههابشة‬ ‫لنل‬ ‫حا‬‫أ‬‫و‬ ‫حانهض‬ ‫نلبا‬‫إ‬‫ش‬ ‫ت‬‫ىض‬‫ج‬‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ربت‬ ‫يع‬ ‫تجه‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫عت‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫آ‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫شنتي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ر‬ ‫حأ‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫اهضج‬ ‫ىضشب‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫ا‬1‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ي‬‫إ‬‫ىهضا‬‫ى‬‫ث‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىهنييا‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫الو‬ ‫حشتيه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ش‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ر‬‫وش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫نضش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ىبه‬‫ى‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ىي‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نتاه‬
‫ىشو‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫حي‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬1491‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حنتاه‬‫ش‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ل‬ ‫هسك‬ ‫ىضا‬‫ى‬‫ج‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىهك‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاكض‬ ‫حنضش‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬
‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حرنتاه‬1491‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫حض‬‫ش‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫شدشض‬1497‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫رش‬ ‫؛‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حاتنش‬ ‫صهوض‬181-181
‫ا‬1) ‫نا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ي‬181
‫ا‬1‫ته‬ ‫إا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫حنن‬ ‫جه‬ ‫ها‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫غ‬‫ه‬ ‫ىها‬ ‫نلش‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫حاهدشأ‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫لث‬ ‫تضج‬ ‫نهصض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫إي‬ ‫ا‬‫ض‬
‫ا‬81-81
‫ا‬9‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حات‬ ‫ىهوض‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫رش‬ ‫ىأث‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حاتاه‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ي‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬189–171
(5) James Alban Bill, The Politics of Iran Groups, Classes and
Modernization, Charles E. Merrill publishing Co, ohio, 1972,
P.139.
‫ا‬1‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ثش‬ ‫هع‬ ‫ق‬ ‫نث‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ع‬ ‫ة‬ ‫هن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حااهضج‬ ‫حاهضشب‬ ‫ثلا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬1497‫ىهع‬‫ه‬‫حان‬ ‫ىضا‬‫ي‬‫غ‬ ‫ىن‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫حب‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫رن‬
‫را‬ ‫لكن‬ ‫حا‬‫عا‬‫إ‬‫ىهض‬ ‫نت‬‫أ‬‫ىذدض‬‫ت‬ ‫ىها‬‫ه‬‫ن‬‫إ‬‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫د‬‫ت‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬ ‫ر‬‫حاش‬ ‫ا‬‫أ‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ى‬ ‫ىلا‬‫ص‬‫ت‬‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ات‬ ‫ىل‬‫ا‬‫نهض‬ ‫هها‬

16. 16
‫إ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫دهشال‬ ‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬ ‫ل‬ ‫نو‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حانب‬ ‫تصه‬‫أ‬‫ا‬ )‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ىا‬‫ع‬ ‫ىا‬‫ل‬‫ع‬‫ىه‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ىل‬‫د‬‫دهر‬
‫ه‬ ‫د‬‫أ‬‫عا‬ ‫علا‬‫إ‬‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ج‬‫إ‬‫ة‬‫ض‬‫د‬ ‫نتاههها‬‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬ ‫شتنو‬‫ىضا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫حاش‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ات‬‫إ‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬1411‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫الا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ىهر‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ري‬‫ا‬19‫ي‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ج‬ ‫نته‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫غ‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ددش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫قه‬
‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىهوي‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫حق‬ ‫ىشجيض‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ا‬‫آ‬1411‫ا‬19‫ي‬
‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫ا‬‫أ‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫شاض‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىشى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬‫ضا‬ ‫ت‬
‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫جن‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬‫إ‬‫ن‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ىيه‬‫ى‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ىنل‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىدلا‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬
‫حإ‬ ‫حا‬ )‫رن‬‫رن‬ ‫تبهال‬‫آ‬‫هض‬1411‫ا‬18‫ي‬
‫ددي‬‫د‬‫ف‬ ‫ددة‬‫د‬‫الداخلي‬ ‫ددة‬‫د‬‫السياس‬ ‫ددا‬‫د‬‫اتجاس‬ :‫ددث‬‫د‬‫الثال‬ ‫ددث‬‫د‬‫المبح‬‫ددة‬‫د‬‫حقب‬‫ددرا‬‫د‬‫االنف‬
‫السياسي‬3593–3591
‫حأ‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىبش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىهاديه‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫شضش‬ ‫ىذح‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫و‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حدت‬ ‫ىشو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫ن‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ن‬
‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حات‬ ‫ىهوض‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫رش‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىدض‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬179171
‫ا‬1‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫جذش‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬119–111
‫ا‬1‫ىتهه‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫شض‬ ‫حر‬ ‫تنشضا‬ ‫ثع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫هه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫حات‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ي‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫شرش‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫ش‬ ‫كها‬
‫ىل‬ ‫الددش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حاصد‬ ‫شدت‬ ‫حرنتاههها‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫نهضال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫راا‬‫ض‬ ‫شق‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ني‬ ‫رن‬ ‫اهصل‬
‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حات‬ ‫ىهوض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫رش‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫حرنتاه‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حنت‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬141–149
‫ا‬9‫ها‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫حهأ‬‫ض‬‫احا‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫د‬ ‫ق‬ ‫دها‬ ‫حاذ‬ ‫ي‬1498‫ي‬Iran
History, The Middle East, 10th
Ed., London, 1963, P.106;‫ا‬‫ىش‬‫ج‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫شاي‬119
‫ا‬9‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫جن‬ ‫ي‬‫إ‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫نث‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬1411‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫أ‬‫ىشا‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫هن‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حانل‬ )‫ىت‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ك‬
‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬‫أ‬‫دد‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫نه‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىشا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ا‬‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫بنين‬‫ض‬‫حر‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬
‫ها‬ ‫ىين‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاا‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ن‬ ‫ىشا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حان‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ن‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫آ‬1411
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫غلن‬ ‫حوش‬ ‫شصان‬ ‫حجأث‬‫ض‬ ‫التاهصي‬14
‫ا‬1‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫حو‬ ‫رن‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫ربط‬ ‫يضي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫نل‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬ )‫ت‬ ‫ددش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ي‬114

17. 17
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫دل‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫أ‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ا‬17‫ي‬
‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ىدي‬‫ى‬ ‫وت‬‫آ‬‫ىهض‬‫ى‬1411‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ش‬‫إ‬‫ات‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫هض‬
‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ع‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫نتي‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ث‬‫و‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫غ‬‫ض‬‫إ‬‫ىشا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىو‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ىنو‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حانب‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ت‬
‫حأ‬‫ح‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬‫إ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫قت‬‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫شع‬ ‫ىنل‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫وا‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ت‬ ‫شت‬
‫حإ‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ب‬ ‫حاشث‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫قه‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫جه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ىؤث‬‫ى‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حال‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىغنا‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫اد‬‫ض‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬
‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫أ‬‫تشاي‬ ‫ج‬)‫ت‬‫نص‬ ‫حا‬‫ا‬14‫ي‬
‫إ‬‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫أ‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ي‬‫إ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حج‬‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ىهض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حاحا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ه‬ ‫ه‬
‫يثه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نت‬ ‫حا‬‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫اهش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىتح‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫ش‬ ‫ىهض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫وات‬ ‫حو‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حاج‬ ‫ىهرهك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ض‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ش‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاثهن‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاشنن‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حاجو‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىذح‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ع‬
‫حإ‬‫دييا‬ ‫ص‬‫ا‬91‫ي‬
‫حض‬ ‫حإ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫دهردل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫نل‬ ‫ش‬ ‫لل‬ ‫هد‬ ‫قهع‬ ‫ثع‬‫ل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫رن‬‫ا‬91‫ي‬
‫ىذدض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫هه‬ ‫يض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬‫إ‬‫حإ‬ ‫ا‬‫ىهنش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ا‬‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حاتنا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬–‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬
‫ه‬ ‫ج‬–‫ل‬ ‫ددش‬ ‫رن‬‫أ‬‫احإ‬ ‫ينن‬‫رب‬ ‫لي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ص‬‫أ‬‫ىا‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫د‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬
‫ىهنن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫حا‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬1411‫ه‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حا‬ ‫ا‬‫ىهنش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حا‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫وتنا‬‫آ‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىهض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬1411‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫ش‬
‫عهع‬ ‫نلأ‬1411‫اإل‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ج‬ ‫غل‬ ‫ص‬ ‫عل‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫حاش‬ ‫جل‬ ‫حرق‬‫ش‬‫حعن‬‫ض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ص‬‫ا‬91‫ي‬
‫ا‬1‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ي‬‫أ‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىنث‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ي‬1419‫أ‬‫حإ‬ )‫ىت‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ك‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫جه‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ج‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ث‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬ ‫وت‬
‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىهث‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ددش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫نه‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىشا‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫قت‬ ‫ا‬1491‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫شش‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ال‬
1491‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىع‬‫ث‬‫حأ‬‫ش‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ذ‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ىع‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىض‬‫ي‬‫ات‬‫ىهع‬‫ع‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫ىش‬‫ل‬‫ا‬1411‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫ح‬ ‫ىان‬‫ص‬‫ش‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫غلن‬11
‫ا‬1‫ح‬ ‫ي‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ض‬‫ن‬‫حو‬‫ه‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ه‬‫ا‬‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬114
‫ا‬1‫حإ‬ ‫را‬‫ؤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫دييا‬ ‫ص‬‫أ‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىنجهنن‬ ‫ض‬‫ىه‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫حو‬ ‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ر‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫ىل‬‫ع‬‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫ال‬‫ا‬‫ىهوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬
114–191
‫ا‬9‫إذح‬ ‫ي‬‫أ‬‫حرا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حاج‬‫ش‬ ‫ىهه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫دو‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫عت‬–‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ذ‬‫أ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حاكث‬ ‫ا‬
‫يض‬‫أ‬‫حرا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫شج‬ ‫ىهه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىيه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬–‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫أ‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاد‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫أ‬‫ش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىدض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬ ‫عن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫احا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫إ‬‫شق‬ ‫طي‬ ‫حاتان‬ ‫ل‬ ‫نه‬ ‫اض‬ ‫وتيهج‬‫أ‬‫تيع‬ ‫دهك‬ ‫عتوضا‬‫إ‬‫ىأث‬‫ج‬‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫ىي‬‫ص‬‫التاه‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫علن‬ ‫ىل‬‫ن‬‫ح‬
‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ا‬‫قض‬ ‫بأ‬‫ض‬ ‫رن‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ش‬1481141–148111-
111
‫ا‬1‫ىأث‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حر‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫التاه‬ ‫ي‬‫ىهوض‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫رش‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حات‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬
‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬118–111

18. 18
‫ىأ‬‫ق‬‫تش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ىها‬‫د‬‫أ‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ش‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ىش‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ىش‬‫د‬ ‫ا‬‫ىهع‬‫ر‬‫حأ‬ ‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ص‬‫قت‬
‫ش‬‫ح‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ده‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬‫حإ‬‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫نتي‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىهعن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫جت‬‫أ‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫علن‬
‫إ‬‫ىل‬ ‫ده‬ ‫حاحا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ى‬ ‫ددش‬ ‫ا‬‫ل‬‫أ‬‫ىا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫عب‬ ‫ىا‬‫ي‬‫حج‬‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ن‬‫ي‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىض‬‫ر‬‫ض‬ ‫ىهث‬‫ي‬
‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫ىد‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫وتب‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ن‬‫إ‬‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ت‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬‫حاش‬ ‫ا‬‫أ‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫شق‬
‫ح‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىهان‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ع‬‫أ‬‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىهقع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫قت‬
‫حإ‬‫ش‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫هع‬ ‫جت‬‫ا‬91‫ي‬
‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ج‬ ‫نه‬‫ض‬‫و‬ ‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫تنو‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫شر‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫ىذح‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫اع‬
‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ن‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫ق‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىشة‬‫ى‬ ‫هب‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫شق‬ ‫نييا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫حانل‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫ت‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاا‬
1411‫ا‬99‫ي‬
‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىذح‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫أ‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ي‬‫إ‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ )‫ىتبهات‬‫ى‬1411‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫د‬ ‫ا‬‫أ‬)‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ضجه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬
‫ش‬ ‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫حاش‬ ‫دي‬ ‫وت‬ ‫علع‬‫ا‬99‫ي‬
‫أ‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ذ‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ضد‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ر‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ث‬‫ا‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬
‫ت‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ج‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ين‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىشى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ج‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حج‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ص‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ا‬91‫ي‬
‫رب‬‫أ‬‫ىل‬‫د‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ىض‬ ‫ون‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىها‬ ‫عل‬ ‫ىل‬‫ه‬ ‫دا‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ىهضا‬‫ث‬‫إ‬‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫دل‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬
‫حأ‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫حا‬‫شو‬1411‫ا‬98‫ي‬
‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫رن‬‫إ‬‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ه‬ ‫جت‬‫أ‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬
‫ا‬1) ‫نا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ي‬111-111
‫ا‬1‫ي‬‫إ‬‫ل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫تهنا‬‫أ‬‫لشهه‬‫ه‬ ‫ى‬ ‫شد‬‫ىن‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ىه‬ ‫ا‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫حهها‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ذ‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ىض‬‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ىض‬‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ا‬
‫ش‬‫ح‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫هن‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫عت‬‫آ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىلا‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫أ‬‫ا‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫جه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حاج‬ ‫ىتدع‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫أ‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ه‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫حانل‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫وشد‬ ‫ل‬‫أ‬‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ث‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫أ‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫حاجه‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫تل‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫غ‬‫هها‬‫أ‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬ ‫حأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫إ‬‫ىتبهال‬‫ى‬
‫ىت‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ض‬‫س‬‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫حاجه‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ن‬1411‫ىهوض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫رش‬
‫ىهوق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حات‬119–111‫ا‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬ ‫؛‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫شاي‬119
‫ا‬9‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حاتنش‬ ‫صهوض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫رش‬ ‫ي‬111
‫ا‬9‫ىلنل‬ ‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫وتد‬ ‫ىا‬‫و‬‫نها‬ ‫ىن‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حاثهن‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حاشنن‬ ‫ىل‬‫ي‬‫حاجو‬ ‫ىأ‬ ‫ىعي‬‫ل‬‫اع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حاجهن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬
‫ويا‬ ‫جل‬ ‫حا‬ ‫د‬ ‫دلل‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫ة‬) ‫نا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫حاض‬‫ش‬111–119
‫ا‬1‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ي‬‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫غ‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫رشو‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاتض‬‫ش‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫ههرنتاه‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫د‬
‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫اع‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حا‬ ‫ىض‬‫ي‬‫غ‬ ‫هش‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ت‬‫د‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىع‬ ‫حاب‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ش‬ ‫ىديا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىيا‬‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ض‬
‫يي‬ ‫ى‬‫د‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ن‬‫ي‬ ‫احاا‬ ‫ىهع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حانل‬ ‫ىهة‬ ‫حاد‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫ان‬ ‫ب‬ ‫حرنن‬ ‫يأ‬ ‫د‬ ‫حرنصهض‬
9‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ني‬111111

19. 19
‫أ‬‫ش‬ ‫شض‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ها‬ ‫وضق‬ ‫عبهويه‬‫ىل‬‫د‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫ىش‬‫ب‬‫حا‬ ‫ىيع‬‫ا‬‫ضر‬ ‫رييه‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫أعلن‬ ) ‫ح‬‫ض‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫س‬‫ث‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىذح‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬‫ىهنش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫اتنل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫رن‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ث‬
‫ل‬ ‫دل‬ ‫حا‬‫ا‬97‫ي‬
‫ش‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫شددش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىتا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫إ‬‫ح‬‫ىلنهتيع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫اتن‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫اتل‬ ‫حاحا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬
‫ش‬‫ح‬‫حإ‬ )‫ىضشع‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ت‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬ ‫ىذح‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىنل‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نهض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫نه‬ ‫ىت‬‫ى‬‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫دن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫أ‬‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ن‬
) ‫عل‬‫أ‬‫د‬ ‫ىن‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫شدثش‬ ‫اهاد‬ ‫حاو‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫دحاثش‬ ‫ع‬‫ا‬94‫ي‬
‫ىأ‬‫ا‬ ‫تش‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ىه‬‫ب‬‫ن‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ا‬‫ىش‬‫ك‬‫ت‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬
‫حأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫س‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حا‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حاب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىهنأ‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫شب‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫حاغه‬ ‫ع‬‫ح‬‫ىهل‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ع‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫صهنأ‬ ‫حا‬ ‫هو‬ ‫ان‬ ‫بهت‬‫ض‬‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫دق‬ ‫حض‬‫ض‬‫ق‬‫أ‬‫ىل‬‫ر‬‫نض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫دته‬ ‫ىدي‬ ‫شت‬ ‫ىشاا‬‫ص‬‫حات‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ة‬
‫أ‬‫حانلعي‬ ‫اج‬ ‫ع‬ ‫حاتنل‬ ‫ش‬‫حأ‬ ‫دش‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫حا‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ل‬‫ا‬91‫ي‬
‫ىضض‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ت‬ ‫و‬‫ىضش‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىذح‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىاها‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫إ‬‫ش‬‫إ‬‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫إ‬‫إ‬ ‫ىنون‬‫ى‬ ‫ىتاتها‬‫ى‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫حض‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬
‫ىهنن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫حا‬ ‫ا‬‫ىهنش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬1411‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حج‬‫ش‬ ‫و‬‫ىضش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىذح‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫و‬ ‫ا‬
‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ننل‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫قش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نهض‬‫إ‬ ‫ث‬‫ذ‬‫أ‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىهننتيع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫عل‬‫ىتاتها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬91‫ي‬
