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This document summarizes the physiology of the human menstrual cycle and ovulation. It describes the complex interactions between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries, and endometrium that regulate the cycle. Key events include follicular development in the ovaries driven by FSH and LH from the pituitary. This results in ovulation of an egg. The ruptured follicle then forms the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone. Progesterone prepares the endometrium for potential implantation. If implantation does not occur, the corpus luteum regresses and menstruation begins, starting a new cycle.
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Physiology of Menstruation
The document summarizes the physiology of menstruation, including the hormonal interactions between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries that regulate the menstrual cycle. It describes the follicular phase of follicle development and selection of the dominant follicle, ovulation, and the luteal phase when the corpus luteum forms and produces progesterone. It also discusses changes in the endometrium across the menstrual cycle in response to rising and falling hormone levels.
Menstrual cycle
The document summarizes the normal menstrual cycle, which typically occurs over 4 phases in a 28 day cycle. It is regulated by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. The follicular phase begins with menstruation and involves follicle development and estrogen rise. Ovulation occurs around day 14 when an egg is released. In the luteal phase, the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone to thicken the uterine lining. If implantation does not occur, progesterone drops and menstruation begins, restarting the cycle.
menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle typically lasts 28 days and is divided into 4 phases regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. The follicular phase begins on day 1 and involves follicle development and maturation under the influence of FSH and estrogen. Ovulation occurs around day 14 triggered by an LH surge. The luteal phase follows, where the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone to thicken the uterine lining. If implantation does not occur, progesterone and estrogen levels fall, causing menstruation and the start of a new cycle. Key aspects of the cycle include follicle selection around day 7, the mid-cycle LH surge triggering ovulation, and hormonal regulation of the endometrial lining in
Menstrual Cycle
The menstrual cycle involves coordinated changes in the ovaries and uterus driven by hormones. It typically lasts 28 days and includes a follicular phase where an egg matures and is released, ovulation, and a luteal phase where the corpus luteum develops. Hormones like FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone regulate this cycle. The endometrium thickens during the follicular phase in response to rising estrogen, and further changes during the luteal phase due to progesterone to prepare for potential implantation. If implantation does not occur, hormone levels drop and the endometrium is shed as menstruation.
04-Menstruation-Ovulation-DrSuresh.pptx
Menstruation is caused by shedding of the uterine endometrium due to falling levels of estrogen and progesterone at the end of each menstrual cycle. It is indicative of ovarian events controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The menstrual cycle involves both an ovarian cycle and an endometrial cycle regulated by hormones. In the ovarian cycle, follicles develop under the influence of FSH, with one follicle becoming dominant and ovulating due to an LH surge. The ruptured follicle forms the corpus luteum which produces progesterone and estrogen to prepare the endometrium. If implantation does not occur, progesterone and estrogen levels fall, causing menstruation and starting a new cycle.
04-Menstruation-Ovulation-DrSuresh.pptx
Menstruation is caused by shedding of the uterine endometrium due to falling levels of estrogen and progesterone at the end of each menstrual cycle. It is indicative of ovarian events controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The menstrual cycle involves both an ovarian cycle and an endometrial cycle regulated by hormones. In the ovarian cycle, follicles develop under the influence of FSH, with one follicle becoming dominant and ovulating due to an LH surge. The corpus luteum forms after ovulation and produces progesterone and estrogen to prepare the endometrium. If implantation does not occur, progesterone and estrogen levels fall, causing menstruation and starting a new cycle.
Gametogenesis and ovulation
This document summarizes the processes of gametogenesis and ovulation. It discusses folliculogenesis, from primordial follicles to the pre-ovulatory development of the dominant follicle. The luteal phase and corpus luteum formation after ovulation is also described. Finally, it provides an overview of the hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle by the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, and the correlated endometrial changes through the proliferative, secretory and menstrual phases.
Menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is normally around 28 days and has 4 phases - follicular, ovulation, luteal, and menstruation. It is regulated by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. Key events include follicle development and selection during the follicular phase, ovulation triggered by the LH surge around day 14, corpus luteum formation and progesterone secretion in the luteal phase, and menstruation if implantation does not occur. The endometrium thickens and is shed each cycle in response to rising and falling estrogen and progesterone levels.
