143
Economics, Management, and Financial Markets 11(1)
2016, pp. 143–151, ISSN 1842-3191, eISSN 1938-212X
LEADERSHIP VERSUS MANAGEMENT
IN PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS
IONELA GABRIELA SOLOMON
[email protected]
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
CARMEN COSTEA
[email protected]
Spiru Haret University
AUREL MIRCEA NIŢĂ
[email protected]
National University of Political Studies
and Public Administration
ABSTRACT. Over time the concept of leadership was analyzed from different
perspectives. Some of them refer to human relationships that are established under
it, others are focus on management as a process. The article analyzes the evolution
of the concept of leadership, the differences between management and leadership,
and challenges that may arise in the management process within a public institution,
namely public administration in Romania. This article aims aspects of leadership in
public administration such as: the application of this concept in the decision-making
process, and the changes that are taking place in a public organization.
JEL codes: H00
Keywords: leadership, management; public organizations; public administration;
competencies
1. Introduction
“Leadership involves the art of working with people. Knowing how to lead
does not mean knowing how to dominate, but to know how to convince
people to work for a common goal” (Goleman, 2002: 222).
Professor Mielu Zlate (2004) defines leadership as “the process by which
a person establishes a goal or a direction to one or a certain number of
people, and determines them to act with competence and full commitment to
their realization.”
144
The term “leader” was used for the first time in the XIV-th century,
according to The Oxford English Dictionary. Over time, the term leadership
has taken on several meanings. According to Explanatory Dictionary of the
Romanian Language, the meaning given to this term is “management” or
“directorship”.
The leader is an individual who determines the meaning and direction of
a group, gets the group cohesion, and then manages to motivate the group in
order to achieve the desired results. From this statement it can be detach the
components of the concept of leadership. The main element is the person
who leads. The second, equally important, is the group. We cannot speak of
leadership and leading function, without a group of followers. A leader
without a group of followers is a “crazy loner” (Zlate, 2004). Another
fundamental element that we can findif we study the definition of leadership
is the goal; leader in theprocess of leading, follows the goal, that must
become common, and have to be reached by the group after a certain period
of time.
The leader quality does not refer to the way he presents himself, but to
the manner he manages to exploit the powers of a group (Petca, 1999).
When we speak about leading a team in a business or a company, the
style of.
Leadership in OrganizationsIntroductionLeadership is conside.docxsmile790243
Leadership in Organizations
Introduction
Leadership is considered to be the key requirement to have in any organization, because leadership involves the three main factors in any successful organization, which are influence, exercise of power and the achievement of objectives. In any organization, finding employees with outstanding leadership qualities is very crucial (Collins, 2011). “A leader is one who knows the way, goes the way, and shows the way” (Maxwell, 2009) which means that a person with great leadership skills can guide people to the right path of success. This report will cover the importance of having leadership skills inside organizations. The report will explain the definition of leadership, leadership qualities, and finally leadership styles.
Leadership
What is leadership? There is no absolute definition of what leadership is; however, there are common features that characterize its definition. Simply put, leadership can be defined as the process of influencing and directing people to accomplish a certain goal. Daft (1998) defined leadership as the art of influencing people to achieve certain goals. “Leadership is the ability to take an average team of individuals and transform them into superstars. The best leader is the one who inspires his workers to achieve greatness each and every day” (Falk, 2011) thus, leadership is very important in organizations, without leaders, no goals would be achieved, no employees would be trained, and productivity in organizations would move too slowly. Leadership and management go hand in hand, they have a lot of mutual factors; however, they do differ in their main roles. Mangers arrange, plan, coordinate, rely on control, ask questions such as how and when and mangers have short-range view. On the other hand, leaders, inspire, motivate, develop, rely on trust, leaders ask questions such as what and why and they have long-range view.
Leadership Qualities
There are certain qualities that every leader should have in order to be successful and productive. A person with leadership qualities must be as follows. Successful leaders have the quality of planning, Research confirms that a leader spends 80 per cent of his/her time in planning, while 20 per cent in implementation, and they leave nothing to chance (Keller, 2011). Also, a leader must have the quality of decision-making leaders have to make decisions and choices and do not wait for someone else to make these decisions for them. Leaders have to be good in social intelligence, as they have to be good at communicating with other people and being good listeners. Leaders must have vision to see what others don't see, they have to accept criticism and establish plans to achieve their goals. A leader should be intelligent, although, being a leader does not require being a genius, but a leader should have above-average intelligence, they have to be well positioned to deal with various information and difficult situations. Leaders of course sho ...
The Study is titled ―Leadership Styles: A Case Study of Syria‖. The main objectives of the research work are to identify and then analyze the political leadership style in Syria, to generate a profile of past, current and emerging leaders of Syria, to study the reasons that led to the uprising in Syria and to assess the future consequences of the decisions taken by the Political Leadership. The study will be descriptive in nature. Keeping in mind the objectives of the study, appropriate data will be collected from people and organizations from both, official and non-official, taking a look at the current and emerging leadership Styles in Syria. Survey for the political, security and economic situation will be carried. Both primary and secondary sources of data will be used for present research. For analysis and conclusion of the results of the survey, appropriate statistical tools and analysis will be done
Corporations often use different costs of capital for different op.docxvanesaburnand
Corporations often use different costs of capital for different operating divisions. Using an example, calculate the weighted cost of capital (WACC). What are some potential issues in using varying techniques for cost of capital for different divisions? If the overall company weighted average cost of capital (WACC) were used as the hurdle rate for all divisions, would more conservative or riskier divisions get a greater share of capital? Explain your reasoning. What are two techniques that you could use to develop a rough estimate for each division’s cost of capital? Your response should be 200 to 250 words
Running Head: LEADERSHIP THEORIES
LEADERSHIP THEORIES6
Assignment 1: Theories of Leadership
For all assignments, assume that the City Manager has hired you as the Chief of Staff for your local government. The City Manager has tasked you with developing and implementing the government’s new million dollar grant funded Public Leadership Academy. The mission of the Public Leadership Academy is to provide ongoing training and development of the local government’s current and prospective public leaders. This program was developed in an effort to build and sustain world class public leadership that exemplifies exceptional leadership traits and skills, while fostering long-term relationships internal and external stakeholders and constituents. In the upcoming weeks, you will deliver your first presentation to the government’s local councilpersons, in which you address the type of public leadership model(s) that is both needed within the local government for its public leaders and required to fulfil the mission of the Public Leadership Academy.
After careful review and analysis of the steps needed to meet your goal, your first assignment is to revisit the theories and styles of leadership. You will examine the theories and styles that support the role of the public leader.
You may use the Internet and / or Strayer databases to complete any additional research.
Note: You may create and / or make all necessary assumptions needed for the completion of this assignment.
Use the basic outline below to draft your paper. Organize your responses to each question (except Question 4) under the following section headings:
· Defining The Public Leader (for Question 1)
· Leadership Theories (for Question 2)
· Leadership Styles (for Question 3)
Write a four to five (4-5) page paper in which you:
1. Determine two (2) leadership theories and two (2) leadership styles that support the definition of a public leader. Provide a rationale for your response.
2. Assess the effectiveness of the two (2) leadership theories from Question 1. Provide two (2) examples for each leadership theory.
3. Assess the effectiveness of the two (2) leadership styles from Question 1. Provide two (2) examples for each leadership style.
Question 1: Defining the Public Leader
Leadership is defined as the process by which a leader influences people to aid in the completion o.
This document discusses qualities of effective leadership. It examines different theories of leadership, including trait theory, which suggests that individuals become leaders because of innate traits they possess. Behavioral theories look at what leaders do rather than inherent qualities. Transformational leadership is discussed as a style that inspires followers and transforms organizations. Transformational leaders are described as charismatic figures who establish a vision and inspire commitment to higher goals from followers.
This document discusses qualities of effective leadership. It describes transformational leadership as inspiring followers to achieve higher goals and change organizations. Transformational leaders provide vision, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. They adapt to changing environments by regularly revisiting the organization's mission and assessing performance through reflection. The document also discusses traits like drive and integrity that effective leaders possess. Overall, it emphasizes that effective leadership requires qualities like shared vision, open communication, empowering followers, and continual learning and improvement.
The document discusses essential management skills. It begins by outlining three types of managerial skills identified by Robert Katz: technical skills, conceptual skills, and human/interpersonal skills. It then lists and describes eight essential management skills, including project management, time management, conflict management, self management, team management, stress management, people management, and office management skills. The skills involve abilities such as planning, organizing, budgeting, communication, delegation, motivation, and overseeing administrative functions. Effective managers draw on various combinations of skills to achieve goals and lead others.
This document discusses principles of effective leadership according to Dr. Peter F. Drucker. It examines various theories of leadership, including trait theory, behavior theory, and transformational leadership. Transformational leaders inspire followers, challenge assumptions, and are focused on long-term vision. The document outlines qualities of effective transformational leaders, such as establishing a clear mission and vision, empowering others, and continually adapting to change. It advocates for reflective practice and sharing leadership throughout an organization.
Applications of leadership theories in nigerian business organizationsAlexander Decker
This document discusses leadership theories and their applications in Nigerian business organizations. It begins by defining leadership and distinguishing it from management. It then reviews several leadership theories including path-goal theory, task-oriented leadership model, and integrative theory of leadership. The document finds that the organizations studied apply path-goal theory and task-oriented leadership model in their operations, resulting in low job satisfaction and high turnover among employees, as well as high job performance. It recommends that organizations adopt an integrative theory of leadership to account for different employee and environmental factors.
Leadership in OrganizationsIntroductionLeadership is conside.docxsmile790243
Leadership in Organizations
Introduction
Leadership is considered to be the key requirement to have in any organization, because leadership involves the three main factors in any successful organization, which are influence, exercise of power and the achievement of objectives. In any organization, finding employees with outstanding leadership qualities is very crucial (Collins, 2011). “A leader is one who knows the way, goes the way, and shows the way” (Maxwell, 2009) which means that a person with great leadership skills can guide people to the right path of success. This report will cover the importance of having leadership skills inside organizations. The report will explain the definition of leadership, leadership qualities, and finally leadership styles.
Leadership
What is leadership? There is no absolute definition of what leadership is; however, there are common features that characterize its definition. Simply put, leadership can be defined as the process of influencing and directing people to accomplish a certain goal. Daft (1998) defined leadership as the art of influencing people to achieve certain goals. “Leadership is the ability to take an average team of individuals and transform them into superstars. The best leader is the one who inspires his workers to achieve greatness each and every day” (Falk, 2011) thus, leadership is very important in organizations, without leaders, no goals would be achieved, no employees would be trained, and productivity in organizations would move too slowly. Leadership and management go hand in hand, they have a lot of mutual factors; however, they do differ in their main roles. Mangers arrange, plan, coordinate, rely on control, ask questions such as how and when and mangers have short-range view. On the other hand, leaders, inspire, motivate, develop, rely on trust, leaders ask questions such as what and why and they have long-range view.
Leadership Qualities
There are certain qualities that every leader should have in order to be successful and productive. A person with leadership qualities must be as follows. Successful leaders have the quality of planning, Research confirms that a leader spends 80 per cent of his/her time in planning, while 20 per cent in implementation, and they leave nothing to chance (Keller, 2011). Also, a leader must have the quality of decision-making leaders have to make decisions and choices and do not wait for someone else to make these decisions for them. Leaders have to be good in social intelligence, as they have to be good at communicating with other people and being good listeners. Leaders must have vision to see what others don't see, they have to accept criticism and establish plans to achieve their goals. A leader should be intelligent, although, being a leader does not require being a genius, but a leader should have above-average intelligence, they have to be well positioned to deal with various information and difficult situations. Leaders of course sho ...
The Study is titled ―Leadership Styles: A Case Study of Syria‖. The main objectives of the research work are to identify and then analyze the political leadership style in Syria, to generate a profile of past, current and emerging leaders of Syria, to study the reasons that led to the uprising in Syria and to assess the future consequences of the decisions taken by the Political Leadership. The study will be descriptive in nature. Keeping in mind the objectives of the study, appropriate data will be collected from people and organizations from both, official and non-official, taking a look at the current and emerging leadership Styles in Syria. Survey for the political, security and economic situation will be carried. Both primary and secondary sources of data will be used for present research. For analysis and conclusion of the results of the survey, appropriate statistical tools and analysis will be done
Corporations often use different costs of capital for different op.docxvanesaburnand
Corporations often use different costs of capital for different operating divisions. Using an example, calculate the weighted cost of capital (WACC). What are some potential issues in using varying techniques for cost of capital for different divisions? If the overall company weighted average cost of capital (WACC) were used as the hurdle rate for all divisions, would more conservative or riskier divisions get a greater share of capital? Explain your reasoning. What are two techniques that you could use to develop a rough estimate for each division’s cost of capital? Your response should be 200 to 250 words
Running Head: LEADERSHIP THEORIES
LEADERSHIP THEORIES6
Assignment 1: Theories of Leadership
For all assignments, assume that the City Manager has hired you as the Chief of Staff for your local government. The City Manager has tasked you with developing and implementing the government’s new million dollar grant funded Public Leadership Academy. The mission of the Public Leadership Academy is to provide ongoing training and development of the local government’s current and prospective public leaders. This program was developed in an effort to build and sustain world class public leadership that exemplifies exceptional leadership traits and skills, while fostering long-term relationships internal and external stakeholders and constituents. In the upcoming weeks, you will deliver your first presentation to the government’s local councilpersons, in which you address the type of public leadership model(s) that is both needed within the local government for its public leaders and required to fulfil the mission of the Public Leadership Academy.