‫ا‬1‫الت‬ ‫ي‬‫ىهع‬ ‫حر‬ ‫حأ‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ه‬‫شتن‬ ‫ىض‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ىأث‬‫ج‬‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫ا‬‫ىهنش‬‫ب‬‫حا‬ ‫ذح‬ ‫دشو‬ ‫يا‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ضجهو‬ ‫شق‬ ‫عا‬ ‫اهصي‬
‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫تت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ي‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫انه‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ش‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ىشثضد‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫دحا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ي‬ ‫حاا‬‫ىج‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫حا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫اش‬
‫حأ‬‫ا‬ ‫حع‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫حر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬1411-1487‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ي‬1441‫ع‬111–81‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫؛‬
‫حإ‬‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫نصهض‬11–19
‫ا‬1‫ي‬‫قهع‬‫ىهوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ )‫ى‬‫ص‬‫رن‬ ‫ىذيض‬‫ن‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫اد‬‫ض‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬‫وتش‬ ‫دن‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حر‬ ‫و‬‫ىضش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىذح‬
19‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫اهنن‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ت‬‫ضش‬ ‫؛‬171)‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىش‬‫ل‬‫وي‬ ‫عصض‬ ‫يض‬ ‫ضاه‬ ‫علن‬ ‫؛‬
‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ض‬‫إ‬ ‫يا‬‫قع‬ ‫نه‬1184‫ى‬111–119
‫ا‬9‫ىهوق‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ىذد‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬19‫؛‬Richerd N. Frye, Persia
George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London, 1968, P.106; James Aban Bill,
Op. Cit, P.140;‫ىسثيض‬‫ت‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫حانهبن‬ ‫حاتكشاا‬ ‫دتنشض‬ ‫ان‬ ‫حاي‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ل‬ ‫دههع‬ ‫ناهو‬ ‫؛‬
‫ل‬ ‫ىيش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ةد‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫دغ‬ ‫ىتيض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫هج‬ ‫ىهال‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىلد‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ين‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىلنل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫تضدي‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬
‫حاج‬ ‫ل‬ ‫اب‬‫ض‬‫حرر‬‫ش‬‫ح‬ ‫هغ‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫تنص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫نل‬ ‫ه‬147799
‫ا‬1)‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ح‬ ‫ىذدض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫هه‬ ‫يض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ي‬‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫ق‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىتاتها‬‫ى‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫بهن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫إ‬‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ج‬
‫ىت‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حاو‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫وا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫هه‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ث‬ ‫ده‬‫ل‬‫ىتع‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ىهض‬‫ى‬ ‫ات‬‫آ‬‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫هاش‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫هه‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬ ‫حاب‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫عل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىضض‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫حا‬‫ىتشض‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫عل‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫تاتها‬
‫ش‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫وق‬ )‫ن‬‫أ‬‫ه‬ ‫عن‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ص‬ ‫دهكع‬ ‫ا‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫جض‬‫إ‬‫ر‬ ‫نون‬ ‫تاتها‬‫س‬‫و‬ ‫تاتن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ر‬ ‫دندا‬ ‫لكث‬ ‫حا‬ )‫جهه‬

20. 21
‫حإ‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىيع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫شضر‬‫دها‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حأ‬‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫ىنل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫ت‬ ‫ج‬‫ىضش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬
‫وت‬‫س‬‫حابشى‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫عع‬ ‫ش‬ ‫يي‬‫ا‬91‫ي‬
‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ه‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نهض‬ ‫حا‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫شددش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ح‬‫ش‬‫إ‬‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ذ‬‫إ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حاجو‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫عت‬
‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ث‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫شض‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاشنن‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫انه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫عشة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ا‬ ‫ىهك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬
‫ح‬ ‫شتشا‬ )‫ج‬ ‫نه‬‫ض‬‫او‬‫أ‬‫ح‬ ‫تجهش‬ )‫حر‬‫ح‬ ‫ضجهو‬‫و‬‫ضش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫عهضا‬ ‫حاذيا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬91‫ي‬
‫حإ‬ ‫ى‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ىهنن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫حا‬ ‫ا‬‫ىهنش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىضض‬‫ى‬‫ب‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىتاتها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
1411‫ا‬ ‫ىهل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ون‬ ‫و‬‫ىضش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ؤ‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬ ‫نته‬ ‫ىهاا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ش‬44‫%ي‬‫ا‬99‫ي‬
‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىهت‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫حان‬ ‫ىذح‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ا‬
‫ىثا‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫و‬‫ىضش‬‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ىتيع‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نهض‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حض‬‫ض‬ ‫ىت‬‫ى‬‫س‬‫ح‬‫ش‬‫علن‬‫إ‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىشضش‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ع‬ ‫ا‬
‫اا‬‫ض‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫حاده‬‫ا‬‫آ‬‫ىع‬‫ق‬ ‫ىه‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ه‬ ‫راضجا‬ ‫عهع‬ ‫ح‬ ‫د‬ ‫يشع‬ ‫ذحض‬
‫ي‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ي‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬‫ض‬‫شتو‬‫ا‬99‫ي‬
‫حإ‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ىهاا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ش‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫حاو‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ث‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حانن‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬
‫حأ‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ضدل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ا‬1411‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫هب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ح‬‫ش‬‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫لك‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫وتد‬
‫ة‬ ‫حد‬‫ش‬‫ا‬91‫ي‬
‫أ‬‫ش‬ ‫ناصلل‬ ‫ى‬‫قض‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ش‬‫ح‬‫ىك‬‫ا‬‫ذ‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫تثن‬‫ع‬ ‫ىتا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ت‬‫احا‬ )‫ى‬‫ن‬‫دن‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىشو‬‫ب‬‫حاد‬
‫ىلي‬‫ى‬ ‫حع‬‫ض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫دن‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ري‬‫إ‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫هد‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ري‬ ‫ليا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ذ‬‫آ‬‫ش‬ ‫ررا‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ع‬
‫حأ‬ ‫اأ‬ ‫تش‬‫عل‬ ‫رييه‬ ‫ا‬‫لش‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫دهن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫عل‬ ‫حان‬‫ض‬‫أ‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬ ‫نيه‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫رن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ا‬11‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫%ي‬