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Physiology of Menstruation
The document summarizes the physiology of menstruation, including the hormonal interactions between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries that regulate the menstrual cycle. It describes the follicular phase of follicle development and selection of the dominant follicle, ovulation, and the luteal phase when the corpus luteum forms and produces progesterone. It also discusses changes in the endometrium across the menstrual cycle in response to rising and falling hormone levels.
Menstrual cycle
The document summarizes the normal menstrual cycle, which typically occurs over 4 phases in a 28 day cycle. It is regulated by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. The follicular phase begins with menstruation and involves follicle development and estrogen rise. Ovulation occurs around day 14 when an egg is released. In the luteal phase, the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone to thicken the uterine lining. If implantation does not occur, progesterone drops and menstruation begins, restarting the cycle.
menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle typically lasts 28 days and is divided into 4 phases regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. The follicular phase begins on day 1 and involves follicle development and maturation under the influence of FSH and estrogen. Ovulation occurs around day 14 triggered by an LH surge. The luteal phase follows, where the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone to thicken the uterine lining. If implantation does not occur, progesterone and estrogen levels fall, causing menstruation and the start of a new cycle. Key aspects of the cycle include follicle selection around day 7, the mid-cycle LH surge triggering ovulation, and hormonal regulation of the endometrial lining in
Menstrual Cycle
The menstrual cycle involves coordinated changes in the ovaries and uterus driven by hormones. It typically lasts 28 days and includes a follicular phase where an egg matures and is released, ovulation, and a luteal phase where the corpus luteum develops. Hormones like FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone regulate this cycle. The endometrium thickens during the follicular phase in response to rising estrogen, and further changes during the luteal phase due to progesterone to prepare for potential implantation. If implantation does not occur, hormone levels drop and the endometrium is shed as menstruation.
04-Menstruation-Ovulation-DrSuresh.pptx
Menstruation is caused by shedding of the uterine endometrium due to falling levels of estrogen and progesterone at the end of each menstrual cycle. It is indicative of ovarian events controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The menstrual cycle involves both an ovarian cycle and an endometrial cycle regulated by hormones. In the ovarian cycle, follicles develop under the influence of FSH, with one follicle becoming dominant and ovulating due to an LH surge. The ruptured follicle forms the corpus luteum which produces progesterone and estrogen to prepare the endometrium. If implantation does not occur, progesterone and estrogen levels fall, causing menstruation and starting a new cycle.
04-Menstruation-Ovulation-DrSuresh.pptx
Menstruation is caused by shedding of the uterine endometrium due to falling levels of estrogen and progesterone at the end of each menstrual cycle. It is indicative of ovarian events controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The menstrual cycle involves both an ovarian cycle and an endometrial cycle regulated by hormones. In the ovarian cycle, follicles develop under the influence of FSH, with one follicle becoming dominant and ovulating due to an LH surge. The corpus luteum forms after ovulation and produces progesterone and estrogen to prepare the endometrium. If implantation does not occur, progesterone and estrogen levels fall, causing menstruation and starting a new cycle.
Gametogenesis and ovulation
This document summarizes the processes of gametogenesis and ovulation. It discusses folliculogenesis, from primordial follicles to the pre-ovulatory development of the dominant follicle. The luteal phase and corpus luteum formation after ovulation is also described. Finally, it provides an overview of the hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle by the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, and the correlated endometrial changes through the proliferative, secretory and menstrual phases.
Menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is normally around 28 days and has 4 phases - follicular, ovulation, luteal, and menstruation. It is regulated by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. Key events include follicle development and selection during the follicular phase, ovulation triggered by the LH surge around day 14, corpus luteum formation and progesterone secretion in the luteal phase, and menstruation if implantation does not occur. The endometrium thickens and is shed each cycle in response to rising and falling estrogen and progesterone levels.
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The menstrual cycle is regulated by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries through hormone interactions. It typically takes 28 days to cycle through four phases: follicular, ovulation, luteal, and menstruation. During the follicular phase, FSH stimulates follicle development and estrogen production. Near mid-cycle, an LH surge triggers ovulation. In the luteal phase, the corpus luteum secretes progesterone to thicken the uterine lining. If implantation does not occur, progesterone levels drop and menstruation begins. The average age of menarche is 12.7 years and menopause is 51.4 years.
