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Foundations of  Individual Behavior Chapter   TWO
Ability, Intellect, and Intelligence Ability An individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job. Intellectual Ability The capacity to do mental activities. Multiple Intelligences Intelligence contains four subparts: cognitive, social, emotional, and cultural.
Dimensions of Intellectual Ability ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],E X H I B I T  2 –1
Physical Abilities Physical Abilities The capacity to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics.
Nine Physical Abilities ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],E X H I B I T  2 –2 Source:  Adapted from  HRMagazine  published by the Society for Human Resource Management, Alexandria, VA.
The Ability- Job Fit Ability-Job Fit Employee’s Abilities Job’s Ability Requirements
Biographical Characteristics Biographical Characteristics Personal characteristics —such as age, gender, race and tenure—that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records.
Learning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Learning Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience.
Theories of Learning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Classical Conditioning A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response.
E X H I B I T  2 –3 Source:  The Far Side ® by Gary Larson © 1993 Far Works, Inc. All rights reserved. Used with permission.
Theories of Learning (cont’d) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Operant Conditioning A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.
Theories of Learning (cont’d) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Social-Learning Theory People can learn through observation and direct experience.
Theories of Learning (cont’d) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Shaping Behavior Systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired response.
Types of Reinforcement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement A desired behavior is reinforced each time it is demonstrated. Intermittent Reinforcement A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to make the behavior worth repeating but not every time it is demonstrated.
Schedules of Reinforcement (cont’d) Fixed-Interval Schedule Rewards are spaced at uniform time intervals. Variable-Interval Schedule Rewards are initiated after a fixed or constant number of responses.
Schedules of Reinforcement (cont’d) E X H I B I T  2 –4 Fixed-ratio
Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement E X H I B I T  2 –5
Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement (cont’d) E X H I B I T  2 –5 (cont’d)
Behavior Modification ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],OB Mod The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work setting.
Chapter Checkup: Reinforcement Theory   ,[object Object],What kind of reinforcement schedule are these professors using? Would a different schedule be preferable?  If so, which one?
Chapter Checkup: Reinforcement Theory   ,[object Object],What kinds of things would you recommend to a college professor to increase the likelihood of students learning all class material?  Use theories from the text to frame your answer.

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Ch2

  • 1. Foundations of Individual Behavior Chapter TWO
  • 2. Ability, Intellect, and Intelligence Ability An individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job. Intellectual Ability The capacity to do mental activities. Multiple Intelligences Intelligence contains four subparts: cognitive, social, emotional, and cultural.
  • 3.
  • 4. Physical Abilities Physical Abilities The capacity to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics.
  • 5.
  • 6. The Ability- Job Fit Ability-Job Fit Employee’s Abilities Job’s Ability Requirements
  • 7. Biographical Characteristics Biographical Characteristics Personal characteristics —such as age, gender, race and tenure—that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10. E X H I B I T 2 –3 Source: The Far Side ® by Gary Larson © 1993 Far Works, Inc. All rights reserved. Used with permission.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15. Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement A desired behavior is reinforced each time it is demonstrated. Intermittent Reinforcement A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to make the behavior worth repeating but not every time it is demonstrated.
  • 16. Schedules of Reinforcement (cont’d) Fixed-Interval Schedule Rewards are spaced at uniform time intervals. Variable-Interval Schedule Rewards are initiated after a fixed or constant number of responses.
  • 17. Schedules of Reinforcement (cont’d) E X H I B I T 2 –4 Fixed-ratio
  • 18. Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement E X H I B I T 2 –5
  • 19. Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement (cont’d) E X H I B I T 2 –5 (cont’d)
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.