This document provides an outline for a presentation on evaluating the performance of desilting basins used in small hydropower plants. It discusses the problems caused by sediment in SHP plants and how desilting basins are used to trap sediment before it reaches turbines. The objective of the study is to evaluate the performance of existing desilting devices and examine the impact of sediment on turbines. Data was collected from 14 SHP sites through site visits. Desilting basin efficiency was evaluated using various methods and compared to observed efficiency. Analysis found the effect of desilting basin efficiency on turbine runners.
This document provides an overview of hydro power plant components and types. It discusses the three types of power houses: surface, semi-underground, and underground. Surface power houses have components on the surface but are limited by topography. Semi-underground power houses combine advantages of surface and underground. Underground power houses are located entirely inside mountains with access tunnels. The document also summarizes the main components of hydro power stations including dams/barrages, water conductor systems, and power houses as well as different types of hydro power projects.
Water Supply Pipelines Channel Crossing ExamplesVladimir Popovic
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
A water hammer is a pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid, usually a liquid but sometimes also a gas, in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly; a momentum change. this phenomenon commonly occurs when a valve closes suddenly at an end of a pipeline system, and a pressure wave propagates in the pipe
The Koyna Hydroelectric Project located in Maharashtra, India is the largest hydroelectric power plant in Satara district. It has a total installed capacity of 1960 MW generated across four stages using water from the Krishna River basin. The multi-dam project involves the Koyna Dam and Kolkewadi Dam and cost 4,953 crore rupees to develop. Stage 1 and 2 use Pelton and Francis turbines to generate up to 75 MW each, while stages 3 and 4 were added later to increase capacity and meet growing electricity demands. An innovative lake tapping system was also implemented to access additional water sources.
Hydrologic data generally consist of a sequence of observations of some phase of the hydrologic cycle made at a particular site. The data may be a record of the discharge of a stream at a particular place, or it may be a record of the amount of rainfall caught in a particular rain gage.
Although for most hydrologic purposes a long record is preferred to a short one, the user should recognize that the longer the record the greater the chance that there has been a change in the physical conditions of the basin or in the methods of data collection. If these are appreciable, the composite record would represent only a nonexistent condition and not one that existed either before or after the change. Such a record is inconsistent.
This document discusses the key components of hydropower projects including penstocks, power houses, and tailraces. It describes the different types of penstocks such as exposed, embedded, and underground and their advantages and disadvantages. A power house contains the mechanical and electrical equipment needed to convert the kinetic energy of water into electricity. Tailraces return water back to the river after it has passed through turbines in the power house.
Report of Sardar Sarovar Hydro Power Plant Sheel Shah
The document provides details about an industrial visit by students to the Sardar Sarovar Hydroelectric Power Plant in Gujarat, India. It includes an introduction to the plant, its history, basic principles of hydroelectric power generation, site selection factors, construction process, main components and features of the Sardar Sarovar plant. The plant harnesses the potential energy of water stored by the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River to generate electricity via turbines.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on evaluating the performance of desilting basins used in small hydropower plants. It discusses the problems caused by sediment in SHP plants and how desilting basins are used to trap sediment before it reaches turbines. The objective of the study is to evaluate the performance of existing desilting devices and examine the impact of sediment on turbines. Data was collected from 14 SHP sites through site visits. Desilting basin efficiency was evaluated using various methods and compared to observed efficiency. Analysis found the effect of desilting basin efficiency on turbine runners.
This document provides an overview of hydro power plant components and types. It discusses the three types of power houses: surface, semi-underground, and underground. Surface power houses have components on the surface but are limited by topography. Semi-underground power houses combine advantages of surface and underground. Underground power houses are located entirely inside mountains with access tunnels. The document also summarizes the main components of hydro power stations including dams/barrages, water conductor systems, and power houses as well as different types of hydro power projects.
