The document discusses the potential benefits of wind-gas hybrid power plants. Drivers toward hybrid plants include renewable portfolio standards pushing more renewable energy and the challenges of relying solely on coal, gas, or other single fuel sources. A hybrid plant could combine a wind farm with a natural gas plant to provide stable generation even when wind is intermittent. The gas turbines would provide flexibility to match the variable wind output and ensure reliable power. The document argues hybrid plants may be the optimal solution to meet future energy needs in a cost-effective way while increasing use of renewable resources.
1. India needs a comprehensive National Energy Policy to establish long-term energy targets and mix, and to coordinate policies across sectors like renewable energy and environment.
2. A National Energy Commission should be formed to formulate and implement a national energy action plan, and focus on improving technologies to increase thermal efficiency and reduce pollution from coal.
3. The policy should balance increasing domestic energy production from coal while meeting stringent environmental norms, and consider imported coal's impact on costs. It should also establish realistic targets and support for scaling solar and other renewable energy sources.
Presented at the Western Power Summit on November 6, 2014 during a panel discussion on "California’s Energy Storage Directive and Implications for the West".
Techno-economic and environmental implications of transportation decarbonizat...IEA-ETSAP
Techno-economic and environmental implications of transportation decarbonization pathways for New York City using City-based Optimization Model for Energy Technologies (COMET)
Dr. Ozge Kaplan, US Environmental Protection Agency
A Grid Dominated by Wind and Solar is Possible: South Australia Case StudyCatherineRizos
The document discusses lessons learned from South Australia's high renewable energy penetration grid. It notes that South Australia has reached 60% annual renewable electricity production, with periods of up to 100% solar power. It also discusses how reliability and security have been maintained in the high VRE grid through various mechanisms like synchronous condensers, battery storage, and market reforms. Wind and solar have also brought down electricity prices in South Australia. The document concludes that with further grid upgrades and innovations, even higher renewable penetrations can be accommodated while maintaining reliability.
Methodology to estimate energy savings in buildings within ETSAP-TIAMIEA-ETSAP
This document outlines a methodology to estimate energy savings from building retrofits in ETSAP-TIAM. It discusses:
1) Buildings account for about 1/3 of global energy use and retrofitting over 50% of existing buildings by 2050 could significantly reduce demand.
2) The methodology involves developing technologies to provide heating/cooling savings based on energy demands. A literature review identified major energy uses in residential and commercial sectors.
3) Global data on retrofit costs and energy savings are gathered to calculate total savings and costs. An example analysis for China 2030 estimates a 2.5% total savings from retrofitting residential buildings.
ScottMadden recently joined industry leaders as a sponsor and presenter at Infocast’s 19th Annual Transmission Summit. Here, Todd Williams, partner and fossil practice co-leader at ScottMadden, reviewed the generation landscape and the impacts of the Clean Power Plan.
To learn more, please visit www.scottmadden.com.
1. India needs a comprehensive National Energy Policy to establish long-term energy targets and mix, and to coordinate policies across sectors like renewable energy and environment.
2. A National Energy Commission should be formed to formulate and implement a national energy action plan, and focus on improving technologies to increase thermal efficiency and reduce pollution from coal.
3. The policy should balance increasing domestic energy production from coal while meeting stringent environmental norms, and consider imported coal's impact on costs. It should also establish realistic targets and support for scaling solar and other renewable energy sources.
Presented at the Western Power Summit on November 6, 2014 during a panel discussion on "California’s Energy Storage Directive and Implications for the West".
Techno-economic and environmental implications of transportation decarbonizat...IEA-ETSAP
Techno-economic and environmental implications of transportation decarbonization pathways for New York City using City-based Optimization Model for Energy Technologies (COMET)
Dr. Ozge Kaplan, US Environmental Protection Agency
A Grid Dominated by Wind and Solar is Possible: South Australia Case StudyCatherineRizos
The document discusses lessons learned from South Australia's high renewable energy penetration grid. It notes that South Australia has reached 60% annual renewable electricity production, with periods of up to 100% solar power. It also discusses how reliability and security have been maintained in the high VRE grid through various mechanisms like synchronous condensers, battery storage, and market reforms. Wind and solar have also brought down electricity prices in South Australia. The document concludes that with further grid upgrades and innovations, even higher renewable penetrations can be accommodated while maintaining reliability.
Methodology to estimate energy savings in buildings within ETSAP-TIAMIEA-ETSAP
This document outlines a methodology to estimate energy savings from building retrofits in ETSAP-TIAM. It discusses:
1) Buildings account for about 1/3 of global energy use and retrofitting over 50% of existing buildings by 2050 could significantly reduce demand.
2) The methodology involves developing technologies to provide heating/cooling savings based on energy demands. A literature review identified major energy uses in residential and commercial sectors.
3) Global data on retrofit costs and energy savings are gathered to calculate total savings and costs. An example analysis for China 2030 estimates a 2.5% total savings from retrofitting residential buildings.
ScottMadden recently joined industry leaders as a sponsor and presenter at Infocast’s 19th Annual Transmission Summit. Here, Todd Williams, partner and fossil practice co-leader at ScottMadden, reviewed the generation landscape and the impacts of the Clean Power Plan.
To learn more, please visit www.scottmadden.com.
The document discusses India's domestic and imported natural gas sources. Domestic gas is priced by the Indian government based on four international indices, while imported liquefied natural gas (RLNG) is priced with a floor linked to crude oil prices. As of 2015, gas-based power plants in India accounted for 14,305 MW of installed capacity but averaged a plant load factor of only 32% due to domestic gas supply constraints. Imported coal-based generation costs were lower than domestic gas-based costs. The document proposes implementing renewable portfolio obligations for gas-based power to help existing plants operate and blend gas generation with coal to balance India's fuel portfolio.
