16 1 the war begins
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The document summarizes the resources, strategies, and events leading up to the start of the American Civil War. The North had greater population, industry, and railroad infrastructure, while the South had superior military leadership. The North planned to blockade Southern ports and capture the Mississippi River and Richmond. The South aimed to wear down the North through defense and gain allies like England. Tensions escalated when Confederate forces bombarded Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, firing the first shots of the Civil War and leading the fort to surrender.
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United States History Ch. 16 Section 2 Notes
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As World War II erupted in Europe, Americans were divided on whether the United States should get involved. While some supported President Franklin Roosevelt's increasing aid to Britain and the Allies through measures like cash-and-carry and lend-lease, isolationists wanted to stay out of the war. Germany rapidly conquered much of Europe, leaving Britain as the sole holdout against the Axis powers. Roosevelt argued that American freedoms were threatened by German and Japanese aggression and increased cooperation with Britain through the Atlantic Charter. However, as Germany attacked American ships supporting the Allies, involvement in the war became inevitable.
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- It describes the escalating US military involvement and bombing campaigns throughout the 1960s as well as the divided public opinion and anti-war movement at home.
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- The Russo-Japanese War resulted in a Japanese victory that established Japan's sphere of influence over Manchuria. Japan then renamed Manchuria as Manchukuo after establishing it as a colony.
- Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact against communism, forming an early alliance that would grow stronger during World War II.
- World War II saw alliances form between the Allied Powers including Britain, France, the Soviet Union and US, against the Axis Powers of Germany, Italy and Japan.
WWII Causes
World War II was the most devastating war in history. It lasted from 1939 to 1945 and involved most of the world's nations. Over 50 million people died during the war, including over 11 million in the Holocaust. The war was extremely costly for the US, increasing national debt from $9 billion in 1940 to $98 billion in 1945. Some of the underlying causes of the war included the harsh Treaty of Versailles after WWI, the worldwide Great Depression, the rise of totalitarian regimes like Nazi Germany and fascist Italy, and isolationist policies among Western nations that led to appeasement of aggressors like Hitler.
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World War 2 was the bloodiest conflict in history. It was caused by four main factors: 1) The harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles signed after WWI upset Germany. 2) Hitler's secret rearmament of Germany in violation of the treaty. 3) The failure of the appeasement policy of Britain and France to curb German aggression. 4) The inability of the League of Nations to effectively address conflicts due to lacking enforcement powers and slow decision making.
Ch.17 section 5 the end of wwii
After WWII ended, the Allies faced challenges in rebuilding devastated nations and establishing a lasting peace. They organized the United Nations to promote cooperation but grew divided over political ideologies. The US provided economic aid through the Marshall Plan while the Soviet Union prohibited Eastern Europe from accepting it, fueling tensions. By 1948, the world was divided by competing military alliances as the Cold War began between Western democracies and Soviet-allied nations.
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The document discusses America's emergence as a world power in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It covers key events like Commodore Perry opening Japan to Western influence, the Boxer Rebellion in China, the Spanish-American War which saw America gain colonies like Puerto Rico and the Philippines, and the building of the Panama Canal which connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Theodore Roosevelt helped expand America's global reach and advocated for projecting American power abroad with his "big stick" foreign policy.
3 1 south america and the incas
The Incas built a vast empire in South America between 1200-1400 AD centered around Cuzco, Peru. The Inca emperor, called the Sapa Inca, ruled over 12 million people across 2,500 miles and was believed to be related to the sun god. The Incas developed an advanced civilization with impressive infrastructure including roads, bridges, and stone buildings, as well as innovative agricultural techniques using terraces and irrigation. They also established a complex government system and used knotted strings called quipu to record information.
21 the progressive spirit of reform
Progressives during the late 1800s worked to reform politics and improve society for the urban poor. They exposed corruption through muckraking journalism and advocated for political reforms like the secret ballot and recall elections. Their goals included helping the urban poor through improved housing, establishing workers' compensation laws, and advancing women's suffrage and civil rights.
5 4 the power of kings
1) Under feudalism, powerful nobles held land and vassals, sometimes more than the king.
2) The growth of towns and the middle class contributed to the decline of feudalism as kings gained support in exchange for protecting towns.
3) Kings used new financial resources to attack troublesome nobles and weaken their power, contributing to the rise of strong centralized nations under kings.
