17.pleurisy.pptx
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Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, the thin sac surrounding the lungs. It causes chest pain that worsens with breathing or movement. There are two types - dry pleurisy where the inflamed pleura rub together, and wet pleurisy where fluid accumulates in the pleural space. Causes include infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases, trauma, and other medical issues. Diagnosis involves imaging and tests to identify the underlying cause. Treatment focuses on relieving pain and addressing the cause through antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, rest, and draining large fluid accumulations.
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Pleurisy
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura covering the lungs and chest wall. It is commonly caused by pneumonia, tuberculosis, pulmonary embolism, or trauma. The inflammation irritates sensory fibers and causes sharp, knifelike pain during inspiration that may radiate to the shoulder or abdomen. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, sputum examination, or thoracentesis. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause and pain relief through analgesics, heat/cold, or nerve blocks. Complications can include pleural effusions or respiratory issues from shallow breathing.
Pleurisy
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, the thin lining of tissue that surrounds the lungs. It causes sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing. The document discusses the types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of pleurisy. The main causes are infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and viruses. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, fluid analysis, and other tests. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause through antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, pain medication, and procedures to drain fluid from the lungs.
PLEURISY BY TARIQ GILL
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, the lining around the lungs. It causes sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing. Pleurisy is often associated with excess fluid accumulating between the pleural layers (pleural effusion). The condition has various causes like infections, cancer, heart failure, or trauma. Symptoms include chest pain, cough, and shortness of breath. Doctors diagnose pleurisy through examination finding a pleural friction rub, and chest imaging can detect pleural effusions. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause.
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition characterized by abnormal dilation of the bronchi. It can be caused by airway obstruction, pulmonary infections, genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis, or idiopathic factors. Symptoms include persistent cough with large amounts of sputum, hemoptysis, and clubbing of the fingers. Diagnosis is made through chest imaging like HRCT. Treatment focuses on clearing secretions through postural drainage, chest physiotherapy, antibiotics, bronchodilators, and smoking cessation. Nursing management centers on helping patients perform breathing exercises and techniques to clear pulmonary secretions.
Boils
A boil is a painful skin infection caused by bacteria that starts in a hair follicle or oil gland. Boils most commonly occur on the neck, armpits, shoulders, buttocks, and face. They are precipitated by factors like diabetes, poor hygiene, and skin irritation. Treatment involves applying warm compresses, draining pus, administering antibiotics, and using homeopathic remedies like Belladonna or Hepar Sulphur to bring the boil to a head and aid healing. Preventing the spread of infection requires cleaning clothes and wounds as well as maintaining good hygiene.
Pleurisy.ppt
Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleural leaves that causes the accumulation of fluid or fibrin in the pleural cavity. It can be infectious or non-infectious in nature. Pleural effusions are accumulations of fluid in the pleural cavity that can have various causes, including inflammation. Pleurisy is diagnosed through physical exam findings, imaging studies like x-rays or ultrasounds, and diagnostic thoracentesis to analyze pleural fluid. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, relieving symptoms, and draining excess fluid or purulent material from the pleural cavity.
Chronic bronchitis & emphysema
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are both forms of COPD characterized by airflow obstruction. Chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes causing excess mucus. Emphysema damages air sacs in the lungs reducing their elasticity. The main symptoms are shortness of breath and cough. Smoking is the primary cause and treatments include bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and exercise.
Cor pulmonale
Cor pulmonale, or right heart failure, is caused by high blood pressure in the pulmonary artery and right ventricle due to conditions that restrict pulmonary blood flow such as chronic lung diseases. It develops when pulmonary hypertension leads to enlargement and failure of the right ventricle. Symptoms include shortness of breath, leg swelling, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like echocardiogram and chest x-ray, and assessing pulmonary pressures. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying lung condition, giving diuretics and vasodilators, and may involve oxygen therapy or lung transplantation in severe cases.
