The morphologic and functional study of cardiovascular system is of vital importance because problems related to this system are one of the main causes of mortality in the world. It is important to mention that the left ventricle (VI) is the most susceptible to suffer severe damage, in diseases, such as arterial hypertension, mellitus diabetes or arteriosclerosis. This article presents a new methodology directed to segmentation of left ventricular contours, in angiographic images by using Generalized Hough Transform (TGH). It is important to obtain the ventricular edge, because analyzing processes of systole and diastole end, it is possible to calculate parameters of the cardiac functionality as the end-diastolic volume, end systolic volume, ejection fraction, cardiac output, Hyperkinéticos, Hypokinéticos segments, and normal; in this work we focus only on the removal of the same. For the system implementation, it was used some technics such binarization contrast enhancement, ordering points, filtering, mathematical morphology, b-spline and the TGH, that improved the ventricular visibility contour, highlighting data of interest, eliminating or reducing the effect of present structures such as ribs, catheter and segmented automatically the ventricular contour. The system was validated using 10 studies of angiography, obtained in the Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario of the Universidad de los Andes (I.A.H.U.L.A.), Merida, Venezuela. The percentage of generalized error performing the comparison of the manual segmentation and automating segmentation was 3.54%+_ 0.2 taken as a basis the Pearson correlation coefficient. Throughout the work demonstrates the functionality and applicability of the technique for the detection of ventricular edge in angiographic images. In future works is expected to supplement this analysis with the calculation of the descriptors of the cardiac functionality.
Left Ventricle Volume Measurement on Short Axis MRI Images Using a Combined R...IDES Editor
Segmentation and volume measurement of the
cardiac ventricles is an important issue in cardiac disease
diagnosis and function assessment. Cardiac Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (CMRI) is the current reference standard
for the assessment of both left and right ventricular volumes
and mass. Several methods have been proposed for
segmentation and measurement of cardiac volumes like
deformable models, active appearance, shape models, atlas
based methods, etc. In this paper a novel method is proposed
based on a parametric superellipse model fitting for
segmentation and measurement volume of the left ventricle
on cardiac Cine MRI images. Superellipses can be used to
represent in a large variety of shapes. For fitting superellipse
on MR images, a set of data points have been needed as a
partial data. This data points resulted from a semi-automatic
region growing method that segment the homogenous region
of the left ventricle. Because of ellipsoid shape of left ventricle,
fitting superellipse on cardiac cine MRI images has excellent
accuracy. The results show better fitting and also less
computation and time consuming compared to active contour
methods, which is commonly used method for left ventricle
segmentation.
STUDY ON CEREBRAL ANEURYSMS: RUPTURE RISK PREDICTION USING GEOMETRICAL PARAME...mlaij
We modeled an SVM radial classification machine learning algorithm to determine the ruptured and unruptured risk of saccular cerebral aneurysms using 60 samples with 6 predictors as the gender, the age, the Womersley number, the Time-Averaged Wall Shear Stress (TAWSS), the Aspect Ratio (AR) and the bottleneck of the aneurysms, considering real cases of patients. We reconstructed computationally each geometry from an angiography image to realize a CFD simulations, where the TAWSS was computed by CFD analysis. A cross validation method was used in the training sample to validate the classification model, getting an accuracy of 92.86% in the test sample. This result may be used to help in medical decisions to avoid a complicated operation when the probability of rupture is low.
Path planning has been an important aspect in the development of autonomous cars in which path planning is used to find a collision-free path for the car to traverse from a starting point Sp to a target point Tp. The main criteria for a good path planning algorithm include the capability of producing the shortest path with a low computation time. Low computation time makes the autonomous car able to re-plan a new collision-free path to avoid accident. However, the main problem with most path planning methods is their computation time increases as the number of obstacles in the environment increases. In this paper, an algorithm based on visibility graph (VG) is proposed. In the proposed algorithm, which is called Equilateral Space Oriented Visibility Graph (ESOVG), the number of obstacles considered for path planning is reduced by introducing a space in which the obstacles lie. This means the obstacles located outside the space are ignored for path planning. From simulation, the proposed algorithm has an improvement rate of up to 90% when compared to VG. This makes the algorithm is suitable to be applied in real-time and will greatly accelerate the development of autonomous cars in the near future.
Path planning has been an important aspect in the development of autonomous cars in which path planning is used to find a collision-free path for the car to traverse from a starting point Sp to a target point Tp. The main criteria for a good path planning algorithm include the capability of producing the shortest path with a low computation time. Low computation time makes the autonomous car able to re-plan a new collision-free path to avoid accident. However, the main problem with most path planning methods is their computation time increases as the number of obstacles in the environment increases. In this paper, an algorithm based on visibility graph (VG) is proposed. In the proposed algorithm, which is called Equilateral Space Oriented Visibility Graph (ESOVG), the number of obstacles considered for path planning is reduced by introducing a space in which the obstacles lie. This means the obstacles located outside the space are ignored for path planning. From simulation, the proposed algorithm has an improvement rate of up to 90% when compared to VG. This makes the algorithm is suitable to be applied in real-time and will greatly accelerate the development of autonomous cars in the near future.
A Two-DOF Parallel Mechanism Analysis Based on Position and Orientation Chara...IJRES Journal
This paper proposed a comprehensive analysis of a two-DOF parallel mechanism based on Position and Orientation Characteristics Theory(POC). According to the POC theory analysis, the topological structure of the parallel mechanism was given, the POC equation for the parallel mechanism was instituted. Compile the math model of parallel mechanism in Maple, obtained three dimensional surface of the positive position solutions and space trajectories of three dimensional surface.
Left Ventricle Volume Measurement on Short Axis MRI Images Using a Combined R...IDES Editor
Segmentation and volume measurement of the
cardiac ventricles is an important issue in cardiac disease
diagnosis and function assessment. Cardiac Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (CMRI) is the current reference standard
for the assessment of both left and right ventricular volumes
and mass. Several methods have been proposed for
segmentation and measurement of cardiac volumes like
deformable models, active appearance, shape models, atlas
based methods, etc. In this paper a novel method is proposed
based on a parametric superellipse model fitting for
segmentation and measurement volume of the left ventricle
on cardiac Cine MRI images. Superellipses can be used to
represent in a large variety of shapes. For fitting superellipse
on MR images, a set of data points have been needed as a
partial data. This data points resulted from a semi-automatic
region growing method that segment the homogenous region
of the left ventricle. Because of ellipsoid shape of left ventricle,
fitting superellipse on cardiac cine MRI images has excellent
accuracy. The results show better fitting and also less
computation and time consuming compared to active contour
methods, which is commonly used method for left ventricle
segmentation.