After careful review and analysis of the steps needed to meet your goal, your first assignment is to revisit the theories and styles of leadership. You will examine the theories and styles that support the role of the public leader.
You may use the Internet and / or Strayer databases to complete any additional research.
Note: You may create and / or make all necessary assumptions needed for the completion of this assignment.
Use the basic outline below to draft your paper. Organize your responses to each question (except Question 4) under the following section headings:
· Defining The Public Leader (for Question 1)
· Leadership Theories (for Question 2)
· Leadership Styles (for Question 3)
Write a four to five (4-5) page paper in which you:
1. Determine two (2) leadership theories and two (2) leadership styles that support the definition of a public leader. Provide a rationale for your response.
2. Assess the effectiveness of the two (2) leadership theories from Question 1. Provide two (2) examples for each leadership theory.
3. Assess the effectiveness of the two (2) leadership styles from Question 1. Provide two (2) examples for each leadership style.
Question 1: Defining the Public Leader
Leadership is defined as the process by which a leader influences people to aid in the completion o.
This document discusses qualities of effective leadership. It examines different theories of leadership, including trait theory, which suggests that individuals become leaders because of innate traits they possess. Behavioral theories look at what leaders do rather than inherent qualities. Transformational leadership is discussed as a style that inspires followers and transforms organizations. Transformational leaders are described as charismatic figures who establish a vision and inspire commitment to higher goals from followers.
This document discusses qualities of effective leadership. It describes transformational leadership as inspiring followers to achieve higher goals and change organizations. Transformational leaders provide vision, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. They adapt to changing environments by regularly revisiting the organization's mission and assessing performance through reflection. The document also discusses traits like drive and integrity that effective leaders possess. Overall, it emphasizes that effective leadership requires qualities like shared vision, open communication, empowering followers, and continual learning and improvement.
The document discusses essential management skills. It begins by outlining three types of managerial skills identified by Robert Katz: technical skills, conceptual skills, and human/interpersonal skills. It then lists and describes eight essential management skills, including project management, time management, conflict management, self management, team management, stress management, people management, and office management skills. The skills involve abilities such as planning, organizing, budgeting, communication, delegation, motivation, and overseeing administrative functions. Effective managers draw on various combinations of skills to achieve goals and lead others.
This document discusses principles of effective leadership according to Dr. Peter F. Drucker. It examines various theories of leadership, including trait theory, behavior theory, and transformational leadership. Transformational leaders inspire followers, challenge assumptions, and are focused on long-term vision. The document outlines qualities of effective transformational leaders, such as establishing a clear mission and vision, empowering others, and continually adapting to change. It advocates for reflective practice and sharing leadership throughout an organization.
Applications of leadership theories in nigerian business organizationsAlexander Decker
This document discusses leadership theories and their applications in Nigerian business organizations. It begins by defining leadership and distinguishing it from management. It then reviews several leadership theories including path-goal theory, task-oriented leadership model, and integrative theory of leadership. The document finds that the organizations studied apply path-goal theory and task-oriented leadership model in their operations, resulting in low job satisfaction and high turnover among employees, as well as high job performance. It recommends that organizations adopt an integrative theory of leadership to account for different employee and environmental factors.
Management involves guiding resources to achieve organizational goals through a process of planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling. Scientific management pioneered by Frederick Taylor emphasized setting standards for tasks and using scientific methods like time studies. It aimed to increase efficiency through principles like separating planning from doing work, specialization of roles, standardization, and mental revolution among workers. Later theorists viewed management also as a process of coordination to achieve goals or as performing managerial functions. Effective management requires skills that vary at different levels from technical to conceptual.
4.0 Leadership Skills in Hospitality Sector (002).pdfUmeeNausheera
This document discusses leadership skills needed in the hospitality sector in the era of Industry 4.0. It begins with an introduction to the changing business environment and increased importance of leadership. It then reviews theories of transactional and transformational leadership. The literature review examines prior research on competencies for the hospitality sector, finding that interpersonal skills remain important but some roles now require digital skills. Studies identified top skills as including communication, problem-solving, teamwork, customer service, and technology use. The document aims to identify leadership skill profiles needed in Industry 4.0 hospitality organizations.
This document provides an introduction to management, including definitions of management, the nature and importance of management, and the functions and levels of management. Some key points:
- Management involves planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling organizational resources and activities to achieve goals. It is the process of working with and through people.
- Management principles have both universal and situational aspects and are drawn from various disciplines like psychology, economics, and statistics. Management can be considered both an art and a science.
- The importance of management includes effective resource utilization, development of resources, ensuring organizational continuity, and integrating various stakeholder groups.
- Managers at different levels perform different functions, with top managers
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This document provides an introduction and overview of leadership and management. It begins by defining key terms like manager and leader. It then discusses the differences between managers and leaders as well as between management and leadership. The document also covers the historical development of management theories from bureaucracy to scientific management to human relations approaches. Finally, it discusses several approaches to leadership, including traditional, contingency, situational, and path-goal theories of leadership.
The document provides definitions and explanations of key management concepts including:
- The four functions of management are planning, organizing, directing, and controlling.
- Management roles include interpersonal, informational, and decisional roles.
- There are three levels of management - top level, middle level, and lower/supervisory level.
The document discusses each of these concepts in detail, outlining their purpose and how they relate to effective organizational management.
3In the previous chapter, we reviewed how theorists’ view .docxtamicawaysmith
This document summarizes a chapter on relational leadership. It discusses how leadership is understood as a complex process involving relationships. A relational leadership model is presented that focuses on five key components: being purposeful, inclusive, empowering, ethical, and process-oriented. The chapter emphasizes that leadership is a collaborative process where developing a shared vision and purpose among members is important. It also discusses how the knowing-being-doing framework relates to leadership development.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from chapters in the book Management of Organizational Behavior by Paul Hersey, Kenneth Blanchard, and Dewey E. Johnson related to situational leadership theory. It discusses four leadership styles characterized by varying levels of task behavior and relationship behavior. Situational leadership theory states there is no single best leadership style and the most effective style depends on the readiness level of the followers. The document also summarizes concepts about developing human resources, effective communication, group dynamics, and performance management from the perspective of situational leadership.
This document discusses different theories and approaches to leadership. It covers:
1. Three main types of leadership: political, administrative, and civic. Political leaders work for their party's benefit while administrators run the government. Civic leadership focuses on roles outside of government.
2. Five major leadership theories: trait theory, behavioral theory, transactional theory, transformational theory, and McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y. Each theory examines different aspects of how leaders influence followers.
3. Key approaches to studying leadership including centered, relational, institutional, contextual, performative, and ethical approaches. These look at both individual leaders and how leadership is shaped by relationships and societal contexts.
The document discusses various leadership theories and styles. It defines leadership and describes traits of effective leaders. It outlines six categories of leadership: instructional, transformational, moral, participative, contingency, and managerial. Theories discussed include trait theory, behavioral theory, contingency theory, path-goal theory, and situational leadership theory. Three main leadership styles are described as autocratic/authoritarian, democratic/participative, and laissez-faire. The summary emphasizes that leadership effectiveness results from an interaction of a leader's traits, behaviors, and situational factors.
The document discusses various leadership theories and styles. It defines leadership and describes traits of effective leaders. It outlines six categories of leadership: instructional, transformational, moral, participative, contingency, and managerial. It also discusses trait, behavioral, contingency, path-goal, and situational leadership theories. Finally, it describes three main leadership styles: autocratic/authoritarian, democratic/participative, and laissez-faire/free rein.
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Relevance Of Personality And PsychopathyCarmen Martin
This document discusses leadership styles and organizational culture. It begins by defining leadership and describing Blake and Mouton's managerial grid model, which identifies five leadership styles based on concern for production and people. It then analyzes the leadership styles of Coach Krzyzewski and Coach Knight, concluding that Krzyzewski exemplifies team management while Knight alternates between country club management and authority-compliance. The document also examines organizational culture and the impact of different leadership approaches.
This document discusses leadership styles and interpersonal trust in organizational settings. It aims to study different leadership styles using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and understand their relationship with interpersonal trust among employees, as measured by an Interpersonal Trust Scale. Specifically, it seeks to understand how leadership style impacts employee trust and how choosing the right style for a given situation can increase trust within an organization.
Case Study RubricCriterionStrongAverageWeakInt.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Rubric
Criterion
Strong
Average
Weak
Introduction / Primary Problem, Issue or Question Identification
States the case objective and clearly defines the problem, issue or question
Minimally describes the case, includes only the problem, issue or question
Bypasses the introduction and moves directly to commentary on the case
Understanding of Primary Problem, Issue or Question
Identifies and demonstrates a sophisticated understanding of the primary issues and or problems in the case study
Identifies and demonstrates an accomplished understanding of most of the issues/problems
Identifies and demonstrates acceptable understanding of some of the issues/problems in the case study
Analysis and Evaluation of Issues/Problems
Presents an insightful and thorough analysis of all identified problems, issues or questions; includes all necessary calculations
Presents a thorough analysis of most of the problems, issues or questions identified; missing some necessary calculations
Presents a superficial or incomplete analysis of some of the identified problems, issues or questions; omits necessary calculations
Recommendations on Effective
Solution
s/Strategies
Supports diagnosis and opinions with convincing arguments and evidence; presents a balanced and critical view; interpretation is both reasonable and objective
. Recommendations logically supported
Supports diagnosis and opinions with limited reasoning and evidence; presents a one‐sided argument; demonstrates little engagement with ideas presented. Illogical recommendations
Little or no action suggested, and/or ineffective or disconnected solutions proposed to the issues in the case study. No attempt at logical support for recommendations
Links to Course Readings and Additional Research
Makes appropriate and powerful connections between identified issues/problems and the strategic concepts studied in the course readings and lectures; supplements case study with relevant and thoughtful research and identifies all sources of information
Makes appropriate but vague connections between identified issues/problems and concepts studied in readings and lectures; demonstrates limited command of the analytical tools studied; supplements case study with limited sources
Makes ineffective connections or shows no connection between issues identified and the concepts studied in the readings; supplements case study, if at all, with incomplete information and sources
Writing Mechanics and Formatting Guidelines
Demonstrates a clear understanding of the audience for the case. Utilizes formatting, clarity and structure to enable the audience to readily see and understand recommended actions. Writing is logical, grammatically correct, spelling is error free
Demonstrates a limited understanding of the audience for the case. Ineffective structuring of response making it difficult to readily see and understand recommended actions. Writing shows poor logic, grammatical and spelli.
Case Study Rubric Directly respond to each questi.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Rubric
Directly respond to each question providing background to support your
response. (2 points)
Apply at least 2 concepts from the chapter material in the class text,
“Leadership; theory. Application and Skill Development.” Reference to,
“The Handbook of Leaders,” is a welcome addition. (2 points)
Apply your critical thinking skills. (2 points)
o A well cultivated critical thinker:
Raises vital questions and problems, formulating them
clearly and precisely;
Gathers and assesses relevant information, using abstract
ideas to interpret it effectively comes to well-reasoned
conclusions and solutions, testing them against relevant
criteria and standards;
Thinks open-mindedly within alternative systems of thought,
recognizing and assessing, as need be, their assumptions,
implications, and practical consequences; and
Communicates effectively with others in figuring out
solutions to complex problems.
o Taken from Richard Paul and Linda Elder, The Miniature Guide to
Critical Thinking Concepts and Tools, Foundation for Critical
Thinking Press, 2008
Case Studies must be submitted in the following format:
o Clearly title each in a word document with name, date, week etc.
o Must include clearly written and thoughtful narrative
o Post as a response in Blackboard
66352_FM_ptg01_i-xxviii.indd 4 10/21/14 12:16 AM
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Robert N. Lussier, Ph.D.
Spring field College
Christopher F. Achua, D.B.A.
University of Virginia’s College at Wise
S I X T H E D I T I O N
Leadership
THEORY, APPLICATION,
& SKILL DE VELOPMENT
66352_FM_ptg01_i-xxviii.indd 1 10/21/14 12:16 AM
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66352_FM_ptg01_i-xxviii.indd 4 10/21/14 12:16 AM
This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,
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Case Study Scenario Part 3IntroductionThis media piece exp.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Scenario Part 3
Introduction
This media piece explains four ethical theories in order to prepare you for the Unit 3 assignment,
Case Study Resolution
. This media piece also includes parts 1 and 2 of the case study videos for your review.