Water Supply Pipelines Channel Crossing ExamplesVladimir Popovic
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
A water hammer is a pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid, usually a liquid but sometimes also a gas, in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly; a momentum change. this phenomenon commonly occurs when a valve closes suddenly at an end of a pipeline system, and a pressure wave propagates in the pipe
The Koyna Hydroelectric Project located in Maharashtra, India is the largest hydroelectric power plant in Satara district. It has a total installed capacity of 1960 MW generated across four stages using water from the Krishna River basin. The multi-dam project involves the Koyna Dam and Kolkewadi Dam and cost 4,953 crore rupees to develop. Stage 1 and 2 use Pelton and Francis turbines to generate up to 75 MW each, while stages 3 and 4 were added later to increase capacity and meet growing electricity demands. An innovative lake tapping system was also implemented to access additional water sources.
Hydrologic data generally consist of a sequence of observations of some phase of the hydrologic cycle made at a particular site. The data may be a record of the discharge of a stream at a particular place, or it may be a record of the amount of rainfall caught in a particular rain gage.
Although for most hydrologic purposes a long record is preferred to a short one, the user should recognize that the longer the record the greater the chance that there has been a change in the physical conditions of the basin or in the methods of data collection. If these are appreciable, the composite record would represent only a nonexistent condition and not one that existed either before or after the change. Such a record is inconsistent.
This document discusses the key components of hydropower projects including penstocks, power houses, and tailraces. It describes the different types of penstocks such as exposed, embedded, and underground and their advantages and disadvantages. A power house contains the mechanical and electrical equipment needed to convert the kinetic energy of water into electricity. Tailraces return water back to the river after it has passed through turbines in the power house.
Report of Sardar Sarovar Hydro Power Plant Sheel Shah
The document provides details about an industrial visit by students to the Sardar Sarovar Hydroelectric Power Plant in Gujarat, India. It includes an introduction to the plant, its history, basic principles of hydroelectric power generation, site selection factors, construction process, main components and features of the Sardar Sarovar plant. The plant harnesses the potential energy of water stored by the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River to generate electricity via turbines.
The document provides details about the student's practical training report on hydro turbines at Andritz Hydro Ltd. It includes an introduction, acknowledgments, preface, table of contents, and initial chapters on the company profile and history of Andritz as well as an introduction to hydro turbines. The introduction to hydro turbines classifies turbines as either impulse or reaction turbines and further classifies them based on direction of water flow, available head and discharge, speed, and shaft disposition. It also provides details on the main assemblies and operation of Pelton turbines.
The document describes the design of a forebay for a hydropower system. It begins by outlining the key components and functions of a forebay. It then provides design guidelines and parameters to consider, such as volume, depth, width, and spillway size. Two design examples are presented. The first designs a forebay with a discharge of 2 cubic meters per second and the second designs one with a discharge of 12 cubic meters per second conveyed by two penstocks. Both examples calculate the necessary dimensions and design characteristics of the forebay based on the given parameters.
Dams and Reservoirs -Hydraulics engineeringCivil Zone
Dams are barriers built across rivers or streams to control water flow for uses like irrigation, hydropower, and flood control. The main types are embankment dams made of earth or rock and concrete dams like gravity, arch, and buttress dams. Dams provide benefits like irrigation, power, flood control, and recreation but can also negatively impact river ecosystems and require relocation of people. Engineers consider factors like geology, material availability, and hydrology to select the optimal dam type and site for a given project. Ancillary structures like spillways and outlets control water release.
The document provides guidance on conducting pumping tests for water wells. It discusses the importance of pumping tests for determining a well's sustainable yield and performance. The document outlines the basic preparations needed for pumping tests, including gathering information on the well and acquiring basic monitoring equipment to measure water levels and pumping rates. It describes the main types of pumping tests as step tests, constant-rate tests, and recovery tests. The document is intended as a practical guide for water and habitat engineers working in remote areas to help evaluate wells and aquifers under field conditions.
