The document discusses various Latin verb forms including the future passive participle, gerunds, gerundives, and the passive periphrastic. The future passive participle forms the passive counterpart to the future tense and is used to form the passive periphrastic construction. Gerunds are verbal nouns formed from the future passive participle that function as nouns rather than verbs. Gerundives are formed the same way but function as adjectives modifying other nouns. The gerundive construction is used when a gerund would normally take a direct object in English.
You have now explored in a practical way a number of different aspects of language and learning, including the difference between implicit and explicit knowledge of rules, rule discovery, the grammar of spoken and written English, phonology, and linguistic and communicative competence. I now want to turn to the significance of grammatical and communicative contexts for understanding words and grammatical structures. For example, in this unit you will study not only the grammar of the passive, but also the contexts in which it is used.
The unit begins with a look at what we can find out about a word in a dictionary and includes an activity to test your knowledge of grammar terminology. It finishes with a look at some of the reasons why words and patterns change over time and the question of what we consider to be 'correct' modern English.
Dictionaries can give teachers and learners an overall view of a word, with information about its many different aspects. So it's a good idea to get to enjoy using dictionaries. I'm therefore starting this unit with an activity to test your knowledge of what a dictionary can tell you about a word.
1. What information might a dictionary give about a word you look up (for example, its pronunciation)? Make a note of your ideas.
2. Now look up the word kneel in a dictionary and see what information is given. Summarize what you found.
Comment
1. Dictionaries can tell you about a word's:
pronunciation (including where the stress lies)
meaning(s)
word class(es)
different forms (for example past tense, plural)
usage
origin.
2. You could have found the following information about kneel:
how it is pronounced
that it is a verb
that it is intransitive (see below)
that it has alternative past tense forms: knelt or kneeled
that kneeled is used particularly in the United States
that kneel down is a phrasal verb
that it means fall or rest on the knees or a knee
that it comes from an old English word, cneowlian.
In a dictionary like Cobuild or The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, you will also find examples showing you how the word can be used: for example, He kneels beside the girl or Lottie knelt down to pray. We are also given the -ing form of the verb and an example: The kneeling figure was Mary Darling.
Transitive and intransitive verbs
A dictionary always tells you whether a verb is transitive or intransitive, that is, whether it can be followed by an object or not.
The verb 'lost' is transitive because we can put a noun after it. The verb yawned is intransitive because we can't put a noun after it.
Active and passive sentences
Sentences in English are either active or passive. Teachers of English need to understand the grammar of each of them and to be clear under what circumstances it is appropriate to use either the passive or the active. Let's start with the grammar.
Source: https://ebookschoice.com/words-and-their-context/
Gerund definition, examples, and gerund phrasesChloeDaniel2
The term ‘gerund’ might sound very foreign and strange, and you might think to yourself ‘what even is that’It might come as a surprise to you, but gerunds are a very common part of your daily life, and whether you realize it or not, you use them every single day.
REPUBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA
MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR PARA LA EDUCACION UNIVERSITARIA
INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO POLITECNICO SANTIAGO MARIÑO - EXTENSION VALENCIA
ASIGNATURA: INGLES II
CLASE 47
ESTUDIANTE: Wilfredo nadales 29946762
You have now explored in a practical way a number of different aspects of language and learning, including the difference between implicit and explicit knowledge of rules, rule discovery, the grammar of spoken and written English, phonology, and linguistic and communicative competence. I now want to turn to the significance of grammatical and communicative contexts for understanding words and grammatical structures. For example, in this unit you will study not only the grammar of the passive, but also the contexts in which it is used.
The unit begins with a look at what we can find out about a word in a dictionary and includes an activity to test your knowledge of grammar terminology. It finishes with a look at some of the reasons why words and patterns change over time and the question of what we consider to be 'correct' modern English.
Dictionaries can give teachers and learners an overall view of a word, with information about its many different aspects. So it's a good idea to get to enjoy using dictionaries. I'm therefore starting this unit with an activity to test your knowledge of what a dictionary can tell you about a word.
1. What information might a dictionary give about a word you look up (for example, its pronunciation)? Make a note of your ideas.