Part 3
Deontology
The ethical position to do what is right out of duty or obligation. It is often called rule-based ethics.
Deontology has been described as "absolutist," "universal," and "impersonal" (Kant, 1785/1959). It prioritizes absolute obligations over consequences. In this moral framework, ethical decision making is the rational act of applying universal principles to all situations irrespective of specific relations, contexts, or consequences. This reflects Immanuel Kant's conviction that ethical decisions cannot vary or be influenced by special circumstances or relationships. Rather, a decision is "moral" only if a rational person believes the act resulting from the decision should be universally followed in all situations. For Kant, respect for the worth of all persons was one such universal principle. A course of action that results in a person being used simply as a means for others' gains would ethically unacceptable.
With respect to deception in research, from a deontological perspective, since we would not believe it moral to intentionally deceive individuals in some other context, neither potential benefits to society nor the effectiveness of participant debriefing for a particular deception study can morally justify intentionally deceiving persons about the purpose or nature of a research study. Further, deception in research would not be ethically permissible since intentionally disguising the nature of the study for the goals of research violates the moral obligation to respect each participant's intrinsic worth by undermining individuals' right to make rational and autonomous decisions regarding participation (Fisher & Fyrberg, 1994).
Utilitarianism
The ethical position depends on the consequences of the action with the goal being producing the most good.
Utilitarian theory prioritizes the consequences (or utility) of an act over the application of universal principles (Mill, 1861/1957). From this perspective, an ethical decision is situation specific and must be governed by a risk-benefit calculus that determines which act will produce the greatest possible balance of good over bad consequences. An "act utilitarian" makes an ethical decision by evaluating the consequences of an act for a given situation. A "rule utilitarian" makes an ethical decision by evaluating whether following a general rule in all similar situation would create the greater good. Like deontology, utilitarianism is impersonal: It does not take into account interpersonal and relational features of ethical responsibility. From this perspective, psychologists' obligations to those with whom they work can be superseded by an action that would produce a greater good for others (Fisher, 1999).
A ps.
Case Study RubricYour case study will be assessed as follows•.docxdrennanmicah
The document discusses Chevron Corporation's evolution of IT infrastructure to better support its global energy operations. It describes how Chevron uses Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems and sensors to monitor and optimize operations at its refineries. It also discusses Chevron's use of enterprise applications like SAP ERP and its move to cloud computing and business-focused web services. Finally, it outlines Chevron's vision for future infrastructure including increased use of mobility, analytics, and social media.
Case study RubricCriterionOutstanding 3.75Very Good 3 .docxdrennanmicah
Case study Rubric
Criterion
Outstanding 3.75
Very Good 3
Good 2.5
Unacceptable 1
Score
Completeness
Complete in all respects; reflects all requirements
Complete in most respects; reflects most requirements
Incomplete many respects; reflects few requirements
Incomplete in most respects; does not reflect requirements
Understanding
Demonstrates excellent understanding of the topic(s) and issue(s)
Demonstrates an accomplished understanding of the topic(s) and issue(s)
Demonstrates an acceptable understanding of the topic(s) and issue(s)
Demonstrates an inadequate understanding of the topic(s) and issue(s)
Analysis
Presents an insightful and through analysis of the issue (s) identified
Presents a thorough analysis of most of the issue(s) identified
Presents a superficial analysis of some of the issue(s) identified
Presents an incomplete analysis of the issue(s) identified.
Evaluation
Makes appropriate and powerful connections between the issue(s) identified and the concept(s) studied
Makes appropriate connections between the issue(s) identified and the concept(s) studied
Makes appropriate but somewhat vague connections between the issue(s) identified and the concept(s) studied
Makes little or no connection between the issue(s) identified and the concept(s) studied.
Opinion
Supports opinion with strong arguments and evidence; presents a balanced and critical view; interpretation is both reasonable and objective
Supports opinion with reasons and evidence; presents a fairly balanced view; interpretation is both reasonable and objective
Supports opinion with limited reasons and evidence; presents a somewhat one-sided argument
Supports opinion with few reasons and little evidence; argument is one-sided and not objective.
Recommendations
Presents detailed, realistic, and appropriate recommendations clearly supported by the information presented and concepts studied
Presents specific, realistic and appropriate recommendation supported by the information presented and the concepts studied
Presents realistic or appropriate recommendation supported by the information presented and the concepts studied
Presents realistic or appropriate recommendation with little, if any, support from the information and the concepts studied.
Grammar and Spelling
Minimal spelling and grammar errors
Some spelling and grammar errors
Noticeable spelling and grammar errors
Unacceptable number of spelling and grammar errors
APA guidelines
Uses APA guidelines accurately and consistently to cite sources
Uses APA guidelines with minor violations to cite sources
Reflects incomplete knowledge of APA guidelines
Does not use APA guidelines
Total
.
CASE STUDY RUBRIC MICROBIOLOGY For the Case Study assig.docxdrennanmicah
CASE STUDY RUBRIC MICROBIOLOGY
For the Case Study assignment the current pathogen selections may be requested by sending
an email to your instructor!
Assigned Case Study Problem:
You will create a case study for a microbial infection selected from the current pathogen list. Your case
study will be assembled using a detailed rubric (see below). Upon completion, you will submit your
case study to the Blackboard gradebook in Unit 5 and to SafeAssign.
How to create a case study
The case studies are meant to be an enjoyable, interesting, and informative assignment. This is your
chance to show that you understand the key teaching points about a microbe and to communicate
these points in a written format.
What information belongs in my case study?
Have at least 3-4 key referenced points in each of the five areas shown in the Case Study Information
Chart (see below). The left-hand heading in the chart suggests the type of information requested for the
pathogen. Outlines can be in whatever form you prefer (bullets/charts/outlines/diagrams or a mix). Be
sure to include two discussion questions (and provide complete answers) that you can incorporate
into your case study (place them at the end of your write-up). These questions should help connect your
case to other material in the course. For example, what other microbes have an A-B toxin? What other
viruses are transmitted by fecal-oral spread?
How much information should I provide for my case study?
For the Case Study, you are asked to provide at least the information requested in the chart below. The
boxed questions are suggestions for the minimum amount of information within each category. The
more detailed the information, the better the study. You may consult your textbook, CDC, WHO, Access
Medicine, Google Scholar, NCBI, WebMD, etc. to find the information. For example, if you perform a
Google search using the name of the pathogen and the word ‘vaccine’, you will find information on
current vaccines (if any), those in clinical trials, vaccines used only in animals, etc.
Case Study Information Chart
Typical Case What does a typical case look like? Use the standard format for a
patient presentation with chief complaint (CC), history of present illness
(HPI), key physical exam details (PE), lab findings, signature signs, and
any other important findings.
Description of the infectious
agent
If it is a bacterium, how is it classified? If it is a virus, what kind of
nucleic acid does it have? Does it target specific cellular types
(tropism)? Does it form a spore? Is it aerobic? Is it intracellular? Can it
only be grown in a specific type of media? How is it distinguished from
other members of the species? Does the pathogen have a significant
history with humans or animals?
Epidemiology What do you feel are the most important points about the
epidemiology of the disease? Incidence? Portal of entry? Source? Is it a
normal microb.
Case Study Rubric Criteria / Score
Distinguished
Competent
Basic/Pass
Poor
Failing
Content Knowledge
20
18
15
13
0
Case is addressed expansively in reference to assignment instructions, and demonstrates mastery of the subject matter appropriate to the assignment.
Case is addressed according to assignment instructions, and demonstrates mastery of the subject matter appropriate to the assignment.
Case is addressed according to assignment instructions but does not demonstrate mastery of the subject matter appropriate to the assignment.
Case is addressed but does not adhere to assignment instructions and does not demonstrate mastery of the subject matter appropriate to the assignment.
Case is not addressed and/or does not adhere to assignment instructions and does not demonstrate mastery of the subject matter appropriate to the assignment.
Use of Evidence
10
9
8
6
0
Ideas are supported with evidence and demonstrate a clear understanding of the research and theory behind the topic.
Ideas are somewhat supported with evidence to demonstrate a basic understanding of the research and theory behind the topic.
Ideas are not fully supported with evidence and demonstrate some confusion about the research and theory that support the case study topic.
Ideas are not fully supported with evidence and lack understanding of the research and theory behind the topic.
Ideas are not supported with evidence.
Writing
10
9
8
6
0
Assignment is well written and well organized. Mechanics (spelling and punctuation) and grammar are excellent.
Assignment is well written and well organized and contains few minor errors in mechanics and/or grammar.
Assignment is well written and well organized but contains some minor errors in mechanics and/or grammar.
Assignment is not clear and/or lacks organization and/or contains several errors in mechanics and/or grammar.
Assignment lacks evidence of clear, organized scholarly writing and needs extensive additional work to meet assignment needs.
Standard Writing Style
6
5
4.5
4
0
Assignment demonstrates appropriate in-text citations of sources (where appropriate) and references in proper formatting style.
Assignment demonstrates appropriate in-text citations of sources (where appropriate) and references in proper formatting style and contains few minor formatting errors.
Assignment demonstrates appropriate in-text citations of sources (where appropriate) and references in proper formatting style but contains some minor formatting errors.
Assignment does not provide either in-text citations (where appropriate) or reference sources and/or contains several formatting errors.
Timeliness
4
3.5
3
2.5
0
*Students who initiate communication regarding individual circumstances for lateness will be graded at instructor’s discretion.
Assignment submitted on time.
Assignment submitted one day late.
Assignment submitted two days late.
Assignment submitted three days late.
Assig.
Case Study ReflectionWrite a 4-5 page paper. Your written assi.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Reflection
Write a 4-5 page paper. Your written assignments must follow APA guidelines. Be sure to support your work with specific citations from this week’s Learning Resources and additional scholarly sources as appropriate. Refer to the Pocket Guide to APA Style to ensure that in- text citations and reference list are correct. Submit your assignment to the Dropbox by the end of this Unit.
In 2007 San Francisco began its Healthy San Francisco Plan designed to provide health care for all San Francisco citizens. In 2007, it was estimated that San Francisco had 82,000 uninsured citizens. Under the plan, all uninsured citizens residing in San Francisco can seek care at the city's public and private clinics and hospitals. The basic coverage includes lab work, x-rays, surgery, and preventative care. The city plans to pay for this $203 million coverage by rerouting the $104 million the city currently spends treating the uninsured in the emergency rooms, mandating business contributions, and requiring income-adjusted enrollment fees. The plan requires all businesses with more than 20 employees to contribute a percentage toward the plan. Many business owners consider this a burden and warn they will not stay in the city. The Mayor sees universal health access a moral obligation for the city.
Take one of the following positions.
San Francisco has an obligation to provide its citizens with health access.-OR-
San Francisco does not have an obligation to provide its citizens with health access.
Discuss the following in your assignment
:
What is the government's role in regulating healthy and unhealthy behavior?
Has the balance between personal freedom and the government's responsibility to provide health and welfare of its citizens been eroded? Why or why not?
.
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Case Study RubricCriterionStrongAverageWeakInt.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Rubric
Criterion
Strong
Average
Weak
Introduction / Primary Problem, Issue or Question Identification
States the case objective and clearly defines the problem, issue or question
Minimally describes the case, includes only the problem, issue or question
Bypasses the introduction and moves directly to commentary on the case
Understanding of Primary Problem, Issue or Question
Identifies and demonstrates a sophisticated understanding of the primary issues and or problems in the case study
Identifies and demonstrates an accomplished understanding of most of the issues/problems
Identifies and demonstrates acceptable understanding of some of the issues/problems in the case study
Analysis and Evaluation of Issues/Problems
Presents an insightful and thorough analysis of all identified problems, issues or questions; includes all necessary calculations
Presents a thorough analysis of most of the problems, issues or questions identified; missing some necessary calculations
Presents a superficial or incomplete analysis of some of the identified problems, issues or questions; omits necessary calculations
Recommendations on Effective
Solution
s/Strategies
Supports diagnosis and opinions with convincing arguments and evidence; presents a balanced and critical view; interpretation is both reasonable and objective
. Recommendations logically supported
Supports diagnosis and opinions with limited reasoning and evidence; presents a one‐sided argument; demonstrates little engagement with ideas presented. Illogical recommendations
Little or no action suggested, and/or ineffective or disconnected solutions proposed to the issues in the case study. No attempt at logical support for recommendations
Links to Course Readings and Additional Research
Makes appropriate and powerful connections between identified issues/problems and the strategic concepts studied in the course readings and lectures; supplements case study with relevant and thoughtful research and identifies all sources of information
Makes appropriate but vague connections between identified issues/problems and concepts studied in readings and lectures; demonstrates limited command of the analytical tools studied; supplements case study with limited sources
Makes ineffective connections or shows no connection between issues identified and the concepts studied in the readings; supplements case study, if at all, with incomplete information and sources
Writing Mechanics and Formatting Guidelines
Demonstrates a clear understanding of the audience for the case. Utilizes formatting, clarity and structure to enable the audience to readily see and understand recommended actions. Writing is logical, grammatically correct, spelling is error free
Demonstrates a limited understanding of the audience for the case. Ineffective structuring of response making it difficult to readily see and understand recommended actions. Writing shows poor logic, grammatical and spelli.