The document discusses various elements of a water conductor system for hydropower projects. It describes intake structures, including trash racks and gates. It discusses open channels like canals and pressure tunnels. It provides details on penstocks, including types (buried vs exposed), design considerations, and factors for determining alignment. The key components discussed are intake, head race tunnel, surge tank, penstock, and their functions in conveying water from the source to the hydropower plant turbines.
in industries like iron and glass the fluid for hydraulic machines are delivered by multistage pumps. this is the basic introduction for clearing the concept of multi stage pumps.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Anchor Block and Penstock Pipe of a Hydroelectr...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the design and analysis of an anchor block and penstock pipe for the Thottiyar hydroelectric project in Kerala, India. It provides details on the design methodology, which involves collecting preliminary site data, studying the relevant design codes, and using software like Microsoft Excel to iteratively design the anchor block and size the penstock pipe to withstand expected water pressures and hammer effects. The sample anchor block design is presented along with conclusions on satisfying stability criteria and determining appropriate penstock pipe thicknesses.
The industrial visit was a two day trip to the Nagarjuna Sagar Hydro Power Plant. 28 students and 3 faculty members from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering participated in the visit. The main purposes of the visit were to see the real time operations of the hydro power plant, understand how the turbine works to generate power, and how water flows to the turbine. Key aspects of the plant included the dam, power generation units with a total capacity of 815.6 MW, and the canals that provide irrigation water to local districts. The students gained valuable practical knowledge about hydroelectric power generation during the visit.
The document describes a proposed water supply scheme that would provide potable drinking water to 15 habitations in Velliyamattom Panchayath and surrounding areas. It involves designing an intake structure on the Thodupuzha River, a 4 MLD water treatment plant, eight service reservoirs, over 130 km of distribution piping, and pumping stations to transfer water between components. The scheme is estimated to cost around 3.19 crore rupees and would meet the projected water demand for the area through 2031.
CANAL AUTOMATION – TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY AND EXPAND IRRIGATION AREA COVERAGE
by Prof. Nayan Sharma, WRD&M, IIT Roorkee and
Honorary Professor, University of Nottingham, UK
Hydraulic failures .... 40%
Seepage failures…….. 30%
Structural failures .... 30%
(1) Overtopping
(2) Erosion of u/s slope by waves
(3) Erosion of d/s slope by wind and rain
(4) Erosion of d/s toe
(5) Frost action
(1) Overtopping = the design flood is under estimated.
spillway capacity is not adequet
spillway gates are not properly operated
free board is not sufficient
excessive settlement of the foundation and dam
(2) Erosion of u/s slope by waves = The waves developed near the top water surface due to the winds, try to notch out the soil from the upstream face and may even, sometimes, cause the slip of the upstream slope.
Upstream stone pitching or riprap should, therefore, be provided to avoid such failures.
(3) Erosion of d/s slope by wind and rain = The rainwater flowing down the slope; may result in the formation of 'gullies' on the downstream slope thus damaging the dam which may generally lead to partial failure of the dam or in some cases it may cause complete failure of the dam.
Erosion of d/s toe : = Toe erosion may occur due to two reasons :
erosion due to tail water
erosion due to cross currents that may come from spillway buckets.
Frost action : = If the earth dam is located at a place where the temperature falls below the freezing point, frost may form in the pores of the soil in the earth dam.
When there is heaving, the cracks may form in the soil. This may lead to dangerous seepage and consequent failure.
Seepage failures : = Seepage failures may occur due to the following causes :
(1) Piping through the foundation
(2) Piping through the dam
(3) Sloughing of d/s toe
Structural failures :=
Structural failures in earth dams are generally shear failures leading to sliding of the tents or the foundations.
