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Shodh, Samiksha aur Mulyankan (International Research Journal)—ISSN-0974-2832,Vol. II, Issue-11-12 (Dec.2009—Jan.2010)         117




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      vk/kqfud Hkkjr dh dyk dh mRifÙk dk bfrgkl ,d                vkSj bZLV bafM;k daiuh ds lkFk&lkFk c<+k Fkk] vr% bls
fodkl”khy dyk dk bfrgkl gSA blds vkjafHkd lw= bl                  daiuh “kSyh gh dguk mfpr gSA 19oha lnh ds var esa caxky
ns”k ds bfrgkl rFkk HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls tqM+s gq, gSaA    esa iqj:RFkku vkanksyu gqvkA vaxsztksa us Hkkjrh; turk dks
foLrkjoknh] lkezkT;oknh ccZj rFkk ykyph fons”kh “kfDr;ksa         mldh lkaLd`frd fojklr ls foeq[k djds vaxzsth lH;rk
us bls ckj&ckj vkØkUr fd;kA vr% ,d Lora=&psÙkk jk’Vª              fl[kkus dh ps’Vk dhA vaxsztksa us Hkkjrh; dyk dh Hkh dVq
ds :i esa bl ns”k dh fopkj/kkjk dyk ,oa laLd`fr dk                vkykspuk dhA ^cMZoqM* uked ,d vaxszth vf/kdkjh us izkphu
fodkl visf{kr fn”kk esa ugha gks ldk ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa       ckS) izfrekvksa dh rh[kh lekykspuk djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd
vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dh dksbZ jk’Vªh; O;[;k laHko              ^,d mcyk gqvk pchZ ls cuk idoky Hkh vkRek dh mRdV
ugha gSA tSls dksbZ >juk fxjdj vusd NksVh&NksVh /kkjkvksa         fueZyrk rFkk fLFkjrk ds izrhd dk dke ns ldrk gSA* ftu
esa cgus yxs] dqN ,slh gh fLFkfr vkt Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dh            ;wjksfi;uksa dks Hkkjr ls FkksM+h Hkh lgkuqHkwfr Fkh] mUgksaus Js’B
gSA vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk bfrgkl izpfyr ijaijkxr             Hkkjrh; ewfrZ;ksa ij ;wukuh izHkko crk;kA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks
dyk&”kSfy;ksa ¼jktLFkkuh] igkM+h rFkk eqxy½ ds volku rFkk         ns[krs gq, johUnzukFk Bkdqj rFkk ns”kca/kq fpÙkjatu nkl vkfn
Hkkjr esa vaxzsth jkT; dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk tqM+k gSA Hkkjr esa     us Hkkjrh; turk dks mn~cksf/kr djus dk iz;Ru fd;kA
dqN if”peh fp=dkj eq[;r% bZLV bafM;k daiuh vFkok                         lu~ 1884 esa ^Jh bZ-ch- gSosy* enzkl dyk fo|ky; ds
fczfV”k “kklu ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ds lkFk vk, rFkk dqN vU;            iz/kkukpk;Z cusA Hkkjr esa dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk gksus ls tkx`fr