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Pleurisy
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura covering the lungs and chest wall. It is commonly caused by pneumonia, tuberculosis, pulmonary embolism, or trauma. The inflammation irritates sensory fibers and causes sharp, knifelike pain during inspiration that may radiate to the shoulder or abdomen. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, sputum examination, or thoracentesis. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause and pain relief through analgesics, heat/cold, or nerve blocks. Complications can include pleural effusions or respiratory issues from shallow breathing.
Pleurisy
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, the thin lining of tissue that surrounds the lungs. It causes sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing. The document discusses the types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of pleurisy. The main causes are infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and viruses. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, fluid analysis, and other tests. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause through antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, pain medication, and procedures to drain fluid from the lungs.
PLEURISY BY TARIQ GILL
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, the lining around the lungs. It causes sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing. Pleurisy is often associated with excess fluid accumulating between the pleural layers (pleural effusion). The condition has various causes like infections, cancer, heart failure, or trauma. Symptoms include chest pain, cough, and shortness of breath. Doctors diagnose pleurisy through examination finding a pleural friction rub, and chest imaging can detect pleural effusions. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause.
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition characterized by abnormal dilation of the bronchi. It can be caused by airway obstruction, pulmonary infections, genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis, or idiopathic factors. Symptoms include persistent cough with large amounts of sputum, hemoptysis, and clubbing of the fingers. Diagnosis is made through chest imaging like HRCT. Treatment focuses on clearing secretions through postural drainage, chest physiotherapy, antibiotics, bronchodilators, and smoking cessation. Nursing management centers on helping patients perform breathing exercises and techniques to clear pulmonary secretions.
Boils
A boil is a painful skin infection caused by bacteria that starts in a hair follicle or oil gland. Boils most commonly occur on the neck, armpits, shoulders, buttocks, and face. They are precipitated by factors like diabetes, poor hygiene, and skin irritation. Treatment involves applying warm compresses, draining pus, administering antibiotics, and using homeopathic remedies like Belladonna or Hepar Sulphur to bring the boil to a head and aid healing. Preventing the spread of infection requires cleaning clothes and wounds as well as maintaining good hygiene.
Pleurisy.ppt
Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleural leaves that causes the accumulation of fluid or fibrin in the pleural cavity. It can be infectious or non-infectious in nature. Pleural effusions are accumulations of fluid in the pleural cavity that can have various causes, including inflammation. Pleurisy is diagnosed through physical exam findings, imaging studies like x-rays or ultrasounds, and diagnostic thoracentesis to analyze pleural fluid. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, relieving symptoms, and draining excess fluid or purulent material from the pleural cavity.
Chronic bronchitis & emphysema
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are both forms of COPD characterized by airflow obstruction. Chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes causing excess mucus. Emphysema damages air sacs in the lungs reducing their elasticity. The main symptoms are shortness of breath and cough. Smoking is the primary cause and treatments include bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and exercise.
Cor pulmonale
Cor pulmonale, or right heart failure, is caused by high blood pressure in the pulmonary artery and right ventricle due to conditions that restrict pulmonary blood flow such as chronic lung diseases. It develops when pulmonary hypertension leads to enlargement and failure of the right ventricle. Symptoms include shortness of breath, leg swelling, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like echocardiogram and chest x-ray, and assessing pulmonary pressures. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying lung condition, giving diuretics and vasodilators, and may involve oxygen therapy or lung transplantation in severe cases.
Carbuncle
A carbuncle is a cluster of boils caused by Staphylococcus aureus infection of the subcutaneous tissue, commonly occurring in diabetic patients or those with poor immunity. It presents as a red, swollen, and painful lump, usually on the neck, back or shoulders. Risk factors include diabetes, poor hygiene, weak immune system, and activities that break the skin. Treatment involves antibiotics, pain relief, improving health, and potentially surgery to drain pus if multiple abscesses form.
