The document examines the compressive strength, fluoride release, and recharge capabilities of a new dental restorative material called giomer. It finds that giomer has a high compressive strength of 271 MPa, comparable to resin composites, as well as an initial fluoride release of 1.41 ppm and the ability to recharge with additional fluoride exposure. The study concludes that giomer's combination of mechanical properties and fluoride release and recharge make it a promising new dental restorative material.
Objective: To investigate the bond strength of resin-modified glass ionomer enhanced with bioactive glass (Activa BioActive-Base/Liner) to composite resin using different dental adhesive systems.
Study Design: In this study, Activa BioActive-Base/Liner (ABA/BL) was placed in cylindrical cavities formed in acrylic blocks. In blocks divided into 6 groups according to the adhesive system to be applied, two-step etch-and-rinse Gluma 2 Bond (Heraeus Kulzer, Germany), one-step self-etch Gluma Self Etch (Heraeus Kulzer), universal system Gluma Universal (Heraeus Kulzer), two-step self-etch Clearfil SE Protect (Kuraray, Japan), one-step self-etch Clearfil S3 Bond Plus (Kuraray), and universal system Clearfil S3 Bond Universal (Kuraray) adhesive systems were applied on ABA/BL. After composite resin (3M ESPE Filtek Ultimate) was applied to the prepared surfaces, the specimens were placed in a universal test device and shear bond strength test was determined. Fracture types were evaluated using a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. Data were analyzed by Shapiro-Wilk, two-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Post-Hoc Multiple Comparisons tests.
Results: In terms of bond strength values, the highest bond value was seen in the two-step self-etch (Clearfil SE Protect) group, and the lowest bond strength value was seen in the universal system (Clearfil S3 Bond Universal) group. There was no statistically significant difference between the adhesive agent groups in terms of bond strength values (p>0.05).
Conclusion: It is thought that choosing the two-step self-etch technique as an adhesive system when resin-modified glass ionomer enhanced with bioactive glass (ABA/BL) is used as the pulp capping/base material will be more appropriate in terms of bond strength.
Keywords: adhesive systems, bioactive materials, bond strength, cariostatic agents, composite resins, dental materials, fluorides, glass ionomer, glass ionomer cements, materials testing, vital pulp therapy
This study evaluated microleakage of bulk-fill composites polymerized with different LED light sources using AutoCAD software. 40 teeth were restored with SDR bulk-fill composite and divided into 4 groups based on the light source used for polymerization: Mikado LED, Woodpecker LED, Planmeca Lumion, or CarboLED. Microleakage was measured and found to be highest for CarboLED and lowest for Mikado. While differences were found between groups, Mikado, Woodpecker and Planmeca performed similarly, with CarboLED showing significantly more microleakage. The study concluded light source affects microleakage and further research is needed.
This document provides an overview of recent advances in composite resins. It discusses the introduction and advantages of various types of composites developed over time, including packable composites in 1995, flowable composites in 1996, ormocers in 1998, and bulkfill composites in 2010. The document also summarizes different photoinitiators, self-healing composites, giomers, and various commercial composite materials like Tetric Evo Ceram Bulkfill, SonicFill, and Filtek BulkFill.
This document discusses different types of non-colored (tooth-colored) dental filling materials, including silicate-based fillings, acrylic resin fillings, and composite fillings. Silicate fillings were an early direct filling material but are brittle and soluble. Acrylic resin fillings are less soluble but can cause pulpal irritation. Composite fillings are the most popular due to their esthetics and ability to match tooth color, though they are technique sensitive. Composites are classified based on filler particle size (microfill, hybrid, macrofill) or method of activation (chemical cure, light cure).
This document outlines a continuing education course on dental restorations. The course aims to help dentists gain greater efficiency and success with restorations through the use of new bioactive and regenerative materials. Specific materials and techniques discussed include TheraCal LC liner, Biodentine base, Giomer restorative materials, universal bonding agents, bulk fill composites, and bioactive cements like Ceramir. Indirect restorations using lithium disilicate and zirconia are also covered.
Aesthetic Anterior Composite - A Simple TechniqueCHAULONG NGUYEN
The document outlines the steps for restoring class III, IV, V, VI cavities using a simple composite technique. It begins with reviewing the objectives, structures of enamel and dentin, components of dental adhesives and composites, and recognizing restorable cavity classes. It then details the armamentarium and provides a YouTube link demonstrating the technique. Finally, it lists the 25 step procedure which includes checking occlusion, etching, isolation, applying primer/bond, packing composite, curing, finishing, and polishing the restoration. References are provided for topics covered.
Resin based composites(Recent Advances)Taduri Vivek
This document provides an overview of dental composites, including their history, classification, composition, properties, and recent developments. It discusses the key components of composites such as the resin matrix, fillers, coupling agents, and photoinitiators. It also summarizes the different types of composites based on particle size, polymerization method, and other characteristics. Recent innovations in composites include antibacterial, flowable, packable, compomers, and fiber-reinforced formulations.
Objective: To investigate the bond strength of resin-modified glass ionomer enhanced with bioactive glass (Activa BioActive-Base/Liner) to composite resin using different dental adhesive systems.