fp=dkj Hkkjr dh le`f) dh [;kfr lqudj fons'kh O;ikfj;ksa           dh dqN ygj vkbZA gSosy us Hkh wikihisablesa ;ksxnku fn;kA
dh Hkkafr Hkkjr esa viuk HkkX; vktekus vk,A                       1866 esa mUgksaus lalkj Hkj dk /;ku Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dh vksj
      Hkkjr esa vaxzsth “kklu ds QyLo:i dyk ds {ks= esa nks       vkdf"kZr fd;kA mUgksaus dgk fd ;wjksih; dyk rks dsoy
izHkko iM+sA ,d rks ;g fd LFkkuh; fp=dkjksa us viuh le>           lkalkfjd oLrqvksa dk Kku djkrh gSa] ijUrq Hkjrh; dyk
ds vuqlkj if”peh dyk ds feJ.k ls ,d ladj dyk&”kSyh                loZO;kih] vej rFkk vikj gSA dqN le; i”pkr dydÙkk
dk lw=ikr fd;k] ftls daiuh “kSyh dgk tkrk gSA nwljk]              dyk&fo|ky; ds fizalhiy cusA ;gka muds laidZ esa johUnzukFk
;g fd lekt ds mu lHkh oxksZa esa] tks dykvksa ds laj{kd           Bkdqj vk,] ftUgksaus vkxs pydj ^iquZRFkku* dk lw=ikr
le>s tkrs gSa] if”peh dyk ds izfr vknjHkko vkSj viuh              fd;kA mUgksaus if”peh] bZjkuh] phuh] tkikuh] eqxy] jktiwr]
dyk ds izfr ghurk dh Hkkouk mRiUu gqbZA Lo;a vaxsztksa us         vtUrk ds leUo; ls u;h dyk dk vkjaHk fd;kA 1905 esa
bl Hkkouk dks c<+kus rFkk if”peh fp=dkjksa dks Hkkjr esa          dydÙkk vkVZ Ldwy ds fizalhiy fu;qDr gksus ds ckn mUgksaus
izksRlkfgr djus dk Hkjiwj iz;Ru fd;kA tks Hkkjrh; fp=dkj          vusd f”k’; rS;kj fd,] tks ns”k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa QSys vkSj
if”peh “kSyh esa dk;Z djrs Fks] vaxzstksa us mudh Hkh ihB         dyk dk izpkj djus yxsA uanyky clq] vflr dqekj gYnj]
FkiFkikbZA 18oha lnh ds eqxy “kSyh ds fp=dkjksa ij mijksDr        f{kfrUnzukFk etwenkj] lejsanzukFk xqIr] nsoh izlkn jk; pkS/kjh
fczfV”k fp=dkjksa dh dyk dk cgqr izHkko iM+kA mudh dyk            rFkk mdhy ca/kq bueas izeq[k FksA 1907 esa ^bafM;u lkslk;Vh
esa ;wjksih; rRoksa dk cgqr vf/kd feJ.k gks x;k vkSj bl           vkWQ vksfj,aVy vkVZ* dh LFkkiuk ds ckn bu lHkh us bl
izdkj tks ubZ “kSyh fodflr gqbZ] mls daiuh “kSyh dgrs gSaA        laLFkk dh izFke izn”kZuh esa Hkkx fy;kA bZ-ch-gSosy] ilhZ czkmu]
dqN fo}kuksa us bls iVuk “kSyh dgk] ijUrq ;g uke mfpr             vkuan dqekjLokeh vkfn us Hkh bl laLFkk dks iw.kZ lg;ksx
ugha gS] D;ksafd bl 'kSyh dk izHkko caxky ls fla/k rd] iatkc      fn;kA vouh ckcw us lHkh izdkj ds iz;ksx fd, ftlesa dk’B]