‫حو‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫احرق‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ىتاتهاي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫احر‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ىدهرل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حا‬ ‫ىضا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫غ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ع‬ ‫ىند‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫شن‬ ‫حو‬‫ض‬‫ىهقت‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ن‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ينن‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫هع‬ ‫حر‬ ‫حأ‬‫ض‬‫ت‬ ‫ض‬ ‫شن‬ ‫ع‬ ‫تنه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫حاشننني‬111-111
‫ا‬1‫ىأث‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫التاه‬ ‫يه‬ ‫ىتاته‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫الددش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫نه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫حاانه‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫هها‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ي‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ي‬
) ‫نا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬119–111
‫ا‬1‫ىهوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫حد‬ ‫ي‬111‫ىهوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىهض‬‫ص‬‫حرن‬ ‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫؛‬
11-18
‫ا‬9‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ىهت‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ض‬‫حر‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىهضدل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىضش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ر‬ ‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ر‬ ‫ي‬‫ىند‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫شذج‬‫د‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ض‬‫حان‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫حاا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬
‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ب‬‫ض‬‫حان‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫حاج‬‫ش‬‫ىلي‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حاه‬41488‫ىنل‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬141‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫حو‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ر‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫؛‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬19
‫ا‬9‫ىهوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىض‬‫ي‬ ‫ىه‬‫ا‬‫ض‬ ‫علن‬ ‫حجأث‬‫ض‬ ‫التاهصي‬ ‫ي‬111‫حأ‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ىض‬ ‫شن‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ه‬‫تن‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫؛‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ينن‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫هع‬ ‫حر‬114–111
‫ا‬1‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫شاي‬ ‫ا‬‫جش‬ ‫ي‬119

21. 21
‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىنل‬ ‫ةي‬‫ض‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫اا‬‫أا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫تتها‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫ىن‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ى‬‫ث‬‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىط‬ ‫حاب‬ ‫ى‬‫ح‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬‫تض‬
‫حأ‬‫ت‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ضض‬‫ا‬98‫ي‬
‫ا‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫رنض‬ ‫ط‬ ‫حاب‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫اع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫حاكثيض‬ ‫نهك‬ ‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ن‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ضايع‬
‫دا‬‫أ‬‫حأ‬ ‫اأ‬ ‫تش‬ ‫ليه‬ ‫حاتن‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫حان‬ ‫هل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫نويا‬ ‫ا‬‫حأ‬ ‫ضدلل‬ ‫حا‬ ‫رن‬ ‫حان‬‫ض‬‫اإل‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬
‫إذ‬‫ا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬14‫ا‬ ‫ىهل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫وين‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫حان‬ ‫و‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫%ي‬71‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫تتغ‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫%ي‬
‫أ‬‫حايه‬‫ش‬‫د‬‫ا‬97‫ي‬
‫د‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىووا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ها‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫حإ‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫قت‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫هع‬ ‫جت‬
‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ث‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ا‬‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫ىيع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫وؤ‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ىدن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫حب‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬
‫ل‬ ‫حانهص‬‫ا‬94‫ي‬
‫ههاذدض‬ ‫يض‬ ‫حاج‬ ‫ا‬‫إ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ا‬‫ىا‬‫ن‬‫ده‬ ‫ىهاد‬‫ا‬ ‫حاو‬ )‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ض‬‫دثش‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫تشاه‬ ‫ىن‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫حب‬ ‫ى‬
‫حإ‬ ‫نيه‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىن‬ ‫دهنا‬ ‫حاتن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫عتهه‬‫ىه‬‫ن‬‫ض‬‫حاو‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ىع‬‫ا‬‫أ‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىه‬‫ل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ص‬‫قت‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬‫أ‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫ا‬ ‫هاي‬ ‫ىهنين‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫نت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫حاش‬ ‫ىضشض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫ىليه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ثو‬‫إ‬‫ىذدض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ا‬‫إ‬‫ا‬
‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫إ‬‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫تدب‬ ‫ىتنهو‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫ىلنل‬‫ى‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫قه‬ ‫يض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ىهث‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫ح‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫حان‬
‫حإ‬‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىهن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىشو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حاد‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫حابه‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫ىتب‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬
‫دصشو‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫حا‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ش‬‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫ش‬‫حنن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ا‬‫ض‬‫حا‬ ‫عل‬ ‫شال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ن‬ ‫ههاتهان‬‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫ىهنض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫حاو‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫حا‬ ‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫تدب‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫غع‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫شع‬‫أ‬‫حريه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إ‬)‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ا‬
‫حآ‬ ‫ىهنض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫و‬ ‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫يتن‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫اصش‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫إ‬‫اأ‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ي‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫قت‬-‫حإ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫هع‬ ‫جت‬
‫حأ‬‫شا‬ ‫حاذ‬ ‫ض‬‫إ‬‫نه‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ت‬‫اتل‬‫أ‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ن‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ىأ‬ ‫جت‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫ش‬‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىضا‬‫ج‬‫نا‬
‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫يض‬1411‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫ا‬1‫ىها‬ ‫لك‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫أثض‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫ىض‬ ‫ىن‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىش‬‫ي‬‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ىن‬‫ع‬‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫حرص‬ ‫حانوي‬ ‫جي‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ثش‬ ‫ي‬
‫ل‬ ‫اب‬‫ض‬‫حرر‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫يش‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ني‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حع‬‫ض‬ ‫حا‬‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫هغ‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫تنص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫نل‬ ‫حاجه‬9
‫ا‬1‫ل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حاتنش‬ ‫صهوض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫رش‬ ‫ي‬‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫رن‬171
‫ا‬9) ‫نا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ي‬171
(1) Farhad Kazemi, Poverty and Revolution in Iran, New York, 1980,
P.35.
