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Ben Jonson (Benjamin Jonson, c. 11 June 1572 – 6 August 1637) was a Jacobean playwright,
poet, and literary critic, of the seventeenth century, whose artistry exerted a lasting impact upon
English poetry and stage comedy. Ben Jonson is best known for the satirical plays Every Man in
His Humour (1598), Volpone, or The Foxe (1605), The Alchemist (1610), and Bartholomew
Fayre: A Comedy (1614), and for his Lyric poetry; he is generally regarded as the second most
important English dramatist, after William Shakespeare, during the reign of James I. [1]
The literary artist Ben Jonson was a Classically educated, well-read, and cultured man of the
English Renaissance (1485) with an appetite for controversy (personal and political, artistic and
intellectual) whose cultural influence was of unparalleled breadth upon the playwrights and the
poets of the Jacobean era (1603–1625) and of the Caroline era (1625–1642).[2][3]
Ben Jonson said that his family originated from the folk of the Anglo-Scottish border country,
which genealogy is verified by the three spindles (rhombi) in the Jonson family coat of arms; the

2. spindle is a diamond-shaped heraldic device shared with the Border-country Johnstone family of
Annandale. His clergyman father died two months before Ben's birth; two years later, his mother
remarried, to a master bricklayer.[4][5] Jonson attended school in St. Martin's Lane; and later, a
family friend paid for his studies at Westminster School, where the antiquarian, historian,
topographer, and officer of arms, William Camden (1551–1623) was one of his instructors
On leaving Westminster School, Jonson was to have attended the University of Cambridge, to
continue his book learning As an actor, Jonson was the protagonist “Hieronimo” (Geronimo) in
the play The Spanish Tragedy (ca. 1586), by Thomas Kyd (1558–94), the first revenge tragedy in
English literature. Moreover, by 1597, he was a working playwright employed by Philip
Henslowe, the leading producer for the English public theatre; by the next year, the production of
Every Man in His Humour (1598) had established Ben Jonson’s reputation as a dramatist.[7][8]
; in 1598 he was mentioned by Francis Meres in his Palladis Tamia as one of "the best for
tragedy." None of his early tragedies survives, however. An undated comedy, The Case is
Altered, may be his earliest surviving play.
In 1597 a play which he co-wrote with Thomas Nashe, The Isle of Dogs, was suppressed after
causing great offence. Arrest warrants for Jonson and Nashe were issued by Queen Elizabeth I's
so-called interrogator, Richard Topcliffe. Jonson was jailed in Marshalsea Prison
In 1598 Jonson produced his first great success, Every Man in His Humour
Royal patronageAt the beginning of the reign of James I, King of England, in 1603
Jonson joined other poets and playwrights in welcoming the new king
The period between 1605 and 1620 may be viewed as Jonson's heyday. By 1616 he had
produced all the plays on which his present reputation as a dramatist is based, including the
tragedy Catiline (acted and printed 1611), which achieved limited success, and the comedies
Volpone, (acted 1605 and printed in 1607), Epicoene, or the Silent Woman (1609), The Alchemist
(1610), Bartholomew Fair (1614) and The Devil is an Ass (1616).
Despite the strokes that he suffered in the 1620s, Jonson continued to write. At his death in 1637
he seems to have been working on another play, The Sad Shepherd
Jonson died on 6 August 1637 and his funeral was held on 9 August. He is buried in the north
aisle of the nave in Westminster Abbey
DramaApart from two tragedies, Sejanus and Catiline, that largely failed to impress
Renaissance audiences, Jonson's work for the public theatres was in comedy. These plays vary in
some respects. The minor early plays, particularly those written for boy players
." Another early comedy in a different vein, The Case is Altered, is markedly similar to
Shakespeare's romantic comedies