STUDY ON CEREBRAL ANEURYSMS: RUPTURE RISK PREDICTION USING GEOMETRICAL PARAME...mlaij
We modeled an SVM radial classification machine learning algorithm to determine the ruptured and unruptured risk of saccular cerebral aneurysms using 60 samples with 6 predictors as the gender, the age, the Womersley number, the Time-Averaged Wall Shear Stress (TAWSS), the Aspect Ratio (AR) and the bottleneck of the aneurysms, considering real cases of patients. We reconstructed computationally each geometry from an angiography image to realize a CFD simulations, where the TAWSS was computed by CFD analysis. A cross validation method was used in the training sample to validate the classification model, getting an accuracy of 92.86% in the test sample. This result may be used to help in medical decisions to avoid a complicated operation when the probability of rupture is low.
Path planning has been an important aspect in the development of autonomous cars in which path planning is used to find a collision-free path for the car to traverse from a starting point Sp to a target point Tp. The main criteria for a good path planning algorithm include the capability of producing the shortest path with a low computation time. Low computation time makes the autonomous car able to re-plan a new collision-free path to avoid accident. However, the main problem with most path planning methods is their computation time increases as the number of obstacles in the environment increases. In this paper, an algorithm based on visibility graph (VG) is proposed. In the proposed algorithm, which is called Equilateral Space Oriented Visibility Graph (ESOVG), the number of obstacles considered for path planning is reduced by introducing a space in which the obstacles lie. This means the obstacles located outside the space are ignored for path planning. From simulation, the proposed algorithm has an improvement rate of up to 90% when compared to VG. This makes the algorithm is suitable to be applied in real-time and will greatly accelerate the development of autonomous cars in the near future.
Path planning has been an important aspect in the development of autonomous cars in which path planning is used to find a collision-free path for the car to traverse from a starting point Sp to a target point Tp. The main criteria for a good path planning algorithm include the capability of producing the shortest path with a low computation time. Low computation time makes the autonomous car able to re-plan a new collision-free path to avoid accident. However, the main problem with most path planning methods is their computation time increases as the number of obstacles in the environment increases. In this paper, an algorithm based on visibility graph (VG) is proposed. In the proposed algorithm, which is called Equilateral Space Oriented Visibility Graph (ESOVG), the number of obstacles considered for path planning is reduced by introducing a space in which the obstacles lie. This means the obstacles located outside the space are ignored for path planning. From simulation, the proposed algorithm has an improvement rate of up to 90% when compared to VG. This makes the algorithm is suitable to be applied in real-time and will greatly accelerate the development of autonomous cars in the near future.
A Two-DOF Parallel Mechanism Analysis Based on Position and Orientation Chara...IJRES Journal
This paper proposed a comprehensive analysis of a two-DOF parallel mechanism based on Position and Orientation Characteristics Theory(POC). According to the POC theory analysis, the topological structure of the parallel mechanism was given, the POC equation for the parallel mechanism was instituted. Compile the math model of parallel mechanism in Maple, obtained three dimensional surface of the positive position solutions and space trajectories of three dimensional surface.
Improved echocardiography segmentation using active shape model and optical flowTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Heart disease is one of the most dangerous diseases that threaten human life. The doctor uses
echocardiography to analyze heart disease. The result of echocardiography test is a video that shows the
movement of the heart rate. The result of echocardiography test indicates whether the patient’s heart is
normal or not by identifying a heart cavity area. Commonly it is determined by a doctor based on his own
accuracy and experience. Therefore, many methods to do heart segmentation is appearing. But, the
methods are a bit slow and less precise. Thus, a system that can help the doctor to analyze it better is
needed. This research will develop a system that can analyze the heart rate-motion and automatically
measure heart cavity area better than the existing method. This paper proposes an improved system for
cardiac segmentation using median high boost filter to increase image quality, followed by the use of an
active shape model and optical flow. The segmentation of the heart rate-motion and auto measurement of
the heart cavity area is expected to help the doctor to analyze the condition of the patient with better
accuracy. Experimental result validated our approach.
Retinal blood vessel extraction and optical disc removaleSAT Journals
Abstract Retinal image processing is an important process by which we can detect the blood vessels and this helps us in detecting the DIABETIC RETINOPATHY at a early stage and this is very helpful because the symptoms are not known by anyone unless we have blur eye sight or we get blind. And this mainly occurs in people suffering from high diabetes. So by extracting the blood vessels using the algorithm we can see which blood vessels are actually damaged. So by using the algorithm we can continuously survey the situation and can protect our eye-sight. Keywords: field of view, retinopathy, thresholding, morphology, Otsu's algorithm, MATLAB.
The Geometric Characteristics of the Linear Features in Close Range Photogram...IJERD Editor
The accuracy of photogrammetry can be increased with better instruments, careful geometric
characteristics of the system, more observations and rigorous adjustment. The main objective of this research is
to develop a new mathematical model of two types of linear features (straight line, spline curve) in addition to
relating linear features in object space to the image space using the Direct Linear Transformation (DLT). The
second main objective of the present paper is to study of some geometric characteristics of the system, when the
linear features are used in close range photogrammetric reduction processes. In this research, the accuracy
improvement has been evaluated by adopting certain assessment criteria, this will be performed by computing
the positional discrepancies between the photogrammetrically calculated object space coordinates of some check
object points, with the original check points of the test field, in terms of their respective RMS errors values. In
addition, the resulting least squares estimated covariance matrices of the check object point's space coordinates.
To perform the above purposes, some experiments are performed with synthetic images. The obtained results
showed significant improvements in the positional accuracy of close range photogrammetry, when starting node,
end nodes, and interior node on straight line and spline curve are increased with certain specifications regarding
the location and magnitude of each type of them.