Buerger’s disease
Buerger's disease is a progressive inflammatory disease that causes blockages in small and medium blood vessels, most commonly in the lower limbs of young and middle-aged male smokers. It presents with symptoms like intermittent claudication pain, rest pain, ulceration, and gangrene. Investigations show decreased or absent pulses distal to blockages. Angiography reveals blockages, corkscrew collaterals, and poor distal blood flow in advanced cases. Treatment focuses on quitting smoking and medications to reduce inflammation and promote collateral circulation. Surgery may be needed for severe cases involving amputation or revascularization procedures like omentoplasty.
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Buerger's disease, also called thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO), is an inflammatory vascular disease that causes the small and medium arteries of the limbs to narrow and become blocked. It most commonly affects the arteries in the legs and feet. The disease is more common in men than women and usually presents between the ages of 20-45. Smoking is a major risk factor, with over 99% of patients with Buerger's disease being smokers. Treatment focuses on cessation of smoking and may include medications to improve blood flow, surgical procedures, and rehabilitation involving exercise and mobility training.
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Buerger's disease is a non-atherosclerotic, inflammatory disease that causes blockages in the small and medium arteries and veins of the limbs, especially the legs. It is strongly associated with tobacco use and is characterized by recurring blood clots and inflammation within blood vessels that supply the arms and legs. The main symptoms are pain, discoloration, and ulcers in the legs that worsen with walking or standing. Treatment focuses on complete cessation of tobacco use and medications or surgery to improve blood flow.
Folliculitis,boil( Furuncle), carbuncle
Folliculitis is an infection and inflammation of one or more hair follicles that can occur anywhere on the skin except the palms and soles. It has infectious causes like Staphylococcus aureus and non-infectious causes such as chemicals or mechanical irritation. Treatment depends on the cause and severity but includes topical or oral antibiotics. Boils are infections of a single hair follicle by S. aureus that appear as painful swellings, while carbuncles are larger aggregations of interconnected boils involving deeper tissue. Both require incision, drainage and systemic antibiotics.
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PLEURAL EFFUSION.pptx
1) A pleural effusion is an abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It can impair breathing by limiting lung expansion.
2) Pleural effusions are usually caused by other underlying conditions and can be transudative or exudative depending on the fluid characteristics. Common causes include infections, heart failure, and cancer.
3) Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging tests, and thoracentesis to analyze pleural fluid. Management depends on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, diuretics, chest tube drainage, surgery, or pleurodesis to prevent further fluid buildup.
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Clubbing refers to enlargement of the fingers and toes, particularly on the dorsal surface at the nail bed. It is graded based on changes to the nail bed and angle of the finger. Clubbing is associated with lung, heart, gastrointestinal and endocrine diseases. Some common causes that can be remembered with the acronym CLUBBING include congenital heart diseases, lung diseases, and cancers of the lungs, liver or bowels. Current evidence suggests clubbing may be caused by platelets that normally break down in the lungs but in lung diseases reach the extremities, releasing growth factors that stimulate connective tissue proliferation and clubbing. Clinical tests to assess clubbing include checking for nail bed fluctuation, loss of the Lovib
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Buerger's disease, also called thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO), is an inflammatory vascular disease that causes the small and medium arteries of the limbs to narrow and become blocked. It most commonly affects the arteries in the legs and feet. The disease is more common in men than women and usually presents between the ages of 20-45. Smoking is a major risk factor, with over 99% of patients with Buerger's disease being smokers. Treatment focuses on cessation of smoking and may include medications to improve blood flow, surgical procedures, and rehabilitation involving exercise and mobility training.
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This document discusses haemothorax, which is the presence of blood in the pleural space. It can be caused by trauma, medical issues like pulmonary embolism, or iatrogenically. Clinical presentation includes chest pain, dyspnea, and reduced breath sounds on the affected side. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, CT scan, or ultrasound. Treatment depends on the cause but typically involves insertion of a chest tube for drainage. Complications can include clot retention, infection, or effusion. Physiotherapy may include deep breathing exercises, mobilization, and assisted coughing to improve ventilation and clear secretions.
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Tuberculosis of bones and joints
1) Tuberculosis can infect bones and joints, with the spine being a common site. Other sites include the skull, phalanges, and greater trochanter.