ls egkjk’Vª ,oa usiky esa Hkh FkkA bl “kSyh dk izHkko vaxzstksa   js”ke rFkk fHkfÙk fp=.k Hkh FksA
                 * •Á‚S≈¥U≈U ¬˝Ê»§‚⁄U, ‹Á‹Ã ∑§‹Ê Áfl÷ʪ, ∑ȧL§ˇÊòÊ Áfl‡flÁfllÊ‹ÿ, ∑ȧL§ˇÊòÊ („UÁ⁄UÿÊáÊÊ)
118        ‡ÊÊœ, ‚◊ˡÊÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ◊ÍÀÿÊ¢∑§Ÿ (•ãÃ⁄U⁄UÊCÔ˛UËÿ ‡ÊÊœ ¬ÁòÊ∑§Ê)—ISSN-0974-2832,Vol. II, Issue-11-12 (Dec.2009—Jan.2010)

      caxky 'kSyh dh fo’ks"krk,¡%& caxky Ldwy dh rRdkyhu                            vusd iz;ksx fd,A thou rFkk izd`fr ls Hkh cgqr dqN lh[kkA
izpfyr dyk “kSyh es fufeZr izk;% lHkh fp=ksa esa Hkkjrh;                            vr% viuh dyk dks ekSfyd xq.kksa ls ltkus esa vf/kd
ijaijk dk /;ku j[kk tkrk FkkA caxky “kSyh ds fp=dkjksa us                           dfBukbZ ugha gqbZA rSy] ty jax vkfn fofHkUu ek/;eksa esa
“kSyh ds lkFk&lkFk fp=kadu ds ek/;eksa esa Hkh leUo;kRed                            mUgksaus vius ek/;e dh [kkst tkjh j[khA fdlh fof”k’V “kSyh
#[k viuk;kA fczfV”k rFkk tkikuh tyjax i)fr ds feJ.k                                 vFkok ijaijk esa ca/kuk mUgsa fiz; ugha FkkA vius fp=ksa ds fy,
ls ^okW”k i)fr* dk fodkl fd;k x;kA blh ds lkFk jaxksa esa                           fo’k; dk pquko Hkkjrh; bfrgkl] iqjk.k vFkok lkekftd
VsEijk i)fr esa Hkh dk;Z fd;k x;kA ftlesa uanyky clq]                               thou ls fd;k] ftldk izHkko vU; dykdkjksa ij Hkh Li’V
vflr dqekj] f{kfranzukFk] ;kfeuhjk; izeq[k FksA bl i)fr esa                         n`f‘Vxkspj gksrk gSA ek= 12 lky dh vk;q esa vflr dqekj
/kwlj vkHkk okys de pV[k] lh/ks likV jaxksa ds iz;ksx ds ckn                        us egkHkkjr ds ,d izlax ^nzks.kkpk;Z }kjk vtqZu dks /kuqfoZ|k
js[kkvksa }kjk vkd`fr;ka vHkkjus dh izFkk Fkh] tks vkt Hkh                          dk nku* ij lqanj fp=ksa dk l`tu fd;kA fofHkUu Hkkoksa ds
izpfyr gSA caxky “kSyh ds dykdkjksa dh ;g ekU;rk Fkh fd                             vuq:i fp= esa js[kkvksa rFkk jaxksa dk p;u djus esa n{k FksA
fp=kd`fr;ksa esa xfr ykus vkSj izd`fr ds :ik;u rFkk fp=ksa dh                       muds fp=ksa dha fo”ks’krk Fkh fd os laiw.kZ :i ls Hkkjrh; FksA
ÅtkZ o y; ds fodkl ds fy, js[kkadu dh vko”;drk gSA                                  os ,d fp=dkj ds :i esa rks fo[;kr gq, gh] ,d vPNs
viuh bUgha fo”ks’krkvksa ds dkj.k caxky Ldwy ds dyk                                 dyk&f”k{kd ds :i esa Hkh mUgsa i;kZIr lEeku feykA jktLFkku