Hybrid medical image compression method using quincunx wavelet and geometric ...journalBEEI
The purpose of this article is to find an efficient and optimal method of compression by reducing the file size while retaining the information for a good quality processing and to produce credible pathological reports, based on the extraction of the information characteristics contained in medical images. In this article, we proposed a novel medical image compression that combines geometric active contour model and quincunx wavelet transform. In this method it is necessary to localize the region of interest, where we tried to localize all the part that contain the pathological, using the level set for an optimal reduction, then we use the quincunx wavelet coupled with the set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) algorithm. After testing several algorithms we noticed that the proposed method gives satisfactory results. The comparison of the experimental results is based on parameters of evaluation.
Automatic Segmentation of Brachial Artery based on Fuzzy C-Means Pixel Clust...IJECEIAES
Automatic extraction of brachial artery and measuring associated indices such as flow-mediated dilatation and Intima-media thickness are important for early detection of cardiovascular disease and other vascular endothelial malfunctions. In this paper, we propose the basic but important component of such decision-assisting medical software development – noise tolerant fully automatic segmentation of brachial artery from ultrasound images. Pixel clustering with Fuzzy C-Means algorithm in the quantization process is the key component of that segmentation with various image processing algorithms involved. This algorithm could be an alternative choice of segmentation process that can replace speckle noise-suffering edge detection procedures in this application domain.
ANALYTICAL BENDING ANALYSIS OF A CIRCULAR SANDWICH PLATE UNDER DISTRIBUTED LOADijmech
In this paper, bending analysis of a circular sandwich plate under distributed load with simply supported and clamped boundary conditions is investigated. First, the governing equations of the circular sandwich plate are obtained and they are solved using the Bessel functions. Then in order to validate the correctness of analytical results, numerical finite element method is used and its results are presented in the forms of
contours and graphs. The results indicate that under distributed load, maximum deflection happens at 0.3
of outside radius, away from centre, and minimum deflection occurs at the outer edge of the circular sandwich plate. The results from analytical and numerical methods are compared and it shows that analytical method provides an acceptable accuracy.
In 2001, a mathematical model for determining the surface area of the left ventricle (LV) and another one for its volume (VLV) was presented. Both were based on the consideration that the geometry of a normal LV is similar to the one of a Truncated Prolate Spheroid (TPS).
Improved echocardiography segmentation using active shape model and optical flowTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Heart disease is one of the most dangerous diseases that threaten human life. The doctor uses
echocardiography to analyze heart disease. The result of echocardiography test is a video that shows the
movement of the heart rate. The result of echocardiography test indicates whether the patient’s heart is
normal or not by identifying a heart cavity area. Commonly it is determined by a doctor based on his own
accuracy and experience. Therefore, many methods to do heart segmentation is appearing. But, the
methods are a bit slow and less precise. Thus, a system that can help the doctor to analyze it better is
needed. This research will develop a system that can analyze the heart rate-motion and automatically
measure heart cavity area better than the existing method. This paper proposes an improved system for
cardiac segmentation using median high boost filter to increase image quality, followed by the use of an
active shape model and optical flow. The segmentation of the heart rate-motion and auto measurement of
the heart cavity area is expected to help the doctor to analyze the condition of the patient with better
accuracy. Experimental result validated our approach.
Retinal blood vessel extraction and optical disc removaleSAT Journals
Abstract Retinal image processing is an important process by which we can detect the blood vessels and this helps us in detecting the DIABETIC RETINOPATHY at a early stage and this is very helpful because the symptoms are not known by anyone unless we have blur eye sight or we get blind. And this mainly occurs in people suffering from high diabetes. So by extracting the blood vessels using the algorithm we can see which blood vessels are actually damaged. So by using the algorithm we can continuously survey the situation and can protect our eye-sight. Keywords: field of view, retinopathy, thresholding, morphology, Otsu's algorithm, MATLAB.
The Geometric Characteristics of the Linear Features in Close Range Photogram...IJERD Editor
The accuracy of photogrammetry can be increased with better instruments, careful geometric
characteristics of the system, more observations and rigorous adjustment. The main objective of this research is
to develop a new mathematical model of two types of linear features (straight line, spline curve) in addition to
relating linear features in object space to the image space using the Direct Linear Transformation (DLT). The
second main objective of the present paper is to study of some geometric characteristics of the system, when the
linear features are used in close range photogrammetric reduction processes. In this research, the accuracy
improvement has been evaluated by adopting certain assessment criteria, this will be performed by computing
the positional discrepancies between the photogrammetrically calculated object space coordinates of some check
object points, with the original check points of the test field, in terms of their respective RMS errors values. In
addition, the resulting least squares estimated covariance matrices of the check object point's space coordinates.
To perform the above purposes, some experiments are performed with synthetic images. The obtained results
showed significant improvements in the positional accuracy of close range photogrammetry, when starting node,
end nodes, and interior node on straight line and spline curve are increased with certain specifications regarding
the location and magnitude of each type of them.
Hybrid medical image compression method using quincunx wavelet and geometric ...journalBEEI
The purpose of this article is to find an efficient and optimal method of compression by reducing the file size while retaining the information for a good quality processing and to produce credible pathological reports, based on the extraction of the information characteristics contained in medical images. In this article, we proposed a novel medical image compression that combines geometric active contour model and quincunx wavelet transform. In this method it is necessary to localize the region of interest, where we tried to localize all the part that contain the pathological, using the level set for an optimal reduction, then we use the quincunx wavelet coupled with the set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) algorithm. After testing several algorithms we noticed that the proposed method gives satisfactory results. The comparison of the experimental results is based on parameters of evaluation.
Automatic Segmentation of Brachial Artery based on Fuzzy C-Means Pixel Clust...IJECEIAES
Automatic extraction of brachial artery and measuring associated indices such as flow-mediated dilatation and Intima-media thickness are important for early detection of cardiovascular disease and other vascular endothelial malfunctions. In this paper, we propose the basic but important component of such decision-assisting medical software development – noise tolerant fully automatic segmentation of brachial artery from ultrasound images. Pixel clustering with Fuzzy C-Means algorithm in the quantization process is the key component of that segmentation with various image processing algorithms involved. This algorithm could be an alternative choice of segmentation process that can replace speckle noise-suffering edge detection procedures in this application domain.