‫ا‬1‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حاتنش‬ ‫صهوض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫رش‬ ‫ي‬184
‫ا‬1) ‫نا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ي‬179

22. 22
‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىيض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ن‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫أ‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ت‬‫ضش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ا‬
‫ينن‬ ‫حاا‬‫ا‬19‫ي‬
‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ا‬‫اح‬‫أ‬ ‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حان‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ل‬‫ن‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ن‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ا‬‫نهض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىسوض‬‫د‬ ‫ت‬‫ىش‬‫ا‬‫وش‬ ‫ىض‬‫و‬‫ي‬ ) ‫ى‬
‫انههه‬ ‫ااي‬‫ض‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ا‬‫حابض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ههأ‬ ‫حا‬‫اه‬ ‫عن‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫ض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬)‫ى‬ ‫شنهه‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫هها‬
)‫قهت‬ ‫شع‬)‫ى‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ىشع‬‫ي‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬‫ش‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬ ‫دح‬ ‫أ‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ه‬‫انه‬ ‫ىان‬ ‫رل‬ ‫ىن‬‫ب‬‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ىن‬‫ر‬‫أ‬‫ىهج‬ ‫ى‬‫د‬
‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫هه‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ىهجع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬‫ا‬19‫ي‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫شع‬‫أ‬‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حاا‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ث‬
‫ا‬9‫عن‬ ‫ي‬‫إ‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫قت‬‫ا‬ ‫حع‬‫ض‬‫حاد‬ ‫دضع‬ ‫يض‬1171‫ىها‬‫ه‬‫حاان‬ ‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫وتي‬ ‫ىهرهكي‬ ‫احا‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ج‬‫ض‬ ‫قهع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ى‬
‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫يتن‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫دإ‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ىذدض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫أا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىشا‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ىك‬‫ى‬‫ل‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ىذدض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫أا‬ ‫ىستنث‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حع‬ ‫ىهإات‬‫ى‬‫ه‬
‫ىهوق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىذش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حإ‬ ‫إا‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫بش‬ ‫ر‬ ‫أا‬‫ش‬199‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫؛‬
‫ي‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫هع‬ ‫حر‬ ‫حأ‬‫ض‬‫ت‬ ‫ض‬ ‫شن‬ ‫ع‬ ‫تنه‬‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫نن‬111
‫ا‬9‫ىهع‬‫ع‬ ‫ينن‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ت‬‫ضش‬ ‫شا‬ ‫ي‬1411‫ىل‬ ‫حاثهن‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ا‬‫ىضش‬ ‫احان‬ ‫ع‬1111‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ق‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ىش‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ن‬‫ي‬ ‫حا‬ ‫دهكع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫عل‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىيض‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫د‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ن‬‫ر‬ ‫ىض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىا‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬‫أ‬)‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ى‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬‫أ‬‫ا‬‫أ‬‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حأ‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫تنل‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬‫إ‬‫حاا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬ ‫احا‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حانل‬ ‫ة‬‫ىهادش‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫ىق‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ات‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫لي‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫أ‬‫ىيه‬‫ى‬
‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫حا‬ ‫اع‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫ع‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫أ‬‫ا‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬ ‫ينن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫تنل‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫إ‬‫ش‬ ‫ا‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫هها‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ن‬‫أ‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىهح‬‫ى‬‫ص‬
‫آ‬ ‫بيا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬ ‫حا‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ج‬‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ش‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫حاوضش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫و‬‫أ‬‫ج‬‫ش‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ث‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫جت‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫إو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ن‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫أ‬‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫و‬
‫حاوضشجض‬‫أ‬‫ا‬‫هع‬ ‫حإ‬‫ينن‬ ‫حاا‬‫أ‬‫عهع‬ ‫حضي‬‫ض‬ ‫حر‬ ‫اد‬ ‫ش‬ )‫دته‬ ‫شو‬1491‫حاذ‬)‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ ‫هجع‬
‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ي‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاجيه‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حانل‬ ‫ىهنها‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫حاوي‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬
‫تشاح‬‫إ‬‫ىض‬ )‫ن‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىهث‬ )‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ه‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىضدلتيا‬ ‫ه‬‫ىهع‬‫ع‬ ‫ىن‬‫ي‬‫تنت‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬1411‫ىهة‬‫ر‬‫وش‬‫آ‬‫ىل‬
‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫ا‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫حاوضش‬‫آ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫ت‬ ‫ىلث‬‫ى‬ ‫حاثهن‬‫ش‬ ‫لي‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حر‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫اح‬ ‫ذحضي‬‫أ‬
‫ن‬‫عهع‬ ‫ذ‬1411‫وشرهة‬‫آ‬‫رن‬ ‫هنن‬ ‫حاكه‬ ‫ل‬‫آ‬‫ذحض‬1411‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫دها‬ ‫حاذ‬‫أ‬‫نهضال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ع‬
‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ض‬ ‫ىها‬‫د‬ ‫ىضدلتيا‬ ‫حا‬ ‫د‬ ‫شرن‬ ‫يا‬ ‫حا‬ ‫عا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫هاص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ريؤ‬ ‫شدها‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫حاات‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ين‬ ‫حا‬
‫اه‬‫ض‬‫ثش‬‫ىضشا‬‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫حاتغييض‬ ‫ش‬ ‫شد‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫حاثش‬ ‫ننلبها‬ ‫ينن‬ ‫حاا‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬11484
77–41‫ىهوق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫حو‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ر‬‫ض‬‫حي‬ ‫؛‬191‫نن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫؛‬
‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫نه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ىدشض‬‫ى‬ ‫ىهاع‬‫ى‬ ‫ىلث‬‫ى‬ ‫تضج‬144114‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ب‬ ‫حانب‬ ‫؛‬
‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫نش‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ا‬‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حإ‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫عل‬ ‫ىهت‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫د‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حاوا‬1917‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
171–141‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حأنصهض‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫؛‬11-11
‫ا‬1‫ي‬‫هيضش‬‫أ‬‫احأ‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ىج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫يشاشج‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ح‬ ‫حا‬ ‫شدي‬‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ث‬‫ال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ىهت‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حاثبهر‬ ‫ى‬
‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬1487–1484‫ن‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬ ‫حاد‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫ر‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حاب‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حاش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫ع‬ ‫ىلث‬‫ى‬ ‫تضج‬ ‫ي‬

23. 23