vkanksyu us ns”kO;kih [;kfr vftZr dh rFkk Hkkjrh; dyk dsk                           vkVZ Ldwy] y[kuÅ vkVZLdwy esa dbZ o’kksZa rd v/;kiu dk;Z
fons”kh dyk dh tdM+ ls eqDr djus dk iz;kl fd;kA                                     fd;kA tc os “kkafr fudsru esa Fks rks ogka ds dyk Hkou dk
caxky “kSyh dh okW”k i)fr us bu dykdkjksa dks flQZ fo[;kr                           fodkl vR;ar :fp ysdj fd;kA bykgkckn laxzgky; esa
gh ugha fd;k] cfYd budk izHkko iwjs Hkkjr eas QSy x;kA ;s                           vflr dqekj gYnj dh izfrHkk dks LFkku nsdj mÙkjizns”k
lHkh dykdkj Lora=rkiw.kZ ns”k ds fofHkUu dyk Ldwyksa ds                             ljdkj us mUgsa fo”ks’k lEeku fn;kA os caxky Ldwy ds
iz/kkukpk;Z cu x,A nsoh izlkn enzkl pys x,] vflr dqekj                              dkO;e;h dykdkj ds :i esa fxus tkrs FksA os ,d fp=dkj
“kkafr fudsru pys x,] leusanzukFk ykgkSj pys x,A f{kfranzukFk                       ds lkFk vPNs dfo rFkk ys[kd Hkh FksA os laLd`r ds vPNs
bykgkckn] mdhyca/kw us fnYyh dyk fo|ky; LFkkfir fd;kA                               Kkrk Fks rFkk fp=dkjh o ys[ku ds lkFk&lkFk Nk;k fp=kadu
uanyky cksl dykHkou] “kkafr fudsru ds eq[; lapkyd cu                                Hkh djrs FksA caxkyh esa mUgksaus dkQh iqLrdsa fy[khA ftlls
x,A caxky Ldwy ds dykdkjksa esa vflr dqekj gkYnkj us                                1941 esa mUgsa ^jk; lkgc* dk f[krkc feykA ewfrZdyk esa Hkh
viuh yxu rFkk vFkd iz;kl ls Lo;a esa vusd dykvksa dk                                os cgqr :fp j[krs FksA os okLro esa f=dkyn”khZ FksA mUgsa
fodkl fd;k FkkA os ,d dYiuk”khy] Hkko&izo.k fp=dkj                                  viuh e`R;q ls 2 lky igys gh Kkr gks x;k Fkk fd mudh
gksus ds lkFk&lkFk vPNs f”kYidkj] dyk lekykspd] dfo]                                e`R;q dSls gksxh] ftls mUgksaus igys gh fpf=r dj fn;k FkkA
fopkjd ,oa n{k f”k{kd FksA fp=dyk esa if”peh va/kkuqdj.k                            10 Qjojh] 1964 eas mudh thou&yhyk lekIr gks xbZA mUgsa
dh ifjikVh dks rksM+ dj Hkkjrh; psruk dk lapkj djus okys                            ,d cgqeq[kh izfrHkk okys l`tu”khy fp=dkj] dykdkj ds
vizfre xq: vouh ckcw dh f”k’; ijaijk eas vflr dqekj dk                              :i esa lnk ;kn fd;k tkrk gSA vflr dqekj us gj
uke xoZ ls fy;k tkrk gSA vflr th us caxky Ldwy dh                                   dk;Z&”kSyh] gj rduhd ij viuh eqgj yxkbZ gS rFkk mls