2. Now look up the word kneel in a dictionary and see what information is given. Summarize what you found.
Comment
1. Dictionaries can tell you about a word's:
pronunciation (including where the stress lies)
meaning(s)
word class(es)
different forms (for example past tense, plural)
usage
origin.
2. You could have found the following information about kneel:
how it is pronounced
that it is a verb
that it is intransitive (see below)
that it has alternative past tense forms: knelt or kneeled
that kneeled is used particularly in the United States
that kneel down is a phrasal verb
that it means fall or rest on the knees or a knee
that it comes from an old English word, cneowlian.
In a dictionary like Cobuild or The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, you will also find examples showing you how the word can be used: for example, He kneels beside the girl or Lottie knelt down to pray. We are also given the -ing form of the verb and an example: The kneeling figure was Mary Darling.
Transitive and intransitive verbs
A dictionary always tells you whether a verb is transitive or intransitive, that is, whether it can be followed by an object or not.
The verb 'lost' is transitive because we can put a noun after it. The verb yawned is intransitive because we can't put a noun after it.
Active and passive sentences
Sentences in English are either active or passive. Teachers of English need to understand the grammar of each of them and to be clear under what circumstances it is appropriate to use either the passive or the active. Let's start with the grammar.
Source: https://ebookschoice.com/words-and-their-context/
Gerund definition, examples, and gerund phrasesChloeDaniel2
The term ‘gerund’ might sound very foreign and strange, and you might think to yourself ‘what even is that’It might come as a surprise to you, but gerunds are a very common part of your daily life, and whether you realize it or not, you use them every single day.
REPUBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA
MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR PARA LA EDUCACION UNIVERSITARIA
INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO POLITECNICO SANTIAGO MARIÑO - EXTENSION VALENCIA
ASIGNATURA: INGLES II
CLASE 47
ESTUDIANTE: Wilfredo nadales 29946762
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
16. future passive participle, gerunds, gerundives, and the passive periphrastic
1. The Future Passive Participle,
Gerunds and Gerundives,
&
The Passive Periphrastic
2. The Future Passive Participle
• When we learned participles, we left out the future
passive participle because, although it does exist, it
is not usually used as a participle.
• The future passive participle is formed by adding
-ndus, -nda, -ndum onto the present stem, and
then declining it as an -us, -a, -um adjective.
laudandus, -a, -um about to be praised
monendus, -a, -um about to be warned
ducendus, -a, -um about to be led
faciendus, -a, -um. about to be done
audiendus, -a, -um about to be heard
3. So how DO we use the
future passive participle?
The future passive participle is used to form
a common Latin idiom called...
THE PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC
4. Passive Periphrastic
The verb ‘to be’ with the future passive participle creates a
finite verb form that expresses obligation or necessity.
Discipula laudanda est.
The student should/must be praised.
If an agent is expressed, it is in the dative case (with no
preposition) rather than an ablative of agent with a/ab.
This is called Dative of Agent with a Passive Periphrastic.
Discipula magistro laudanda est.
The student must be praised by the teacher.
Liberi matri puniendi sunt.
The children must be punished by their mother.
5. Passive Periphrastic
• The passive periphrastic can be
expressed in the past or the future,
too.
Aqua ferenda puellis erat.
Water had to be carried by the girls.
Tyrannus necandus nobis erit.
The tyrant will have to be killed by us.
6. Passive Periphrastic
• What about these?
Metuo ne aqua ferenda vobis sit.
I’m afraid that you’re going to have to carry the water.
Putasne puerum puniendum istis esse?
Do you think that the boy should be punished by them?
Dic mihi cur discipulam laudandam esse putes.
Tell me why you think that the student should be praised.
7. Gerunds
• A gerund is a verbal noun.
• It sounds like a present active participle in English (-ing),
but it is not used as a participle; it is used as a noun.
• When an English gerund is the subject or direct object of
a verb, it is represented in Latin not by a gerund but by a
subjective or objective infinitive.
– Reading is fun. Legere est iucundum.
– I like reading. Amo legere.
• For the other case uses, English AND Latin use the
gerund.
– I give a lot of attention to studying. (dat.)
– I gave up french fries for the sake of eating well. (gen.)
