- The document discusses how the US struggled to oppose Communist aggression in Europe and Asia after World War 2 through political, economic, and military measures known as containment. - Key events and policies included George Kennan's Long Telegram proposing containment of Soviet expansion, the Truman Doctrine offering aid to countries resisting communism, and the Marshall Plan aiding European countries in rebuilding their economies. - In response to the formation of NATO and West Germany's rearmament, Eastern European countries formed the Warsaw Pact alliance for mutual defense.

1. Big Ideas
Trade, War, and Migration As the Cold War began,
the United States struggled to oppose Communist
aggression in Europe and Asia through political,
economic, and military measures.

2. Content Vocabulary
• containment
• limited war
Academic Vocabulary
• insecurity
• initially

3. People and Events to Identify
• George Kennan
• Long Telegram
• Marshall Plan
• NATO
• SEATO

4. A. A
B. B
Do you agree with Truman’s decision
to maintain a limited war with the
Soviet Union and Asia?
A. Agree
B. Disagree
A B
37
%
63
%

5. Containing Communism
The Truman Doctrine offered aid to any
nation resisting communism; the
Marshall Plan aided European
countries in rebuilding.

6. • Increasingly exasperated by the Soviet’s
refusal to cooperate, officials at the State
Department asked the American Embassy in
Moscow to explain Soviet behavior.
− Diplomat George Kennan responded with
what became known as the Long Telegram.
− Kennan proposed “a long term, patient but
firm and vigilant containment of Russian
expansive tendencies”—the basic policy
followed by the United States throughout the
Cold War.
Containing Communism (cont.)

7. • After World War II, instead of withdrawing as
promised, the Soviet troops remained in
northern Iran.
Containing Communism (cont.)
− Stalin then began demanding access to
Iran’s oil supplies; he also helped local
Communists establish a separate
government in northern Iran.
− The secretary of state sent Stalin a strong
message demanding that they withdraw from
northern Iran.

8. − Coupled with the threat of the USS Missouri
sailing into the eastern Mediterranean, Stalin
withdrew.
• In August 1946 Stalin demanded joint control of
the Dardanelles with Turkey.
• After Britain informed the United States that
they could no longer afford to help Greece,
Truman gave a speech to Congress outlining a
policy that became known as the
Truman Doctrine.
Containing Communism (cont.)
The Truman Doctrine

9. • In June 1947 Secretary of State George
Marshall proposed the European Recovery
Program, or Marshall Plan, which would
give European nations American aid to
rebuild their economies.
• In response to the Soviet attempt to
undermine Germany’s economy, the United
States, Great Britain, and France announced
that they would merge their zones in
Germany.
Containing Communism (cont.)
The Truman Doctrine

10. • The new nation was called the Federal
Republic of Germany—or West Germany.
• The Soviet zone eventually became the
German Democratic Republic—or East
Germany.
• The Soviets then cut all road and rail traffic to
West Berlin, hoping to force the United States
to either reconsider its decision or abandon
West Berlin.
Containing Communism (cont.)

11. − Truman ordered the air force to fly
supplies into Berlin instead—known as the
Berlin airlift.
• By April 1949, an agreement had been reached
to create the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO)—a mutual defense alliance.
• For the first time in its history, the
United States had committed itself to
maintaining peace in Europe.
Containing Communism (cont.)
NATO Is Born, 1949

12. A. A
B. B
C. C
D. DA B C D
30%
17%17%
37%
In response to NATO’s decision to allow West
Germany to rearm and join the alliance, which
action did Eastern Europe take?
A. They declared war against
West Germany.
B. They formed the Warsaw Pact.
C. They took no action.
D. They started working on
an atomic bomb.

13. The Korean War
Attempts to keep South Korea free
from communism led the United States
to military intervention.

14. • After World War II, Communist forces led by
Mao Zedong and the Nationalist government
led by Chiang Kai-shek started fighting again.
− The United States sent the Nationalist
government $2 billion in aid beginning in the
mid-1940s, but they squandered the money
through poor military planning and
corruption.
− The victorious Communists established the
People’s Republic of China in October 1949.
The Korean War (cont.)