(1) u/s and d/s slope failures due to construction pore pressures
(2) u/s slope failure due to sudden drawdown
(3) D/s slope failure due to steady seepage
(4) Foundation slide due to spontaneous liquefaction
(5) Failure due to earthquake
(6) Failure by spreading
(7) Slope protection failures
(8) Failure due to damage caused by borrowing animals
(9) Failure due to holes caused by leaching of water soluable salts
Criteria for safe Design of Earth Dam :
Section of an Earth Dam :
The design of an earth dam essentially consists of determining such a cross section
the dam which when constructed with the available materials will fulfill its required
tion with adequate safety. Thus there are two aspects of the design of an earth dam.
This document summarizes a workshop on gas well deliquification using plunger lift. It discusses how plunger lift works to remove liquid from gas wells so gas can flow freely. It explains that artificial lift is often required when gas wells become liquid loaded and production declines. Key factors for determining if plunger lift is suitable include sufficient gas volume and pressure. The document outlines applications and benefits of plunger lift, such as stabilizing production and being economical. It also discusses installation, operation, and economics considerations for plunger lift systems.
The presentation covers: History of Development in India, Current Status & Potential of Hydro Power, Necessity of HP Development, Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydropower, Comparison between Hydro Power, Thermal Power and Nuclear Power, Challenges/Barriers in Development of HP, Place of Hydro-Power in Power System
Guidelines For Construction of Pipe Distribution Network (PDN) For IrrigationIRJET Journal
This document provides guidelines for constructing a pipe distribution network (PDN) for irrigation instead of a canal distribution network (CDN) to increase water use efficiency. It recommends that a PDN system is more economical and flexible than a CDN. The guidelines cover planning the layout of the PDN, designing pipe diameters and flow velocities, and installation requirements to ensure adequate water supply and pressure throughout the distribution network. Following these guidelines can help maximize the benefits of a PDN system over a conventional CDN.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL METHOD ADOPTED BY NTPC LTD. IN ASH DYKE (STAR...Sukesh Nayak
The document summarizes the environmental pollution control methods used by NTPC Ltd. for ash dykes. It describes how fly ash from power plants is mixed with water and pumped into ash ponds located near the plants. Ash ponds are constructed in stages with 3m height increments to reduce costs. The upstream construction method is most common, where new segments are built on top of deposited ash. Plastic liners are installed at the bottom and sides of new ash ponds to prevent groundwater pollution from decanted water.
The document summarizes the key components and benefits of the Polavaram Project, a multi-purpose irrigation project under construction in Andhra Pradesh. The main components include a spillway with radial gates, earth-cum-rock fill dam, two coffer dams, and a hydroelectric power house. The dam will be able to withstand 50 lakh cusecs of water flow. Benefits include supplying 80 TMC of water to the Krishna Delta region, utilizing all of Andhra Pradesh's Krishna river water allocation for the Rayalaseema region, and providing 960 megawatts of hydroelectric power. Completion of the project is expected to satisfy Andhra Pradesh's water needs.
This document provides guidance for selecting hydraulic turbines and governing systems for hydroelectric projects up to 25 MW. It discusses key site data needed for selection, including net head values. It then classifies and describes the main turbine types - Francis, propeller, Kaplan, and impulse turbines. Selection criteria are outlined based on site parameters like head and flow. Guidelines are provided for selecting turbines for different size ranges from micro-hydro to larger mini and small hydro projects. Performance parameters like efficiency, operating ranges, and cavitation characteristics are also covered. The document concludes with sections on governing systems and examples.
This document summarizes different types of tube wells based on various classification criteria. It describes tube wells as holes bored into the ground to tap groundwater from deep aquifers. Tube wells are classified based on their entry of water, construction method, depth, and type of aquifer tapped. Shallow tube wells are usually less than 60m deep while deep tube wells range from 60-300m deep. Tube wells can be screen wells, cavity wells, drilled wells, driven wells, or jetted wells depending on their construction method. They can tap water table aquifers, semi-artesian aquifers, or artesian aquifers based on the aquifer type.