ANALYTICAL BENDING ANALYSIS OF A CIRCULAR SANDWICH PLATE UNDER DISTRIBUTED LOADijmech
In this paper, bending analysis of a circular sandwich plate under distributed load with simply supported and clamped boundary conditions is investigated. First, the governing equations of the circular sandwich plate are obtained and they are solved using the Bessel functions. Then in order to validate the correctness of analytical results, numerical finite element method is used and its results are presented in the forms of
contours and graphs. The results indicate that under distributed load, maximum deflection happens at 0.3
of outside radius, away from centre, and minimum deflection occurs at the outer edge of the circular sandwich plate. The results from analytical and numerical methods are compared and it shows that analytical method provides an acceptable accuracy.
In 2001, a mathematical model for determining the surface area of the left ventricle (LV) and another one for its volume (VLV) was presented. Both were based on the consideration that the geometry of a normal LV is similar to the one of a Truncated Prolate Spheroid (TPS).
Benefits Of Innovative 3d Graph Techniques In Construction IndustryA Makwana
The construction industry is the second largest industry of the country after agriculture. It makes a significant contribution to the national economy and provides employment to a large number of people. In its path of advancement, the industry has to overcome a number of challenges. One of the challenges is effective utilization of available technology. 3D Graph is one such technique that is rarely being used. Graphs and plots are a natural way to visualize data. It hardly needs saying that their use is common even in non-technical documents. Unfortunately, much work is often required (and rarely performed) to produce plots with sufficient output quality to match a well-typeset document. Recent years have witnessed a rapid development in the technologies that are related to digital visualization and simulation together with the technologies that try to link between digital and physical modelling. Many engineering and design practitioners have begun to apply selective technologies in their practices. The research attempts to classify the possible technologies that can be used throughout stages of urban design projects according to their purpose.
Austin Journal of Medical Oncology is an open access, peer review journal publishing original research & review articles in all the fields of Medical Oncology. Medical Oncology is the branch of medicine which deals with cancer and tumor related problems. Austin Journal of Medical Oncology provides a new platform for all researchers, scientists, scholars, students to publish their research work & update the latest research information.
Austin Journal of Medical Oncology is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific Journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Short Communications, Case Reports, Perspectives (Editorials), Clinical Images.
Austin Journal of Medical Oncology supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in Medical Oncology research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
A new algorithm is proposed for the segmentation of the lumen and bifurcation boundaries of the carotid artery in B-mode ultrasound images. It uses the hipoechogenic characteristics of the lumen for the identification of the carotid boundaries and the echogenic characteristics for the identification of the bifurcation boundaries. The image to be segmented is processed with the application of an anisotropic diffusion filter for speckle removal and morphologic operators are employed in the detection of the artery. The obtained information is then used in the definition of two initial contours, one corresponding to the lumen and the other to the bifurcation boundaries, for the posterior application of the Chan-vese level set segmentation model. A set of longitudinal B-mode images of the common carotid artery (CCA) was acquired with a GE Healthcare Vivid-e ultrasound system (GE Healthcare, United Kingdom). All the acquired images include a part of the CCA and of the bifurcation that separates the CCA into the internal and external carotid arteries. In order to achieve the uppermost robustness in the imaging acquisition process, i.e., images with high contrast and low speckle noise, the scanner was adjusted differently for each acquisition and according to the medical exam. The obtained results prove that we were able to successfully apply a carotid segmentation technique based on cervical ultrasonography. The main advantage of the new segmentation method relies on the automatic identification of the carotid lumen, overcoming the limitations of the traditional methods.
A lossless color image compression using an improved reversible color transfo...eSAT Journals
Abstract In case of the conventional lossless color image compression methods, the pixels are interleaved from each color component, and they are predicted and finally encoded. In this paper, we propose a lossless color image compression method using hierarchical prediction of chrominance channel pixels and encoded with modified Huffman coding. An input image is chosen and the R, G and B color channel is transform into YCuCv color space using an improved reversible color transform. After that a conventional lossless image coder like CALIC is used to compress the luminance channel Y. The chrominance channel Cu and Cv are encoded with hierarchical decomposition and directional prediction. The effective context modeling for prediction residual is adopted finally. It is seen from the experimental result the proposed method improves the compression performance than the existing method. Keywords: Lossless color image compression, hierarchical prediction, reversible color transform, modified Huffman coding.
Similar to 13 28 oct16 13181 27119-1-sm(edit) (20)
In our homes or offices, security has been a vital issue. Control of home security system remotely always offers huge advantages like the arming or disarming of the alarms, video monitoring, and energy management control apart from safeguarding the home free up intruders. Considering the oldest simple methods of security that is the mechanical lock system that has a key as the authentication element, then an upgrade to a universal type, and now unique codes for the lock. The recent advancement in the communication system has brought the tremendous application of communication gadgets into our various areas of life. This work is a real-time smart doorbell notification system for home Security as opposes of the traditional security methods, it is composed of the doorbell interfaced with GSM Module, a GSM module would be triggered to send an SMS to the house owner by pressing the doorbell, the owner will respond to the guest by pressing a button to open the door, otherwise, a message would be displayed to the guest for appropriate action. Then, the keypad is provided for an authorized person for the provision of password for door unlocking, if multiple wrong password attempts were made to unlock, a message of burglary attempt would be sent to the house owner for prompt action. The main benefit of this system is the uniqueness of the incorporation of the password and messaging systems which denies access to any unauthorized personality and owner's awareness method.
Augmented reality, the new age technology, has widespread applications in every field imaginable. This technology has proven to be an inflection point in numerous verticals, improving lives and improving performance. In this paper, we explore the various possible applications of Augmented Reality (AR) in the field of Medicine. The objective of using AR in medicine or generally in any field is the fact that, AR helps in motivating the user, making sessions interactive and assist in faster learning. In this paper, we discuss about the applicability of AR in the field of medical diagnosis. Augmented reality technology reinforces remote collaboration, allowing doctors to diagnose patients from a different locality. Additionally, we believe that a much more pronounced effect can be achieved by bringing together the cutting edge technology of AR and the lifesaving field of Medical sciences. AR is a mechanism that could be applied in the learning process too. Similarly, virtual reality could be used in the field where more of practical experience is needed such as driving, sports, neonatal care training.