3 3 cultures of north america
The document summarizes the early civilizations that existed in North America, including the Mound Builders, Anasazi, Plains Indians, Pacific Northwest Indians, and Eastern Woodland Indians. The Mound Builders lived between 700 BC and 1250 AD along the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, building thousands of earthen mounds for burial and religious ceremonies. The Anasazi lived in the Southwest between 100 AD and 1300 AD, constructing cliffside pueblos and underground kivas. Plains Indians followed buffalo herds on the Great Plains and lived in tipis. Pacific Northwest Indians hunted and fished in forests, carving totem poles, while Eastern Woodland Indians lived in wigwams and longhouses
16 4 daily life during the war
Daily life during the Civil War was difficult for both soldiers and civilians. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, which freed slaves in rebel states. However, the Union did not control these areas. There was opposition to the war in the North by Democrats and others against the draft. Lincoln suspended habeas corpus in response. For civilians, women had to take over family farms and businesses while men fought. The Northern economy boomed by producing weapons and supplies for the war.
5 3 the crusades
The document summarizes the Crusades, a series of military expeditions launched by European Christians between the 11th and 13th centuries with the goal of recapturing the Holy Land from Muslim rule. It describes how the Byzantine emperor's call for help against the Seljuk Turks and Pope Urban II's speech in 1095 inspired the First Crusade. The Crusaders had some successes but also failures like the People's Crusade, and Jerusalem changed hands between Christians and Muslims over subsequent crusades led by figures like Richard the Lionheart and Saladin.
15 2 trouble in kansas
The passage summarizes the political tensions and violence that emerged in Kansas in the 1850s following the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The act established popular sovereignty in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, dividing the Louisiana Purchase lands between them, and led to abolitionists and pro-slavery groups rushing to Kansas to gain control over whether it would allow slavery. Fraudulent elections and attacks by the rival groups on towns like Lawrence and Pottawatomie resulted in over 200 deaths and made Kansas a battlefield in the national debate over slavery, known as "Bleeding Kansas."
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The American Civil War was fought between 1861 to 1865 between the Union (Northern states) and the Confederacy (Southern states that seceded from the Union). The war began after Confederate forces fired on Union troops at Fort Sumter in South Carolina in 1861. Key events and leaders included Abraham Lincoln leading the Union, the Emancipation Proclamation freeing slaves, major battles like Gettysburg turning the tide in favor of the Union, Ulysses S. Grant's Anaconda Plan to defeat the Confederacy, and Robert E. Lee leading the Confederate forces. The war ended in April 1865 with Lee's surrender to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, though Lincoln was assassinated shortly after. The Union prevailed in reuniting the country
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The American Civil War was fought from 1861 to 1865 between the Union (Northern states) and the Confederacy (Southern states). Slavery and states' rights were underlying causes of conflict, as the Northern and Southern states had developed differing economic and cultural lifestyles. Notable battles included Bull Run, Shiloh, Antietam, Gettysburg, and Vicksburg. The Union was led by President Abraham Lincoln and General Ulysses S. Grant, while the Confederacy was led by President Jefferson Davis and General Robert E. Lee. The war ended in 1865 with the Confederacy's surrender at Appomattox and the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.
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Civil war broke out between the North and South in 1861 following the bombardment of Fort Sumter in South Carolina by Confederate forces. As Americans chose sides, the Union and Confederacy prepared their volunteer armies for war, though both faced shortages. Fighting spread across Virginia and into the Western United States as Union forces aimed to control the Mississippi River while the Confederacy attempted to break the naval blockade. The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in Confederate states in 1863, and African Americans participated in the war effort. Though the Union faced opposition, its victories at Gettysburg in 1863 and campaigns in 1864-1865 dealt crippling blows to the Confederacy and ultimately forced Southern surrender, ending the Civil War.
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The document summarizes key events leading up to and during the early stages of the American Civil War. It describes how Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter, prompting Lincoln to call for troops from loyal states. Both sides expected a short war but were unprepared for the scale of violence at Bull Run. The Union had early successes in the West under Grant and Farragut. New technologies like ironclads revolutionized warfare, increasing casualties, while political issues challenged both sides as the war continued.
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The document provides an overview of key Civil War events in Georgia including Antietam, the Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union blockade of Georgia's coast, Sherman's Atlanta Campaign, Sherman's March to the Sea, and Andersonville prison. It discusses the secession of southern states, early battles like Fort Sumter, key leaders, and how the war increasingly impacted Georgia through major battles, Sherman's invasion and march, and the infamous Andersonville prison.