Case Study Rubric Directly respond to each questi.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Rubric
Directly respond to each question providing background to support your
response. (2 points)
Apply at least 2 concepts from the chapter material in the class text,
“Leadership; theory. Application and Skill Development.” Reference to,
“The Handbook of Leaders,” is a welcome addition. (2 points)
Apply your critical thinking skills. (2 points)
o A well cultivated critical thinker:
Raises vital questions and problems, formulating them
clearly and precisely;
Gathers and assesses relevant information, using abstract
ideas to interpret it effectively comes to well-reasoned
conclusions and solutions, testing them against relevant
criteria and standards;
Thinks open-mindedly within alternative systems of thought,
recognizing and assessing, as need be, their assumptions,
implications, and practical consequences; and
Communicates effectively with others in figuring out
solutions to complex problems.
o Taken from Richard Paul and Linda Elder, The Miniature Guide to
Critical Thinking Concepts and Tools, Foundation for Critical
Thinking Press, 2008
Case Studies must be submitted in the following format:
o Clearly title each in a word document with name, date, week etc.
o Must include clearly written and thoughtful narrative
o Post as a response in Blackboard
66352_FM_ptg01_i-xxviii.indd 4 10/21/14 12:16 AM
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Robert N. Lussier, Ph.D.
Spring field College
Christopher F. Achua, D.B.A.
University of Virginia’s College at Wise
S I X T H E D I T I O N
Leadership
THEORY, APPLICATION,
& SKILL DE VELOPMENT
66352_FM_ptg01_i-xxviii.indd 1 10/21/14 12:16 AM
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
66352_FM_ptg01_i-xxviii.indd 4 10/21/14 12:16 AM
This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,
some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right
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formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for
materials in your areas of interest.
Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product
text may not be a.
Case Study Scenario Part 3IntroductionThis media piece exp.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Scenario Part 3
Introduction
This media piece explains four ethical theories in order to prepare you for the Unit 3 assignment,
Case Study Resolution
. This media piece also includes parts 1 and 2 of the case study videos for your review.
Part 3
Deontology
The ethical position to do what is right out of duty or obligation. It is often called rule-based ethics.
Deontology has been described as "absolutist," "universal," and "impersonal" (Kant, 1785/1959). It prioritizes absolute obligations over consequences. In this moral framework, ethical decision making is the rational act of applying universal principles to all situations irrespective of specific relations, contexts, or consequences. This reflects Immanuel Kant's conviction that ethical decisions cannot vary or be influenced by special circumstances or relationships. Rather, a decision is "moral" only if a rational person believes the act resulting from the decision should be universally followed in all situations. For Kant, respect for the worth of all persons was one such universal principle. A course of action that results in a person being used simply as a means for others' gains would ethically unacceptable.
With respect to deception in research, from a deontological perspective, since we would not believe it moral to intentionally deceive individuals in some other context, neither potential benefits to society nor the effectiveness of participant debriefing for a particular deception study can morally justify intentionally deceiving persons about the purpose or nature of a research study. Further, deception in research would not be ethically permissible since intentionally disguising the nature of the study for the goals of research violates the moral obligation to respect each participant's intrinsic worth by undermining individuals' right to make rational and autonomous decisions regarding participation (Fisher & Fyrberg, 1994).
Utilitarianism
The ethical position depends on the consequences of the action with the goal being producing the most good.
Utilitarian theory prioritizes the consequences (or utility) of an act over the application of universal principles (Mill, 1861/1957). From this perspective, an ethical decision is situation specific and must be governed by a risk-benefit calculus that determines which act will produce the greatest possible balance of good over bad consequences. An "act utilitarian" makes an ethical decision by evaluating the consequences of an act for a given situation. A "rule utilitarian" makes an ethical decision by evaluating whether following a general rule in all similar situation would create the greater good. Like deontology, utilitarianism is impersonal: It does not take into account interpersonal and relational features of ethical responsibility. From this perspective, psychologists' obligations to those with whom they work can be superseded by an action that would produce a greater good for others (Fisher, 1999).
A ps.
Case Study RubricYour case study will be assessed as follows•.docxdrennanmicah
The document discusses Chevron Corporation's evolution of IT infrastructure to better support its global energy operations. It describes how Chevron uses Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems and sensors to monitor and optimize operations at its refineries. It also discusses Chevron's use of enterprise applications like SAP ERP and its move to cloud computing and business-focused web services. Finally, it outlines Chevron's vision for future infrastructure including increased use of mobility, analytics, and social media.
Case study RubricCriterionOutstanding 3.75Very Good 3 .docxdrennanmicah
Case study Rubric
Criterion
Outstanding 3.75
Very Good 3
Good 2.5
Unacceptable 1
Score
Completeness
Complete in all respects; reflects all requirements
Complete in most respects; reflects most requirements
Incomplete many respects; reflects few requirements
Incomplete in most respects; does not reflect requirements
Understanding
Demonstrates excellent understanding of the topic(s) and issue(s)
Demonstrates an accomplished understanding of the topic(s) and issue(s)
Demonstrates an acceptable understanding of the topic(s) and issue(s)
Demonstrates an inadequate understanding of the topic(s) and issue(s)
Analysis
Presents an insightful and through analysis of the issue (s) identified
Presents a thorough analysis of most of the issue(s) identified
Presents a superficial analysis of some of the issue(s) identified
Presents an incomplete analysis of the issue(s) identified.
Evaluation
Makes appropriate and powerful connections between the issue(s) identified and the concept(s) studied
Makes appropriate connections between the issue(s) identified and the concept(s) studied
Makes appropriate but somewhat vague connections between the issue(s) identified and the concept(s) studied
Makes little or no connection between the issue(s) identified and the concept(s) studied.
Opinion
Supports opinion with strong arguments and evidence; presents a balanced and critical view; interpretation is both reasonable and objective
Supports opinion with reasons and evidence; presents a fairly balanced view; interpretation is both reasonable and objective
Supports opinion with limited reasons and evidence; presents a somewhat one-sided argument
Supports opinion with few reasons and little evidence; argument is one-sided and not objective.
Recommendations
Presents detailed, realistic, and appropriate recommendations clearly supported by the information presented and concepts studied
Presents specific, realistic and appropriate recommendation supported by the information presented and the concepts studied
Presents realistic or appropriate recommendation supported by the information presented and the concepts studied
Presents realistic or appropriate recommendation with little, if any, support from the information and the concepts studied.
Grammar and Spelling
Minimal spelling and grammar errors
Some spelling and grammar errors
Noticeable spelling and grammar errors
Unacceptable number of spelling and grammar errors
APA guidelines
Uses APA guidelines accurately and consistently to cite sources
Uses APA guidelines with minor violations to cite sources
Reflects incomplete knowledge of APA guidelines
Does not use APA guidelines
Total
.
CASE STUDY RUBRIC MICROBIOLOGY For the Case Study assig.docxdrennanmicah
CASE STUDY RUBRIC MICROBIOLOGY
For the Case Study assignment the current pathogen selections may be requested by sending
an email to your instructor!
Assigned Case Study Problem:
You will create a case study for a microbial infection selected from the current pathogen list. Your case
study will be assembled using a detailed rubric (see below). Upon completion, you will submit your
case study to the Blackboard gradebook in Unit 5 and to SafeAssign.
How to create a case study
The case studies are meant to be an enjoyable, interesting, and informative assignment. This is your
chance to show that you understand the key teaching points about a microbe and to communicate
these points in a written format.
What information belongs in my case study?
Have at least 3-4 key referenced points in each of the five areas shown in the Case Study Information
Chart (see below). The left-hand heading in the chart suggests the type of information requested for the
pathogen. Outlines can be in whatever form you prefer (bullets/charts/outlines/diagrams or a mix). Be
sure to include two discussion questions (and provide complete answers) that you can incorporate
into your case study (place them at the end of your write-up). These questions should help connect your
case to other material in the course. For example, what other microbes have an A-B toxin? What other
viruses are transmitted by fecal-oral spread?
How much information should I provide for my case study?
For the Case Study, you are asked to provide at least the information requested in the chart below. The
boxed questions are suggestions for the minimum amount of information within each category. The
more detailed the information, the better the study. You may consult your textbook, CDC, WHO, Access
Medicine, Google Scholar, NCBI, WebMD, etc. to find the information. For example, if you perform a
Google search using the name of the pathogen and the word ‘vaccine’, you will find information on
current vaccines (if any), those in clinical trials, vaccines used only in animals, etc.
Case Study Information Chart
Typical Case What does a typical case look like? Use the standard format for a
patient presentation with chief complaint (CC), history of present illness
(HPI), key physical exam details (PE), lab findings, signature signs, and
any other important findings.
Description of the infectious
agent
If it is a bacterium, how is it classified? If it is a virus, what kind of
nucleic acid does it have? Does it target specific cellular types
(tropism)? Does it form a spore? Is it aerobic? Is it intracellular? Can it
only be grown in a specific type of media? How is it distinguished from
other members of the species? Does the pathogen have a significant
history with humans or animals?
Epidemiology What do you feel are the most important points about the
epidemiology of the disease? Incidence? Portal of entry? Source? Is it a
normal microb.
Case Study Rubric Criteria / Score
Distinguished
Competent
Basic/Pass
Poor
Failing
Content Knowledge
20
18
15
13
0
Case is addressed expansively in reference to assignment instructions, and demonstrates mastery of the subject matter appropriate to the assignment.
Case is addressed according to assignment instructions, and demonstrates mastery of the subject matter appropriate to the assignment.
Case is addressed according to assignment instructions but does not demonstrate mastery of the subject matter appropriate to the assignment.
Case is addressed but does not adhere to assignment instructions and does not demonstrate mastery of the subject matter appropriate to the assignment.
Case is not addressed and/or does not adhere to assignment instructions and does not demonstrate mastery of the subject matter appropriate to the assignment.
Use of Evidence
10
9
8
6
0
Ideas are supported with evidence and demonstrate a clear understanding of the research and theory behind the topic.
Ideas are somewhat supported with evidence to demonstrate a basic understanding of the research and theory behind the topic.
Ideas are not fully supported with evidence and demonstrate some confusion about the research and theory that support the case study topic.
Ideas are not fully supported with evidence and lack understanding of the research and theory behind the topic.
Ideas are not supported with evidence.
Writing
10
9
8
6
0
Assignment is well written and well organized. Mechanics (spelling and punctuation) and grammar are excellent.
Assignment is well written and well organized and contains few minor errors in mechanics and/or grammar.
Assignment is well written and well organized but contains some minor errors in mechanics and/or grammar.
Assignment is not clear and/or lacks organization and/or contains several errors in mechanics and/or grammar.
Assignment lacks evidence of clear, organized scholarly writing and needs extensive additional work to meet assignment needs.
Standard Writing Style
6
5
4.5
4
0
Assignment demonstrates appropriate in-text citations of sources (where appropriate) and references in proper formatting style.
Assignment demonstrates appropriate in-text citations of sources (where appropriate) and references in proper formatting style and contains few minor formatting errors.
Assignment demonstrates appropriate in-text citations of sources (where appropriate) and references in proper formatting style but contains some minor formatting errors.
Assignment does not provide either in-text citations (where appropriate) or reference sources and/or contains several formatting errors.
Timeliness
4
3.5
3
2.5
0
*Students who initiate communication regarding individual circumstances for lateness will be graded at instructor’s discretion.
Assignment submitted on time.
Assignment submitted one day late.
Assignment submitted two days late.
Assignment submitted three days late.
Assig.
Case Study ReflectionWrite a 4-5 page paper. Your written assi.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Reflection
Write a 4-5 page paper. Your written assignments must follow APA guidelines. Be sure to support your work with specific citations from this week’s Learning Resources and additional scholarly sources as appropriate. Refer to the Pocket Guide to APA Style to ensure that in- text citations and reference list are correct. Submit your assignment to the Dropbox by the end of this Unit.