3. The comedies of his middle career, from Eastward Ho to The Devil is an Ass are for the most
part city comedy, ". His late plays or "dotages", particularly The Magnetic Lady
Poetry
Jonson's poetry, like his drama, is informed by his classical learning
the most famous are his country-house poem “To Penshurst” and the poem “To Celia” (“Come,
my Celia, let us prove”) that appears also in Volpone.
Jonson's works
Plays
 A Tale of a Tub, comedy (c. 1596 revised? performed 1633; printed 1640)
 The Isle of Dogs, comedy (1597, with Thomas Nashe; lost)
 The Case is Altered, comedy (c. 1597–98; printed 1609), with Henry Porter and Anthony
Munday?
 Every Man in His Humour, comedy (performed 1598; printed 1601)
 Every Man out of His Humour, comedy ( performed 1599; printed 1600)
 Cynthia's Revels (performed 1600; printed 1601)
 The Poetaster, comedy (performed 1601; printed 1602)
 Sejanus His Fall, tragedy (performed 1603; printed 1605)
 Eastward Ho, comedy (performed and printed 1605), a collaboration with John Marston
and George Chapman
 Volpone, comedy (c. 1605–06; printed 1607)
 Epicoene, or the Silent Woman, comedy (performed 1609; printed 1616)
 The Alchemist, comedy (performed 1610; printed 1612)
 Catiline His Conspiracy, tragedy (performed and printed 1611)
 Bartholomew Fair, comedy (performed 31 October 1614; printed 1631)
 The Devil is an Ass, comedy (performed 1616; printed 1631)
 The Staple of News, comedy (performed Feb. 1626; printed 1631)
 The New Inn, or The Light Heart, comedy (licensed 19 January 1629; printed 1631)
 The Magnetic Lady, or Humors Reconciled, comedy (licensed 12 October 1632; printed
1641)
 The Sad Shepherd, pastoral (c. 1637, printed 1641), unfinished
 Mortimer his Fall, history (printed 1641), a fragment
Masques
 The Coronation Triumph, or The King's Entertainment (performed 15 March 1604;
printed 1604); with Thomas Dekker
 A Private Entertainment of the King and Queen on May-Day (The Penates) (1 May 1604;
printed 1616)

4.  The Entertainment of the Queen and Prince Henry at Althorp (The Satyr) (25 June 1603;
printed 1604)
 The Masque of Blackness (6 January 1605; printed 1608)
 Hymenaei (5 January 1606; printed 1606)
 The Entertainment of the Kings of Great Britain and Denmark (The Hours) (24 July
1606; printed 1616)
 The Masque of Beauty (10 January 1608; printed 1608)
The Masque of Queens (2 February 1609; printed 1609
Other works
 Epigrams (1612)
 The Forest (1616), including To Penshurst
 On My First Sonne (1616), elegy
 A Discourse of Love (1618)
 Barclay's Argenis, translated by Jonson (1623)
 The Execration against Vulcan (1640)
 Horace's Art of Poetry, translated by Jonson (1640), with a commendatory verse by
Edward Herbert
 Underwood (1640)
Jonathan Swift was born in Dublin, Ireland. He was the second child and only son of Jonathan
Swift (1640–1667) and his wife Abigail Erick (or Herrick), of Frisby on the Wreake.[3] His
father, a native of Goodrich, Herefordshire
he attended Dublin University (Trinity College, Dublin), from where he received his B.A. in
1686, and developed his friendship with William Congreve. Swift was studying for his Master's
degree During this second stay with Temple, Swift received his M.A. from Hart Hall, Oxford in
1692.
While at Kilroot, however, Swift may well have become romantically involved with Jane
Waring, whom he called "Varina", the sister of an old college friend.[6]
. During this time Swift wrote The Battle of the Books, a satire responding to critics of Temple's
Essay upon Ancient and Modern Learning(1690), although Battle was not published until 1704.
Writer
In February 1702, Swift received his Doctor of Divinity degree from Trinity College, Dublin.
During his visits to England in these years, Swift published A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the
Books (1704) and began to gain a reputation as a writer. In 1711, Swift published the political
pamphlet "The Conduct of the Allies," attacking the Whig government for its inability to end the
prolonged war with France.