Human reproduction-xii
The document provides an overview of the male and female reproductive systems including:
- Primary and secondary sex organs that produce and transport gametes in males (testes, ducts, glands) and females (ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina).
- The hormonal regulation of the testes and ovaries, including feedback loops between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads.
- Spermatogenesis and oogenesis, the processes by which gametes are produced in the testes and ovaries.
- The ovarian and uterine cycles regulated by hormones including estrogen and progesterone. Key events like ovulation and menstruation are described.
- Fertilization and early embryonic development up
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The document summarizes the ovarian and endometrial cycles. The ovarian cycle involves the development and release of oocytes over approximately 28 days and consists of the follicular and luteal phases regulated by hormones. The endometrial cycle involves preparation of the uterus for implantation over around 28 days and consists of the menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases regulated by hormones. Key hormones such as FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone regulate growth and shedding of the endometrium corresponding to changes in the ovaries.
Fetoplacental unit
The document discusses the fetoplacental unit, which refers to the functional relationship between the fetus, placenta, and mother in steroid hormone biosynthesis during pregnancy. The placenta relies on assistance from the mother and fetus to synthesize hormones like estrogens and progesterone. In early pregnancy, the corpus luteum provides these hormones, while later the placenta takes over with support from maternal cholesterol and fetal precursors. Key functions of placental progesterone and estrogens include maintaining pregnancy and promoting fetal growth and development.
Ovarian cycle
The document discusses several topics related to human reproductive cycles:
1. The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular and luteal phases, culminating in ovulation in the middle. The corpus luteum forms during the luteal phase and secretes hormones to prepare the uterus.
2. The menstrual cycle is controlled by ovarian hormones and has proliferative, secretory, and menstrual phases that regulate the endometrium.
3. Placentation begins with implantation and involves the formation of chorionic villi from the embryo and decidua from the endometrium to facilitate nutrient/waste exchange between mother and fetus without blood mixing. The placenta secretes important hormones throughout pregnancy.
Menstrual cycle
this lecture describes the physiologic changes that occur each month with the female in her childbearing age, with some clinical notes
Female physiology before pregnancy
Female reproductive functions can be divided into two major phases:
preparation of the female body for conception and pregnancy and
(2) the period of pregnancy itself.
This lecture is concerned with preparation of the female body for pregnancy, and presents the physiology of pregnancy and childbirth
Ovarian cycle
This document summarizes the female ovarian cycle. It describes the three phases of the ovarian cycle: the follicular phase, where follicles in the ovaries develop under the influence of hormones; the ovulatory phase, where a surge of LH causes ovulation; and the luteal phase, where the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone. It also discusses the hormonal control of the cycle by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. Key events include the monthly development and selection of a single dominant follicle to ovulate while others undergo atresia, as well as the formation and breakdown of the corpus luteum over a typical 28 day cycle.
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This document summarizes a presentation on implantation and placental development. It covers the fundamentals of reproduction including gametogenesis, the ovarian-endometrial cycle, ovulation, fertilization, and the development of the zygote into a blastocyst. It then discusses implantation, decidua formation, placenta development and function. Key aspects covered include oogenesis, the hormonal control of the menstrual cycle, corpus luteum formation and function, decidualization of the endometrium to support implantation, trophoblast invasion and remodeling of spiral arteries to support the placenta.
5 Female Reproductive System.pdf
The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia. The ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The oviducts and uterus provide sites for fertilization, implantation, and nourishment of a fetus during pregnancy. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate female reproduction through secretion of gonadotropins and sex hormones. The ovarian and menstrual cycles are regulated by these hormones and involve follicular development, ovulation, changes to the endometrium, and menstruation if fertilization does not occur.
Menstrual cycle 2
The menstrual cycle is a series of physiological changes in fertile women controlled by the endocrine system necessary for reproduction. On average it is 28 days but varies in length. It begins at menarche around age 12 and ends at menopause typically between ages 45-55. The cycle involves changes in the neuroendocrine system, ovaries, and uterus. It consists of the menstrual, proliferative/follicular, and secretory/luteal phases characterized by menstrual bleeding, thickening of the endometrium, ovulation, and preparation for potential implantation. Abnormalities can include problems with ovulation, irregular or abnormal bleeding.