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The Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862 was the bloodiest single day in American history. It resulted in a critical victory for the Union that squashed Southern hopes of gaining European support, and prompted Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. The outcomes of the battle came from misjudgments, valor, and coincidence on both sides. In the following months, Robert E. Lee renewed Southern successes but also European interest in aiding the South, putting pressure on Lincoln to emancipate slaves as the war shifted to a focus on ending slavery.
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The document summarizes the strategies and early events of the American Civil War. It describes how Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor in April 1861, marking the start of the war. Both sides rushed to recruit volunteers and build their armies. The Confederacy hoped "King Cotton" would force Britain and France to support the South, but this strategy backfired. The Union aimed to squeeze the Confederacy like an anaconda by blockade, splitting the Mississippi River, and taking Richmond, though this would take time. As the war intensified, the sides shifted from defensive to more offensive strategies in an attempt to crush the other's morale.
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The Civil War was fought from 1861 to 1865 between the Union (Northern) states and the Confederate (Southern) states. Slavery and states' rights were at the core of tensions between the North and South that led to war. Key battles included Fort Sumter, Antietam, Gettysburg, and Sherman's March to the Sea. The war ended in 1865 with the surrender of Confederate forces and the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, who had issued the Emancipation Proclamation freeing all slaves. Over 600,000 soldiers lost their lives in the Civil War, which preserved the United States as one nation and led to the abolition of slavery.
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Gebeurtenis
On April 9, 1865, General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, effectively ending the American Civil War. This surrender came after a long campaign by Grant's forces against Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, culminating in the Battle of Five Forks and the siege of Petersburg, which destroyed Lee's army. Other Confederate armies soon followed Lee in surrendering, and the war was officially declared over on May 9, 1865, with the last Confederate forces surrendering in June.
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This document provides an overview of key events and battles in the American Civil War in 1862. It discusses Confederate general Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson diverting Union reinforcements in the Shenandoah Valley, the failed Union attempts to take Vicksburg, and the bloody but inconclusive Battle of Antietam which halted Robert E. Lee's invasion of Maryland but badly depleted his Army of Northern Virginia.
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6 1 the renaissance and reformation
The document summarizes the key events and impacts of the Renaissance and Reformation periods in Europe between 1300-1600 CE. The Renaissance began in Italian city-states and was sparked by a rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman achievements. Notable figures like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo helped spread Renaissance ideals of humanism and realistic art. Martin Luther protested corruption in the Catholic Church and inspired the Protestant Reformation with his 95 Theses. His translation of the Bible increased literacy and the spread of Protestant ideals, dividing Europe along new religious lines. The Catholic Church held the Council of Trent and established the Inquisition to combat the growing heresy of Protestantism.
19 1 the second industrial revolution
The document summarizes key developments during the Second Industrial Revolution in the United States in the late 19th century. It describes innovations such as the Bessemer Process that made steel production faster and cheaper; the growth of oil drilling and kerosene leading to increased demand for oil; Thomas Edison's invention of the light bulb and the development of power plants; Alexander Graham Bell's patent of the telephone; and advances in transportation including the first motorcar by the Duryea brothers and the Model T assembly line produced by Henry Ford.
18 1 miners, ranchers, and railroads
After the Civil War, more Americans moved west seeking new jobs and opportunities on the frontier. The discovery of the Comstock Lode silver deposit in Nevada led to a mining boom and the rise of boomtowns near mining sites, though mining was dangerous work. The growth of cattle ranching in Texas and the Great Plains, known as the Cattle Kingdom, helped meet the rising demand for beef back east. Cowboys drove longhorn cattle along trails like the Chisholm Trail to market and railroads. The government sponsored the building of the first Transcontinental Railroad to connect the east and west coasts, which was built by the Union Pacific traveling west and the Central Pacific traveling east using Irish and Chinese workers respectively. The railroad's
17 2 the fight over reconstruction
The document summarizes the political fight over Reconstruction between President Johnson and the Radical Republicans in Congress. After the Civil War, President Johnson allowed Southern states to rejoin the Union with lenient plans that did not protect the rights of freed slaves. In response, Southern states passed Black Codes limiting freedoms. The Radical Republicans passed the 14th and 15th Amendments to establish rights for African Americans and divided the South into military districts overseen by the North. When Johnson opposed these plans and fired the Secretary of War, Congress impeached Johnson though he was acquitted by one vote. The 1868 election was won by Ulysses S. Grant who supported the Radical Republican reconstruction plans.