Image fusion is a sub field of image processing in which more than one images are fused to create an image where all the objects are in focus. The process of image fusion is performed for multi-sensor and multi-focus images of the same scene. Multi-sensor images of the same scene are captured by different sensors whereas multi-focus images are captured by the same sensor. In multi-focus images, the objects in the scene which are closer to the camera are in focus and the farther objects get blurred. Contrary to it, when the farther objects are focused then closer objects get blurred in the image. To achieve an image where all the objects are in focus, the process of images fusion is performed either in spatial domain or in transformed domain. In recent times, the applications of image processing have grown immensely. Usually due to limited depth of field of optical lenses especially with greater focal length, it becomes impossible to obtain an image where all the objects are in focus. Thus, it plays an important role to perform other tasks of image processing such as image segmentation, edge detection, stereo matching and image enhancement. Hence, a novel feature-level multi-focus image fusion technique has been proposed which fuses multi-focus images. Thus, the results of extensive experimentation performed to highlight the efficiency and utility of the proposed technique is presented. The proposed work further explores comparison between fuzzy based image fusion and neuro fuzzy fusion technique along with quality evaluation indices.
Graphs have become the dominant life-form of many tasks as they advance a
structure to represent many tasks and the corresponding relations. A powerful
role of networks/graphs is to bridge local feats that exist in vertices as they
blossom into patterns that help explain how nodal relations and their edges
impacts a complex effect that ripple via a graph. User cluster are formed as a
result of interactions between entities. Many users can hardly categorize their
contact into groups today such as “family”, “friends”, “colleagues” etc. Thus,
the need to analyze such user social graph via implicit clusters, enables the
dynamism in contact management. Study seeks to implement this dynamism
via a comparative study of deep neural network and friend suggest algorithm.
We analyze a user’s implicit social graph and seek to automatically create
custom contact groups using metrics that classify such contacts based on a
user’s affinity to contacts. Experimental results demonstrate the importance
of both the implicit group relationships and the interaction-based affinity in
suggesting friends.
This paper projects Gryllidae Optimization Algorithm (GOA) has been applied to solve optimal reactive power problem. Proposed GOA approach is based on the chirping characteristics of Gryllidae. In common, male Gryllidae chirp, on the other hand some female Gryllidae also do as well. Male Gryllidae draw the females by this sound which they produce. Moreover, they caution the other Gryllidae against dangers with this sound. The hearing organs of the Gryllidae are housed in an expansion of their forelegs. Through this, they bias to the produced fluttering sounds. Proposed Gryllidae Optimization Algorithm (GOA) has been tested in standard IEEE 14, 30 bus test systems and simulation results show that the projected algorithms reduced the real power loss considerably.
In the wake of the sudden replacement of wood and kerosene by gas cookers for several purposes in Nigeria, gas leakage has caused several damages in our homes, Laboratories among others. installation of a gas leakage detection device was globally inspired to eliminate accidents related to gas leakage. We present an alternative approach to developing a device that can automatically detect and control gas leakages and also monitor temperature. The system detects the leakage of the LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) using a gas sensor, then triggred the control system response which employs ventilator system, Mobile phone alert and alarm when the LPG concentration in the air exceeds a certain level. The performance of two gas sensors (MQ5 and MQ6) were tested for a guided decision. Also, when the temperature of the environment poses a danger, LED (indicator), buzzer and LCD (16x2) display was used to indicate temperature and gas leakage status in degree Celsius and PPM respectively. Attension was given to the response time of the control system, which was ascertained that this system significantly increases the chances and efficiency of eliminating gas leakage related accident.
Feature selection problem is one of the main important problems in the text and data mining domain. This paper presents a comparative study of feature selection methods for Arabic text classification. Five of the feature selection methods were selected: ICHI square, CHI square, Information Gain, Mutual Information and Wrapper. It was tested with five classification algorithms: Bayes Net, Naive Bayes, Random Forest, Decision Tree and Artificial Neural Networks. In addition, Data Collection was used in Arabic consisting of 9055 documents, which were compared by four criteria: Precision, Recall, F-measure and Time to build model. The results showed that the improved ICHI feature selection got almost all the best results in comparison with other methods.
In this paper Gentoo Penguin Algorithm (GPA) is proposed to solve optimal reactive power problem. Gentoo Penguins preliminary population possesses heat radiation and magnetizes each other by absorption coefficient. Gentoo Penguins will move towards further penguins which possesses low cost (elevated heat concentration) of absorption. Cost is defined by the heat concentration, distance. Gentoo Penguins penguin attraction value is calculated by the amount of heat prevailed between two Gentoo penguins. Gentoo Penguins heat radiation is measured as linear. Less heat is received in longer distance, in little distance, huge heat is received. Gentoo Penguin Algorithm has been tested in standard IEEE 57 bus test system and simulation results show the projected algorithm reduced the real power loss considerably.
08 20272 academic insight on applicationIAESIJEECS
This research has thrown up many questions in need of further investigation.There was an expressive quantitative-qualitative research, which a common investigation form was used in.The dialogue item was also applied to discover if the contributors asserted the media-based attitude supplements their learning of academic English writing classes or not.Data recounted academic” insights toward using Skype as a sustaining implement for lessons releasing based on chosen variables: their occupation, year of education, and knowledge with Skype discovered that there were no important statistical differences in the use of Skype units because of medical academics major knowledge. There are statistically important differences in using Skype units. The findings also, disclosed that there are statistically significant differences in using Skype units due to the practice with Skype variable, in favors of academics with no Skype use practice. Skype instrument as an instructive media is a positive medium to be employed to supply academic medical writing data and assist education. Academics who do not have enough time to contribute in classes believe comfortable using the Skype-based attitude in scientific writing. They who took part in the course claimed that their approval of this media is due to learning academic innovative medical writing.
Cloud computing has sweeping impact on the human productivity. Today it’s used for Computing, Storage, Predictions and Intelligent Decision Making, among others. Intelligent Decision-Making using Machine Learning has pushed for the Cloud Services to be even more fast, robust and accurate. Security remains one of the major concerns which affect the cloud computing growth however there exist various research challenges in cloud computing adoption such as lack of well managed service level agreement (SLA), frequent disconnections, resource scarcity, interoperability, privacy, and reliability. Tremendous amount of work still needs to be done to explore the security challenges arising due to widespread usage of cloud deployment using Containers. We also discuss Impact of Cloud Computing and Cloud Standards. Hence in this research paper, a detailed survey of cloud computing, concepts, architectural principles, key services, and implementation, design and deployment challenges of cloud computing are discussed in detail and important future research directions in the era of Machine Learning and Data Science have been identified.