Unit v physiology of mensturation
The document discusses the physiology of the menstrual cycle. It begins with an introduction to menstruation and the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis that regulates the cycle. It then describes the three phases of the ovarian cycle (follicular, ovulatory, luteal) and the corresponding four phases of the uterine cycle (menstrual, proliferative, secretory, ischemic). It also discusses cervical mucus changes, abnormalities in menstruation, and some comfort measures during menstruation.
Ovary: Structure and hormonal regulation
Slides describe the structure of ovary, folliculogenesis, hormonal control of female reproductive cycle, mechanism of ovulation, female sex hormones and their function.
The menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is the series of changes that occur in a woman's reproductive system in preparation for pregnancy. It is controlled by hormones and typically lasts around 28 days, though the length can vary. The cycle involves three phases - the menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases. During ovulation, an egg is released from the ovaries if pregnancy does not occur. The cycle then repeats each month until menopause, which usually occurs between ages 45-55.
Menstruation
This document provides information on the menstrual cycle including its definition, typical duration, and the ovarian and uterine cycles. It describes in detail the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle including the development of primordial follicles into preantral and preovulatory follicles. Ovulation and the subsequent luteal phase are also explained. The uterine cycle and its four phases of regeneration, proliferation, secretion, and menstruation are defined. Characteristics of each phase such as endometrial thickness and histology are outlined. Cervical and vaginal changes throughout the cycle are also summarized.
Reproductive endocrin Reproductive physiology
1. The document describes the reproductive systems of males and females including the testes, ovaries, hormones involved, and menstrual cycle.
2. The testes produce sperm and testosterone while the ovaries produce eggs and estrogens and progesterone.
3. The menstrual cycle is regulated by hormones including FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone and consists of the follicular, ovulation, luteal, and menstrual phases.
Implantation , embryology_and_placental_development
Implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine lining leads to formation of the placenta and fetal membranes. The ovarian cycle results in follicular development and ovulation. The decidua forms from secretory endometrium under the influence of estrogen and progesterone. Implantation involves apposition, adhesion and invasion of the trophoblast into the decidua. The placenta develops from chorionic villi and undergoes remodeling of the maternal spiral arteries to establish maternal blood flow to the intervillous space. The fetal membranes, including the amnion and chorion, develop and enclose the developing embryo.
Female reproductive system Physiology
The female reproductive system consists of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. The uterus is a pear-shaped muscular organ that supports the growing fetus during pregnancy. It undergoes dramatic growth during pregnancy through muscle cell hyperplasia and production of new muscle cells. During childbirth, powerful uterine contractions expel the fetus. The endometrium responds to ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone in a proliferative phase where it thickens, and secretory phase where it prepares for implantation if fertilization occurs.
Female reproductive system Physiology
The document summarizes the key components of the female reproductive system. It describes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia. It explains the menstrual cycle in three phases: the follicular phase where a follicle develops and estrogen levels rise, the LH surge causes ovulation on day 14, and the luteal phase where the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone to prepare the uterus for potential implantation. If implantation does not occur, menstruation begins, starting a new cycle.
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Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
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Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
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The menstrual cycle is regulated by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries through hormone interactions. It typically takes 28 days to cycle through four phases: follicular, ovulation, luteal, and menstruation. During the follicular phase, FSH stimulates follicle development and estrogen production. Near mid-cycle, an LH surge triggers ovulation. In the luteal phase, the corpus luteum secretes progesterone to thicken the uterine lining. If implantation does not occur, progesterone levels drop and menstruation begins. The average age of menarche is 12.7 years and menopause is 51.4 years.
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The document provides an overview of the male and female reproductive systems including:
- Primary and secondary sex organs that produce and transport gametes in males (testes, ducts, glands) and females (ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina).
- The hormonal regulation of the testes and ovaries, including feedback loops between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads.
- Spermatogenesis and oogenesis, the processes by which gametes are produced in the testes and ovaries.
- The ovarian and uterine cycles regulated by hormones including estrogen and progesterone. Key events like ovulation and menstruation are described.
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The document summarizes the ovarian and endometrial cycles. The ovarian cycle involves the development and release of oocytes over approximately 28 days and consists of the follicular and luteal phases regulated by hormones. The endometrial cycle involves preparation of the uterus for implantation over around 28 days and consists of the menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases regulated by hormones. Key hormones such as FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone regulate growth and shedding of the endometrium corresponding to changes in the ovaries.