1. River training works include guide banks, marginal banks, spurs, and pitched islands that are constructed upstream of barrages and weirs. This is to ensure the river flows through the structure and to protect upstream lands and property from submergence.
2. Marginal banks are embankments on both sides of the river that maintain the river channel and prevent submergence of upstream areas. Spurs are fortified embankments built transverse to the banks that control the river's course and protect banks from erosion. Pitched islands artificially redistribute the river's force and sediment to attract and hold the channel.
This document provides guidelines for the hydraulic design of small hydro power plants, including the design of head works and intake structures. It discusses three main types of head works: lateral intake, trench intake, and reservoir/canal intakes. For lateral intake head works, guidelines are provided on site selection, determining key elevations, layout, sizing sediment flushing gates, sizing intake trash racks, and designing diversion structures and spillways. References for further information on lateral intake and diversion weir design are also included. The guidelines aim to optimize hydraulic performance while balancing other practical constraints. Hydraulic model studies are recommended for important projects or unusual sites.
The document provides details about the student's practical training report on hydro turbines at Andritz Hydro Ltd. It includes an introduction, acknowledgments, preface, table of contents, and initial chapters on the company profile and history of Andritz as well as an introduction to hydro turbines. The introduction to hydro turbines classifies turbines as either impulse or reaction turbines and further classifies them based on direction of water flow, available head and discharge, speed, and shaft disposition. It also provides details on the main assemblies and operation of Pelton turbines.
The document describes the design of a forebay for a hydropower system. It begins by outlining the key components and functions of a forebay. It then provides design guidelines and parameters to consider, such as volume, depth, width, and spillway size. Two design examples are presented. The first designs a forebay with a discharge of 2 cubic meters per second and the second designs one with a discharge of 12 cubic meters per second conveyed by two penstocks. Both examples calculate the necessary dimensions and design characteristics of the forebay based on the given parameters.
Dams and Reservoirs -Hydraulics engineeringCivil Zone
Dams are barriers built across rivers or streams to control water flow for uses like irrigation, hydropower, and flood control. The main types are embankment dams made of earth or rock and concrete dams like gravity, arch, and buttress dams. Dams provide benefits like irrigation, power, flood control, and recreation but can also negatively impact river ecosystems and require relocation of people. Engineers consider factors like geology, material availability, and hydrology to select the optimal dam type and site for a given project. Ancillary structures like spillways and outlets control water release.
The document provides guidance on conducting pumping tests for water wells. It discusses the importance of pumping tests for determining a well's sustainable yield and performance. The document outlines the basic preparations needed for pumping tests, including gathering information on the well and acquiring basic monitoring equipment to measure water levels and pumping rates. It describes the main types of pumping tests as step tests, constant-rate tests, and recovery tests. The document is intended as a practical guide for water and habitat engineers working in remote areas to help evaluate wells and aquifers under field conditions.
The document discusses various elements of a water conductor system for hydropower projects. It describes intake structures, including trash racks and gates. It discusses open channels like canals and pressure tunnels. It provides details on penstocks, including types (buried vs exposed), design considerations, and factors for determining alignment. The key components discussed are intake, head race tunnel, surge tank, penstock, and their functions in conveying water from the source to the hydropower plant turbines.
in industries like iron and glass the fluid for hydraulic machines are delivered by multistage pumps. this is the basic introduction for clearing the concept of multi stage pumps.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Anchor Block and Penstock Pipe of a Hydroelectr...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the design and analysis of an anchor block and penstock pipe for the Thottiyar hydroelectric project in Kerala, India. It provides details on the design methodology, which involves collecting preliminary site data, studying the relevant design codes, and using software like Microsoft Excel to iteratively design the anchor block and size the penstock pipe to withstand expected water pressures and hammer effects. The sample anchor block design is presented along with conclusions on satisfying stability criteria and determining appropriate penstock pipe thicknesses.