The document summarizes the work done to develop an energy modeling tool called TIMES-AZ to help Azerbaijan plan its long-term energy strategy. Key points:
- TIMES-AZ was built to model Azerbaijan's energy system out to 2050 and explore scenarios around climate targets and policies.
- Scenarios tested with TIMES-AZ included a base case and scenarios requiring 40% emissions reductions by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060.
- Moving forward, efforts are recommended to establish a long-term energy planning unit in Azerbaijan and continue improving TIMES-AZ through updated data and running policy scenarios to support decision makers.
Energy Transition - A comprehensive approachSampe Purba
this Paper discuss that a transition energy can be reached by the lining streaming of Supply, Demand, Infrastructure, Commerciality and regulation. However, any transitional energy has to consider the technology, existing power generation and the ability to absorb and competitiveness
Future Electricity Markets: key pillars with high shares of wind and PVLeonardo ENERGY
More and more countries world-wide are targeting high shares of wind and solar photovoltaics in their electricity mix. To integrate high shares of these variable renewable energy sources, the electricity system needs to become more flexible in order to balance supply and demand at all times. The webinar will discuss key design features of future electricity markets, including incentives for more flexible fossil-fuel based and renewable-based power generation, modifications to the design of electricity markets, incentives for more flexible demand, and storage options.
Alberta implemented a new climate policy in November 2015 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to a lower-carbon economy. The policy includes an economy-wide carbon levy, a phase out of coal-fired power by 2030, a cap on oil sands emissions, reduced methane emissions from oil and gas, and an energy efficiency agency. Revenue from the carbon levy will fund renewable energy, green infrastructure, energy efficiency programs, tax cuts, and support for vulnerable groups. The policy aims to make Alberta's energy industry and electricity generation cleaner while incentivizing emissions reductions across the economy.
Tim Profeta, Director Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy SolutionsSustainable Prosperity
The document provides an overview of the U.S. Clean Power Plan. It discusses the basic structure of the plan, including the best system of emission reduction building blocks and EPA's translation of emissions guidelines into rate and mass forms. It outlines the original compliance timeline and key choices for states in developing plans, such as whether to use a mass-based or rate-based approach. It also discusses ongoing legal challenges to the plan from 27 states and industry groups, as well as potential outcomes and paths forward given various scenarios around the presidential election and court rulings.
Residential heat pumps in the future Danish energy systemIEA-ETSAP
This document discusses the potential role of residential heat pumps in future Danish energy systems based on energy system modeling. Residential heat pumps are found to supply 66-70% of individual heating demands after 2035, representing 24-28% of total heat demand. While Denmark's energy system can function without heat pumps, total system costs would increase by 16% and biomass use by 70%. Sensitivity analysis shows that parameters like heat pump performance and potential heat savings warrant further exploration to fully understand the impacts of residential heat pumps. The modeling highlights their potential to contribute flexibility and reduce excess renewable electricity production.
Increased need for flexibility in the European energy transitionIlkka Hannula
Rapid addition of wind and solar energy puts technical and economic pressure on the existing energy system. Increasing flexibility is key to integration of large shares of variable renewables, and in enabling an affordable renewables-led system. But how to achieve this? And what role will bioenergy play?
Infigen Energy is Australia's largest owner and operator of wind energy, with over 556MW of capacity. It has a development pipeline of over 1200MW of wind and solar projects with planning approvals. NSW has opportunities for further wind development due to growing demand, aging coal plants, and supportive government policies like the RET scheme. Wind is emerging as one of the lowest cost new generation technologies in Australia. Infigen's presentation outlines the investment opportunities for wind energy in meeting NSW's electricity needs.
Mitigation strategies for transitioning towards ‘net-zero’ energy systems in ...IEA-ETSAP
The document outlines research using the TIMES model to study mitigation strategies for transitioning India's energy system towards net-zero emissions by 2050, comparing a current policy scenario resulting in over 100 Gt of CO2 emissions to lower emission scenarios enabled by increasing renewable energy, nuclear power, and carbon capture while reducing costs and maintaining supply. The results indicate pathways to reduce 2050 emissions to under 1 Gt through accelerated electrification, decarbonizing electricity and other sectors, and cumulative emissions by over 50% compared to current policies.
Accounting for changes in investment flows in a soft-linked hybrid modelIEA-ETSAP
The IntERACT model was developed to identify cost-efficient policies to further Denmark's transition to a low-carbon economy by 2050 using a hybrid approach. It soft-links a technology-explicit bottom-up TIMES-DK energy system model with a top-down general equilibrium economic model. The models are iteratively solved to account for feedback between energy prices and investments. Energy service demands and fuel costs from TIMES-DK are transferred to the CGE model, while adjusted demands are fed back. This allows investment flows resulting from changes in energy prices to be considered. The presentation provides an overview of the model setup, linking methodology, and progress implementing the automated iterative linking between models.
Electricity distribution challenges and some solutionsPrashantkarhade72
The document discusses the challenges facing electricity distribution in India. It outlines the evolution of policies and institutions in the power sector, noting achievements like increasing generation capacity but also growing financial problems. Distribution companies have accumulated losses of over Rs. 1.1 trillion since 2003, and debt in the sector has grown to Rs. 3.5 trillion, driven by inefficiencies in areas like power procurement and tariff setting. The document concludes by recommending steps to strengthen regulatory governance, corporate governance of state utilities, and planning to help move towards more efficient and effective electricity distribution.
The document outlines a 10 point agenda for Pakistan's new energy policy presented at an energy conference. The agenda calls for 1) integrating energy decision making, 2) introducing competition to reduce costs, 3) encouraging consumer choice and independent power producers, 4) reorganizing smaller distribution companies, 5) reforming gas production and imports, 6) mandating efficient gas usage, 7) fast tracking Thar coal development, 8) promoting competitive renewable energy, 9) resolving political issues around energy, and 10) appointing an energy advisor to oversee the sector. The author, Akhtar Ali, is an energy consultant who has authored several books on Pakistan's energy challenges.