Notary is an official authorized to make an authentic deed regarding all deeds, agreements and stipulations required by a general rule. Activities carried out at the notary office such as recording client data and file data still use traditional systems that tend to be manual. The problem that occurs is the inefficiency in data processing and providing information to clients. Clients have difficulty getting information related to the progress of documents that are being taken care of at the notary's office. The client must take the time to arrive to the notary's office repeatedly to check the progress of the work of the document file. The purpose of this study is to facilitate clients in obtaining information about the progress of the work in progress, and make it easier for employees to process incoming documents by implementing an administrative system. This system was developed with the waterfall system development method and uses the Multi-Channel Access Technology integrated in the website to simplify the process of delivering information and requesting information from clients and to clients with Telegram and SMS Gateway. Clients will come to the office only when there is a notification from the system via Telegram or SMS notifying that the client must come directly to the notary's office, thus leading to an efficient time and avoiding excessive transportation costs. The overall functional system can function properly based on the results of alpha testing. The results of beta testing conducted by distributing the system feasibility test questionnaire to end users, get a percentage of 96% of users agree the system is feasible to be implemented.
In this work Tundra wolf algorithm (TWA) is proposed to solve the optimal reactive power problem. In the projected Tundra wolf algorithm (TWA) in order to avoid the searching agents from trapping into the local optimal the converging towards global optimal is divided based on two different conditions. In the proposed Tundra wolf algorithm (TWA) omega tundra wolf has been taken as searching agent as an alternative of indebted to pursue the first three most excellent candidates. Escalating the searching agents’ numbers will perk up the exploration capability of the Tundra wolf wolves in an extensive range. Proposed Tundra wolf algorithm (TWA) has been tested in standard IEEE 14, 30 bus test systems and simulation results show the proposed algorithm reduced the real power loss effectively.
In this work Predestination of Particles Wavering Search (PPS) algorithm has been applied to solve optimal reactive power problem. PPS algorithm has been modeled based on the motion of the particles in the exploration space. Normally the movement of the particle is based on gradient and swarming motion. Particles are permitted to progress in steady velocity in gradient-based progress, but when the outcome is poor when compared to previous upshot, immediately particle rapidity will be upturned with semi of the magnitude and it will help to reach local optimal solution and it is expressed as wavering movement. In standard IEEE 14, 30, 57,118,300 bus systems Proposed Predestination of Particles Wavering Search (PPS) algorithm is evaluated and simulation results show the PPS reduced the power loss efficiently.
In this paper, Mine Blast Algorithm (MBA) has been intermingled with Harmony Search (HS) algorithm for solving optimal reactive power dispatch problem. MBA is based on explosion of landmines and HS is based on Creativeness progression of musicians-both are hybridized to solve the problem. In MBA Initial distance of shrapnel pieces are reduced gradually to allow the mine bombs search the probable global minimum location in order to amplify the global explore capability. Harmony search (HS) imitates the music creativity process where the musicians supervise their instruments’ pitch by searching for a best state of harmony. Hybridization of Mine Blast Algorithm with Harmony Search algorithm (MH) improves the search effectively in the solution space. Mine blast algorithm improves the exploration and harmony search algorithm augments the exploitation. At first the proposed algorithm starts with exploration & gradually it moves to the phase of exploitation. Proposed Hybridized Mine Blast Algorithm with Harmony Search algorithm (MH) has been tested on standard IEEE 14, 300 bus test systems. Real power loss has been reduced considerably by the proposed algorithm. Then Hybridized Mine Blast Algorithm with Harmony Search algorithm (MH) tested in IEEE 30, bus system (with considering voltage stability index)- real power loss minimization, voltage deviation minimization, and voltage stability index enhancement has been attained.
Artificial Neural Networks have proved their efficiency in a large number of research domains. In this paper, we have applied Artificial Neural Networks on Arabic text to prove correct language modeling, text generation, and missing text prediction. In one hand, we have adapted Recurrent Neural Networks architectures to model Arabic language in order to generate correct Arabic sequences. In the other hand, Convolutional Neural Networks have been parameterized, basing on some specific features of Arabic, to predict missing text in Arabic documents. We have demonstrated the power of our adapted models in generating and predicting correct Arabic text comparing to the standard model. The model had been trained and tested on known free Arabic datasets. Results have been promising with sufficient accuracy.
In the present-day communications speech signals get contaminated due to
various sorts of noises that degrade the speech quality and adversely impacts
speech recognition performance. To overcome these issues, a novel approach
for speech enhancement using Modified Wiener filtering is developed and
power spectrum computation is applied for degraded signal to obtain the
noise characteristics from a noisy spectrum. In next phase, MMSE technique
is applied where Gaussian distribution of each signal i.e. original and noisy
signal is analyzed. The Gaussian distribution provides spectrum estimation
and spectral coefficient parameters which can be used for probabilistic model
formulation. Moreover, a-priori-SNR computation is also incorporated for
coefficient updation and noise presence estimation which operates similar to
the conventional VAD. However, conventional VAD scheme is based on the
hard threshold which is not capable to derive satisfactory performance and a
soft-decision based threshold is developed for improving the performance of
speech enhancement. An extensive simulation study is carried out using
MATLAB simulation tool on NOIZEUS speech database and a comparative
study is presented where proposed approach is proved better in comparison
with existing technique.
Previous research work has highlighted that neuro-signals of Alzheimer’s disease patients are least complex and have low synchronization as compared to that of healthy and normal subjects. The changes in EEG signals of Alzheimer’s subjects start at early stage but are not clinically observed and detected. To detect these abnormalities, three synchrony measures and wavelet-based features have been computed and studied on experimental database. After computing these synchrony measures and wavelet features, it is observed that Phase Synchrony and Coherence based features are able to distinguish between Alzheimer’s disease patients and healthy subjects. Support Vector Machine classifier is used for classification giving 94% accuracy on experimental database used. Combining, these synchrony features and other such relevant features can yield a reliable system for diagnosing the Alzheimer’s disease.