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The document discusses the fetoplacental unit, which refers to the functional relationship between the fetus, placenta, and mother in steroid hormone biosynthesis during pregnancy. The placenta relies on assistance from the mother and fetus to synthesize hormones like estrogens and progesterone. In early pregnancy, the corpus luteum provides these hormones, while later the placenta takes over with support from maternal cholesterol and fetal precursors. Key functions of placental progesterone and estrogens include maintaining pregnancy and promoting fetal growth and development.
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The document discusses several topics related to human reproductive cycles:
1. The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular and luteal phases, culminating in ovulation in the middle. The corpus luteum forms during the luteal phase and secretes hormones to prepare the uterus.
2. The menstrual cycle is controlled by ovarian hormones and has proliferative, secretory, and menstrual phases that regulate the endometrium.
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Menstrual cycle
this lecture describes the physiologic changes that occur each month with the female in her childbearing age, with some clinical notes
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Female reproductive functions can be divided into two major phases:
preparation of the female body for conception and pregnancy and
(2) the period of pregnancy itself.
This lecture is concerned with preparation of the female body for pregnancy, and presents the physiology of pregnancy and childbirth
Ovarian cycle
This document summarizes the female ovarian cycle. It describes the three phases of the ovarian cycle: the follicular phase, where follicles in the ovaries develop under the influence of hormones; the ovulatory phase, where a surge of LH causes ovulation; and the luteal phase, where the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone. It also discusses the hormonal control of the cycle by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. Key events include the monthly development and selection of a single dominant follicle to ovulate while others undergo atresia, as well as the formation and breakdown of the corpus luteum over a typical 28 day cycle.
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The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia. The ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The oviducts and uterus provide sites for fertilization, implantation, and nourishment of a fetus during pregnancy. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate female reproduction through secretion of gonadotropins and sex hormones. The ovarian and menstrual cycles are regulated by these hormones and involve follicular development, ovulation, changes to the endometrium, and menstruation if fertilization does not occur.
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The menstrual cycle is a series of physiological changes in fertile women controlled by the endocrine system necessary for reproduction. On average it is 28 days but varies in length. It begins at menarche around age 12 and ends at menopause typically between ages 45-55. The cycle involves changes in the neuroendocrine system, ovaries, and uterus. It consists of the menstrual, proliferative/follicular, and secretory/luteal phases characterized by menstrual bleeding, thickening of the endometrium, ovulation, and preparation for potential implantation. Abnormalities can include problems with ovulation, irregular or abnormal bleeding.
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The document discusses the physiology of the menstrual cycle. It begins with an introduction to menstruation and the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis that regulates the cycle. It then describes the three phases of the ovarian cycle (follicular, ovulatory, luteal) and the corresponding four phases of the uterine cycle (menstrual, proliferative, secretory, ischemic). It also discusses cervical mucus changes, abnormalities in menstruation, and some comfort measures during menstruation.
Ovary: Structure and hormonal regulation
Slides describe the structure of ovary, folliculogenesis, hormonal control of female reproductive cycle, mechanism of ovulation, female sex hormones and their function.
The menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is the series of changes that occur in a woman's reproductive system in preparation for pregnancy. It is controlled by hormones and typically lasts around 28 days, though the length can vary. The cycle involves three phases - the menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases. During ovulation, an egg is released from the ovaries if pregnancy does not occur. The cycle then repeats each month until menopause, which usually occurs between ages 45-55.
Menstruation
This document provides information on the menstrual cycle including its definition, typical duration, and the ovarian and uterine cycles. It describes in detail the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle including the development of primordial follicles into preantral and preovulatory follicles. Ovulation and the subsequent luteal phase are also explained. The uterine cycle and its four phases of regeneration, proliferation, secretion, and menstruation are defined. Characteristics of each phase such as endometrial thickness and histology are outlined. Cervical and vaginal changes throughout the cycle are also summarized.
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1. The document describes the reproductive systems of males and females including the testes, ovaries, hormones involved, and menstrual cycle.
2. The testes produce sperm and testosterone while the ovaries produce eggs and estrogens and progesterone.
3. The menstrual cycle is regulated by hormones including FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone and consists of the follicular, ovulation, luteal, and menstrual phases.