The industrial visit was a two day trip to the Nagarjuna Sagar Hydro Power Plant. 28 students and 3 faculty members from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering participated in the visit. The main purposes of the visit were to see the real time operations of the hydro power plant, understand how the turbine works to generate power, and how water flows to the turbine. Key aspects of the plant included the dam, power generation units with a total capacity of 815.6 MW, and the canals that provide irrigation water to local districts. The students gained valuable practical knowledge about hydroelectric power generation during the visit.
The document describes a proposed water supply scheme that would provide potable drinking water to 15 habitations in Velliyamattom Panchayath and surrounding areas. It involves designing an intake structure on the Thodupuzha River, a 4 MLD water treatment plant, eight service reservoirs, over 130 km of distribution piping, and pumping stations to transfer water between components. The scheme is estimated to cost around 3.19 crore rupees and would meet the projected water demand for the area through 2031.
CANAL AUTOMATION – TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY AND EXPAND IRRIGATION AREA COVERAGE
by Prof. Nayan Sharma, WRD&M, IIT Roorkee and
Honorary Professor, University of Nottingham, UK
Hydraulic failures .... 40%
Seepage failures…….. 30%
Structural failures .... 30%
(1) Overtopping
(2) Erosion of u/s slope by waves
(3) Erosion of d/s slope by wind and rain
(4) Erosion of d/s toe
(5) Frost action
(1) Overtopping = the design flood is under estimated.
spillway capacity is not adequet
spillway gates are not properly operated
free board is not sufficient
excessive settlement of the foundation and dam
(2) Erosion of u/s slope by waves = The waves developed near the top water surface due to the winds, try to notch out the soil from the upstream face and may even, sometimes, cause the slip of the upstream slope.
Upstream stone pitching or riprap should, therefore, be provided to avoid such failures.
(3) Erosion of d/s slope by wind and rain = The rainwater flowing down the slope; may result in the formation of 'gullies' on the downstream slope thus damaging the dam which may generally lead to partial failure of the dam or in some cases it may cause complete failure of the dam.
Erosion of d/s toe : = Toe erosion may occur due to two reasons :
erosion due to tail water
erosion due to cross currents that may come from spillway buckets.
Frost action : = If the earth dam is located at a place where the temperature falls below the freezing point, frost may form in the pores of the soil in the earth dam.
When there is heaving, the cracks may form in the soil. This may lead to dangerous seepage and consequent failure.
Seepage failures : = Seepage failures may occur due to the following causes :
(1) Piping through the foundation
(2) Piping through the dam
(3) Sloughing of d/s toe
Structural failures :=
Structural failures in earth dams are generally shear failures leading to sliding of the tents or the foundations.
(1) u/s and d/s slope failures due to construction pore pressures
(2) u/s slope failure due to sudden drawdown
(3) D/s slope failure due to steady seepage
(4) Foundation slide due to spontaneous liquefaction
(5) Failure due to earthquake
(6) Failure by spreading
(7) Slope protection failures
(8) Failure due to damage caused by borrowing animals
(9) Failure due to holes caused by leaching of water soluable salts
Criteria for safe Design of Earth Dam :
Section of an Earth Dam :
The design of an earth dam essentially consists of determining such a cross section
the dam which when constructed with the available materials will fulfill its required
tion with adequate safety. Thus there are two aspects of the design of an earth dam.
This document summarizes a workshop on gas well deliquification using plunger lift. It discusses how plunger lift works to remove liquid from gas wells so gas can flow freely. It explains that artificial lift is often required when gas wells become liquid loaded and production declines. Key factors for determining if plunger lift is suitable include sufficient gas volume and pressure. The document outlines applications and benefits of plunger lift, such as stabilizing production and being economical. It also discusses installation, operation, and economics considerations for plunger lift systems.