Attenuation correction designed for PET/MR hybrid imaging frameworks along with portion making arrangements used for MR-based radiation treatment remain testing because of lacking high-energy photon weakening data. We present a new method so as to uses the learned nonlinear neighborhood descriptors also highlight coordinating toward foresee pseudo-CT pictures starting T1w along with T2w MRI information. The nonlinear neighborhood descriptors are acquired through anticipating the direct descriptors interested in the nonlinear high-dimensional space utilizing an unequivocal constituent guide also low-position guess through regulated complex regularization. The nearby neighbors of every near descriptor inside the data MR pictures are looked during an obliged spatial extent of the MR pictures among the training dataset. By that point, the pseudo-CT patches are evaluated through k-closest neighbor relapse. The planned procedure designed for pseudo-CT forecast is quantitatively broke downward on top of a dataset comprising of coordinated mind MRI along with CT pictures on or after 13 subjects.
The cognitive radio prototype performance is to alleviate the scarcity of spectral resources for wireless communication through intelligent sensing and quick resource allocation techniques. Secondary users (SU’s) actively obtain the spectrum access opportunity by supporting primary users (PU’s) in cognitive radio networks (CRNs). In present generation, spectrum access is endowed through cooperative communication-based link-level frame-based cooperative (LLC) principle. In this SUs independently act as conveyors for PUs to achieve spectrum access opportunities. Unfortunately, this LLC approach cannot fully exploit spectrum access opportunities to enhance the throughput of CRNs and fails to motivate PUs to join the spectrum sharing processes. Therefore, to overcome this con, network level cooperative (NLC) principle was used, where SUs are integrated mutually to collaborate with PUs session by session, instead of frame based cooperation for spectrum access opportunities. NLC approach has justified the challenges facing in LLC approach. In this paper we make a survey of some models that have been proposed to tackle the problem of LLC. We show the relevant aspects of each model, in order to characterize the parameters that we should take in account to achieve a spectrum access opportunity.
In this paper, the author provides insights and lessons that can be learned from colleagues at American universities about their online education experiences. The literature review and previous studies of online educations gains are explored and summarized in this research. Emerging trends in online education are discussed in detail, and strategies to implement these trends are explained. The author provides several tools and strategies that enable universities to ensure the quality of online education. At the end of this research paper, the researcher provides examples from Arab universities who have successfully implemented online education and expanded their impact on the society. This research provides a strategy and a model that can be used by universities in the Middle East as a roadmap to implement online education in their regions.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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With the foregoing, the purpose of this article is to design and implement a software
platform that allows the removal of the contour ventricular, enabling future, the quantification of
indicators of the cardiac functionality such as ejection fraction, cardiac output, etc.
2. Description of the System
The X-Ray angiography is a widely used modality in the evaluation of the cardiac
function. To view the heart with this modality the patient is subjected to an intervention called
cardiac, during which the VI is filled with a contrast material radio-opaque. The acquisition of
images can be done in two planes (considering the right anterior oblique view (OAD) 30° and
the left anterior oblique view (OAI) 60°). The acquisition time average is around 8 to 10 s,
covering 7 to 9 cardiac cycles. The distribution of the injected contrast media is considered
optimal around the second or third cardiac cycle [4].
The equipment used for the acquisition and display of the study of angiography is the
so-called INNOVA 2000, built by General Electric and that has the following features: has a
solid-state Digital Detector Revolution, fully digital images show a field of view of 20.5 cm x 20.5
cm., sequences of images are recorded at 30 frames per second, with a resolution of 512 x 512
pixels and each one of them is represented with 256 gray levels [5]. Tables and Figures are
presented center, as shown below and cited in the manuscript.
3. Widespread Transformed Hough
The TGH is defined as a transformed that allows to detect curves not analytical, i.e. that
detects the contour of irregular shapes in objects. In Figure 1 you can see that the fundamental
data to obtain an irregular contour based on TGH, are: angulations (α, Φ) and the distance r.
Figure 1. Graphical representation of the TGH
Where:
Xc, Yc define the center of mass of the shape.
r = radius from the center of mass to a point (X,Y).
Α = angle formed by the radio, with respect to a horizontal line parallel to the x axis.
Φ = angle formed by the tangent line, with respect to a horizontal line parallel to the x axis
To mathematical level, it is possible to represent the center of mass of the figure, as follows:
X_C=X rcos(α) (1)
〖_C=AND rsen(α) (2)
The settlement formed by ri, αi, Φi, is called table R.
This table, is a settlement that contain values of radii, angles of different images, these
values are related to a point on the object that is being processed, this table R, is the basis for
building the TGH. For more information refer to [6, 7].
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4. Methodology
The methodology used in the present investigation, is based on two large blocks, the
first of them consists in the generation of the model of adjustment or pattern (Table R), and the
second in the detection of the ventricular contour through the model.
4.1. Construction of table R
Initially, through an interactive tool, it is proceeded to demarcate, by the specialist, the
ventricular contour. These coordinates are stored, with the purpose of generating a binary
image (0s and 1s), where only are present the object of interest (VI) and the fund. The result is
presented in Figure 2.
Figure 2. (a) Selection of the ventricular contour by the specialist. (b) Binary mask generated
and detection of the centroid or center of masses
Then, it was implemented an algorithm that allowed the detection of the ventricular
edge, next to the particularity that the points or coordinates that make it up are sorted, either in
the clockwise direction or vice versa. The result is presented in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Final contour of the prototype
As explained in section 3, to generate the table R, it is necessary to calculate the
corresponding values for α, Φ and r respectively. The procedure used on the contour prototype
(Figure 3), for the search of these parameters is the following:
4.1.1. Calculation of r
It is doing plotting straights, from the center of mass of the prototype (centroid), to each
one of the points of the contour of the prototype (see Figure 5). Subsequently proceeded to
estimate its algebraic distance and finally stores its value in the table R.
4.1.2. Calculation of α
As is illustrated in Figure 1, to obtain this angle, it is necessary to generate horizontal
straight to each point of the ventricular contour (see figure 6). Performing this procedure, only
lack calculating the slope of each one of the segments and use them in the equation.
(
( )
( )⁄ ) (3)
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Where m1 represents the pendent of radius R and M2 the corresponding to the
horizontal segment. Finally stores its value in the table R.