17 1 rebuilding the south
Reconstruction began as the process of readmitting the southern states back into the Union after the Civil War from 1865-1877. The South's cities and factories were ruined after the war, leaving many people jobless and homeless with worthless Confederate money. Lincoln proposed a lenient Reconstruction plan that offered amnesty to Southerners who took an oath of loyalty, but Congress disagreed and proposed a stricter plan. The 13th Amendment outlawed slavery in 1865 but freed slaves were left poor, jobless and uneducated with nowhere to go. The Freedmen's Bureau was established by Congress to provide relief and schools for freed slaves. However, Lincoln was assassinated in 1865 and Vice President Andrew Johnson became President.
16 5 the tide of war turns
The tide of war turned at Gettysburg in 1863. General Burnside and Hooker lost battles against Lee at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. At Gettysburg, Meade commanded the Union army against Lee in the bloodiest 3-day battle that resulted in 28,000 casualties. Pickett's failed charge marked the turning point as the Union emerged victorious. Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address to honor the soldiers. Later, Sherman captured Atlanta and marched to the coast practicing "total war," while Grant attacked Lee in Virginia, finally surrounding him at Appomattox Courthouse where Lee surrendered, ending the Civil War.
16 2 the war in the east
The document summarizes several major battles and events in the Eastern theater of the American Civil War. It describes how the Confederacy won the First Battle of Bull Run, shocking Northern hopes for a short war. It then discusses how General George McClellan took charge of the Union army but was too cautious. The document outlines McClellan's Peninsular Campaign, which started well but resulted in a series of Confederate victories under General Robert E. Lee. It also summarizes the indecisive Battle of Antietam and the historic first battle between ironclad ships, the CSS Virginia and USS Monitor, marking the end of wooden warships.
15 4 the nation divides
John Brown led a raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia in 1859 hoping to arm slaves and start a rebellion. However, no slaves joined and Brown was soon captured and hanged. His actions increased tensions between northern abolitionists and southern slaveholders.
The 1860 presidential election saw Republicans nominate Abraham Lincoln, who opposed the expansion of slavery. Northern and southern Democrats split their vote between Stephen Douglas and John C. Breckinridge. Lincoln won with only 40% of the popular vote. In response, eleven southern states seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America, led by President Jefferson Davis. The nation was deeply divided on the eve of the Civil War.
14 4 the movement to end slavery
This document summarizes the 19th century movement to abolish slavery in America. It discusses how abolitionists opposed slavery for religious and ideological reasons related to the Declaration of Independence. Abolitionists spread their message through speeches, pamphlets, and newspapers like The Liberator. The Underground Railroad helped escaped slaves travel north at night along freedom trails, hiding at stations during the day to eventually reach freedom in the North or Canada. African American abolitionists like Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth were also important speakers and advocates against slavery.
14 3 reforming society
The Second Great Awakening was a Christian renewal movement in the early 1800s that sparked new interest in religion and led people to improve society through other reform movements. These included the Temperance Movement, which urged people to stop drinking alcohol due to the social problems it caused; prison reform, which aimed to end overcrowding, cruel punishment, and housing of children and mentally ill in prisons; and education reform through the Common School Movement, which argued all children deserved a good education regardless of background.
14 1 immigrants and urban challenges
Millions of immigrants arrived in the United States between 1840-1860, mostly from Ireland and Germany. The Irish potato famine and political unrest in Germany drove many to immigrate for new opportunities. Irish immigrants mostly settled in Northeast cities and worked low-paying jobs, while Germans often settled in the Midwest and worked as farmers or skilled laborers. Rapid urbanization led to overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions in cities, as tenement housing lacked basic services, leading to increased disease, crime, and other issues. Nativist groups opposed immigration, worrying immigrants took jobs and brought different cultures.
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16 1 the war begins
- 1. CHAPTER 16: The Civil War Section 1: The War Begins
- 2. The Nation is Divided
- 3. RESOURCES NORTH SOUTH POPULATION 22 million 5 million R.R. TRACK 22,000 mi 9,000 mi FACTORIES 85 % 15% MILITARY Average Excellent LEADERSHIP
- 4. STRATEGIES North: • Destroy South’s economy with a blockade • Cut South in half by taking Mississippi R. • Take Richmond (South capital)
- 6. STRATEGIES South: • Play defense • Wear down the North until they are tired of fighting • Use “cotton diplomacy” to bring England on their side
- 8. FORT SUMTER Ft. Sumter was a federal outpost in Charleston, S.C. harbor
- 9. FORT SUMTER South surrounds and bombards Sumter First shots fired in Civil War
- 10. The Bombardment of Ft. Sumter
- 11. FORT SUMTER Fort falls to the South Civil War has begun