In 2007 San Francisco began its Healthy San Francisco Plan designed to provide health care for all San Francisco citizens. In 2007, it was estimated that San Francisco had 82,000 uninsured citizens. Under the plan, all uninsured citizens residing in San Francisco can seek care at the city's public and private clinics and hospitals. The basic coverage includes lab work, x-rays, surgery, and preventative care. The city plans to pay for this $203 million coverage by rerouting the $104 million the city currently spends treating the uninsured in the emergency rooms, mandating business contributions, and requiring income-adjusted enrollment fees. The plan requires all businesses with more than 20 employees to contribute a percentage toward the plan. Many business owners consider this a burden and warn they will not stay in the city. The Mayor sees universal health access a moral obligation for the city.
Take one of the following positions.
San Francisco has an obligation to provide its citizens with health access.-OR-
San Francisco does not have an obligation to provide its citizens with health access.
Discuss the following in your assignment
:
What is the government's role in regulating healthy and unhealthy behavior?
Has the balance between personal freedom and the government's responsibility to provide health and welfare of its citizens been eroded? Why or why not?
.
Case Study Questions (Each question is worth 6 marks)1. Defi.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Questions (Each question is worth 6 marks)
1. Define the term ‘gastronomy’ and provide some examples to demonstrate your understanding.
2. What benefits and opportunities exist for the local indigenous community of the Dja Dja Wurrung Clans with Bendigo newly designated as a creative city of gastronomy?
3. How may the regional city of Bendigo incorporate gastronomy into its destination branding? Provide some examples.
4. Discuss some potential issues and considerations associated with using gastronomy in destination branding activities.
5. Outline some potential creative network collaborations which may result from Bendigo now being admitted to the Creative Cities Network.
.
Case Study Reorganizing Human Resources at ASP SoftwareRead the.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study: Reorganizing Human Resources at ASP Software
Read the ASP Software case (Anderson, 2005a) and consider the following questions:
How does the client feel about how the change has been managed at this point?
How do you think the management team or employees feel?
What has McNulty done well in managing the change to this point?
What could she have done differently?
What intervention strategy and intervention activities would you recommend to McNulty?
How would you structure these activities?
What roles would McNulty, the management team, and the consultant play?
.
Case Study Report Rubric CriterionWeakAverageStrongIdent.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Report Rubric
Criterion
Weak
Average
Strong
Identification of Main Issues/Problems
Identifies and demonstrates acceptable understanding of some of the issues/problems in the case study.
Identifies and demonstrates an accomplished understanding of most of the issues/problems.
Identifies and demonstrates a sophisticated understanding of the main issues/problems in the case study.
Analysis and Evaluation of Issues/Problems
Presents a superficial or incomplete analysis of some of the identified issues; omits necessary calculations.
Presents a thorough analysis of most of the issues identified; missing some necessary calculations.
Presents an insightful and thorough analysis of all identified issues/problems; includes all necessary calculations.
Recommendations on Effective
Solution
s/Strategies
Little or no action suggested and/or inappropriate solutions proposed to the issues in the case study.
Supports diagnosis and opinions with limited reasoning and evidence; presents a somewhat one-sided argument; demonstrates little engagement with ideas presented.
Supports diagnosis and opinions with strong arguments and well-documented evidence; presents a balanced and critical view; interpretation is both reasonable and objective.
Links to Course Readings and Additional Research
Makes inappropriate or little connection between issues identified and the concepts studied in the readings; supplements case study, if at all, with incomplete research and documentation.
Makes appropriate but somewhat vague connections between identified issues/problems and concepts studied in readings and lectures; demonstrates limited command of the analytical tools studied; supplements case study with limited research.
Makes appropriate and powerful connections between identified issues/ problems and the strategic concepts studied in the course readings and lectures; supplements case study with relevant and thoughtful research and documents all sources of information.
Writing Mechanics and Formatting Guidelines
Writing is unfocused, rambling, or contains serious errors; poorly organized and does not follow specified guidelines.
Occasional grammar or spelling errors, but still a clear presentation of ideas; lacks organization.
Demonstrates clarity, conciseness and correctness; formatting is appropriate and writing is free of grammar and spelling errors.
Staffing at The King Company
Kevin Tu has managed staffing at King since the early years when the company had less than 100 employees. Tu runs a tight ship and manages the department with only one other recruiter and an administrative assistant, who maintains all job postings, including a telephone employment hotline and the company’s job line web site. Tu is well-respected across the organization for his strict adherence to ensuring equity in hiring and job placement that goes well beyond equal opportunity requirements.
Tu recently completed an aggressive hiring drive at major universities, hiring several new en.
Case Study Project (A) Hefty Hardware - Be sure to address each .docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Project (A) Hefty Hardware - Be sure to address each question in the Case study, and explain your rationale thoroughly. Be sure you saved your file with your full name, and title of this project. Example:
Jason Karp Case Studies A. Details
: You will be given a case study to solve from the textbook. While your responses will vary, properly documenting your response from valid resources is a requirement. This assignment requires you to use proper citations and references from the textbook and alternate sources. Thoughtful opinions/research based on the literature, and from the textbook are necessary, so be sure to review the chapter prior to completing these activities. This task is like a research paper, so please take your time when preparing your responses. Separating each case study with a title and proper formatting is
essential
so that I can read and follow your paper. A one (1) page response is NOT - NOT going to earn you maximum points. The Case Study response will be submitted on the assigned due date from the past weeks (s
ee submission due dates and rubric
)
. The Dropbox will close after the due date and late submission will not be accepted.
Case study projects are NOT posted on the discussion board, they are submitted as an assignment.
Case study text from text book :
MINI CASE
Delivering Business Value with IT at Hefty Hardware2
"IT is a pain in the neck," groused cheryl O'Shea, VP of retail marketing, as she
slipped into a seat at the table in the Hefty Hardware executive dining room, next to her colleagues. “It’s all technical mumbo-jumbo when they talk to you and I still don’t know if they have any idea about what we’re trying to accomplish with our Savvy Store program. I keep explaining that we have to improve the customer experience and that we need IT’s help to do this, but they keep talking about infrastructure and bandwidth and technical architecture, which is all their internal stuff and doesn’t relate to what we’re trying to do at all! They have so many processes and reviews that I’m not sure we’ll ever get this project off the ground unless we go outside the company.”"You have got that right", agreed Glen vogel, the COO. " I really like my IT account manager, Jenny Henderson. She sits in on all our strategy meetings and seems to really understand our business, but that’s about as far as it goes. By the time we get a project going, my staff are all complaining that the IT people don’t even know some of our basic business functions, like how our warehouses operate. It takes so long to deliver any sort of technology to the field, and when it doesn’t work the way we want it to, they just shrug and tell us to add it to the list for the next release! Are we really getting value for all of the millions that we pour into IT?”
“Well, I don’t think it’s as bad as you both seem to believe,” added Michelle Wright, the CFO. “My EA sings the praises of the help desk and the new ERP system we put in last y.
Case Study Proposing a Data Gathering Approach at TLG Solutions (.docxdrennanmicah
TLG is looking to improve their data gathering approach. A proposed solution is to survey customers about their product and service experiences to gather feedback. They could also analyze online customer reviews and implement a customer relationship management system to track interactions over time to better understand customer needs.
Case Study Project Part I Declared JurisdictionTemplate Sta.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Project Part I: Declared Jurisdiction
Template Statement of Action Research Intent
The (Memphis Shelby County, Tennessee United States) will be examined to determine the current status of economic development. The resources for this study initially will come from public administrator generated information. The data will be assessed using S.W.O. T. Analysis. “Smart” Action Research will then be conducted to determine what specific economic development strategies may be employed to address areas of concern required for enhancing economic development prospects in the above jurisdiction. Using published scholarly resources and pertinent analytics, the action research efforts will turn to identifying options available to decision makers. This action research will result in a final report that provides both the criteria by which economic developments strategies may be weighed and a discussion of recommended actions, each uniquely assembled to improve the economic prospects for (Memphis Shelby County, Tennessee United States).
PADM 530
Case Study Project Part 2: Economic Development Analysis and Proposal Instructions
You will submit an Economic Development Analysis and Proposal Plan, consisting of 15-20 pages, not including the title page, abstract, or reference page. In order to complete this assignment, you must choose a specific locale that you want to use for your case study. You may wish to select the community in which you currently live or a hometown as the focus of this report. A case must be a “bounded system” with definable parameters (Stake, 1995). Thus, you must choose a locale that you can define and limit. For example, you should not use New York City. Its size is far beyond what you will be able to accomplish in this course. Likewise, you would not want to choose Huston, Idaho, as it is far too small to have a need for a cohesive economic development plan. In this assignment, you will target the specific situations found in an American city, town, or county. This assignment will require that you address the following six specific areas:
Locale
When choosing your locale, make sure that you will be able to find demographic and economic information. You will want to choose an area with which you are familiar or an area where there is obvious need. Attempt to pick a city or a town that is not extremely large (i.e., New York City, however, Staten Island could be a viable project). Choosing wisely will make your research more focused so that you can complete the research by the time the course has finished.
Economic Situation
You must detail the specific economic situation facing this location. For example, if you were to choose Flint, MI, you would have to discuss the impact of the auto industry moving away from the city and the subsequent economic and social conditions of the city. How has the economic shift impacted the city and how has the city responded in the last 30 years? Additionally, what initiatives.
Case Study Proposing a Data Gathering Approach at TLG Solutions.docxdrennanmicah
TLG is looking to improve their data gathering approach. A proposed solution is to survey customers about their product and service experiences to gather feedback. They could also analyze online customer reviews and implement a customer relationship management system to track interactions over time to better understand customer needs.
Case Study Peer Comments In each case study, you are expected.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Peer Comments:
In each case study, you are expected to respond to at least two peers’ postings in the classroom. Comments should add new information to the discussion or provide an assessment of your peer's posting. Peer comments are due by Sunday midnight
Mary Post:
#2: To obtain the necessary transportation capabilities in a short timeframe, what type of software purchase option should myIoT pursue? Explain.
The software purchase option that myIoT, Inc. should pursue would be a SaaS application. This is an Internet based service where the software is accessed online and there is no need to have it installed on site. This is a less expensive option than purchasing software and licenses, and it allows access to the outside vendors. It is also cheaper than hosted software. Based on the cloud location, the setup time is faster, which is what myIoT needs for a two-month turnaround.
#3: What types of technology implementation challenges might myIoT face? How can these risks be minimized?
Application integration would pose a challenge. Since there is a short time-frame, ensuring all partners are “up and running” could be their biggest issue. There will need to be a training period for all that access the data. Should any of their vendors not have the same capabilities, this could throw off their entire operation. Also, due to the variety of systems organizing and sharing information might be a problem. MyIot would need to work with its supply chain partners and vendors to ensure they are all capable using the chosen TMS and begin to implement it right away. This will allow extra time to make changes and enforce training sessions.
Desmond Post
2. To obtain the necessary transportation capabilities in a short timeframe, what type of software purchase option should myIoT pursue? Explain.
My Iot should pursue a well designed TMS software system. This system specializes in planning the flow of materials across the supply chain. It's the core of routing, rating, and, executing shipments across multiple modes tracking, load tracing, and freight settlement. The capabilities and scope of TMS expands the software to a much more integrative system. It provides support for transportation strategic, tactical, and operational planning, as well as delivery execution, in transit visibility and performance evaluation. TMS also supports appointment scheduling, metrics monitoring, and freight bill auditing.
3. Whats types of technology implemenation challenges might my iot face? How can these risks be minized?
My Iot could potentially loose time in wages, delay of shipment, and possibly loose business with customers, but these risks could be minimized by implementing better planning, develop training within your team, create effective structure and monitor the technology program by following these simple steps below to correct system and human error as they occur:
· Secure the commitment of senior management
· Remember .
Case Study ProblemLeadership appears as a popular agenda it.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study Problem:
Leadership appears as a popular agenda item in police executive training. Go to Google and search “police executive training courses.” Other than the Covey program discussed in this chapter, what are the other programs that are offered for police chiefs? What are the topic areas assigned under the heading of “leadership”? Be sure to use the graduate case study format.
attached is graduate study case analysis format
.
Case Study Planning for GrowthKelly’s Sandwich Stop is one of t.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study: Planning for Growth
Kelly’s Sandwich Stop
is one of the best-known and most loved sandwich concessions in town. In business for about five years, she sells sandwiches and other lunch items made from locally produced food from her mobile food trailer. Kelly’s passion and talent for creating reliably fresh, tasty lunch fare popular among a business clientele (largely employees and shoppers) has made her small enterprise a booming success.
In the last year, Kelly added a bicycle-towed concession that travels to different strategic locations in town, selling her popular sandwiches to customers who work beyond walking distance of
Kelly’s Sandwich
Stop
. She now has a total of four employees, all part-time, working both concessions. Because she caters to urban customers, her concessions operate on week days from 10 am to 2 pm. To promote word-of-mouth advertising, Kelly uses Facebook to publish her daily menus and the locations of the bicycle concession.