5. Swift was part of the inner circle of the Tory government,[11] and often acted as mediator
between Henry St John (Viscount Bolingbroke) the secretary of state for foreign affairs (1710–
15) and Robert Harley (Earl of Oxford) lord treasurer and prime minister (1711–1714). Also
during these years, he began writing his masterpiece, Travels into Several Remote Nations of the
World, in Four Parts, by Lemuel Gulliver, first a surgeon, and then a captain of several ships,
better known as Gulliver's Travels.
 A Meditation upon a Broomstick" (1703–1710): Full text: munseys.com
 "A Critical Essay upon the Faculties of the Mind" (1707–1711)
 The Bickerstaff-Partridge Papers (1708–1709): Full text: U of Adelaide
 "An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity" (1708–1711): Full text: U of Adelaide
 The Intelligencer (with Thomas Sheridan) (1719–1788): Text: Project Gutenberg
 The Examiner (1710): Texts: Ourcivilisation.com, Project Gutenberg
 "A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue" (1712):
Full texts: Jack Lynch, U of Virginia
 "On the Conduct of the Allies" (1713)
 "Hints Toward an Essay on Conversation" (1713): Full text: Bartleby.com
 "A Letter to a Young Gentleman, Lately Entered into Holy Orders" (1720)
 "A Letter of Advice to a Young Poet" (1721): Full text: Bartleby.com
 Drapier's Letters (1724, 1725): Full text: Project Gutenberg
 "Bon Mots de Stella" (1726): a curiously irrelevant appendix to "Gulliver's Travels"
"A Modest Proposal", perhaps the most notable satire in English
William Congreve (24 January 1670 – 19 January 1729) was an English playwright and poet.
Early life
Congreve was born in Bardsey, West Yorkshire, England (near Leeds).[note 1] His parents were
William Congreve (1637–1708) and his wife, Mary (née Browning; 1636?–1715); a sister was
buried in London in 1672. He spent his childhood in Ireland, where his father, a Cavalier, had
settled during the reign of Charles II. Congreve was educated at Trinity College in Dublin
Literary career
William Congreve wrote some of the most popular English plays of the Restoration period of the
late 17th century. By the age of thirty, he had written four comedies, including Love for Love
(premiered 30 April 1695) and The Way of the World (premiered 1700), and one tragedy, The
Mourning Bride (1697)
As early as 1710, he suffered both from gout and from cataracts on his eyes. Congreve suffered a
carriage accident in late September 1728, from which he never recovered (having probably
received an internal injury); he died in London in January 1729, and was buried in Poets' Corner
in Westminster Abbey.

6. In 1693 Congreve's real career began, and early enough by the latest computation, with the brilliant
appearance and instant success ofhis first comedy, The Old Bachelor, under the generous auspices of
Dryden, his second comedy;for the following yearwitnessed the crowning triumph ofhis art and life, in
the appearance of Love for Love (1695) In 1700 Congrevethus replied to Collier with The Way ofthe
World — the unequalled and unapproached masterpiece ofEnglish comedy,
The fame of the greatest English comic dramatistis founded wholly or mainly on but three ofhis five
plays. His first comedy was little morethan a brilliant study after such models as were eclipsed by this
earliest effort of their imitato
Poetic diction is the term used to refer to the linguistic style, the vocabulary, and the metaphors
used in the writing of poetry.
The first writer to discuss poetic diction in the Western tradition was Aristotle (384 BC—322
BC). In his Poetics, he stated that the perfect style for writing poetry was one that was clear
without meanness
The Preface to the Lyrical Ballads isan essay,composedby WilliamWordsworth,forthe secondedition
(publishedinJanuary1801, and oftenreferredtoasthe "1800 Edition") of the poetrycollection Lyrical
Ballads,and thengreatlyexpandedinthe thirdeditionof 1802.