izxfr esa viuk iwjk&iwjk ;ksxnku fn;kA mUgksaus dyk&{ks= esa                        viuh l`tukRedrk o y;kRed lkSan;Z ls ltk;k gSA




‚ãŒ÷¸                             ª˝ ã Õ
        1- HkkxZo* ljkst] lkSUn;Z cks/k ,oa yfyr dyk,a& dyk izdk”ku] chñ,pñ;wñ okjk.kklh&1999 2- egktu vuqie] Hkkjrh; “kkL=h; laxhr ,oa lkSUn;Z “kkL=] ijukeh fizfVax
izSl] iapdwyk& 1993 3- ^jhM* gjcVZ] vkVZ ,aM lkslk;Vh] ynau& 1967 4-^tkSgjh* lhek] laxhrk;u] jk/kk izdk”ku]nfj;kxat ¼ubZ fnYyh½ 5- ^vxzoky] th- ds-] vk/kqfud Hkkjrh;
fp=dyk dk bfrgkl] ‘k’Ve laLdj.k] vkxjk& 2 6- “kekZ] vfouk”k cgknqj& Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk bfrgkl 7- JhokLro ] ,-,y- Hkkjrh; dyk&

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INTERNATIONAL INDEXED REFEREED RESEARCH PAPER
 

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  • 1. Shodh, Samiksha aur Mulyankan (International Research Journal)—ISSN-0974-2832,Vol. II, Issue-11-12 (Dec.2009—Jan.2010) 117 •ÊœÈÁŸ∑§ ∑§Ê‹ ◊¥ ’¢ªÊ‹ S∑ͧ‹ ∑§Ê ◊„Uûfl *«UÊÚ. ⁄UÊ∑§‡Ê ∑ȧ◊Ê⁄ Á‚¢„U ‡ÊÊœ¬òÊ-‹Á‹Ã ∑§‹Ê vk/kqfud Hkkjr dh dyk dh mRifÙk dk bfrgkl ,d vkSj bZLV bafM;k daiuh ds lkFk&lkFk c<+k Fkk] vr% bls fodkl”khy dyk dk bfrgkl gSA blds vkjafHkd lw= bl daiuh “kSyh gh dguk mfpr gSA 19oha lnh ds var esa caxky ns”k ds bfrgkl rFkk HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls tqM+s gq, gSaA esa iqj:RFkku vkanksyu gqvkA vaxsztksa us Hkkjrh; turk dks foLrkjoknh] lkezkT;oknh ccZj rFkk ykyph fons”kh “kfDr;ksa mldh lkaLd`frd fojklr ls foeq[k djds vaxzsth lH;rk us bls ckj&ckj vkØkUr fd;kA vr% ,d Lora=&psÙkk jk’Vª fl[kkus dh ps’Vk dhA vaxsztksa us Hkkjrh; dyk dh Hkh dVq ds :i esa bl ns”k dh fopkj/kkjk dyk ,oa laLd`fr dk vkykspuk dhA ^cMZoqM* uked ,d vaxszth vf/kdkjh us izkphu fodkl visf{kr fn”kk esa ugha gks ldk ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ckS) izfrekvksa dh rh[kh lekykspuk djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dh dksbZ jk’Vªh; O;[;k laHko ^,d mcyk gqvk pchZ ls cuk idoky Hkh vkRek dh mRdV ugha gSA tSls dksbZ >juk fxjdj vusd NksVh&NksVh /kkjkvksa fueZyrk rFkk fLFkjrk ds izrhd dk dke ns ldrk gSA* ftu esa cgus yxs] dqN ,slh gh fLFkfr vkt Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dh ;wjksfi;uksa dks Hkkjr ls FkksM+h Hkh lgkuqHkwfr Fkh] mUgksaus Js’B gSA vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk bfrgkl izpfyr ijaijkxr Hkkjrh; ewfrZ;ksa ij ;wukuh izHkko crk;kA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks dyk&”kSfy;ksa ¼jktLFkkuh] igkM+h rFkk eqxy½ ds volku rFkk ns[krs gq, johUnzukFk Bkdqj rFkk ns”kca/kq fpÙkjatu nkl vkfn Hkkjr esa vaxzsth jkT; dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk tqM+k gSA Hkkjr esa us Hkkjrh; turk dks mn~cksf/kr djus dk iz;Ru fd;kA dqN if”peh fp=dkj eq[;r% bZLV bafM;k daiuh vFkok lu~ 1884 esa ^Jh bZ-ch- gSosy* enzkl dyk fo|ky; ds fczfV”k “kklu ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ds lkFk vk, rFkk dqN vU; iz/kkukpk;Z cusA Hkkjr esa dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk gksus ls tkx`fr fp=dkj Hkkjr dh le`f) dh [;kfr lqudj fons'kh O;ikfj;ksa dh dqN ygj vkbZA gSosy us Hkh wikihisablesa ;ksxnku fn;kA dh Hkkafr Hkkjr esa viuk HkkX; vktekus vk,A 1866 esa mUgksaus lalkj Hkj dk /;ku Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dh vksj Hkkjr esa vaxzsth “kklu ds QyLo:i dyk ds {ks= esa nks vkdf"kZr fd;kA mUgksaus dgk fd ;wjksih; dyk rks dsoy izHkko iM+sA ,d rks ;g fd LFkkuh; fp=dkjksa us viuh le> lkalkfjd oLrqvksa dk Kku djkrh gSa] ijUrq Hkjrh; dyk ds vuqlkj if”peh dyk ds feJ.k ls ,d ladj dyk&”kSyh loZO;kih] vej rFkk vikj gSA dqN le; i”pkr dydÙkk dk lw=ikr fd;k] ftls daiuh “kSyh dgk tkrk gSA nwljk] dyk&fo|ky; ds fizalhiy cusA ;gka muds laidZ esa johUnzukFk ;g fd lekt ds mu lHkh oxksZa esa] tks dykvksa ds laj{kd Bkdqj vk,] ftUgksaus vkxs pydj ^iquZRFkku* dk lw=ikr le>s tkrs gSa] if”peh dyk ds izfr vknjHkko vkSj viuh fd;kA mUgksaus if”peh] bZjkuh] phuh] tkikuh] eqxy] jktiwr] dyk ds izfr ghurk dh Hkkouk mRiUu gqbZA Lo;a vaxsztksa us vtUrk ds leUo; ls u;h dyk dk vkjaHk fd;kA 1905 esa bl Hkkouk dks c<+kus rFkk if”peh fp=dkjksa dks Hkkjr esa dydÙkk vkVZ Ldwy ds fizalhiy fu;qDr gksus ds ckn mUgksaus izksRlkfgr djus dk Hkjiwj iz;Ru fd;kA tks Hkkjrh; fp=dkj vusd f”k’; rS;kj fd,] tks ns”k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa QSys vkSj if”peh “kSyh esa dk;Z djrs Fks] vaxzstksa us mudh Hkh ihB dyk dk izpkj djus yxsA uanyky clq] vflr dqekj gYnj] FkiFkikbZA 18oha lnh ds eqxy “kSyh ds fp=dkjksa ij mijksDr f{kfrUnzukFk etwenkj] lejsanzukFk xqIr] nsoh izlkn jk; pkS/kjh fczfV”k fp=dkjksa dh dyk dk cgqr izHkko iM+kA mudh dyk rFkk mdhy ca/kq bueas izeq[k FksA 1907 esa ^bafM;u lkslk;Vh esa ;wjksih; rRoksa dk cgqr vf/kd feJ.k gks x;k vkSj bl vkWQ vksfj,aVy vkVZ* dh LFkkiuk ds ckn bu lHkh us bl izdkj tks ubZ “kSyh fodflr gqbZ] mls daiuh “kSyh dgrs