Massachusetts policies for combined heat & powerTNenergy
Massachusetts has two key policies to promote combined heat and power (CHP): the MASS SAVE Energy Efficiency Program and the Alternative Portfolio Standard. The MASS SAVE Program provides rebates of up to $750/kW for CHP systems and incentives are determined based on a benefit-cost ratio test. The Alternative Portfolio Standard creates a mandate for electricity suppliers to obtain credits from alternative energy sources, including CHP, with the standard increasing to 5% by 2020. Case studies highlight CHP projects at UMass Medical Center and Simonds International that received incentives under these programs based on estimated annual energy savings and alternative energy credits.
Brent Lakeman, Executive Director, Technology Partnerships and Investments, A...Sustainable Prosperity
The document summarizes Alberta's efforts to accelerate clean technology and innovation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It discusses Alberta's Climate Leadership Plan which focuses on implementing carbon pricing, phasing out coal-generated electricity, limiting oil sands emissions, and reducing methane emissions. The plan will invest $9.6 billion over 5 years in renewable energy, green infrastructure, energy efficiency, and technology diversification to create economic opportunities and meet climate targets.
Impact of technology uncertainty on future low-carbon pathways in the UKIEA-ETSAP
This document summarizes the results of a study that used energy systems modeling to explore the impact of technology uncertainty on the long-term development of the UK energy system as it works to meet its emissions reduction target of 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. The study analyzed 32 scenarios that varied the availability, cost and diffusion of key low-carbon technologies like nuclear, CCS, biomass and renewables. The analysis found that restricting technologies like CCS and biomass had the largest impact on costs and the energy system transition. Combined restrictions generally had greater effects than individual restrictions. Carbon prices ranged from £244-7000/tCO2eq in 2050 depending on the scenario.
According to the Central Electricity Authority (CEA), the average per capita electricity consumption in India is about 704 kWh as compared to global world wide per capita consumption of 2,752 kWh. The Government of India is keen to increase per capita consumption of energy to raise living standards in the country. An average Indian consumes 0.53 tonnesof oil equivalent (TOE) of energy compared to the global average of 1.82 TOE.Higher economic growth is driving income growth, which in turn is driving up industrial investment and fuel consumption. In general, demand exceeds supply and there is a broad-based energy shortage, which is either met by imports or remains unmet.
1115161Wind Power Now, Tomorrow C.P. (Case) .docxpaynetawnya
11/15/16
1
Wind Power:
Now, Tomorrow
C.P. (Case) van Dam
EME-1
Mechanical Engineering
November 14, 2016
How does it function?
11/15/16
2
Wind Turbine Power
• The amount of power generated by a turbine depends on the power in
the wind and the efficiency of the turbine:
• Power in wind
• Efficiency or Power Coefficient, Cp:
– Rotor (Conversion of wind power to mechanical power)
– Gearbox (Change in rpm)
– Generator & Inverter (Conversion of mechanical power to electrical power)
Power
Turbine
!
"#
$
%&
=
Efficiency
Factor
!
"#
$
%&
×
Power
Wind
!
"#
$
%&
P
w
= 1
2
ρA
d
V
w
3
Basic Rotor Performance
(Momentum Theory)
Wind speed, Vw
Air density, ρ
Disk area, Ad
Power in wind, Pw = 1/2 ρ Vw3 Ad
Maximum rotor power, P = 16/27 Pw
Rotor efficiency, Cp = P / Pw
Betz limit, max Cp = 16/27 = 59.3%
11/15/16
3
Region 4
• Region 1
Turbine is stopped or
starting up
• Region 2
Efficiency maximized
by maintaining
optimum rotor RPM
(for variable speed
turbine)
• Region 3
Power limited through
blade pitch
• Region 4
Turbine is stopped
due to high winds
(loads)
HAWT Power Characteristics
Johnson et al (2005)
• Peak Cp at TSR = 9
• This Cp is maintained in Region II of power curve by controlling rotor RPM
• In Region III power is controlled by changing blade pitch.
HAWT Cp-TSR Curve
Jackson (2005)
11/15/16
4
• Cp = Protor / (1/2 ρ Vw3 Ad)
• Solidity = Blade Area / Ad
• TSR = Tip Speed / Vw
• High power efficiency for
rotors with low solidity and
high TSR
• Darrieus (VAWT) is less
efficient than HAWT
Efficiency of Various Rotor
Designs
Butterfield (2008)
Cp
Tip Speed Ratio TSR = π D RPM / (60 Vw)
kidwind.org
C.P. van Dam
Dutch Mill
16th century
Water pumping, Grinding materials/grain
W. Gretz, DOE/NREL
Persian grain mill
9th century
American Multi-blade
19th century
Water pumping - irrigation
Brush Mill
1888
First wind turbine
12 kW
17 m rotor diameter
Charles F. Brush Special Collection,
Case Western Reserve University
telos.net/wind
Gedser Mill
1956, Denmark
Forerunner to modern wind
turbines
11/15/16
5
Evolution of U.S. Utility-Scale
Wind Turbine Technology
NREL
Wind Turbine Scale-Up and Impact on Cost
U.S. DOE, Wind Vision, March 2015
• Scale-up has been effective in reducing cost but uncertain if this trend can continue
11/15/16
6
Modern Wind
Turbines
• 1.0-3.0 MW
• Wind speeds: 3-25 m/s
– Rated power at 11-12 m/s
• Rotor
– Lift driven
– 3 blades
– Upwind
– Full blade pitch
– 70–120 m diameter
– 5-20 RPM
– Fiberglass, some carbon fiber
• Active yaw
• Steel tubular tower
• Installed in plants/farms of 100-200 MW
• ~40% capacity factor
– 1.5 MW wind turbine would generate
about 5,250,000 kWh per year
– Average household in California uses
about 6,000 kWh per year
Vestas
V90-3.0
MW
11/15/16
7
Technical Specificat ...