As a sole proprietor, Kelly has been pleased with her lunch business success. Now it’s time to get serious about the future of her business. In the short and medium term, she wants to see it grow into a potentially more lucrative enterprise, implementing a greater variety of food products and services, and increasing her competitive edge in the region. Ever the ardent entrepreneur, Kelly’s long-term dream is to develop her creative, health-conscious culinary skills and services into a wider clientele outside the region.
An opportunity has arisen to lease restaurant space about 10 miles away from her trailer concession location, close to a mall and the suburbs and nearer to her local food producers. Kelly has jumped at the chance. While she has hired professional business consultants to help her set up the space, design the menu, and implement the opening of the restaurant, she must also consider the short- and long-term financial, HR, and management needs of such an expansion. Kelly is particularly sensitive to her relationship to her customers, employees, and the community.
Directions for paper below:
In this paper, students will analyze and discuss small business growth in terms of growth strategy, business forms, short and medium term goals, financing assistance, organizational structure and staffing needs, customers and promotion, and ethics and social responsibility. Students are expected to apply business and management concepts learned in our course.
By completing this assignment, students will meet the outcome(s):
identify the critical business functions and how they interact in order to position the organization to be effective in the current business environment;
explain the importance of the integration of individuals and systems to organizational effectiveness;
describe the ethical and social responsibilities that confront a business.
Required Elements of the Final Project:
Read critically and analyze the case below,
Planning for Growth
;
Review the project descripti.
Case Study People v. Smith, 470 NW2d 70, Michigan Supreme Court (19.docxdrennanmicah
The document discusses the case of People v. Smith, where the Michigan Supreme Court ruled on whether a juvenile defendant's prior convictions could be used to sentence them as an adult. It asks for a summary of the case facts, issue, and ruling, as well as an overview of the importance of expunging juvenile records. Finally, it inquires about a state's juvenile expungement laws and criteria for transferring juveniles to adult court.
Case Study OneBMGT 464 Portfolio Activity TwoPurposeIn thi.docxdrennanmicah
Case Study One:
BMGT 464 Portfolio Activity Two
Purpose:
In this case the committee is looking to see how you can apply communication skills to obtain the maximum job performance of the employee in each of the short scenarios. After reading each short case, prepare answers to the questions for the upcoming search committee interview to review.
Outcomes:
The students will demonstrate understanding of the following outcomes:
· How to manage, organize, and lead employees;
· To identify the organizational theory related to increasing job performance to raise company effectiveness;
· How to communicate effectively to affect change or motivation; and
· Writing for persuasiveness.
Scenarios and Questions:
After reading each short case, prepare answers to the questions for the upcoming search committee interview to review.
1) “RLI Home Builds a Castle on Communication”
Since the outset the owner Ralph Lorean has prided himself on focusing the culture of the company on excellent customer service. Managers know that a culture like this would only work if the company’s employees enjoyed their work and the company. He wanted to build a company where every employee felt they owned the castle. Ralph believed that communication was essential to making an employee feel a part of the group, so he often said that he never wanted employees to “read about their company in the media and learn something new.”
Because RLI is international in scope it is possible that on any given day or time two thirds of its 2,000 employees are outside an office. To conquer the communication this problem imposes Ralph is surveying his managers to see if they think a new, but very expensive, “dashboard” intranet system would be worth the expenditure. The system would ensure optimal communication strategies allowing every employee remote access from wherever they are. Regardless, of location every employee can share information on the dashboard from their cell phone. However, it does not offer a “SKYPE” feature. Management has sent a short questionnaire to you asking the following questions:
A) How would the new tool influence job performance positively in RLI?
B) Could dependence on a program which does not permit access to verbal or face to face communications hinder job performance in a global setting? If so why?
C) If the dashboard was only presented in English would this be a factor in its intracompany success?
D) One of the biggest reasons suggested for purchasing the system is that it allows information to flow both from top down to bottom up. Do you see this as possible if the company is not structured in a similar way? If so why, if not why not?
2) Email Over All! Richard Burton is one of the production supervisors at Lighting R Us a branch of RLI. Richard supervises 25 employees and has been performing well in this same job for 5 years. Burton wants a promotion in the foreseeable future but feels it unlikely. Burton is always “on”. He has 24/7 email access, texts al.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
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B. Ed Syllabus for babasaheb ambedkar education university.pdf
143 Economics, Management, and Financial Mar.docx
1. 143
Economics, Management, and Financial Markets 11(1)
2016, pp. 143–151, ISSN 1842-3191, eISSN 1938-212X
LEADERSHIP VERSUS MANAGEMENT
IN PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS
IONELA GABRIELA SOLOMON
[email protected]
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
CARMEN COSTEA
[email protected]
Spiru Haret University
AUREL MIRCEA NIŢĂ
[email protected]
National University of Political Studies
and Public Administration
ABSTRACT. Over time the concept of leadership was analyzed
from different
2. perspectives. Some of them refer to human relationships that are
established under
it, others are focus on management as a process. The article
analyzes the evolution
of the concept of leadership, the differences between
management and leadership,
and challenges that may arise in the management process within
a public institution,
namely public administration in Romania. This article aims
aspects of leadership in
public administration such as: the application of this concept in
the decision-making
process, and the changes that are taking place in a public
organization.
JEL codes: H00
Keywords: leadership, management; public organizations;
public administration;
competencies
1. Introduction
“Leadership involves the art of working with people. Knowing
how to lead
does not mean knowing how to dominate, but to know how to
convince
people to work for a common goal” (Goleman, 2002: 222).
Professor Mielu Zlate (2004) defines leadership as “the process
by which
a person establishes a goal or a direction to one or a certain
number of
people, and determines them to act with competence and full
commitment to
their realization.”
3. 144
The term “leader” was used for the first time in the XIV-th
century,
according to The Oxford English Dictionary. Over time, the
term leadership
has taken on several meanings. According to Explanatory
Dictionary of the
Romanian Language, the meaning given to this term is
“management” or
“directorship”.
The leader is an individual who determines the meaning and
direction of
a group, gets the group cohesion, and then manages to motivate
the group in
order to achieve the desired results. From this statement it can
be detach the
components of the concept of leadership. The main element is
the person
who leads. The second, equally important, is the group. We
cannot speak of
leadership and leading function, without a group of followers. A
leader
without a group of followers is a “crazy loner” (Zlate, 2004).
Another
fundamental element that we can findif we study the definition
of leadership
is the goal; leader in theprocess of leading, follows the goal,
that must
become common, and have to be reached by the group after a
certain period
4. of time.
The leader quality does not refer to the way he presents himself,
but to
the manner he manages to exploit the powers of a group (Petca,
1999).
When we speak about leading a team in a business or a
company, the
style of leadership is very important in ensuring success. Each
of the leaders
will use at a conscious or subconscious level, a certain style of
leadership:
autocratic style, the bureaucrat style, charismatic style,
democratic style, the
people-oriented style, helpful style, task-oriented style, the
style of
transactional leader, or the transformational style.
2. Types of Leaders. A Literature Review
In literature there are many interests to characterize leaders. W.
Bennis’s
vision of a leader is the one of a “social architect”, a
transformer of an
organization that has the ability to create a global vision and to
translate it
into action (Petca, 1999).
According to Goleman’s vision (2007), we have the following
typology
of leaders: visionary leader, counselor leader, peer leader,
democratic leader,
promoter leader, dominator leader.
5. Manfred F.R. Kets de Vries identifies two main types of
leaders, namely:
the leader as a “chess player”, who makes strategic moves and
the second
type, the leader as a person capable of addressing to collective
imagination
of the people, in order to attract them towards the right path.
Those leaders,
from the second category, motivate people in their activity,
action that leads
to further efforts to achieve various objectives. Apart from the
two leader
types described above, the author states that there is a third
category of
leaders, namely “illusion-leaders” or “leadership as an illusion.”
People who
145
support the existence of this “leadership as an illusion” are not
interested
about who is in charge. They consider the leader as a puppet
manipulated by
other forces surrounding (Kets de Vries, 2003).
Although there are many types of leaders, in practice we focus
mainly on
typologies such as formal leader, informal leader, democratic
leader and
autocratic leader.
It prevails the professional opinion, that if we turn to autocratic
and
6. participatory character of the leader, we notice: first, autocratic
style requires
authority. This type of leadership pays special attention to
authority
relations, the hierarchy of direct subordination, setting the
objectives first,
establishes and maintains a climate of austerity, confidence in
the potential
of subordinates, who are treated as mere participants in their
work; they
seldom delegate and consult their subordinates or, most often
they avoid this
activity.
3. Leadership versus Management
The terms “leadership” and “management” are often used with
reference to
the same concept. In reality, the two concepts are different,
although they
have many common elements and activities aimed at improving
the
organization.
Warren Bennis, in his “On Becoming a Leader”, identifies
eleven
differences between manager and leader, as quoted below:
tes.
leader
focuses on people.
7. lies on
trust.
-term view, while the leader has a
long-term
view.
while
the leader respond to ‘What?’.
leader is
guided by medium and long-term results (impact).
challenging
it.
leader is
doing things ‘that have to be done.’”
146
We believe that this characterization, though the two concepts
are defined
accurately, sometimes it might seems exaggerated, since, in
practice, we
meet managers who have a vision on a medium term regarding
their
organization (as in strategic management, where the manager is
8. setting
target). Meanwhile, the characterization is enlightening in terms
of
membership of the two concepts: the manager belongs to formal
organization, while theleader belongstoinformal organization.
As for the differences between a leader and a manager, there are
many
arguments. They are generally based on the personal behavior of
the
manager and leader, but also on how they manage to convey
their ideas to
the people they work with.
“There is no equivalence between the leader and manager.
Ideally, all
managers are good leaders, but it is not binding. In fact, the
manager
exercises his influence on the team he leads and determines it to
act in a
particular way to achieve those objectives. Especially in
business, success
depends largely on the ability of leaders to convey the vision
and
enthusiasm. It is believed that quality of leadership is essential
but not
sufficient for a successful management” (Păuș, 2008: 17).
4. Management and Leadership in Public Administration
Public and private organizations, are complex entities whose
structure
cannot be understood outside the influences of
environmentanalysis where is
performed their activity. These influences seem to be stronger
9. in the case of
public organization, due to their characteristics.Leadership in
government is
characterized by an intentional process of influencing,
motivating and
directing a group of people to a common goal. The process of
influencing is
done in a consciously and deliberately way, by a leader. From
this point of
view, influence can be seen as “a person’s ability to affect the
behavior of
others. The successfully use of influence may cause changes in
opinions,
attitudes and beliefs and of course, behaviors” (Cornescu, 2000:
94).
Strategic management is seen as acomponent of a public
manageractivity
thatconsists in broadening the action to “think ahead” for the
entity he leads.
It contains two aspects: defining objectives, strategy, structure
and operating
principles for this entity; measuring theimpact in space, time
and context, of
an important decision that is taken (John, 2000). Any
manager/leader must
ensure the daily activity forthe team he leads, this being
translated into short-
term outlook, which is known as operational management. The
manager also
acts intended to broaden perspectives, in order to create a
horizon of
collective activity on the medium and long term; this area of
concern being
designed in strategic management. From here it is inferred that
the strategic
10. management concern the public servants located in positions of
147
responsibility, from middle and top management (Nita, 2014).
According to
this model of management, the head of agovernmental
institution, shall not
apply a stereotypical activity since his activity is directly
connected to that
level where strategic decisions are developed.
To be efficient, the public management must take into account:
the
general factors (social, economic, political), the specific factors
in each
organization, personal factors (convictions and personality of
the manager).
Leadership describes a new model of public civil servant, who
is seen as a
true agent of change, serving to introduce a new mentality in
Romanian
public administration (Nita, 2014).
Public manager is considered the new type of manager, running
the
government. This function involves the presence of features
rarely found
among ordinary civil servants, and the degree of responsibility
that it
involves is higher than the officials have. Even in that case, the
position of
public manager is very important for government and for its
11. future. This is
why, according to Art. 10 of the Rule of implementing
Government
Emergency Ordinance no. 92/2008, regarding the status of civil
servant
called public manager, there are set by law, the competences
necessary to a
public manager as follows:
(1) The competition aims to identify and select those that
demonstrate skills
and competencies and a minimum of general knowledge relevant
to public
administration, required to obtain the status of a public
manager.
a) the eligibility conditions set out in art. 6 para. (2) of the
Ordinance;
b) the ability to use the information and interpretation of data,
to formulate
conclusions and substantiation of administrative decisions;
c) the ability to establish and formulate objectives, and identify
logical
sequence of actions to achieve a specific purpose;
d) capacity to take decisions and to assess their impact;
e) the ability of analysis and synthesis;
f) communication skills;
g) the degree of motivation for specific public office manager;
h) owning skills other than those referred from b) to f) as
appropriate for a
public manager;
i) knowledge of the principles, rules, organization and
functioning of public
administration;
j) the knowledge of principles, rules, organization and
functioning of the EU
institutions, namely Community policies;
k) foreign languages.