gSaA laLFkk dh izFke izn”kZuh esa Hkkx fy;kA bZ-ch-gSosy] ilhZ czkmu] dqN fo}kuksa us bls iVuk “kSyh dgk] ijUrq ;g uke mfpr vkuan dqekjLokeh vkfn us Hkh bl laLFkk dks iw.kZ lg;ksx ugha gS] D;ksafd bl 'kSyh dk izHkko caxky ls fla/k rd] iatkc fn;kA vouh ckcw us lHkh izdkj ds iz;ksx fd, ftlesa dk’B] ls egkjk’Vª ,oa usiky esa Hkh FkkA bl “kSyh dk izHkko vaxzstksa js”ke rFkk fHkfÙk fp=.k Hkh FksA * •Á‚S≈¥U≈U ¬˝Ê»§‚⁄U, ‹Á‹Ã ∑§‹Ê Áfl÷ʪ, ∑ȧL§ˇÊòÊ Áfl‡flÁfllÊ‹ÿ, ∑ȧL§ˇÊòÊ („UÁ⁄UÿÊáÊÊ)
  • 2. 118 ‡ÊÊœ, ‚◊ˡÊÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ◊ÍÀÿÊ¢∑§Ÿ (•ãÃ⁄U⁄UÊCÔ˛UËÿ ‡ÊÊœ ¬ÁòÊ∑§Ê)—ISSN-0974-2832,Vol. II, Issue-11-12 (Dec.2009—Jan.2010) caxky 'kSyh dh fo’ks"krk,¡%& caxky Ldwy dh rRdkyhu vusd iz;ksx fd,A thou rFkk izd`fr ls Hkh cgqr dqN lh[kkA izpfyr dyk “kSyh es fufeZr izk;% lHkh fp=ksa esa Hkkjrh; vr% viuh dyk dks ekSfyd xq.kksa ls ltkus esa vf/kd ijaijk dk /;ku j[kk tkrk FkkA caxky “kSyh ds fp=dkjksa us dfBukbZ ugha gqbZA rSy] ty jax vkfn fofHkUu ek/;eksa esa “kSyh ds lkFk&lkFk fp=kadu ds ek/;eksa esa Hkh leUo;kRed mUgksaus vius ek/;e dh [kkst tkjh j[khA fdlh fof”k’V “kSyh #[k viuk;kA fczfV”k rFkk tkikuh tyjax i)fr ds feJ.k vFkok ijaijk esa ca/kuk mUgsa fiz; ugha FkkA vius fp=ksa ds fy, ls ^okW”k i)fr* dk fodkl fd;k x;kA blh ds lkFk jaxksa esa fo’k; dk pquko Hkkjrh; bfrgkl] iqjk.k vFkok lkekftd VsEijk i)fr esa Hkh dk;Z fd;k x;kA ftlesa uanyky clq] thou ls fd;k] ftldk izHkko vU; dykdkjksa ij Hkh Li’V vflr dqekj] f{kfranzukFk] ;kfeuhjk; izeq[k FksA bl i)fr esa n`f‘Vxkspj gksrk gSA ek= 12 lky dh vk;q esa vflr dqekj /kwlj vkHkk okys de pV[k] lh/ks likV jaxksa ds iz;ksx ds ckn us egkHkkjr ds ,d izlax ^nzks.kkpk;Z }kjk vtqZu dks /kuqfoZ|k js[kkvksa }kjk vkd`fr;ka vHkkjus dh izFkk Fkh] tks vkt Hkh dk nku* ij lqanj fp=ksa dk l`tu fd;kA fofHkUu Hkkoksa ds izpfyr gSA caxky “kSyh ds dykdkjksa dh ;g ekU;rk Fkh fd vuq:i fp= esa js[kkvksa rFkk jaxksa dk p;u djus esa n{k FksA fp=kd`fr;ksa esa xfr ykus vkSj izd`fr ds :ik;u rFkk fp=ksa dh muds fp=ksa dha fo”ks’krk Fkh fd os laiw.kZ :i ls Hkkjrh; FksA ÅtkZ o y; ds fodkl ds fy, js[kkadu dh vko”;drk gSA os ,d fp=dkj ds :i esa rks fo[;kr gq, gh] ,d vPNs viuh bUgha fo”ks’krkvksa ds dkj.k caxky Ldwy ds dyk dyk&f”k{kd ds :i esa Hkh mUgsa i;kZIr lEeku feykA jktLFkku vkanksyu us ns”kO;kih [;kfr vftZr dh rFkk Hkkjrh; dyk dsk vkVZ Ldwy] y[kuÅ vkVZLdwy esa dbZ o’kksZa rd v/;kiu dk;Z fons”kh dyk