2) Risk factors include malnutrition, poor sanitation, crowded living conditions, and immunodeficiency. Radiographs are used to diagnose and assess bone destruction and joint space narrowing.
3) Advanced imaging like CT and MRI help evaluate bone marrow edema, paravertebral abscesses, and spinal cord compression. Ultrasound can detect tuberculous abscesses. Joint involvement may initially cause effusions before erosions occur.
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This document provides information on sarcoidosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown cause that most commonly affects the lungs. It discusses the typical presentation and involvement of organs, diagnostic testing including imaging and biopsy findings, differential diagnoses, prognosis, and treatment approaches including corticosteroids as first-line therapy and immunosuppressants for refractory disease. The goal of treatment is to control inflammation and symptoms, with corticosteroids being the mainstay but other agents used if there is no response or for life-threatening disease.
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Clubbing refers to focal swelling of the fingers and toes caused by proliferation of connective tissue between the nail matrix and distal phalanx. It is characterized by increased transverse and anteroposterior diameter of the nails. Clubbing can be examined by measuring angles like the Lovibond angle and hyponychial angle. The degree of clubbing is classified from 10 to 40 based on features present. Common causes of clubbing include cyanotic heart disease, lung diseases like bronchiectasis and cystic fibrosis, gastrointestinal conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, and infections like endocarditis. Clubbing is a nonspecific physical finding that may indicate underlying chronic diseases or conditions.
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clinical features of tb - Copy.ppt
1) Cough is the most common symptom of pulmonary tuberculosis. It can be dry or productive. Chronic cough of more than 2 weeks should be investigated for tuberculosis.
2) Hemoptysis, or coughing up blood, can occur in tuberculosis due to endobronchitis, ruptured blood vessels, or cavitary lesions invading blood vessels. Massive hemoptysis is a life-threatening complication.
3) Dyspnea, or shortness of breath, can present in advanced pulmonary tuberculosis due to extensive lung damage and decreased lung capacity or complications such as bronchial obstruction or fluid in the lungs.
RESPIRATORY DISTURBANCE.pptx
This document discusses several respiratory diseases including pulmonary emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atelectasis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, asthma, and respiratory failure. Pulmonary emphysema involves damage to the alveoli walls of the lungs due to smoking or air pollution, reducing lung function. Pneumonia is a lung infection that causes inflammation of the alveoli. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs. Asthma involves constriction of the bronchioles causing difficulty breathing. Respiratory failure occurs when the lungs can no longer effectively oxygenate the blood or remove carbon dioxide.
Om pleural effusion
The document defines and describes pleural effusion, which is an abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. There are two main types of pleural effusions - transudative and exudative. Transudative effusions are caused by increased pressure or low protein in blood vessels, while exudative effusions are caused by inflammation or injury leading to fluid leakage. Common causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options are discussed. Treatment aims to remove fluid, prevent reaccumulation, and address the underlying cause. Complications can include lung damage or infection if fluid is present for a long time.
introduction to basic knowledge onulcer.pptx
This document discusses cutaneous ulcers, sinuses, and fistulae. It defines these conditions and describes their causes, clinical features, classification, and treatment approaches. Sinuses are blind tracts lined with granulation tissue that open on the skin and can be congenital or acquired due to unresolved infection. Fistulae are abnormal communications between epithelial surfaces, which can be congenital or acquired due to conditions like abscesses, trauma, or infections. The document outlines evaluation and management strategies for these conditions depending on their underlying etiology.
Pleural effusion
A 65-year-old male smoker presented with left-sided chest pain and difficulty breathing for 2 weeks and was found to have a left pleural effusion secondary to tuberculosis based on symptoms, examination findings showing dullness and absent breath sounds on the left side, and imaging showing pleural effusion on the left.
Necrotizing fasciitis
Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare but serious bacterial infection that rapidly destroys skin, fat, and muscle tissue. It begins as pain, swelling, and redness in the area of infection. The bacteria release toxins that kill tissue and the infection spreads quickly. Treatment requires intravenous antibiotics, extensive surgery to remove dead tissue, and sometimes amputation of limbs. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent death from shock or organ failure.
