The skeletal system is composed of 206 bones that make up the framework of the body. The skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton of 80 bones, including the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton of 126 bones, including the shoulder and pelvic girdles and long bones of the arms and legs. Bones provide structure and support to the body, protect organs, store minerals, allow for movement through joints between bones, and are the site of blood cell formation in bone marrow.
Throughout history, the symbol of the skull and crossbones has served as a representation of mortality, likely owing to the fact that following death and decay, bones are the sole remnants. Many individuals perceive bones as inert, desiccated, and fragile. While these attributes accurately portray the bones of a preserved skeleton, the bones within a living human being are profoundly alive. Living bones exhibit strength and flexibility, serving as the primary components of the skeletal system.
The framework of bones and cartilage which gives shape and support to the body an animal is called skeleton. Skeletal structure is composed of hard material which is made up of calcium called bones. The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones. In human beings, the skeleton is present in side the body, so it is called endoskeleton.
Explore the mysteries of our skeletal system and delve into the fascinating stories behind our bones. Uncover the unique characteristics of our skeletons and understand how they protect our bodies and provide us with mobility.
The skeletal system provides support and protection for the body’s internal organs and gives the muscles a point of attachment. Humans have an endoskeleton, where our bones lie underneath our skin and muscles. In other animals, such as insects, there is an exoskeleton on the outside of the body.
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Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
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Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
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Throughout history, the symbol of the skull and crossbones has served as a representation of mortality, likely owing to the fact that following death and decay, bones are the sole remnants. Many individuals perceive bones as inert, desiccated, and fragile. While these attributes accurately portray the bones of a preserved skeleton, the bones within a living human being are profoundly alive. Living bones exhibit strength and flexibility, serving as the primary components of the skeletal system.
The framework of bones and cartilage which gives shape and support to the body an animal is called skeleton. Skeletal structure is composed of hard material which is made up of calcium called bones. The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones. In human beings, the skeleton is present in side the body, so it is called endoskeleton.
Explore the mysteries of our skeletal system and delve into the fascinating stories behind our bones. Uncover the unique characteristics of our skeletons and understand how they protect our bodies and provide us with mobility.
The skeletal system provides support and protection for the body’s internal organs and gives the muscles a point of attachment. Humans have an endoskeleton, where our bones lie underneath our skin and muscles. In other animals, such as insects, there is an exoskeleton on the outside of the body.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
3. The skeleton can be
divided into two main
parts. The axial
skeleton consists of
80 bones. The primary
bones of the axial
skeleton are the skull,
spine, ribs and
sternum (thorax).
Anterior means front;
posterior means back.
This is an anterior
view of the skeleton.
Axial skeleton…
4. The appendicular
skeleton consists of
126 bones. The
primary bones of this
skeleton are the
shoulder or pectoral
girdle, arms, hands,
pelvic girdle, legs,
and feet.
Appendicular skeleton…
5. Functions of
bones…
Bones are composed of
about 50% water and 50% a
solid, calcified, rigid
substance known as
osseous (AH see us) tissue.
1. Bones provide shape, support,
and the framework of the body.
2. Bones protect internal organs.
3. Bones serve as a storage place for minerals
such as salts, calcium, and phosphorus.
6. 4. Bones play an important role in hematopoiesis
(hee MAT ah poh EE siss)… the formation of
blood cells that takes place in bone marrow.
5. Bones provide a place to attach muscles.
6. Bones make movement possible through
articulation (manner in which the parts come together at a joint) .
Functions of bones…
7. Classifications of
bones by shape…
Bones can be
classified by shape.
4 of those
classifications are:
LONG bones include the
femur (thigh), tibia (larger
shin), fibula (smaller shin
bone), humerus (upper arm),
radius (larger forearm), and
ulna (smaller forearm).
8. Classifications of bones by
shape… Bones can be classified by shape.
4 of those classifications are:
SHORT bones include the carpals of the wrist
and tarsals of the ankle.
9. Classifications of bones by
shape… Bones can be classified by shape.
4 of those classifications are:
FLAT bones include the skull,
sternum (breastbone), and
scapula (shoulder bone).
10. Classifications of bones by
shape… Bones can be classified by shape.
4 of those classifications are:
IRREGULAR bones include the vertebrae (spine),
and pelvic.
11. Epiphysis (ĭ PIF ah siss) -
growing end
Diaphysis (dye AF ah siss) -
shaft
Periosteum (peri OSS tee um) -
outside covering
Medullary (MED ul air ee)-
inner space containing
bone marrow
Endosteum (en DOS tee um)-
lining of medullary cavity
Bone
structure…
The features in this long bone
illustrate those found in all bones.
12. Joints… A joint is a place where two or more
bones connect. The manner in which
they connect determines the type of
movement allowed at that joint.
A synarthrosis
(sĭn ahrTHROW siss)
is a joint that
allows no
movement. An
example would be
a cranial suture.
13. Joints…
A amphiarthrosis
(am fee ahr THROW siss) is
a joint that allows slight
movement. An example
would be a vertebra.
A diarthrosis (dye ahr THROW siss) is a joint that
allows free movement in a variety of directions,
such as knee, hip, elbow, wrist, and foot.
14. Types of body movements at
diarthrotic joints…
Flexion:
bending a limb
Extension:
straightening a
flexed limb
Abduction: moving a body
part away from the middle.
Adduction: moving a body
part toward the middle.
15. Circumduction:
moving a body
part in a circular
motion
Supination: lying supine or
face upward; or turning the
palm or foot upward.
Pronation: lying prone or
face downward; or turning
the palm downward.
Types of body movements at
diarthrotic joints…
16. Dorsiflexion:
bending a body
part backwards.
Protraction: moving a body
forward.
Retraction: moving a body
part backward.
Types of body movements at
diarthrotic joints…
17. Rotation:
moving a body
part around a
central axis
Inversion: turning inward.
Eversion: turning outward.
Types of body movements at
diarthrotic joints…
18. Lateral
recumbent:
lying on your
left or right side
Fowler’s position: sitting
straight up or reclining slightly;
legs straight or bent.
Trendelenburg position:
(TREN duh len burg) lying
supine with head lower than feet.
Types of body movements at
diarthrotic joints…
Trendelenburg
19. The vertebral column…
The vertebral column is
composed of separate
bones called vertebrae,
connected to form four
spinal curves. A curve has
more strength than a
straight line, so can
support the weight of the
body and provide balance
needed to walk.
20. The vertebral column…
The cervical curve contains the first 7 vertebrae;
the thoracic curve contains the next 12; the
lumbar curve contains 5. The sacral curve does
not contain vertebrae. It contains the sacrum and
coccyx (KOCK siks) or tailbone.
21. The male and female pelvis…
The pelvis is the lower portion of the trunk of the
body. The hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx form the
pelvic basin. Hip bones include the ilium (Ĭl ee um),
pubis (PYU bus), and ischium (ISS kee um).
The male pelvis is shaped like a funnel and is
heavier and stronger than the female. The female
pelvis is oval to round, and wider than the male.
Male Female
22. Bone growth and resorption…
Osteoporosis is an
age-related loss of
bone mass or density.
Bone is continually remodeled. It is
broken down by osteoclasts in a
process called resorption, and
formed again by osteoblasts. Bone
formation and healing slow down as
part of the aging process.