Figure 4. Selection of the reference points and
its closest neighbors
Figure 5. Demarcation of the straight line r, for
a point of ventricular contour
The points mentioned above, are compounds so space, to be an image for a pair of X
and Y coordinates, represented as follows: Pi (Xi, Yi), Pi 1 (Xi 1, Yi 1) and PI-1 (XI-1, Yi-1).
The tangential components to this point of reference Pi, are possible to calculate them
through the equation (4).
( )
( )
√
(4)
Where dX y dY, are calculated of the following way:
(5)
(6)
Then, with the purpose of generating the corresponding tangent line (interpolation),
applies the equation (7).
(X,Y) i∙(S_n (-t_Y ),S_n t_X ) (7)
Where (X,Y) are the coordinates of the center point or analysis, i = ….-2,-1,0,1,2,……
and Sn is a constant chosen heuristically.
Finally, taking built straight lines tangent and horizontal, for each point of the contour, it
is possible to obtain the angle values φ. The methodology used for this purpose is the same
applied in the section 5.1.2, and its value is stored in the table R.
In Figure 5, it is possible to highlight the way as outlined the straight r. For its part,
Figure 6 shows a segment expanded the contour and the stroke of the radio r, the
corresponding tangential straight (violet lines) and horizontal (green lines) respectively.
Figure 6. Stroke of the tangential and horizontal components
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4.2. Detection of Ventricular Contour through the Model Developed (Table R)
To achieve this fundamental objective is to convert the image from a job in a contour
map, where it is possible to compare the structure of the table R, with the different forms
present in the image (ribs, catheter, abdomen, ventricle, etc.) and that way select them all the
corresponding to the ventricular edge; purpose of the TGH. The procedure to follow will be
described below:
4.2.1. Pre-processing
Figure 7. (a) Enhanced Image. (b) anti-aliased image
As is appreciable in Figure 2(a), an image of angiography, presents a considerable
amount of noise and therefore it is important to perform a conditioning process or improvement
of the information. To this end, it was first implemented a contrast enhancement by window and
level, which sought opacificar in a better way the area of interest (VI), followed by a filter
smoother [8]. The result of this procedure is illustrated in Figure 7.
Taking a better view of the data, the next step is to generate an image contours or only
edges, which allows us to use the information collected in the table R; for that task, is used the
algorithm of Canny[9], which is based on the calculation of the derivative. The result it is
possible to appreciate in Figure 8.
Finally, and as mentioned previously, the purpose of this phase is to remove the
ventricular contour with the least amount of noise, that is to say with the minimum amount of
structures outside it; therefore applied mathematical morphology, using filtering by areas,
detection of continuity, etc. The image obtained is presented in Figure 9.
Figure 8. Result obtained using the
CONTOUR DETECTOR
Figure 9. Use of mathematical morphology to
the job picture
4.2.2. Implementation of the TGH
Figure 11. Fill ventricular contorn
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5. Results and Validation
For the analysis of results, we selected the studies and the images as explained in
section 4. It is important to highlight that for each study (different patient), it is necessary to
create a table R.
To demo level of segmentation reached, will be presented with 3 of the 12 frames, used
in this project. It chose one of each study to exemplify the variety in the data and contours.
In Figure 12, illustrate the original images and where it is intend to detect the contour
ventricular. Overlaps in the same way the stroke made by the specialist, with the purpose of
carrying out the process of validation.
For its part the Figure 13, presents the contour detection obtained through the TGH.
Detailed procedure showed throughout the article and that presents good results.
Similarly in Figure 14, refilling and enclosure of the contours obtained, with the aim to
quantify the detection process. Finally, Figure 15 performs the overlay on the original images of
the edges detected, through the TGH, to display mode in the best way the results obtained.
Figure 12. Initial studies and where in addition overlaps the stroke of the ventricular contour
carried out by the specialist
Figure 13. Contours detected through the TGH Figure 14. Enclosure and filling of contours
Figure 15. Overlap the contours detected, on the original image
A quantitative level, in Table 1, shows the percentages of error, obtained from the
validation process. This estimate was made based on the equation (8).
%Error= ((Sec.Manual-Seg.TGH))/(Sec.Manual)∙100 (8)
Where compares the manual segmentation (specialist) and the obtained with the TGH. These
percentages were divided in final diastole, final sistole and transition 3 and 7. These transitions
are images that are selected between sistole diastole and End. For this research, the areas
were measured in pixels. It is important to highlight that the best results were obtained in the
transition 7 of Study 1, where the estimated value was 0.65%. The percentage of total system
error was 4.56%.
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6. Conclusions and Future Work
The image segmentation ventriculographics, based on the TGH, allows exploring new
results that support the development of support tools, specialists. The methodology raised,
allowed to overcome the challenges presented by the images of this type, as are: low contrast
and noise in the image, low details of contour, etc. This was achieved thanks to the techniques
of preprocessing used, as are: filter medium, contrast enhancement, detectors of contours,
binarization and ordering of points. On the other side, it was demonstrated that by means of the
TGH, it is possible to segment images of the heart, achieving an average error of 4.56%. The
table R, as analysis structure, generalizes great part of the contours that are presented in the
image processing ventriculographics. Finally it is important to highlight that the selection of
images for the selection of patterns, are fundamental for the good functioning of the TGH,
because if there are mistakes in the selection of the data, at the time you want to perform a new
analysis of contours, the results will not be the most relevant and therefore the error from the
system will increase. In relation to future works, is expected to complement the part of removing
the left ventricular contour, with phase of quantification of the different descriptors of the cardiac
function (volume beat, fraction of ejection, expense cardiac, etc.), for this is necessary, select
images in systole and diastole end of the cardiac cycle, approaching the border to a revolution
ellipsoid. In the same way it would be very interesting to carry out a comparative analysis of
different techniques of segmentation as the growth of regions, models so active, etc.
7. Contributions
The main contribution of this article is set out in the pre-processing, since the
transformed as such this very well defined. In this sense was very important to analyze the
noise present (ribs, catheter, etc.), the texture of the image contrast injected to display the
cavity, etc. The result was the achievement of techniques which include the contrast
enhancement by window and level, smoothing the pixels of the image and above all the
mathematical morphology implemented, that generated as a result a contour map suitable for
use the TGH.
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