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Implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine lining leads to formation of the placenta and fetal membranes. The ovarian cycle results in follicular development and ovulation. The decidua forms from secretory endometrium under the influence of estrogen and progesterone. Implantation involves apposition, adhesion and invasion of the trophoblast into the decidua. The placenta develops from chorionic villi and undergoes remodeling of the maternal spiral arteries to establish maternal blood flow to the intervillous space. The fetal membranes, including the amnion and chorion, develop and enclose the developing embryo.
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Female reproductive system Physiology
The document summarizes the key components of the female reproductive system. It describes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia. It explains the menstrual cycle in three phases: the follicular phase where a follicle develops and estrogen levels rise, the LH surge causes ovulation on day 14, and the luteal phase where the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone to prepare the uterus for potential implantation. If implantation does not occur, menstruation begins, starting a new cycle.
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Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Reaching the age of Adolescence- Class 8
This is a presentation on understanding the age of adolescence.
The Limited Role of the Streaming Instability during Moon and Exomoon Formation
It is generally accepted that the Moon accreted from the disk formed by an impact between the proto-Earth and
impactor, but its details are highly debated. Some models suggest that a Mars-sized impactor formed a silicate
melt-rich (vapor-poor) disk around Earth, whereas other models suggest that a highly energetic impact produced a
silicate vapor-rich disk. Such a vapor-rich disk, however, may not be suitable for the Moon formation, because
moonlets, building blocks of the Moon, of 100 m–100 km in radius may experience strong gas drag and fall onto
Earth on a short timescale, failing to grow further. This problem may be avoided if large moonlets (?100 km)
form very quickly by streaming instability, which is a process to concentrate particles enough to cause gravitational
collapse and rapid formation of planetesimals or moonlets. Here, we investigate the effect of the streaming
instability in the Moon-forming disk for the first time and find that this instability can quickly form ∼100 km-sized
moonlets. However, these moonlets are not large enough to avoid strong drag, and they still fall onto Earth quickly.
This suggests that the vapor-rich disks may not form the large Moon, and therefore the models that produce vaporpoor disks are supported. This result is applicable to general impact-induced moon-forming disks, supporting the
previous suggestion that small planets (<1.6 R⊕) are good candidates to host large moons because their impactinduced disks would likely be vapor-poor. We find a limited role of streaming instability in satellite formation in an
impact-induced disk, whereas it plays a key role during planet formation.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Earth-moon system (436)
Hariyalikart Case Study of helping farmers in Bihar
Helping farmers all across India through our latest technologies of modern farming like drones for irrigation and best pest control For more visit : https://www.hariyalikart.com/case-study
Evaluation and Identification of J'BaFofi the Giant Spider of Congo and Moke...
ABSTRACT
The J'BaFofi, or "Giant Spider," is a mainly legendary arachnid by reportedly inhabiting the dense rain forests of
the Congo. As despite numerous anecdotal accounts and cultural references, the scientific validation remains more elusive.
My study aims to proper evaluate the existence of the J'BaFofi through the analysis of historical reports,indigenous
testimonies and modern exploration efforts.
Mites,Slug,Snail_Infesting agricultural crops.pdf
Order : Trombidiformes (Acarina) Class : Arachnida
Mites normally feed on the undersurface of the leaves but the symptoms are more easily seen on the uppersurface.
Tetranychids produce blotching (Spots) on the leaf-surface.
Tarsonemids and Eriophyids produce distortion (twist), puckering (Folds) or stunting (Short) of leaves.
Eriophyids produce distinct galls or blisters (fluid-filled sac in the outer layer)
Quality assurance B.pharm 6th semester BP606T UNIT 5
Warehousing
Good warehousing practices
Material management
Physics Investigatory Project on transformers. Class 12th
Physics investigatory project on transformers with required details for 12thes. with index, theory, types of transformers (with relevant images), procedure, sources of error, aim n apparatus along with bibliography🗃️📜. Please try to add your own imagination rather than just copy paste... Hope you all guys friends n juniors' like it. peace out✌🏻✌🏻
seed production, Nursery & Gardening.pdf
This presentation offers a general idea of the structure of seed, seed production, management of seeds and its allied technologies. It also offers the concept of gene erosion and the practices used to control it. Nursery and gardening have been widely explored along with their importance in the related domain.