This document summarizes the economics of wind energy, including key risks and challenges. It discusses that wind farms have high upfront turbine costs but low operating costs. Major risks include changes in public policy/incentives, fluctuating power prices, and variability in wind resources. Financing is challenging due to high capital needs and production risks. Accounting requires careful allocation of tax benefits among project partners.
The document discusses India's domestic and imported natural gas sources. Domestic gas is priced by the Indian government based on four international indices, while imported liquefied natural gas (RLNG) is priced with a floor linked to crude oil prices. As of 2015, gas-based power plants in India accounted for 14,305 MW of installed capacity but averaged a plant load factor of only 32% due to domestic gas supply constraints. Imported coal-based generation costs were lower than domestic gas-based costs. The document proposes implementing renewable portfolio obligations for gas-based power to help existing plants operate and blend gas generation with coal to balance India's fuel portfolio.
The document summarizes the work done to develop an energy modeling tool called TIMES-AZ to help Azerbaijan plan its long-term energy strategy. Key points:
- TIMES-AZ was built to model Azerbaijan's energy system out to 2050 and explore scenarios around climate targets and policies.
- Scenarios tested with TIMES-AZ included a base case and scenarios requiring 40% emissions reductions by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060.
- Moving forward, efforts are recommended to establish a long-term energy planning unit in Azerbaijan and continue improving TIMES-AZ through updated data and running policy scenarios to support decision makers.
Energy Transition - A comprehensive approachSampe Purba
this Paper discuss that a transition energy can be reached by the lining streaming of Supply, Demand, Infrastructure, Commerciality and regulation. However, any transitional energy has to consider the technology, existing power generation and the ability to absorb and competitiveness
Future Electricity Markets: key pillars with high shares of wind and PVLeonardo ENERGY
More and more countries world-wide are targeting high shares of wind and solar photovoltaics in their electricity mix. To integrate high shares of these variable renewable energy sources, the electricity system needs to become more flexible in order to balance supply and demand at all times. The webinar will discuss key design features of future electricity markets, including incentives for more flexible fossil-fuel based and renewable-based power generation, modifications to the design of electricity markets, incentives for more flexible demand, and storage options.
Alberta implemented a new climate policy in November 2015 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to a lower-carbon economy. The policy includes an economy-wide carbon levy, a phase out of coal-fired power by 2030, a cap on oil sands emissions, reduced methane emissions from oil and gas, and an energy efficiency agency. Revenue from the carbon levy will fund renewable energy, green infrastructure, energy efficiency programs, tax cuts, and support for vulnerable groups. The policy aims to make Alberta's energy industry and electricity generation cleaner while incentivizing emissions reductions across the economy.
Tim Profeta, Director Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy SolutionsSustainable Prosperity
The document provides an overview of the U.S. Clean Power Plan. It discusses the basic structure of the plan, including the best system of emission reduction building blocks and EPA's translation of emissions guidelines into rate and mass forms. It outlines the original compliance timeline and key choices for states in developing plans, such as whether to use a mass-based or rate-based approach. It also discusses ongoing legal challenges to the plan from 27 states and industry groups, as well as potential outcomes and paths forward given various scenarios around the presidential election and court rulings.
Residential heat pumps in the future Danish energy systemIEA-ETSAP
This document discusses the potential role of residential heat pumps in future Danish energy systems based on energy system modeling. Residential heat pumps are found to supply 66-70% of individual heating demands after 2035, representing 24-28% of total heat demand. While Denmark's energy system can function without heat pumps, total system costs would increase by 16% and biomass use by 70%. Sensitivity analysis shows that parameters like heat pump performance and potential heat savings warrant further exploration to fully understand the impacts of residential heat pumps. The modeling highlights their potential to contribute flexibility and reduce excess renewable electricity production.
Increased need for flexibility in the European energy transitionIlkka Hannula
Rapid addition of wind and solar energy puts technical and economic pressure on the existing energy system. Increasing flexibility is key to integration of large shares of variable renewables, and in enabling an affordable renewables-led system. But how to achieve this? And what role will bioenergy play?
Infigen Energy is Australia's largest owner and operator of wind energy, with over 556MW of capacity. It has a development pipeline of over 1200MW of wind and solar projects with planning approvals. NSW has opportunities for further wind development due to growing demand, aging coal plants, and supportive government policies like the RET scheme. Wind is emerging as one of the lowest cost new generation technologies in Australia. Infigen's presentation outlines the investment opportunities for wind energy in meeting NSW's electricity needs.
Mitigation strategies for transitioning towards ‘net-zero’ energy systems in ...IEA-ETSAP
The document outlines research using the TIMES model to study mitigation strategies for transitioning India's energy system towards net-zero emissions by 2050, comparing a current policy scenario resulting in over 100 Gt of CO2 emissions to lower emission scenarios enabled by increasing renewable energy, nuclear power, and carbon capture while reducing costs and maintaining supply. The results indicate pathways to reduce 2050 emissions to under 1 Gt through accelerated electrification, decarbonizing electricity and other sectors, and cumulative emissions by over 50% compared to current policies.
Accounting for changes in investment flows in a soft-linked hybrid modelIEA-ETSAP
The IntERACT model was developed to identify cost-efficient policies to further Denmark's transition to a low-carbon economy by 2050 using a hybrid approach. It soft-links a technology-explicit bottom-up TIMES-DK energy system model with a top-down general equilibrium economic model. The models are iteratively solved to account for feedback between energy prices and investments. Energy service demands and fuel costs from TIMES-DK are transferred to the CGE model, while adjusted demands are fed back. This allows investment flows resulting from changes in energy prices to be considered. The presentation provides an overview of the model setup, linking methodology, and progress implementing the automated iterative linking between models.