‫ت‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬‫س‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫شتن‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ي‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ا‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫دتهتشض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىهاددع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬
‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫دح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫ته‬‫ا‬11‫ي‬
‫ح‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫قه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫شج‬ ‫ىضنل‬‫ى‬ ‫ا‬‫ىأ‬‫ى‬ ‫هب‬ ‫ىهرهكي‬‫ى‬ ‫احا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬
‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬18‫ي‬
‫ب‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىهان‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىشع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫حا‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ر‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬‫ش‬‫ح‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ا‬‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫د‬
‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫اض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ع‬ ‫احااه‬‫ا‬17‫ي‬
‫تع‬‫إ‬‫حإ‬ ‫عتبهو‬‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ن‬‫شع‬ ‫ىن‬‫ن‬‫ي‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ىهع‬‫إ‬‫ىض‬‫و‬‫ا‬ ‫ىض‬ ‫نت‬‫إ‬‫ىهو‬‫ب‬‫عت‬
‫حإ‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ي‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫ىد‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىضا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫نا‬‫أ‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ش‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫شن‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ع‬
‫أصاي‬‫ش‬ ‫ا‬‫ض‬‫شتو‬‫ل‬ ‫حن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ا‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫شغيض‬ ‫ها‬‫ا‬14‫ي‬
‫و‬ ‫ا‬‫ضش‬ ‫تهه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫قهع‬‫إ‬‫ىن‬‫ت‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫اش‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ىهنن‬‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ا‬‫ض‬‫شتا‬ ‫يض‬ ‫شت‬ ‫حب‬‫ض‬‫د‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫حجيتيع‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىضدها‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىنهعلي‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬‫إ‬‫ش‬ ‫ىهض‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ن‬‫أ‬‫ىتا‬‫ى‬‫ح‬‫ع‬
‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬ ‫حاشد‬ ‫حانن‬‫ح‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ا‬‫حأ‬‫ىه‬ ‫دهك‬ ‫ىيض‬‫ص‬‫ن‬ ‫حو‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حاج‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ي‬‫تن‬ ‫ىع‬‫ت‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫حانضر‬ ‫ىهع‬‫د‬‫د‬‫اه‬‫ض‬‫ىد‬ ‫ع‬
‫حا‬‫ض‬‫اني‬‫ا‬81‫ي‬
‫ىيا‬ ‫شا‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ىشع‬‫ي‬‫حا‬ ‫ىك‬‫ا‬‫ذ‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫قت‬ ‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ضا‬ ‫شق‬‫أ‬‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ي‬‫قت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬
) ‫ر‬ ‫تع‬ ‫حاذ‬ ‫حاشقا‬‫إ‬‫حآ‬ ‫عتبهو‬‫رب‬‫ا‬81‫ي‬
‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫هغ‬9‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫حنن‬ ‫ى‬‫صهوض‬ ‫؛‬191‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ته‬ /1198‫اا‬‫ض‬‫حر‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫د‬ ‫ثل‬ ‫اده‬
‫ق‬ ) ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬‫قع‬ ‫ندن‬ ‫رض‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫عي‬1171‫ى‬1
‫ا‬1‫ىهوق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىذش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ي‬199‫ىهوق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حاوا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬ ‫حانب‬ ‫؛‬
917
‫ا‬1‫ي‬‫إ‬‫ذ‬‫ا‬ ‫ت‬‫يهج‬‫ل‬‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ض‬ ‫حا‬‫ا‬ ‫حأ‬‫ش‬ ‫ضنل‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ضجهو‬ ‫قو‬ ‫ا‬‫هع‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬‫ض‬‫ته‬ ‫نصشض‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ج‬
19‫حيا‬‫ش‬‫ض‬ )‫ه‬ ‫ح‬ ‫اض‬‫إ‬‫ضد‬ ‫نه‬‫إ‬‫ىنه‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ن‬‫إ‬‫ن‬ ‫ى‬1187‫شع‬ ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ت‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬
4
‫ا‬9‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حات‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫نت‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫حات‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬‫أ‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫احا‬ ‫ىشع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫عت‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ىشع‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫أ‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫حا‬‫أ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ري‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫شتن‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫دت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ىهها‬‫ى‬ ‫نه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىهح‬‫ى‬‫ص‬
‫هن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاض‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬‫إ‬‫ة‬‫ض‬‫حاثش‬ ‫نتصهض‬‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫شا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ري‬11
‫ا‬1‫ىهوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىشض‬‫ص‬‫ن‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ج‬ ‫ي‬11‫؛‬Ervand Abrahamian, Radical Islam.
The Iranian Mojahedin, London, 1989, P.21.
‫ا‬1‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫نن‬ ‫حا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫حا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫حجأث‬‫ض‬ ‫التاهصي‬ ‫ي‬111–111
‫ا‬1‫ي‬‫د‬‫ة‬‫ض‬‫حاثش‬ ‫اق‬‫ض‬‫ن‬ ‫عل‬‫د‬‫ىض‬ ‫الن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫حر‬ ‫حض‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫ر‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حر‬ ‫حادضدل‬1‫ى‬‫ه‬1484
11

24. 24
‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ث‬‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫ىد‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫دهك‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ي‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حإ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬1411‫ا‬81‫ي‬
‫و‬ ‫شا‬‫ذاك‬‫إ‬‫نهضال‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ويا‬ ‫حجيها‬‫ش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ضا‬ ‫ت‬‫إ‬‫ا‬ ‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ت‬ ‫ذ‬‫حا‬‫ض‬ ‫ىه‬‫ه‬ ‫حا‬‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ى‬
‫أ‬‫ى‬‫اض‬‫ش‬‫ر‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ني‬ ‫نل‬ ‫جه‬ ‫شن‬ ‫حض‬ ‫حاهه‬ ‫تجهض‬ ‫لا‬‫س‬‫ش‬ ‫نل‬ ‫حاجه‬ ‫حاج‬ ‫قتدع‬‫ح‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫عت‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ح‬‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ث‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫حاجه‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫غل‬‫إ‬‫ىنهض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫آ‬‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬
‫اا‬‫ض‬ ‫تهه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫بهش‬ ‫ا‬ )‫ت‬ ‫شع‬ ‫عته‬ ‫هده‬‫ا‬81‫ي‬
‫أ‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫حأ‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫إ‬‫ىند‬‫ى‬‫و‬‫حرجن‬ ‫ويض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫درش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬
‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىهض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫إ‬‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ي‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ا‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ع‬‫إ‬‫ح‬‫ش‬ ‫ىتل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫أ‬‫ح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ن‬ ‫ىهويع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ت‬‫حأ‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫جه‬‫ا‬89‫ي‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫شش‬‫س‬‫ههإ‬ ‫ىديع‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫شن‬ ‫د‬‫ا‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫دضجن‬ ‫نيع‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫وت‬‫ا‬89‫ي‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬‫أ‬‫ى‬
‫حاتن‬ ‫اضنل‬ ‫حا‬ ‫شة‬ ‫حاب‬‫ش‬ )‫ه‬ ‫هها‬ ‫حا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫حاب‬‫إ‬‫ىشو‬‫ص‬‫حاش‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىل‬‫ا‬‫نهض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫يه‬ ‫ىتا‬
‫يا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ض‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ق‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫نب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ا‬81‫ي‬
‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫ذ‬‫أ‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ضد‬ ‫ا‬
) ‫شنهه‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫حاناهو‬
‫ى‬‫ع‬‫ش‬ ‫ىض‬‫ب‬‫شا‬ ‫جيل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫حنن‬‫ض‬‫حري‬ ‫و‬‫هض‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫اتي‬ ‫دهشال‬ ‫شرن‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬
‫جيل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ضش‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫حاده‬‫أ‬‫ىل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫قضضا‬ ‫ى‬‫اض‬‫إ‬‫ىن‬‫ن‬‫ي‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ىهع‬ ‫حر‬ ‫حت‬‫ض‬‫ى‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ا‬88‫ي‬
‫ا‬9‫حأ‬ ‫عل‬ ‫ينن‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫هع‬ ‫حر‬ ‫يج‬ ‫اع‬ ‫ي‬)‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ي‬‫شج‬ ‫حاتن‬ ‫لل‬‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ا‬ ‫ىق‬‫ي‬‫حاتدب‬‫إ‬‫ل‬ ‫ع‬‫ىض‬ ‫ه‬ )‫ى‬‫ر‬‫ح‬‫ض‬‫عت‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫نصشض‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ج‬ ‫ل‬ ‫دهك‬ ‫حا‬11–11
‫ا‬9‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫جذش‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬191–198
‫ا‬1‫ىهو‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ي‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬ ‫حر‬ ‫حأ‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬ ‫شن‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫تن‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ي‬‫ق‬181‫ىهض‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫حرن‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫؛‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬77–41
‫ا‬8‫ىهوق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حات‬ ‫ىهوض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫رش‬ ‫ي‬
181
‫ا‬1‫ىهوق‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ح‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حال‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫حات‬ ‫ىهوض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫رش‬ ‫ي‬
149
‫ا‬1‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ي‬‫إ‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ي‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬ ‫حإ‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫عت‬‫أ‬‫د‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫دح‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ا‬ )‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ند‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ياي‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫اض‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ين‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫جت‬
‫اق‬‫ض‬‫حان‬ ‫ابنأ‬‫أ‬‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ن‬‫ي‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ىهع‬ ‫حر‬ ‫حأ‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ىض‬ ‫شن‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ى‬‫ه‬‫تن‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫ؤ‬ )‫ت‬ ‫دهك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫هع‬
‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬181‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حرنصهض‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫؛‬41–41

25. 25
‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫شغ‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاب‬‫ش‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫د‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫آ‬1411‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ىنتي‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ن‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ت‬ ‫ع‬
‫حإ‬‫حا‬‫ض‬‫ني‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حشش‬ ‫حا‬ ‫رن‬ ‫ال‬‫ض‬‫حاجو‬ ‫ل‬ ‫قه‬‫ا‬87‫ي‬
‫ىهاا‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫إ‬‫ىضض‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ت‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬‫ىضش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاده‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬‫إ‬‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬ ‫حؤ‬‫ض‬‫ج‬
‫أ‬‫يلشو‬1411‫حأ‬ ‫دشنيه‬ ‫وق‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ياتل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ه‬‫ىهاد‬‫ا‬ ‫حاو‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ىش‬‫ث‬‫دحا‬ ‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ىه‬‫ي‬‫نشع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫شا‬
‫حإ‬ ‫ايذ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حاتيي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫شق‬‫نيا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ه‬ ‫نتاههها‬‫ا‬84‫ي‬
‫ىض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬ ‫ىشع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫تد‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ا‬‫أ‬‫ىشو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ي‬1411‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫جل‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬‫ه‬‫ا‬71‫ي‬
‫حإ‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫نتي‬ ‫ىهاا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ش‬‫ىذاك‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ب‬‫ش‬ ‫ىلنل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىدن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫تد‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫نتاه‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىبط‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬
‫إ‬‫دشو‬ )‫عهاحت‬‫إ‬‫ة‬‫ض‬‫د‬ ‫نتاههها‬‫ا‬71‫ي‬
‫حأ‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ر‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ج‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬‫ىضش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حان‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاده‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫إرتت‬‫شو‬
1411‫ع‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ثع‬‫أ‬‫علع‬‫إ‬‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫تكلي‬ ‫شتع‬ )‫تبهات‬‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ىش‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىدي‬ ‫ات‬ ‫نصشض‬ ‫لن‬
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ش‬‫س‬‫ش‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫اضا‬‫ح‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫د‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ح‬ ‫ىش‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىت‬‫ى‬‫آ‬‫ىيض‬‫ى‬ ‫ىط‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫آ‬‫ذحض‬1419‫ىه‬‫ى‬‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىهشو‬‫ى‬‫د‬
‫حأ‬ ‫ىشض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ن‬‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ىيا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫و‬ ‫حا‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫حأ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ات‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ض‬ ‫ىهض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ه‬‫هد‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ت‬
‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫ين‬ ‫حا‬‫ا‬71‫ي‬
‫ش‬ ‫ىذدض‬‫ى‬‫ي‬ ‫ىهت‬‫ى‬‫ج‬‫ن‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىض‬‫ى‬ ‫تث‬ ‫ىع‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫را‬‫ىهش‬‫ى‬‫د‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬ ‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ك‬‫ا‬‫أ‬‫و‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫هتيه‬ ‫حع‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ىاضا‬‫ى‬
‫حأ‬‫دبل‬ ‫حا‬ ‫يض‬
‫ا‬1‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ه‬ ‫ي‬‫إ‬‫يا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫عل‬ ‫حت‬‫ض‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫أ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫تش‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ىن‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ‫ة‬‫ض‬‫ىذد‬‫ى‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬ ‫حاددش‬ ‫ضا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ص‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫حانل‬‫ش‬ ‫ليه‬
‫ىهب‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫حت‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ق‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫ىها‬‫ى‬ ‫عل‬ ‫ا‬‫إ‬‫ىذ‬‫ى‬‫د‬‫ش‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫عتض‬‫حإ‬ ‫ىذ‬‫ى‬ ‫ح‬‫ش‬‫و‬‫ىا‬‫ى‬‫ا‬‫د‬ ‫ىنث‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫ي‬ ‫حاا‬ ‫ىهع‬‫ى‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ىهو‬‫ى‬‫ق‬‫ش‬ ‫ىهاحا‬‫ى‬‫ع‬
‫أ‬‫ىهوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ى‬‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ى‬‫ىض‬‫ي‬ ‫ىه‬‫ا‬‫ض‬ ‫ىن‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫نبلد‬ ‫حا‬ ‫حا‬ ‫شصلا‬ ‫اش‬ ‫دت‬ ‫نيع‬ ]‫[حتاق‬ ‫ع‬ ‫تاه‬
117–191
‫ا‬9‫ى‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫نن‬ ‫حا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫حا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫حجأث‬‫ض‬ ‫حرنتاههها‬ ‫عا‬ ‫التاهصي‬ ‫ي‬‫هوق‬111
119‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫دشتهع‬ ‫هض‬ ‫ات‬‫ض‬ ‫؛‬991
(5) Hossein Amirsadeghi, Twentieth Century Iran, New York, 1977,
P.86.
‫ا‬1‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫دشتهع‬ ‫هض‬ ‫ات‬‫ض‬ ‫ي‬998
‫ا‬1‫هوق‬ ‫حا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حا‬ ‫نن‬ ‫حا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫حا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬119-111