The presentation covers: History of Development in India, Current Status & Potential of Hydro Power, Necessity of HP Development, Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydropower, Comparison between Hydro Power, Thermal Power and Nuclear Power, Challenges/Barriers in Development of HP, Place of Hydro-Power in Power System
Guidelines For Construction of Pipe Distribution Network (PDN) For IrrigationIRJET Journal
This document provides guidelines for constructing a pipe distribution network (PDN) for irrigation instead of a canal distribution network (CDN) to increase water use efficiency. It recommends that a PDN system is more economical and flexible than a CDN. The guidelines cover planning the layout of the PDN, designing pipe diameters and flow velocities, and installation requirements to ensure adequate water supply and pressure throughout the distribution network. Following these guidelines can help maximize the benefits of a PDN system over a conventional CDN.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL METHOD ADOPTED BY NTPC LTD. IN ASH DYKE (STAR...Sukesh Nayak
The document summarizes the environmental pollution control methods used by NTPC Ltd. for ash dykes. It describes how fly ash from power plants is mixed with water and pumped into ash ponds located near the plants. Ash ponds are constructed in stages with 3m height increments to reduce costs. The upstream construction method is most common, where new segments are built on top of deposited ash. Plastic liners are installed at the bottom and sides of new ash ponds to prevent groundwater pollution from decanted water.
The document summarizes the key components and benefits of the Polavaram Project, a multi-purpose irrigation project under construction in Andhra Pradesh. The main components include a spillway with radial gates, earth-cum-rock fill dam, two coffer dams, and a hydroelectric power house. The dam will be able to withstand 50 lakh cusecs of water flow. Benefits include supplying 80 TMC of water to the Krishna Delta region, utilizing all of Andhra Pradesh's Krishna river water allocation for the Rayalaseema region, and providing 960 megawatts of hydroelectric power. Completion of the project is expected to satisfy Andhra Pradesh's water needs.
This document provides guidance for selecting hydraulic turbines and governing systems for hydroelectric projects up to 25 MW. It discusses key site data needed for selection, including net head values. It then classifies and describes the main turbine types - Francis, propeller, Kaplan, and impulse turbines. Selection criteria are outlined based on site parameters like head and flow. Guidelines are provided for selecting turbines for different size ranges from micro-hydro to larger mini and small hydro projects. Performance parameters like efficiency, operating ranges, and cavitation characteristics are also covered. The document concludes with sections on governing systems and examples.
This document summarizes different types of tube wells based on various classification criteria. It describes tube wells as holes bored into the ground to tap groundwater from deep aquifers. Tube wells are classified based on their entry of water, construction method, depth, and type of aquifer tapped. Shallow tube wells are usually less than 60m deep while deep tube wells range from 60-300m deep. Tube wells can be screen wells, cavity wells, drilled wells, driven wells, or jetted wells depending on their construction method. They can tap water table aquifers, semi-artesian aquifers, or artesian aquifers based on the aquifer type.
1. River training works include guide banks, marginal banks, spurs, and pitched islands that are constructed upstream of barrages and weirs. This is to ensure the river flows through the structure and to protect upstream lands and property from submergence.
2. Marginal banks are embankments on both sides of the river that maintain the river channel and prevent submergence of upstream areas. Spurs are fortified embankments built transverse to the banks that control the river's course and protect banks from erosion. Pitched islands artificially redistribute the river's force and sediment to attract and hold the channel.
This document provides guidelines for the hydraulic design of small hydro power plants, including the design of head works and intake structures. It discusses three main types of head works: lateral intake, trench intake, and reservoir/canal intakes. For lateral intake head works, guidelines are provided on site selection, determining key elevations, layout, sizing sediment flushing gates, sizing intake trash racks, and designing diversion structures and spillways. References for further information on lateral intake and diversion weir design are also included. The guidelines aim to optimize hydraulic performance while balancing other practical constraints. Hydraulic model studies are recommended for important projects or unusual sites.