15. • In September 1949 the Soviet Union
announced that it had successfully tested the
first atomic weapon.
• Then, in the early 1950s, the People’s
Republic of China and the Soviet Union
signed a treaty of friendship and alliance.
The Korean War (cont.)

16. • At the end of World War II, General Douglas
MacArthur had taken charge of occupied
Japan.
The Korean War (cont.)
− Once the United States lost China as its
chief ally in Asia, it adopted policies to
encourage the rapid recovery of Japan’s
industrial economy.

17. • At the end of World War II, American and
Soviet forces entered Korea to disarm the
Japanese troops stationed there.
The Korean War (cont.)
− The Allies divided Korea at the 38th
parallel of latitude.
− Soviets controlled the north, while
American troops controlled the south.
The Korean War, 1950–1953

18. • On June 25, 1950, North Korean troops
invaded the south, rapidly driving back the
poorly equipped South Korean forces.
The Korean War (cont.)
− With the pledge of UN troops, Truman
ordered General MacArthur to send
American troops from Japan to Korea.
− He pushed the North Koreans north to
the border with China.
The Korean War, 1950–1953

19. • China then drove the UN forces back across
the 38th parallel and MacArthur demanded
approval to expand the war against China.
The Korean War (cont.)
− Truman declined, but MacArthur
persisted, even criticizing the president.
− Truman fired MacArthur for
insubordination in April 1951.
The Korean War, 1950–1953

20. • Truman’s concern—that an all-out war in
Korea might lead to nuclear war—was the
main reason why he favored limited war.
The Korean War (cont.)
The Korean War, 1950–1953
• In November 1951 peace negotiations
began, but an armistice would not be signed
until July 1953.

21. • The Korean War marked an important
turning point in the Cold War: the United
States embarked on a major military buildup
after the war began.
The Korean War (cont.)
− The Korean War also helped expand the
Cold War to Asia.
The Korean War, 1950–1953

22. • In 1954 the United States signed defense
agreements with Japan, South Korea,
Taiwan, the Philippines, and Australia,
forming the Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization (SEATO).
The Korean War (cont.)

23. A. A
B. B
C. C
D. DA B C D
23%
33%
23%
20%
When MacArthur asked for approval to
expand the war against China, he demanded
the following actions EXCEPT
A. Blockade of Chinese ports
B. The use of Nationalist forces
C. Removal of the emperor
D. The bombing of Chinese
cities with atomic weapons

30. satellite nations
nations politically and economically
dominated or controlled by another,
more powerful country

31. Iron Curtain
the political and military barrier that
isolated Soviet-controlled countries of
Eastern Europe after World War II

32. liberate
to set free

33. equipment
the articles or physical resources
prepared or furnished for a specific
task

34. containment
the policy or process of preventing
the expansion of a hostile power

35. limited war
a war fought with limited commitment
of resources to achieve a limited
objective, such as containing
communism

36. insecurity
the state of not being confident or
sure

37. initial
of or relating to the beginning

38. subversion
a systematic attempt to overthrow a
government by using persons working
secretly from within

39. loyalty review program
a policy established by President
Truman that authorized the screening
of all federal employees to determine
their loyalty to the American
government

40. perjury
lying when one has sworn under oath
to tell the truth

41. censure
to express a formal disapproval of an
action

42. fallout
radioactive particles dispersed by a
nuclear explosion

43. manipulate
to operate or arrange manually to
achieve a desired effect

44. convince
to bring to belief, consent, or a course
of action

45. massive retaliation
a policy of threatening a massive
response, including the use of nuclear
weapons, against a Communist state
trying to seize a peaceful state by
force

46. brinkmanship
the willingness to go to the brink of
war to force an opponent to back
down

47. covert
not openly shown or engaged in

48. developing nation
a nation whose economy is primarily
agricultural

49. military-industrial complex
an informal relationship that some
people believe exists between the
military and the defense industry to
promote greater military spending and
influence government policy

50. imply
to express indirectly

51. response
something said or done as a reaction

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