Lungs abscess and bronchitis
Lung abscesses are collections of pus within the lung tissue that can develop from infections like pneumonia or from aspirating foreign materials. Symptoms may include cough, fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, CT scans, and sputum cultures. Treatment consists of antibiotics chosen based on culture results, drainage procedures, and occasionally surgery for complications. Nursing care focuses on airway clearance techniques, nutrition, pain management, and educating patients on long-term antibiotic use and preventing recurrence.
Respiratory system 1
This document discusses the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of various respiratory diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, lung abscess, empyema, pleural effusion, and pneumothorax. It describes the inflammatory processes, risk factors, symptoms, and management approaches for each condition. Diagnostic tests include chest x-rays, pulmonary function tests, arterial blood gases, and sputum/fluid analysis. Treatment involves identifying causative agents, administering appropriate antibiotics and bronchodilators, draining fluid collections, and managing complications like respiratory failure.
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17.pleurisy.pptx
- 1. PLEURISY
- 2. INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION • Review anatomy of pleura: parietal Vs visceral • They are separated by a thin layer of fluid. • Allows smooth expansion and contraction of lungs during breathing. • Pleurisy: inflammation of this sac. • The inflammation →pain with breathing and effusion. • May leave scars (adhesions) after healing. • They then have chronic pain or SOB.
- 3. TYPES OF PLEURISY • Two types o dry and o wet pleurisy. • Dry pleurisy: more common o Inflamed pleurae rub directly against each other. • Wet pleurisy: fluid oozes from the inflammation →effusion →compress the lungs →DIB. • Both may result from respiratory infections complications (pneumonia, viral, and TB)
- 4. CAUSES OF PLEURISY Many causes: • Infectious: virus, bacteria, fungus, TB, parasites • Cancer: mesothelioma or metastases • Collagen vascular disease: SLE, RA, sarcoidosis, scleroderma • Trauma: bruised or broken ribs • GI disease: pancreatitis, peritonitis, liver abscess or collection of pus under diaphragm • Drug rxn: methotrexate and penicillin
- 5. Other Causes • Uremia • Blood clot in lung • Radiotherapy • SCD • Chemotherapy drugs • Asbestos • HIV
- 6. CLINICAL FEATURES Chest Pain • Most common symptom. • Sharp, stabbing pain, may also be dull or a burning sensation. • Worse on deep breath, cough, or move around. • Better on shallow breaths or lie on affected side. • Reason for seeking medical attention.
- 7. Clinical features… Cough • Depends on the cause. • Dry or productive or haemoptysis. Shortness of Breath (SOB) • May be due to underlying cause (blood clot in lungs, pneumonia) Fever • Depending on the cause of the pleurisy.
- 8. Clinical features… Signs of Pleurisy • Pleural rub (each breath in a case of dry pleurisy. • Tender overlying skin. • Findings reflect underlying cause (e.g. emphysema, pneumonia, pneumothorax, lung collapsed etc).
- 9. MANAGEMENT OF PLEURISY • Refer for diagnosis and treatment • Give pre referral treatment. Diagnosis • Dx is made only after R/o other more serious causes • Diagnostic pleural tap • Tuberculin test may be done • CXR: detect the presence of pleural effusion • ECG
- 10. Management cont… Treatment • Treat underlying infection or disease • Encourage resting: relieve symptoms. • Strap chest firmly with an adhesive elastic bandage sometimes recommended. o But may prevent deep breathing and coughing up of mucus necessary to clear respiratory tract.
- 11. Management cont… • Anti-inflammatory steroids and NSAIDs are effective in relieving inflammation and pain • Less pain if lie on the affected side. • Avoid exertion or doing anything that would cause to breathe hard. • Huge effusion: may need to be drained.
- 12. PREVENTION • Most pleurisy are due to infection and is unavoidable. • Can avoid severe pleuritic CP by early Dx and Rx with anti-inflammatory drugs.