Electricity distribution challenges and some solutionsPrashantkarhade72
The document discusses the challenges facing electricity distribution in India. It outlines the evolution of policies and institutions in the power sector, noting achievements like increasing generation capacity but also growing financial problems. Distribution companies have accumulated losses of over Rs. 1.1 trillion since 2003, and debt in the sector has grown to Rs. 3.5 trillion, driven by inefficiencies in areas like power procurement and tariff setting. The document concludes by recommending steps to strengthen regulatory governance, corporate governance of state utilities, and planning to help move towards more efficient and effective electricity distribution.
The document outlines a 10 point agenda for Pakistan's new energy policy presented at an energy conference. The agenda calls for 1) integrating energy decision making, 2) introducing competition to reduce costs, 3) encouraging consumer choice and independent power producers, 4) reorganizing smaller distribution companies, 5) reforming gas production and imports, 6) mandating efficient gas usage, 7) fast tracking Thar coal development, 8) promoting competitive renewable energy, 9) resolving political issues around energy, and 10) appointing an energy advisor to oversee the sector. The author, Akhtar Ali, is an energy consultant who has authored several books on Pakistan's energy challenges.
Massachusetts policies for combined heat & powerTNenergy
Massachusetts has two key policies to promote combined heat and power (CHP): the MASS SAVE Energy Efficiency Program and the Alternative Portfolio Standard. The MASS SAVE Program provides rebates of up to $750/kW for CHP systems and incentives are determined based on a benefit-cost ratio test. The Alternative Portfolio Standard creates a mandate for electricity suppliers to obtain credits from alternative energy sources, including CHP, with the standard increasing to 5% by 2020. Case studies highlight CHP projects at UMass Medical Center and Simonds International that received incentives under these programs based on estimated annual energy savings and alternative energy credits.
Brent Lakeman, Executive Director, Technology Partnerships and Investments, A...Sustainable Prosperity
The document summarizes Alberta's efforts to accelerate clean technology and innovation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It discusses Alberta's Climate Leadership Plan which focuses on implementing carbon pricing, phasing out coal-generated electricity, limiting oil sands emissions, and reducing methane emissions. The plan will invest $9.6 billion over 5 years in renewable energy, green infrastructure, energy efficiency, and technology diversification to create economic opportunities and meet climate targets.
Impact of technology uncertainty on future low-carbon pathways in the UKIEA-ETSAP
This document summarizes the results of a study that used energy systems modeling to explore the impact of technology uncertainty on the long-term development of the UK energy system as it works to meet its emissions reduction target of 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. The study analyzed 32 scenarios that varied the availability, cost and diffusion of key low-carbon technologies like nuclear, CCS, biomass and renewables. The analysis found that restricting technologies like CCS and biomass had the largest impact on costs and the energy system transition. Combined restrictions generally had greater effects than individual restrictions. Carbon prices ranged from £244-7000/tCO2eq in 2050 depending on the scenario.
According to the Central Electricity Authority (CEA), the average per capita electricity consumption in India is about 704 kWh as compared to global world wide per capita consumption of 2,752 kWh. The Government of India is keen to increase per capita consumption of energy to raise living standards in the country. An average Indian consumes 0.53 tonnesof oil equivalent (TOE) of energy compared to the global average of 1.82 TOE.Higher economic growth is driving income growth, which in turn is driving up industrial investment and fuel consumption. In general, demand exceeds supply and there is a broad-based energy shortage, which is either met by imports or remains unmet.
1115161Wind Power Now, Tomorrow C.P. (Case) .docxpaynetawnya
11/15/16
1
Wind Power:
Now, Tomorrow
C.P. (Case) van Dam
EME-1
Mechanical Engineering
November 14, 2016
How does it function?
11/15/16
2
Wind Turbine Power
• The amount of power generated by a turbine depends on the power in
the wind and the efficiency of the turbine:
• Power in wind
• Efficiency or Power Coefficient, Cp:
– Rotor (Conversion of wind power to mechanical power)
– Gearbox (Change in rpm)
– Generator & Inverter (Conversion of mechanical power to electrical power)
Power
Turbine
!
"#
$
%&
=
Efficiency
Factor
!
"#
$
%&
×
Power
Wind
!
"#
$
%&
P
w
= 1
2
ρA
d
V
w
3
Basic Rotor Performance
(Momentum Theory)
Wind speed, Vw
Air density, ρ
Disk area, Ad
Power in wind, Pw = 1/2 ρ Vw3 Ad
Maximum rotor power, P = 16/27 Pw
Rotor efficiency, Cp = P / Pw
Betz limit, max Cp = 16/27 = 59.3%
11/15/16
3
Region 4
• Region 1
Turbine is stopped or
starting up
• Region 2
Efficiency maximized
by maintaining
optimum rotor RPM
(for variable speed
turbine)
• Region 3
Power limited through
blade pitch
• Region 4
Turbine is stopped
due to high winds
(loads)
HAWT Power Characteristics
Johnson et al (2005)
• Peak Cp at TSR = 9
• This Cp is maintained in Region II of power curve by controlling rotor RPM
• In Region III power is controlled by changing blade pitch.