8. Gerunds
A gerund is formed from the future passive participle.
Future Passive Participle Gerund
laudandus, -a, -um laudandum, -i, n.
monendus, -a, -um monendum, -i, n.
ducendus, -a, -um ducendum, -i, n.
faciendus, -a, -um faciendum, -i, n.
audiendus, -a, -um audiendum, -i, n.
But the gerund is a verbal noun, not an adjective, and as a noun it is
-ALWAYS 2nd DECLENSION NEUTER
-ALWAYS ACTIVE
-ALWAYS SINGULAR
9. Gerunds
Since a gerund is never used as the subject of a
verb in Latin (a subjective infinitive is used instead),
there is no nominative case of the gerund.
Nom. x
Gen. laudandi of praising
Dat. laudando to/for praising
Acc. laudandum praising
Abl. laudando by praising
That’s the whole declension right there.
10. The Gerundive Construction
(now pay attention!)
The following sentence is fine in English:
We learn a lot by reading books.
In Latin, however, that sentence is not
grammatically correct, because they were
pickier about grammar, and, let’s face it,
reading is a gerund, a verbal noun, and as a
noun, it cannot take a direct object (books).
To get around this problem, Latin uses a
construction that we call...
THE GERUNDIVE CONSTRUCTION
11. The Gerundive Construction
(keep paying attention!)
The form of the gerundive is identical to the form of future
passive participle.
‘Gerundive’ is simply the term we give the future passive
participle in this context.
When a gerund wants to take a direct object, Latin instead
uses the gerundive to modify the noun that is the direct
object. The gerundive is translated passively, but not
necessarily as a future. This is an IDIOM, and therefore
sounds awkward when translated literally into English.
We learn by reading books.
Discimus libris legendis.
(We learn by books being read)
12. The Gerundive Construction
(keep paying attention!)
The noun that would be the direct object of the gerund
takes on the same case as the gerund would be, and then
the gerundive modifies that noun as an adjective.
A good way to understand this is to practice
composing using the gerundive construction.
Scribendo plurima efficire potes.
You can accomplish a lot by writing.
You can accomplish a lot by writing letters.
Epistulis scribendis plurima efficere potes.
(You can accomplish a lot by letters being written.)
13. The Gerundive Construction
(keep paying attention!)
The noun that would be the direct object of the gerund
takes on the same case as the gerund would be, and then
the gerundive modifies that noun as an adjective.
Feriendo nihil efficies!
You will accomplish nothing by hitting!
You will accomplish nothing by hitting your friend!
Amico feriendo nihil efficies!
(You will accomplish nothing by your friend being hit!)
14. What’s the difference between a
gerund and gerundive again??
Gerund Gerundive
verbal noun verbal adjective
always neuter sg. can be any gender & #
always active always passive
Helpful tips:
-A gerundive is an adjective. If the -nd- word in the
sentence is not modifying anything, it’s a gerund.
If it is modifying another word, it’s a gerundive.
There is no such thing as a substantive gerundive!
-If the -nd- word is plural OR masc. OR fem., it must
be a gerundive.
15. Gerunds & Gerundives
There are three common uses of gerunds
and gerundives.
• Ablative of means
– pugnando by means of fighting
– pugnandis bellis by means of fighting wars
• Genitive with preceding causá or gratiá.
- videndi causá for the sake of seeing
- videndorum amicorum causá for the sake of seeing
friends.
• Accusative with ad to express purpose.
- ad videndum for seeing (in order to see)
- ad videndos amicos for seeing friends (in order to see...)
16. Gerunds & Gerundives
Although those three uses are most common, gerunds
and gerundives can be used in all oblique cases (all cases but
nominative) in any number of other constructions. For example...
Discipuli se dederunt Latinae linguae studendae.
The students devoted themselves to studying the Latin language.
dative indirect object (with dederunt)
gerundive construction
Soror mea est peritissima pilo iaciendo.
My sister is the best (most skilled) at throwing the javelin.
ablative of specification
gerundive construction
17. Gerunds & Gerundives
Bene edere melius est male edendo.
Eating well is better than eating badly.
ablative of comparison
gerund