Methods of grain storage Structures in India.pdf
•Post-harvestlossesaccountforabout10%oftotalfoodgrainsduetounscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,
•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Explainable Deepfake Image/Video Detection
Presentation of our paper, "Towards Quantitative Evaluation of Explainable AI Methods for Deepfake Detection", by K. Tsigos, E. Apostolidis, S. Baxevanakis, S. Papadopoulos, V. Mezaris. Presented at the ACM Int. Workshop on Multimedia AI against Disinformation (MAD’24) of the ACM Int. Conf. on Multimedia Retrieval (ICMR’24), Thailand, June 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3643491.3660292 https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.18649
Software available at https://github.com/IDT-ITI/XAI-Deepfakes
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
Mechanics:- Simple and Compound Pendulum
a compound pendulum is a physical system with a more complex structure than a simple pendulum, incorporating its mass distribution and dimensions into its oscillatory motion around a fixed axis. Understanding its dynamics involves principles of rotational mechanics and the interplay between gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy. Compound pendulums are used in various scientific and engineering applications, such as seismology for measuring earthquakes, in clocks to maintain accurate timekeeping, and in mechanical systems to study oscillatory motion dynamics.
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13820523.ppt
- 1. Physiology of Menstrual Cycle & ovulation King Khalid University Hospital Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology Course 482
- 2. Menstrual Cycle • Complex interactions among hypothalamus, pituatary gland , ovaries & endometrium • Ovary: functional & morphologic changes resulting in follicular maturation, ovulation and corpus luteum formation • Endometrium: functional and morphologic changes, either to prepare it for conception or shedding of the menstrual endometrium
- 5. • Pituitary Gland: - Below the hypothalamus - within a bony cavity ( sella turcica) - above it, dura matter ( diaphragma sellae) - divided into 2 portions
- 9. Pituitary Gland • FSH and LH: synthesized and stored in gonadotrophs - glycoproteins: alpha and beta subunits - alpha: similar ( FSH, LH and TSH) - beta: variable - half-life: LH: 30 min, FSH: several hrs
- 12. Steroidogenesis • Two gonadotropin-two- cell theory
- 13. Two gonadotropin-two- cell theory
- 14. Hypothalamus • GnRH: decapeptide • In the arcuate nucleus • Responsible for the synthesis and release of FSH & LH • Reaches anterior pit via hypophyseal portal vessels • Its receptors are present in other sites beside pituitary gland e.g., ovary
- 15. GnRh • Secreted in a pulsatile fashion - early follicular phase: Q 90 mins - preovulatory: Q 60-70 mins - luteal: variable • Continuous → downregulation/desensitization - GnRh agonist: endometriosis, fibroids, hirsutism
- 17. Ovarian Cycle • Estrogens: - gradually increase during follicular phase - remember: 2 gonadotropin-two - cell theory
- 18. Steriodogenic pathways in the ovary
- 19. Progestins • Follicular phase: very little from the ovary • The bulk: peripheral conversion of adrenal pregnenolone and P sulfate • High production: after ovulation/ CL • Corresponds with ↑ basal body temperature • Max: 5-7 days after ovulation
- 21. Follicular development • Primordial follicle • Primary follicle • Secondary follicle • Cohort of follicles is recruited each cycle • Only one continues differentiation and maturation • Others: atresia • Maturation depends on: FSH and LH receptors
- 22. Ovulation • Most important event: LH surge • Proteolytic enzymes → dissolution of follicular wall • Stigma formation • Ovulation: rupture of the stigma • Oocyte + corona radiata + cumulus cells • Gradual: several minutes → an hour
- 23. Ovulation
- 24. Ovulation
- 25. Corpus luteum formation • Lutenization of granulosa cells ( LH) • CL: luteinized GC + theca cells + capillaries + connective tissue • Major source of ovarian progesterone • Lives 9-10 days if no pregnancy • It gradually regresses → corpus albicans
- 26. Endometrial physiology • Responsive to E, P and A • Results in: menstruation,?Implantation /pregnancy • 2 zones: 1- functional layer ( outer) 2- basal layer (inner)
- 27. Histophysiology of the Endometrium 1- Menstrual phase: disruption of endometrial tissues, WBC infiltration, RBCs extravasation 2- Proliferative phase: E-induced proliferation 3- Secretory phase: P- induced secretion of glycogen, mucus & other substances