The document discusses the importance of developing a strategic plan for an organization. It states that a strategic plan should outline the organization's mission and vision, identify goals and objectives, and establish strategies and tactics to achieve those goals over the next 3-5 years. The plan helps provide direction and ensures all employees are working towards the same priorities.
The document provides design details for a column base plate, including:
1) Calculations for required plate thickness based on bearing pressure and moments;
2) Tension design calculations for bolts and plate thickness;
3) Shear and bending calculations for a shear key; and
4) Weld design checks.
The summary includes key parameters such as bearing pressure, grade of concrete, permissible stresses, bolt sizes, and plate dimensions.
This document provides details about the Modikhola Hydropower project in Nepal. It describes the key specifications of the 14.8 MW run-of-river hydropower plant, including details about the civil works like the intake, tunnel, and powerhouse, as well as the mechanical, electrical, control, and protection systems. It also notes some problems like the small size of the settling basin and lack of a SCADA system, and provides recommendations to address these issues.
This document provides guidelines for the hydraulic design of small hydro power plants, including the design of head works and intake structures. It discusses three main types of head works: lateral intake, trench intake, and reservoir/canal intakes. For lateral intake head works, guidelines are provided on site selection, determining key elevations, layout, sizing sediment flushing gates, sizing intake trash racks, and designing diversion structures and spillways. References for further information on lateral intake and diversion weir design are also included. The guidelines aim to optimize hydraulic performance while balancing other practical constraints. Hydraulic model studies are recommended for important projects or unusual sites.
SCG report covering 35+ SHP sites of Himurja (3-5 MW) to be released on October 13, 2014. The report will contain information about project location, catchment area, hydrology, estimated power potential, accessibility, and status of other SHP projects in the same stream (upstream/ downstream). More details about content, projects covered, pricing etc in the attached document. Order your copy before October 10 to get a 20% Early Bird Discount.
Appendix 11 analysis of rates - balsio shp phase ii - 28032014Nikhil Jaipurkar
The document provides a cost analysis for concrete work (M-10) for the surface works of the Balsio Hydro Electric Project. It includes calculations for the costs of materials, batching and mixing, transportation, placement and shuttering. The total prime cost per cubic meter of M-10 concrete is estimated to be Rs. 3422.161998 which includes costs for cement, sand, aggregates, batching, mixing, transportation by transit mixer, placement using a concrete pump, vibrating, cleaning and curing. Shuttering costs are estimated at Rs. 250 per cubic meter.
The report details the proposed 10 MW Sagana-III run-of-river hydroelectric project on the Sagana River in Kenya. Key aspects include a diversion weir at 1274m elevation, 4.8 km water conductor system consisting of tunnels and channels, a forebay, 175m penstock bifurcating to two 1.9m pipes, and a 1210m elevation powerhouse with two 5MW turbines. The project will utilize a 58.46m head and 21.26 cumecs flow to generate an estimated 54 million kWh annually, connecting to the grid via a 7km transmission line. Financial analysis shows an equity IRR of 16.12% and average DSCR of 1.54x,
This document provides an indicative budget breakdown for developing a small hydro power (SHP) project. It includes budgets for development costs, construction costs, and total project costs. The development budget totals $648,000 and is spread over 12 months, with over 96% spent in the first three quarters. The construction budget of $45.45 million is spread over 8 quarters. Total project costs average $7.5-8 million per MW of capacity. Key metrics provided for SHP projects include capital costs, financing costs, returns, and other financial figures. Contact information is given for the strategic consulting group that prepared the document.
The document discusses small hydro power (SHP) development in India. It provides an overview of acquiring SHP projects from state governments or the secondary market. It outlines the project development process, including obtaining clearances, conducting studies, and signing power purchase agreements. Construction timelines for 5-15 MW SHP projects range from 18-36 months. The document also discusses operation and maintenance over the project lifetime, and potential exit routes after a project portfolio is established.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.