12. 148
5. Challenges to Current and Future Leadership in Public
Administration
The function shows the types of problems attributed to a
manager or a
leader, as a result of horizontal management specialization
process and
indicates the right of a manager to use the resources available
within certain
limits, specialization as a result of vertical management
process. The
characteristic of government can be classified according to
several criteria,
namely:
- The material criterion as activity requires the study of legal,
human,
financial, usable in performing tasks;
- Organic criterion determines the description of specialized
agency types;
this means, enumerating the administrative structures, such as
those of
central bodies of public administration.The most rational
criterion is the one
of finality, namely the technical and specific purpose pursued
with each task.
These goals can be classified in terms of geography, according
to the
territory where these are achieved. The tasks carried out by
13. central
government bodies have general importance, being performed in
the same
manner throughout the country. Other local tasks are limited to
a county or
city, aiming to satisfy specific social requirements.
Based on the purpose criterion, we can say that leadership is
oriented
toward public institutions, to increase the efficiency of the
activity, decision-
making process and solving public needs, increasing the
efficiency of the
executive management, judicious use of labor, and to reduce to
a minimum
the number of administrative officials.
The administrative decision is a complex process of choosing a
possibility from several possible choices, in order to achieve an
objective of
government and influence the activity of at least one person in
the system, to
influence the administrative system in its entirety or just society
in general.
Any administrative decision must meet the following
requirements: to be
scientifically; to have a realistic character; to intervene in a
timely manner;
to be integrated in the overall administrative decisions taken
previously; to
be appropriate.
We define two categories of participants in the foundation and
administrative decisions, depending on: the involvement in
decision-making
- civil servants that are directly involved, civil servants and
14. citizens
indirectly involved and/or professionals involved directly or
indirectly; by
administrative level, we define position in the organizational
structure, there
are public servants from central and local government (John,
2000).
From a political approach to decision making, there can be
distinguish
these characteristics: consideration of policy objectives, the
existence of
political coalition, and theexistence of problemspackages.
Most relevant challenges seem to be related to the status, the
position of
the leader, the position they occupy, by displaying the following
trends:
149
employee’s performance evaluation through selection and
evaluation
activities, but sometimes, it include grievance and disciplinary
cases. In all
other situations, the focus is not on individuals, but on the
positions,
organizational structures, procedures or groups of persons.
Evaluation of
individuals in terms of their business performance requires a
certain quality
of managerial judgment, which places a great responsibility on
the managers
15. involved in training of civil servants. The efficiency of public
services in
administrationstate is primarily determining the quality of staff.
A system of
public administration, staffed with sufficient financial and
material
resources, but with unpreparedprofessional and managerial
officials, do not
get the results suggested (Androniceanu, 2008).
Any organization needs information in order to survive or to act
successfully. Organizational change includes the actual content
of the
change that occurs within them. In addition to these two
dimensions, the
context of organizational change is as important as the “content
which
formulate a strategy must control both the context in which the
process
occurs and the process itself” (Vlăsceanu 1993: 93).
The success of organizational change depends on the quality of
the
solution found and the effectiveness of its implementation,
which can have
three consequences: (1) implementing effective, the use of
innovation or
change improves organizational performance; (2) implementing
effective,
but the organization’s performance is not affected in any way;
(3)
implementation is not successful. Change can have negative
effects if the
solutions are inappropriate to the context, which does nothing to
highlight,
once again, the lack of interdependence between content and
16. process of
change.
The leader in public administration evolves on the same
principles as any
other leader. Each group has the responsibility of achieving the
goals of the
organization they belong; each has a set of qualities used to
achieve those
goals. The leader in public administration however, is not only
responsible
for the group to which it belongs, but with all those affected by
decisions
taken within the group. The entire population of a territory may
benefit or
suffer because of the decisions taken by the leader of that
administrative
entity.
This leadership aims to meet the needs of the general public and
its
objectives should be focused on this direction. The leader
appeals to the
charisma and persuasiveness or other talents in order to achieve
the desired
results.
A good leader in public administration has a good sense of
responsibility
and is aware that his decisions can affect in one way or another,
the citizens
and is ready to take responsibility for his acts and decisions.
A good leader knows when to take a decision, when isthe right
moment to
act and whenhe can anticipate certain results.
17. 150
He must have an honest character and to be devoted to his
actions so he
can bring prosperity to the area the leader is responsible of.
6. Conclusion
The public administration in Romania is in the process of
reform, tending
towards a post-bureaucratic system, system to form leaders with
vision, with
decision-making power.
New government leaders should be aware of the importance of
human
resources. Any effort to implement this concept in
administrative reform get
us closer to achieving an administrative system, based on
modern
management, which is responsive and loyal to the citizen needs,
in whose
service public administration should be. It is time for public
administration
to develop a source of authentic leaders. It is agreed or not, the
perception
according to which, we should borrow the concept stated in the
private
sector on how to form successful leaders.
Regardless the leader’s typology, we note that at this attitudinal
18. behavior
people’s skills are different, with different emphases placed on
the triple
objectives-results-rewards/sanctions. The most effective types
of leaders are
those with a high professional and managerial competences,
with solid
knowledge coupled with management qualities and skills that
will enable
them to promote and maintain appropriate relationships with
subordinates.
Public management means not offering fixed successful recipes
that just
apply step by step; but it can change essentially the perception
of the
administrative phenomenon and administrative action. The
solution to solve
the problems facing public administration in Romania depends
essentially
and cannot be conceived outside its action.
REFERENCES
Androniceanu, A (2008), Noutăţi în managementul public
(Novelty in public
management). Bucharest: Universitară.
Bennis, W., and Bennis, W. G. (2009), On becoming a leader.
New York: Basic
Books.
Cornescu, V. (2000), Managementul resurselor umane (Human
Resources
19. Management). Bucharest: Tei.
Goleman, D. (2002), Inteligenţa emoţională (Emotional
Intelligence). Bucharest:
Curtea Veche.
Goleman, D. (2007), Inteligenţa emoţională în leadership,
(Emotional intelligence
in leadership). Bucharest: Curtea Veche.
John, A. (2000), Public Service. Bucharest: Economica.
Kets de Vries, M.F.R. (2003), Leaders, fools and impostors:
Essays on the
psychology of leadership. iUniverse.
151
Niță, M. A. (2014), “The Importance of Image Management for
a Good Society,”
Research and Social Intervention Magazine 44: 308-320.
Niță, M.A. (2014), “The New Leader for Transatlantic Trend
and Public
Administration. Current Legal,” Juridical Current 59: 65-79.
Paus, V. A. (2008), “Profilul psiho-social al liderului din
instituții și organizații.
(Psychosocial Profile of the Leader of Institutions and
Organizations
Romanian),” Journal of Journalism and Communication 3(4):
17.
20. Petca, I. (1999), “Changes needed in human resource
management,” AFT Magazine
available online at
http://www.armyacademy.ro/revista1/rev_1.html
Romanian Government, Methodological regulations of
implementation of the
Government Emergency Ordinance no. 92/2008 regarding the
status of civil
servant called public manager, Official Gazette no. 484/2008.
Vlăsceanu, M. (1993), Psychology of Organizations and
Management, Bucharest:
Paideia, available at: http://www.apubb.ro/wp-
content/uploads/2011/02/Capitol-
Leadership.pdf, accessed on 05.04.2015
Zlate, M. (2004), Leadership şi management (Leadership and
Management).
Bucharest: Collegium.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further
reproduction prohibited without
permission.
Running head: COMMUNICATION STRATEGY 1
COMMUNICATION STRATEGY 7
21. Effective Communication Strategy for Business Success- A
Case Study of Google Company
Student Name
University Affiliations
Date
Communication strategy is an important aspect of any business.
It basically entails a plan to achieve communication objectives.
Some companies effectively adopt communication strategies
while others perform dismally in the area. Google Inc. is an
example of a company that employs a comprehensive
communication strategy. The strategy applies to marketing
communications, public relations, and internal communications.
Google’s communication strategy impacts positively on sales,
services, and continuous improvement.
Girard discusses how innovative communication processes have
helped Google Company resolve information blockages. The top
reason Girard holds that position is that efficient
communication strategy has led to harmony, trust and openness
within the ranks of the company. As an illustration,
transparency, an aspect of communication, represents the
cornerstone of the company’s culture. Google’s Human
Resource Officers are trained to inspire employees to believe
that fellow employees are good. As such, a newly hire at the
company, say a software engineer is granted full access to
almost all of the company’s code on the first day of reporting to
work. Besides, the company holds weekly all-hands meetings
attended by the company’s co-founders (Girard, 2009). The
meetings look into updates from the previous week.
A second reason Girard holds that position is that
communication strategy has boosted the company’s marketing
efforts a great deal. As a tactic that employs communication,
22. the company employs a myriad of product promotional
methodologies. One of them is advertising by the use of
communication media such as radio, television, and social
media. Further, Google’s advertising communicates through
conventional, traditional newspapers, magazines, and outdoor
advertising. The other common promotional method employed
by Google is direct marketing. Besides Google engages in
personal selling.
A third reason Girard holds that position is that Google’s
communication strategy has led to the creation and sustenance
of a positive image among stakeholders through provision for
the engagement in public relations. Google relies on a number
of tools and techniques to help it form meaningful relationships
with stakeholders. One of the commonly used techniques is
press release (Girard, 2009). The other proficiency employed by
our company of interest is the regular preparation and
distribution of newsletters. Other than press releases and
newsletters, the company participates in public events and
conferences. For further enhancement of goodwill among
partners and clients, the company engages in reward schemes.
The communication strategy positively impacts the organization
in various levels of operation. In the sales level, the different
promotional techniques employed by Google see to it the
reaching of a wide market of consumers. Further, direct
marketing which entails communicating directly to potential
customers through text messages, online adverts, email
messages, and personalized promotional letters creates a
personal touch with the customer. Quite often, the result is
increased customer loyalty and enhanced goodwill of the
company among consumers, both current and potential
(Chatzigiannakis et.al, 2004). Personal selling which entails
Google sending its agents to potential consumers to sell
products personally has a desirable impact of building trust with
the customer. Besides, the beauty of the technique is that it
guarantees immediate feedback. Press releases increase the
confidence of stakeholders in the company, therefore,
23. increasing the likelihood of the personalities to enter business
deals with Google Inc. Newsletters are platforms for outlining
the company’s products, both present and prospective. Besides,
it provides insights into products that customers may be
experiencing in interaction with various products. The catalogue
role of a newsletter enables consumers to compare notes and
make up their minds to buy Google’s products.
Turning to service, openness and trust created by entrusting
employees with the company’s sensitive data and code boosts
employee satisfaction and improves their morale a great deal.
During the weekly meetings held, 30 minutes of the meetings
are dedicated to the fielding of questions by any person in the
company on any imaginable topic. As such, the meetings
provide a platform for seeking clarifications regarding services
to customers. Besides, employees get an opportunity to air any
possible grievances and challenges they may be going through
in the course of delivering services. The trust created between
employees enhances teamwork which taps the resultant synergy
for quality customer service. In general, motivated employees
have a higher likelihood of serving with passion
(Chatzigiannakis et.al, 2004). Besides, Google experiences
minimal turnover, a situation that assures the acquisition of
experience by employees for quality of services offered.
On continuous improvement, Google engages in public relations
by the employment of a range of techniques for efficiency.
Pressers give information of interest to interested parties. Such
information ranges from the hiring of key staff members to
launch of products. Dissemination of information prompts the
airing of views and recommendations by intended audiences for
improvement of Google. Similarly, newsletters update interested
parties on interesting developments within the company. Such
information elicits discussions that Google taps into for
enhancement of operations and products. Participation in public
events by Google presents opportunity for meeting and
interacting with customers and other stakeholders. Examples of
events that Google participates in include the Firebase Summit,
24. Android development summit, and chrome development summit.
Such summits involve the showcasing of new knowledge and
technologies that Google adopts for improvement. In addition,
reward schemes invite creativity and innovation among
participants. Examples of such programs include 2019 Google
play awards and the Google Premier Partner Awards. The
creativity and innovation exhibited by participants represent
opportunities for improvement by Google.
A potential problem with the communications in Google is the
possible leaking of sensitive information. Since all employees
access the information, it is possible for competitors to
approach an employee and bribe them into sharing the
information. However, use of effective management skills to
improve the morale of the employees would effectively counter
the challenge. Potential motivational strategies would involve
rewarding employees fairly, respecting them, giving them an
opportunity to grow, and making them part of the organization.
Previously, I worked for Chic-fil-A. Though it has a
communication strategy in place, the strategy was not as
effective as that of Google Company. The former particularly
performs dismally in internal communications and public
relations. Borrowing Google’s communication strategy would
change the organization for the better. Integration of the
strategy in Chic-fil-A would involve a number of important
steps. One of them would be acknowledging impoverished
communication strategy and pointing to the need to review it.
