The document outlines the plan to study chapters on Japan's Samurai and military rule, and review civilizations covered so far. It then provides details on Japan's Heian period ending and the rise of warrior clans. It summarizes the Kamakura Shogunate established by Minamoto clan leader Yoritomo in 1185 after defeating the rival Taira clan. It describes the feudal system in Japan compared to Europe and governance under subsequent Hojo and Ashikaga Shogunates until 1573.

2. Plan for Today:
• Chapter 13
• The Samurai and military rule
in Japan
• Recap of civilizations at
different points up to now
• Next Time
• Review Day
• Review Chapters 10, 11, 13

3. Japan at the end of Heian Period
• The ruling family during the Heian Period were the Fujiwaras
• While the government was strong during this period, the
Fujiwaras rarely involved themselves in the day-to-day governance
of the kingdom
• Elite aristocrats from warrior clans began to slowly take positions
of power from those that had been in power, enforcing their
power with skilled warriors tied to their families
• In 1156, two of the more powerful clans began a civil war
• Taira and Minamoto
• From 1159-1181 the Taira became the most powerful clan, ruling some 30
provinces. A Taira was Prime Minister to the Emperor (basically running
the country) and married his daughter to the emperor

4. The Kamakura Shogunate
• In 1185, the leader of the Minamoto clan,
Yoritomo, managed to defeat the Taira clan
that they had been fighting for the last quarter
century
• He then became the Shogun, or the general-
in-chief of the Japanese kingdom
• Because he held more power than the
emperor, this period is called a Shogunate, and
the military officials that ran the country
served the Minamoto family. The collected no
government salary, but were provided for by
the landed estates of the Shogun
• This is why this period is referred to as Feudal
Japan

5. The Kamakura Shogunate

6. The Kamakura Shogunate vs. Feudal Europe
• Land owners sold their land to tax-
exempt groups or people
(monasteries, members of the royal
family, etc.). They then rented their
land for a small fee, becoming land
stewards, and split any money made
with the “owners.”
• The people working the land never
became serfs (were free to move)
• The elite lived in cities, often far from
the land they controlled, but income
from their lands was used to train and
maintain fighting forces of Samurai
• The new Shogun set up government
oversight of the land stewards
• Set up military governors to enforce
the law in the provinces, using
samurais as warriors/peacekeepers
• Land owners drew taxes from the
people on their land, kept some
and paid some to the next level of
nobility above them, and so forth
up to a king.
• Each land owner had knights loyal
to him (and whomever he pledged
fealty to)
• Landowners might live part-time in
the capital, but most of their time
was spent on their land
• People working the land were tied
to it (Serfs) and could not leave
without land owners permission
• Both knights and samurais lived by
codes of honor (the Bushido was
the samurai’s)

7. The Kamakura Shogunate
• After Yoritomo Minamoto’s death, his wife
consolidates power for her family, the Hojo
• Forces her son to abdicate when he favors his
wife’s family
• Has her brother take power from her father
• Under the Hojo regency, the Shogun became a
figurehead, and it was the Hojo that ruled the
Shogunate until 1333
• The Hojo rulers (with the help of the “divine
wind”) repel two Mongol attempted invasions
• As time progressed, however, the samurai
became increasingly poor. Low tax income and
no bounty taken through expansion meant
that the warriors became more and more
impoverished

8. The Kamakura Shogunate
• Agriculture began to improve under the
Kamakura, with new rice strains coming to
Japan (much like in Song China).
• The Kingdom’s population grew to around 8
million
• Pure Land and Zen Buddhism became
increasingly popular
• While most people remained illiterate, many
stories that emerge in text during this time are
repeated as songs by minstrels to entertain
the masses

9. The Ashikaga Shogunate
• In 1333, the emperor had gained enough
power to destroy the city of Kamakura, retake
power from the Shogunate and move all of
governance back to Kyoto (Heian)
• Ashikaga Takauji, one of the most powerful
generals, betrayed the emperor and seized
power for his own family, beginning the
Ashikaga Shogunate which would last until
1573
• Under the Ashikaga the samurai would take
over not only military affairs, but civil as well

10. Overarching Timeline for Reference
• 1000 BCE
• The New Kingdom in Egypt has just declined
• The Shang Dynasty in China has just fallen
• The Vedic Age in India is ongoing
• Greece is in the Dark Ages of the Hellenic Period
• Olmec Culture is thriving in Mesoamerica
• 500 BCE
• Olmec Culture is still thriving in Mesoamerica
• The Roman Republic is relatively new
• Sparta and Athens enter the Classical Age and are about to go to war with Persia
• The Persian Empire was recently consolidated
• The Zhou Dynasty in China is at its peak
• The Vedic Age has just ended in India

11. Overarching Timeline for Reference
• 1 CE
• Rome is expanding into Northern and Western Europe
• The Han Dynasty in China is at its midpoint
• 250 CE
• The Sassanid Dynasty controls Persia
• Rome is in the midst of a Civil War and is experiencing economic decline
• The Moche Civilization if thriving in Peru
• Buddhism is spreading through China
• 500 CE
• Clovis Reigns in Northern Europe
• Aksum is established in Ethiopia
• Buddhism continues to expand in China, Japan, and Korea

12. Overarching Timeline for Reference
• 800 CE
• Charlemagne Reigns in Europe
• Mayan Civilization is at its peak
• The Tang Dynasty is ongoing in China
• The Abbasid Caliphate rule the Middle East
• The Heian Period has just begun in Japan
• City States begin to develop in Mexica Valley
• The Byzantine Empire persists in Asia Minor
• 1200 CE
• Kingdom of Mali forms in West Africa
• The Great Zimbabwe is flourishing in
southeastern Africa
• The Crusades are happening in the Middle
East
• The Abbasid Caliphate continues in the
Middle East
• The Byzantine Empire continues but begins to
decline
• The Cahokia Mound Civilization in N. America
• The Song Dynasty rules China
• The Khmer Empire Rules in Cambodia
• The Kamakura Shogunate rules Japan
• The Koryeo Dynasty rules Korea
• City-States persist in the Mexica Valley in
Mesoamerica
• Temujin is about to be made Chinggis Khan

13. Final Thoughts
• Now that we’ve covered everything
except for the beginnings of Modern
Europe, what is one thing about the
course that has surprised you?
• For next time:
• Review Chapters 10, 11, 13
• After the Test
• Europe from the Middle Ages to Global
Expansion
• See you Tuesday!