dh tdM+ ls eqDr djus dk iz;kl fd;kA fd;kA tc os “kkafr fudsru esa Fks rks ogka ds dyk Hkou dk caxky “kSyh dh okW”k i)fr us bu dykdkjksa dks flQZ fo[;kr fodkl vR;ar :fp ysdj fd;kA bykgkckn laxzgky; esa gh ugha fd;k] cfYd budk izHkko iwjs Hkkjr eas QSy x;kA ;s vflr dqekj gYnj dh izfrHkk dks LFkku nsdj mÙkjizns”k lHkh dykdkj Lora=rkiw.kZ ns”k ds fofHkUu dyk Ldwyksa ds ljdkj us mUgsa fo”ks’k lEeku fn;kA os caxky Ldwy ds iz/kkukpk;Z cu x,A nsoh izlkn enzkl pys x,] vflr dqekj dkO;e;h dykdkj ds :i esa fxus tkrs FksA os ,d fp=dkj “kkafr fudsru pys x,] leusanzukFk ykgkSj pys x,A f{kfranzukFk ds lkFk vPNs dfo rFkk ys[kd Hkh FksA os laLd`r ds vPNs bykgkckn] mdhyca/kw us fnYyh dyk fo|ky; LFkkfir fd;kA Kkrk Fks rFkk fp=dkjh o ys[ku ds lkFk&lkFk Nk;k fp=kadu uanyky cksl dykHkou] “kkafr fudsru ds eq[; lapkyd cu Hkh djrs FksA caxkyh esa mUgksaus dkQh iqLrdsa fy[khA ftlls x,A caxky Ldwy ds dykdkjksa esa vflr dqekj gkYnkj us 1941 esa mUgsa ^jk; lkgc* dk f[krkc feykA ewfrZdyk esa Hkh viuh yxu rFkk vFkd iz;kl ls Lo;a esa vusd dykvksa dk os cgqr :fp j[krs FksA os okLro esa f=dkyn”khZ FksA mUgsa fodkl fd;k FkkA os ,d dYiuk”khy] Hkko&izo.k fp=dkj viuh e`R;q ls 2 lky igys gh Kkr gks x;k Fkk fd mudh gksus ds lkFk&lkFk vPNs f”kYidkj] dyk lekykspd] dfo] e`R;q dSls gksxh] ftls mUgksaus igys gh fpf=r dj fn;k FkkA fopkjd ,oa n{k f”k{kd FksA fp=dyk esa if”peh va/kkuqdj.k 10 Qjojh] 1964 eas mudh thou&yhyk lekIr gks xbZA mUgsa dh ifjikVh dks rksM+ dj Hkkjrh; psruk dk lapkj djus okys ,d cgqeq[kh izfrHkk okys l`tu”khy fp=dkj] dykdkj ds vizfre xq: vouh ckcw dh f”k’; ijaijk eas vflr dqekj dk :i esa lnk ;kn fd;k tkrk gSA vflr dqekj us gj uke xoZ ls fy;k tkrk gSA vflr th us caxky Ldwy dh dk;Z&”kSyh] gj rduhd ij viuh eqgj yxkbZ gS rFkk mls izxfr esa viuk iwjk&iwjk ;ksxnku fn;kA mUgksaus dyk&{ks= esa viuh l`tukRedrk o y;kRed lkSan;Z ls ltk;k gSA ‚ãŒ÷¸ ª˝ ã Õ 1- HkkxZo* ljkst] lkSUn;Z cks/k ,oa yfyr dyk,a& dyk izdk”ku] chñ,pñ;wñ okjk.kklh&1999 2- egktu vuqie] Hkkjrh; “kkL=h; laxhr ,oa lkSUn;Z “kkL=] ijukeh fizfVax izSl] iapdwyk& 1993 3- ^jhM* gjcVZ] vkVZ ,aM lkslk;Vh] ynau& 1967 4-^tkSgjh* lhek] laxhrk;u] jk/kk izdk”ku]nfj;kxat ¼ubZ fnYyh½ 5- ^vxzoky] th- ds-] vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk bfrgkl] ‘k’Ve laLdj.k] vkxjk& 2 6- “kekZ] vfouk”k cgknqj& Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk bfrgkl 7- JhokLro ] ,-,y- Hkkjrh; dyk&