The major shortcomings of the current strategy should be
highlighted. Next, a team of reviewers would be dispatched for
a benchmark at Google. Information obtained from the
benchmarking session would be used for preparation of a new,
comprehensive strategy that takes care of the three important
aspects of business operations (Alvesson, & Sveningsson,
2015). For success of the review, employees should be fully
involved in the whole process. After development of a new
communication strategy, necessary systems should be put in
place for its effective implementation. Further, internal
25. communication should be enhanced to communicate the new
strategy widely and repetitively. During implementation, cross-
functional teams should be created to help in comparing of
notes. Finally, post-implementation reviews should be
undertaken on regular basis.
In conclusion, Google’s communication strategy is successful a
great deal. The strategy has resulted to enormous benefits in
sales, service-delivery, and continuous improvement. Indeed, I
may recommend the strategy to my former employer, Chic-fil-
A. Implementation of the strategy in Chic-fil-A would involve a
number of decisional steps.
References
Alvesson, M., & Sveningsson, S. (2015). Changing
organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress.
Routledge.
Chatzigiannakis, I., Nikoletseas, S., & Spirakis, P. (2001,
October). An efficient communication strategy for ad-hoc
mobile networks. In International Symposium on Distributed
Computing (pp. 285-299). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Girard, B. (2009). The Google way: How one company is
revolutionizing management as we know it. No Starch Press.
BBA 2026, Organizational Communication 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
7. Summarize the differences in communication styles of
26. managers vs. leaders.
7.1. Describe different ways managers and leaders use
communication to guide their organizations.
7.2. Discuss the effectiveness of communication through the
message, channel, and the potential
for feedback.
Reading Assignment
In order to access the following resources, click the links
below:
Detert, J. R., Burris, E. R., Harrison, D. A., & Martin, S. R.
(2013). Voice flows to and around leaders:
Understanding when units are helped or hurt by employee voice.
Administrative Science Quarterly,
58(4), 624-668. Retrieved from
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=http://s
earch.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direc
t=true&db=bth&AN=92688565&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Grossman, L. (2016). Inside Apple’s code war. Time, 187(11),
42-49. Retrieved from
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=http://s
earch.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direc
t=true&db=bth&AN=113831986&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Solomon, I. G., Costea, C., & Nita, A. M. (2016). Leadership
versus management in public organizations.
27. Economics, Management, and Financial Markets, 11(1), 143-
151. Retrieved from
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=http://s
earch.proquest.com.libraryresources.c
olumbiasouthern.edu/docview/1782998705?accountid=33337
Click here to view the Unit VII Presentation.
Click here to view the Unit VII Presentation transcript.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
7
Unit Lesson
Unit VII Presentation
Article: “Voice flows to and around leaders: Understanding
when units are
helped or hurt by employee voice”
Article: “Inside Apple’s code war”
Article: “Leadership versus management in public
organizations”
Unit VII Mini Project
7.1
Unit Lesson
Article: “Leadership versus management in public
organizations”
28. Unit VII Presentation
Unit VII Mini Project
7.2
Unit Lesson
Unit VII Presentation
Unit VII Mini Project
UNIT VII STUDY GUIDE
The Different Communication Styles
of Managers and Leaders
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29. BBA 2026, Organizational Communication 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Unit Lesson
Introduction
When discussing the difference between leadership and
management, many articles, books, seminars,
workshops, video series, and motivational presentations have
been created. A simple search in the CSU
Online Library, or with a search engine like Google or Bing,
will reveal a plethora of resources that address
the issue. The sources provide a variety of opinions on how to
define the two roles and how to help a
manager transition into the role of a leader or how a leader can
become a more effective manager.
It is important to realize that the two roles are not mutually
exclusive, but the tasks each complete in an
organization require a certain set of skills. Managers usually
focus on specific work and tasks that fit within
the subject of a designated resource: human, time, financial,
equipment, and so forth. The skills managers
develop work within the constraints of the system and enforce
the desired standards of work on the
employees. Leaders, on the other hand, often concentrate on the
long-term vision or goal of the organization
and work on defining the system that allows the organization to
30. operate. Leaders concentrate more on the
overall view and try to expand the standards of work by
motivating, mentoring, and building relationships with
employees.
Organizations need managers to decide about resources and
manage risk. Acquiring resources requires a
significant investment for an organization, so managers need to
make good decisions, not just about
technology, but also when hiring new employees. For example,
Christina Merhar (2016) estimates that every
time an organization hires a salaried employee, it costs between
six and nine months’ salary on average in
recruiting and training expenses. Deciding upon the employees
to hire for a job is an essential part of working
within the constraints of the system.
Hiring talented employees and retaining them is part of creating
a functioning organization. The leadership
role focuses on the overall view of employee retention and
expands standards that will benefit the
organization. After all, as Merhar (2016) suggests, beyond the
cost of hiring and training new employees,
organizations face additional costs in lost productivity and
engagement, increased customer service errors,
loss of income due to dissatisfied customers, and a cultural
impact with other employees.
Beyond employee hiring and retention, though, organizations
need to work with strategic partners, academic
institutions, and also contract workers. Both managers and
leaders are required to achieve these tasks, and
their primary tool is communication.
While this information is focused on managers, it can also help
employees and staff who are looking to move
31. from their current role to a more visible leadership position. As
Detert, Burris, Harrison, and Martin (2013)
relate, leaders are not just those in the most senior positions in
organizations. They define leaders as
members of the organization who formally oversee the
collective effort of employees who are accountable for
measured results.
Case Study: Apple Versus the U.S. Government
In order to understand the way in which a leader communicates,
it can be helpful to study a real-life situation.
Tim Cook, who is the CEO of Apple, has been embroiled in a
public debate regarding a request from the U.S.
government to unlock an iPhone. Apple has complied with the
government in the past, but the current
situation is different due to the scope of the request.
The phone is owned by the San Bernardino Department of
Public Health, which provided it as a work phone
for Syed Rizwan Farook, one of the shooter suspects in a
massacre in San Bernardino, California, where 14
people were killed, and 22 people were injured. Due to the iOS8
operating system installed on the phone,
data (e.g., photos, messages, contacts, call history) is securely
encrypted using a password. Apple cannot
bypass the passcode to obtain the data; this is one of the selling-
features that the company provides for its
customers. The encryption protects users from hackers and
criminals.
In “Inside Apple’s Code War,” Lev Grossman (2016) explains
that after the Orange County Regional
Computer Forensics Laboratory retrieved the phone and booted
it up, the authorities learned that it required a
passcode for access. Since the phone belonged to San
32. Bernardino County, a technician was able to remotely
BBA 2026, Organizational Communication 3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
reset the iCloud password. Unfortunately, this meant that the
iPhone, which has its own passcode, would no
longer back up information to iCloud.
If the iCloud password had not been changed, Apple could have
provided the iPhone’s back up data to the
government. However, as Kim Zetter (2016) notes, by changing
the iCloud password, there is no chance for
the iPhone to back up additional data. Zetter (2016) states that
the best opportunity to get the data from the
iPhone was nullified by the technician changing the Apple ID.
If this had not occurred, then Apple would not
have to resist the government’s attempt to break the security of
its own operating system.
What would have been a simple request before the change now
resulted in a massive issue. The FBI
requested that Apple make a new version of the iPhone
operating system that circumvented important
security features and install it on the iPhone recovered during
the investigation of Syed Rizwan Farook.
Apple’s argument is that once this type of software is
developed, it can be used to unlock any iPhone, and
33. there would be no way to limit its use.
Managers
Zetter (2016) explains that Apple has a standard procedure
when working with government agencies. There
is a specific department set up to deal with technical requests of
this sort, and Apple technicians walked the
government agents through the standard process of retrieving
the data. The agents did not inform the Apple
technicians that the iCloud password had been changed,
however, so the information remained locked.
The managers, at this point, had focused on one specific area:
They were working on the technical support
aspect of the phone. Their communications were centered on
fixing this one particular problem; they were
meeting the specific demands of a single situation.
Leaders
Cook became involved when the FBI requested that Apple
create a new version of iOS 9 that would allow
them to unlock the phone. At this point, the issue had moved
from a single situation to one of company policy.
Cook did not just make a unilateral decision; instead, he
consulted with his managers and staff. Cook
explained that the company engaged in long, internal
discussions prior to the decision being made (as cited in
Grossman, 2016).
This is an area of leadership. The leader has to be focused on
how all of the departments in an organization
work together. Since this is a problem that could affect the
entire company, Cook took the time to gather
feedback from his executives, managers, and staff. Each person
34. had an opportunity to provide information
and to influence the decision.
When the U.S. government filed a motion to compel Apple’s
assistance in unlocking the iPhone, the situation
changed once again. By not filing a sealed case, Grossman
(2016) notes, the FBI was trying to bring the court
of public opinion into play about the issue. As the leader of
Apple, Cook was now faced with anticipating the
reactions of his employees to this situation, as well as
customers, strategic partners, and so forth. He needed
to make decisions in regard to this issue, but he also needed to
explain the rationale for those decisions to
everyone involved.
Creating a Communications Strategy that Fosters Change and
Innovation
Cook addressed this through creating messages about Apple’s
company mission, goals, and responsibilities.
He stressed Apple’s dedication to helping law enforcement and
provided details on the special efforts the
company makes to provide support. Cook focused on customer
protection, security, and human rights under
the U.S. Constitution. He provided transparency with the court
documents and Apple’s response.
Along with conducting media interviews to clarify Apple’s
position, Cook released “A Message to our
Customers” where he stressed the company's efforts to keep
consumers' information private. The letter calls
for public discussion of the issues and presents an overview of
the situation so both Apple customers and
people throughout the United States can understand what is at
stake. He lays out the argument for keeping
encryption and adds that if the government uses the All Writs
35. Act to unlock one iPhone, it would have the
ability to go into any device to monitor and/or collect data. This
would extend to health records, financial data,
BBA 2026, Organizational Communication 4
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
and location tracking. The All Writs Act could be used to
constantly access and monitor any smart phone’s
microphone and camera without the user’s knowledge (Cook,
2016).
In the letter, Cook states that this legal challenge by Apple was
not taken lightly but with the deepest respect
for American democracy. He feels that the organization is
standing up to an overreach of authority by the U.S.
government. He welcomes a discussion with the public where
people consider the full implications of
government surveillance to this extent. Cook concludes the
letter by stating that, while the FBI has good
intentions in this one case, what will follow will undermine the
freedoms and liberty of law-abiding citizens who
our government should be protecting (Cook, 2016).
Variations of this message have been repeated by Cook in
interviews and at the Town Hall meeting that
occurs quarterly at 1 Infinite Circle Plaza. But Cook goes one
step further in certain interviews, pointing out
36. that even if the government outlaws encryption by companies in
the United States, criminals will simply
download apps from outside its borders. Since the Internet is
worldwide, it is easy to purchase encryption
apps from other countries. So the criminals’ data would be
unavailable to law enforcement, and everyone else
would be vulnerable. Financial information, personal messages,
photos, and work documents—anything
stored on a computer, tablet, or smart phone—would be
vulnerable. This type of technology, Cook states, will
only affect good, law-abiding citizens. It will not deter
criminals (as cited in Grossman, 2016).
References
Cook, T. (2016). A message to our customers. Retrieved from
http://www.apple.com/customer-letter/
Detert, J. R., Burris, E. R., Harrison, D. A., & Martin, S. R.
(2013). Voice flows to and around leaders:
Understanding when units are helped or hurt by employee voice.
Administrative Science Quarterly,
58(4), 624-668.
Grossman, L. (2016). Inside Apple’s code war. Time, 187(11),
42-49.
Merhar, C. (2016, February 4). Employee retention – the real
cost of losing an employee [Blog post].
Retrieved from
http://www.zanebenefits.com/blog/bid/312123/Employee-
37. Retention-The-Real-Cost-of-
Losing-an-Employee
Zetter, K. (2016, February 19). Apple says the government
bungled its chance to get that iPhone’s data.
Wired. Retrieved from http://www.wired.com/2016/02/apple-
says-the-government-bungled-its-chance-
to-hack-that-iphone/
Suggested Reading
In order to access the following resources, click the links
below:
The articles below highlight some of the issues related to the
topics discussed in the Unit VII Lesson.
Merhar, C. (2016, February 4). Employee retention—the real
cost of losing an employee [Blog post].
Retrieved from
http://www.zanebenefits.com/blog/bid/312123/Employee-
Retention-The-Real-Cost-of-
Losing-an-Employee
Zetter, K. (2016, February 19). Apple says the government
bungled its chance to get that iPhone’s data.
Wired. Retrieved from http://www.wired.com/2016/02/apple-
says-the-government-bungled-its-chance-
to-hack-that-iphone/