HAWT Cp-TSR Curve
Jackson (2005)
11/15/16
4
• Cp = Protor / (1/2 ρ Vw3 Ad)
• Solidity = Blade Area / Ad
• TSR = Tip Speed / Vw
• High power efficiency for
rotors with low solidity and
high TSR
• Darrieus (VAWT) is less
efficient than HAWT
Efficiency of Various Rotor
Designs
Butterfield (2008)
Cp
Tip Speed Ratio TSR = π D RPM / (60 Vw)
kidwind.org
C.P. van Dam
Dutch Mill
16th century
Water pumping, Grinding materials/grain
W. Gretz, DOE/NREL
Persian grain mill
9th century
American Multi-blade
19th century
Water pumping - irrigation
Brush Mill
1888
First wind turbine
12 kW
17 m rotor diameter
Charles F. Brush Special Collection,
Case Western Reserve University
telos.net/wind
Gedser Mill
1956, Denmark
Forerunner to modern wind
turbines
11/15/16
5
Evolution of U.S. Utility-Scale
Wind Turbine Technology
NREL
Wind Turbine Scale-Up and Impact on Cost
U.S. DOE, Wind Vision, March 2015
• Scale-up has been effective in reducing cost but uncertain if this trend can continue
11/15/16
6
Modern Wind
Turbines
• 1.0-3.0 MW
• Wind speeds: 3-25 m/s
– Rated power at 11-12 m/s
• Rotor
– Lift driven
– 3 blades
– Upwind
– Full blade pitch
– 70–120 m diameter
– 5-20 RPM
– Fiberglass, some carbon fiber
• Active yaw
• Steel tubular tower
• Installed in plants/farms of 100-200 MW
• ~40% capacity factor
– 1.5 MW wind turbine would generate
about 5,250,000 kWh per year
– Average household in California uses
about 6,000 kWh per year
Vestas
V90-3.0
MW
11/15/16
7
Technical Specificat ...
This document summarizes the economics of wind energy, including key risks and challenges. It discusses that wind farms have high upfront turbine costs but low operating costs. Major risks include changes in public policy/incentives, fluctuating power prices, and variability in wind resources. Financing is challenging due to high capital needs and production risks. Accounting requires careful allocation of tax benefits among project partners.
The document provides an overview and summary of the state of the electricity grid in New England in 2016 from ISO New England. Key points include:
1) Natural gas is the primary fuel used for electricity generation in the region, accounting for nearly 65% of new proposed generation, but gas pipeline constraints remain a reliability challenge.
2) Wholesale electricity prices are closely linked to natural gas prices, and winter prices are higher due to pipeline constraints.
3) Over 4,200 MW of generation has recently retired or will retire by 2020, signaling the need for new supply resources to replace them.
4) The region is shifting to renewable resources like wind and solar to meet state clean energy standards, but
Utilizing solar+storage to obviate natural gas peaker plants Clean Coalition
This document discusses how energy storage can replace natural gas peaker plants and new transmission lines by providing reliable local capacity through distributed energy resources like solar and storage. It summarizes a study that found solar+storage could meet local capacity needs in the Moorpark area more cost effectively than a proposed natural gas plant, even when accounting for long term fuel and maintenance costs. The study also found solar+storage could meet transmission reliability needs more cost effectively than a proposed new transmission line from Moorpark to Pardee. The document argues energy storage is key to transitioning to a more distributed, renewable and resilient grid architecture.
Anirudh Devanatha and Ashton Walker - Integrated Energy ModelANUECI
The document outlines an integrated energy model (IEM) for increasing renewable energy in the ACT and surrounding region. It identifies opportunities for various renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydro, and biomass. Economic challenges include difficulty obtaining funding due to policy uncertainty and a volatile electricity market. Technical challenges relate to grid connection requirements. Regulatory barriers include the national electricity objective not considering the environment and onerous connection processes that disadvantage renewable projects.
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World Energy Situation and 21st Century Coal PowerJeffrey Phillips
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Joe Pizarchik, OSMRE Director, “Future of AML Funding and Changing Prospects ...Michael Hewitt, GISP
Joe Pizarchik is the 10th Director of the U.S. Department of the Interior’s Office of Surface Mining. An Indiana County, Pennsylvania native, Joseph Pizarchik attended the Pennsylvania State University, first at the Altoona Campus and then graduating from University Park in 1979. Pizarchik was one of the authors of Pennsylvania’s Environmental Good Samaritan Act and provided counsel during the development and implementation of the Good Samaritan program. Pizarchik is also credited with helping clear the way for the sale of private mining property to the Families of Flight 93 to enable the construction of the national memorial, a project to which he remains committed.
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1. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
1
Wind-‐Gas
Hybrid
Power
Plants
Next Generation Power Resources
North American Petroleum Accounting Conference | May 2011
Michael Schiller
Managing Director
Firebox Research & Strategy LLC
2. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
2
Gas-wind relationship: one view…
“Wind and Natural Gas: Frenemies Forever”
Wall Street Journal, August 18, 2009
• Key point:
– Wind displaces gas as a
source for power generation
3. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
3
A different view
“Calpine’s Cartwright Plots Renewable Shop”
Power Finance & Risk, July 16, 2010
• Key point:
– “We think [hybrid facilities] are
going to be the workhorse of the
power industry going forward.”
Peter Cartwright
4. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
4
Our discussion today
• The goal of this presentation is to look at this potential direction for
power generation facility development over the next few years
– With the question of do wind-gas hybrid projects make sense?
• Our Analysis
– Driving factors pushing wind-gas hybrid facilities
– Operating Characteristics
– Benefits
– An opportunity?
5. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
5
DRIVERS TOWARD HYBRID PLANTS
6. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
6
The holy grail of power production
• Is low cost, stable fuel and generating technology
• That ended with the 1974 Oil Crises
• After 1974 the power industry moved away from petroleum fuel to
first coal, then nuclear and now toward greater diversity in fuel
sources
• Today utilities seek to create diverse fuel portfolios that minimize the
risk of being too dependent upon a single or even just two sources
of fuel
• But getting there is difficult…
7. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
7
The primary power fuel
• Coal is the leading source of fuel for
power production in the US
– It’s cheap, it’s plentiful and getting it
from the mine to the power plant is
easy and reliable
• It fuels nearly half of all power in the
US
– And for many states, coal is almost
the only power fuel
Fuel
Source
Coal
Natural
Gas
Nuclear
Hydro
Renewables
Fuel
Oil
55%
Coal
or
greater
Primary
fuel
is
Natural
Gas
Primary
fuel
is
Nuclear
Primary
Fuel
is
Hydro
Diverse
fuel
mix
8. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
8
But coal has its challenges
• Environmental challenges
– SO2
– NOx
– Mercury
– Arsenic
– Heavy metals
– Ash disposal
– CO2 emissions
• The EPA is seeking new rules to
further reduce coal plant air
pollutant emissions and to reduce
or constrain disposal of toxic solid
wastes
• Cost challenges
– Rising coal production costs
– Volatile transportation costs
• The financial investment
community believes that smaller
coal plants will be forced to retire
due to the costs of meeting these
challenges beginning in 2014
Utilities will be forced to build new
power production facilities to meet
existing demand let alone new
demand
9. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
9
Other fuels have their own issues
• Hydro
– Limited availability
– Habitat impacts impact other industries
• Oil
– Similar environmental challenges as
coal
– Cost, cost, cost
• Nuclear
– Got Permit?
– Got Insurance?
– Got PR?
• Renewables
– Wind – plenty of it, just can’t move it
– Solar – cost and scale
– Biomass - scale
10. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
10
Gas is attractive, but…
• Natural Gas is a significantly cleaner fuel • But over the last 10 years price volatility has
been very high
Utilities have long memories and won’t
commit to short-term fuel contracts to supply
long-term power assets
$-‐
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
$6.00
$7.00
$8.00
$9.00
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Average
Annual
Price
of
Gas
($/MMCF
at
the
Wellhead.
Source:
EIA)
-‐140%
-‐120%
-‐100%
-‐80%
-‐60%
-‐40%
-‐20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Percent
Change
from
Previous
Year
(Delta
on
$/MMCF
at
the
Wellhead.
Source:
EIA)
11. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
11
And electrics are under pressure
• States are passing Renewable Portfolio Standards and Renewable
Electricity Standards in the absence of Federal legislation
– California: 33% by 2020
– Colorado: 30% by 2020
– New York: 29% by 2015
– Illinois: 25% by 2025
– Ohio: 25% by 2025
– Minnesota: 25% by 2025
RPS Policies
Renewable portfolio standard
Renewable portfolio goal
www.dsireusa.org / May 2011
Solar water heating eligible !"#""
Extra credit for solar or customer-sited renewables
Includes non-renewable alternative resources
WA: 15% x 2020*
CA: 33% x 2020
NV: 25% x 2025*
AZ:15%x2025
NM: 20% x 2020 (IOUs)
10% x 2020 (co-ops)
HI: 40% x 2030
Minimum solar or customer-sited requirement
TX: 5,880 MW x 2015
UT: 20% by 2025*
CO: 30% by 2020 (IOUs)
10% by 2020 (co-ops & large munis)*
MT: 15% x 2015
ND: 10% x 2015
SD: 10% x 2015
IA: 105 MW
MN: 25% x 2025
(Xcel: 30% x 2020)
MO: 15% x 2021
WI: Varies by utility;
10% x 2015 statewide
MI: 10% & 1,100 MW
x 2015*
OH: 25% x 2025†
ME: 30% x 2000
New RE: 10% x 2017
NH: 23.8% x 2025
MA: 22.1% x 2020
New RE: 15% x 2020
(+1% annually thereafter)
RI: 16% x 2020
CT: 23% x 2020
NY: 29% x 2015
NJ: 20.38% RE x 2021
+ 5,316 GWh solar x 2026
PA: ~18% x 2021†
MD: 20% x 2022
DE: 25% x 2026*
DC: 20% x 2020
NC: 12.5% x 2021 (IOUs)
10% x 2018 (co-ops & munis)
VT: (1) RE meets any increase
in retail sales x 2012;
(2) 20% RE & CHP x 2017
KS: 20% x 2020
OR: 25% x 2025 (large utilities)*
5% - 10% x 2025 (smaller utilities)
IL:25%x2025
29 states +
DC and PR have
an RPS
(7 states have goals)
OK: 15% x 2015
PR: 20% x 2035
WV: 25% x 2025*†
VA: 15% x 2025*
DC
These
are
not
inconsequen/al
targets
and
wind
is
the
only
realis/c
way
to
get
there
12. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
12
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
13. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
13
The electric grid
• Is a real-time system that balances load (demand) against resource
(generation)
• It is adjusted
– Every few seconds or less for the little changes – a light switch, a small
motor, an oven turning off or on – for “regulation”
– And on an intra-hour to hourly basis for the cumulative changes – for
“load following”
• Plants are scheduled on a daily basis to provide the power required
to meet the forecast
• Utilities manage this by building a mix of different kinds of power
plants – each featuring a different kind of performance and cost
profile
14. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
14
Generation resource and cost
• Baseload Capacity
– High fixed (capital) cost, low variable
cost
– Cost effective only with high
utilization (high capacity factor)
– Operates around 8,500 hours per
year
– Primary fuels are coal or nuclear
energy
• Intermediate Capacity
– Mid-tier fixed costs, moderate
variable cost
– Cost effective when used over 50%
of the year – or 4,000 hours per year
– Plants are usually fueled by gas
(combined cycle, CT’s), but some
coal plants are operated as
intermediate resources
• Peaking Resources
– Low fixed cost, high variable cost
– Cost effective when used to meet
peak demand – about 700 hours per
year
– CT’s
These plants are scheduled to meet
the forecast for power and a few are
operated to provide load following
and regulation – but all are
historically dispatchable
15. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
15
Generation portfolio
• How the different resources match up against the load curve
Demand
(MW)
Hours
per
Year
8760
0
Baseload
Capacity
Intermediate
Capacity
Intermediate
Capacity
Peaking
Capacity
Annual
Load
Curve
Demand
(MW)
Hour
of
Day
Daily
Load
Curve
(Summer
Peaking)
Baseload
Capacity
Intermediate
Capacity
Intermediate
Capacity
24
0
18
12
6
Peaking
Capacity
16. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
16
Wind is none of the above
• Wind is a “variable
generation” resource
– This means that it can’t
be dispatched or called
upon when needed, it
exists only when the
wind blows
– Utilities are having to
plan to meet demand
with variable generation
resources
Hour
of
Day
Demand
(MW)
Baseload
Capacity
Intermediate
Capacity
Intermediate
Capacity
24
0
18
12
6
Peaking
Capacity
Wind
can’t
be
scheduled…
17. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
17
Creating a hybrid solves the problem
• Gas units are very flexible and can
operate to match variable demand
– and also variable supply
• They have been used and tested
in multiple locations going back to
the early 1980’s
– Usually in contained areas such
as small villages (Bangladesh,
2005) or islands (New South
Wales, Australia, 1986)
The conclusion of these studies is
that “the choice of configuration is
determined by the characteristics
of the load and the wind
resource.”
18. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
18
Operational Control
• The key will be operational control
– The two plants will be operated as a single system with an integrated
control room
• The wind farm will be backed off to meet power blocks optimized
against the operation of the gas machines when wind output is less
than 100%
• The gas plant needs to consist of a series of units combining larger
power blocks – such as smaller turbines (e.g., 66MW LM6000PH
units) to provide larger blocks of efficiently produced gas power with
a cluster of small reciprocating engines (e.g, 8.55MW Jenbacher
units) that can produce power efficiently in small amounts
• You then operate the plant as an integrated whole
19. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
19
Hybrid plant design
Grid
Wind
Energy
NG
Energy
The
variable
energy
produced
by
wind
is
balanced
by
natural
gas
fired
genera_on
to
produce
a
constant
amount
of
energy
and
capacity
to
be
injected
into
the
grid
When
the
wind
power
exceeds
“x”
MW,
excess
gas
power
is
available
for
use
as
a
peaking
resource
•
Where
“x”
MW
is
the
minimum
capacity
of
the
smallest
gas
unit
in
the
gas
plant
array
Up
to
n
MW
Up
to
n
MW
n
MW
Minimum
Output
20. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
20
Wind Energy Production
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
Wind
Speed
(in
m/s)
Power
Produc_on
(in
MW)
Hour
Ending
April
23
through
April
26
Energy
Produc_on
based
on
the
sample
turbine
using
a
3MW
power
curve
for
a
proven
turbine
21. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
21Integrated Dispatch vs. Wind Production
Wind
ProducJon
Gas
ProducJon
Wind
Genera/on
Line
Wind
Dispatch
Line
-‐
0.500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
65
69
73
77
81
85
89
93
Megawafs
(00’s)
1
8
16
24
8
16
24
Hour
Ending
April
23
through
April
26
8
16
24
8
16
24
23. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
23
Benefits…
• The benefits of a hybrid wind-gas power facility are manifold:
1. Can be scheduled
2. Provides “ancillary services” – including regulation and load following
3. Reduces fuel cost to $0.0 when the wind is blowing at full capacity
• Reduces overall fuel cost
4. Reduces prescribed emissions significantly due to cleaner than coal
fuels of natural gas and wind
5. Reduces carbon emissions by greater than the 50% normally captured
by switching from coal to gas – and can increase the reduction by as
much as an additional 30% by use of wind
6. Reduces risk of fuel price volatility associated with gas prices
24. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
24
…with a caveat
• There is that caveat though…
1. The plant incurs a higher capital cost than either a wind farm or a gas
plant would incur
2. It also incurs higher non-fuel operating costs associated with
maintenance and operations
• But it is comparable with the cost of a coal facility in terms of capital
expense and general non-fuel operating expense
26. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
26
Power plant capital costs
• Baseload power plants
– In 2008, Alliant projected the cost of a 300MW coal plant to be built in
Wisconsin to be over $1 billion – a cost of $3,400/KW installed
– Among the most recently completed coal plants
• Omaha Public Power District’s Nebraska City 2 unit (682 MW) was
completed in May 2009 at $950/KW installed – and it came in on time
and under budget
• SRP in Arizona Springerville 4 (400MW) was completed in March 2010
at ~$2,500/KW installed
– The NW Resource Planning Council in 2002 estimated the cost of a
baseload gas facility (540MW CC design based on 2 GE 7FA CT’s with a
steam turbine) at $621/KW installed
• Today they are estimated at $750/KW installed under the new EPA rules
• Peaking resources – simple cycle turbines – are estimated at $850/KW
27. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
27
Wind farm capital costs
• The estimated cost for the Flat Water wind farm in Falls City, NE,
constructed in 2010, is $165 million for 60MW – about $2,700/KW
installed
– Less the 1603 grant the project cost is about $2000/KW installed
• The Dry Lake wind farm in central Arizona was constructed in 2010
for $100 million for 63MW – about $1500/KW installed
– Less the 1603 grant the project cost is about $1000/KW installed
• Using today’s turbine prices, the project might run $1200/KW before
the grant
28. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
28
Combined plant costs
• Assuming…
– $1,200/KW for wind capacity
– $850/KW for the gas capacity
– Total capital cost of $2,050/KW installed
• Significantly lower capital cost than coal but higher than combined
cycle baseload
• However, significantly lower fuel costs offset somewhat higher
maintenance costs and improve debt service coverage
29. The Economics of Wind Energy ◆ NAPAC May 2011
29
Conclusion
• Wind-gas hybrid systems work
– Proven history
– Best use experience is in isolated locations
• Capital costs are significantly lower than coal – with similar fuel cost
profile – while higher than combined cycle
• Operating costs are lower than both coal and gas due to free fuel for
a significant portion of the year
• Which suggests that as wind generation technology matures and costs
drop, wind-gas hybrid plans will become more attractive
• BTW… Utilities already do this on a portfolio bases