Study Design: In this study, Activa BioActive-Base/Liner (ABA/BL) was placed in cylindrical cavities formed in acrylic blocks. In blocks divided into 6 groups according to the adhesive system to be applied, two-step etch-and-rinse Gluma 2 Bond (Heraeus Kulzer, Germany), one-step self-etch Gluma Self Etch (Heraeus Kulzer), universal system Gluma Universal (Heraeus Kulzer), two-step self-etch Clearfil SE Protect (Kuraray, Japan), one-step self-etch Clearfil S3 Bond Plus (Kuraray), and universal system Clearfil S3 Bond Universal (Kuraray) adhesive systems were applied on ABA/BL. After composite resin (3M ESPE Filtek Ultimate) was applied to the prepared surfaces, the specimens were placed in a universal test device and shear bond strength test was determined. Fracture types were evaluated using a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. Data were analyzed by Shapiro-Wilk, two-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Post-Hoc Multiple Comparisons tests.
Results: In terms of bond strength values, the highest bond value was seen in the two-step self-etch (Clearfil SE Protect) group, and the lowest bond strength value was seen in the universal system (Clearfil S3 Bond Universal) group. There was no statistically significant difference between the adhesive agent groups in terms of bond strength values (p>0.05).
Conclusion: It is thought that choosing the two-step self-etch technique as an adhesive system when resin-modified glass ionomer enhanced with bioactive glass (ABA/BL) is used as the pulp capping/base material will be more appropriate in terms of bond strength.
Keywords: adhesive systems, bioactive materials, bond strength, cariostatic agents, composite resins, dental materials, fluorides, glass ionomer, glass ionomer cements, materials testing, vital pulp therapy
This study evaluated microleakage of bulk-fill composites polymerized with different LED light sources using AutoCAD software. 40 teeth were restored with SDR bulk-fill composite and divided into 4 groups based on the light source used for polymerization: Mikado LED, Woodpecker LED, Planmeca Lumion, or CarboLED. Microleakage was measured and found to be highest for CarboLED and lowest for Mikado. While differences were found between groups, Mikado, Woodpecker and Planmeca performed similarly, with CarboLED showing significantly more microleakage. The study concluded light source affects microleakage and further research is needed.
This document provides an overview of recent advances in composite resins. It discusses the introduction and advantages of various types of composites developed over time, including packable composites in 1995, flowable composites in 1996, ormocers in 1998, and bulkfill composites in 2010. The document also summarizes different photoinitiators, self-healing composites, giomers, and various commercial composite materials like Tetric Evo Ceram Bulkfill, SonicFill, and Filtek BulkFill.
This document discusses different types of non-colored (tooth-colored) dental filling materials, including silicate-based fillings, acrylic resin fillings, and composite fillings. Silicate fillings were an early direct filling material but are brittle and soluble. Acrylic resin fillings are less soluble but can cause pulpal irritation. Composite fillings are the most popular due to their esthetics and ability to match tooth color, though they are technique sensitive. Composites are classified based on filler particle size (microfill, hybrid, macrofill) or method of activation (chemical cure, light cure).
This document outlines a continuing education course on dental restorations. The course aims to help dentists gain greater efficiency and success with restorations through the use of new bioactive and regenerative materials. Specific materials and techniques discussed include TheraCal LC liner, Biodentine base, Giomer restorative materials, universal bonding agents, bulk fill composites, and bioactive cements like Ceramir. Indirect restorations using lithium disilicate and zirconia are also covered.
Aesthetic Anterior Composite - A Simple TechniqueCHAULONG NGUYEN
The document outlines the steps for restoring class III, IV, V, VI cavities using a simple composite technique. It begins with reviewing the objectives, structures of enamel and dentin, components of dental adhesives and composites, and recognizing restorable cavity classes. It then details the armamentarium and provides a YouTube link demonstrating the technique. Finally, it lists the 25 step procedure which includes checking occlusion, etching, isolation, applying primer/bond, packing composite, curing, finishing, and polishing the restoration. References are provided for topics covered.
Resin based composites(Recent Advances)Taduri Vivek
This document provides an overview of dental composites, including their history, classification, composition, properties, and recent developments. It discusses the key components of composites such as the resin matrix, fillers, coupling agents, and photoinitiators. It also summarizes the different types of composites based on particle size, polymerization method, and other characteristics. Recent innovations in composites include antibacterial, flowable, packable, compomers, and fiber-reinforced formulations.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses denture base resins used in fabricating complete dentures and other prosthodontic appliances. It defines a complete denture as a removable prosthesis replacing the entire maxilla and mandibular dentition. Denture base resins can be heat-polymerized, autopolymerized, thermoplastic blanks, light-activated, or microwave cured. Heat-polymerized resins are most commonly used for denture fabrication due to their strength, dimensional stability and color stability compared to autopolymerized resins. The document outlines the composition, processing techniques and potential errors for different denture base resins.
A complete denture replaces the entire dentition and associated structures of the maxilla and mandible. It consists of artificial teeth attached to a denture base, which is composed of denture base resin. There are several types of denture base resins including heat polymerizable, autopolymerizable, thermoplastic blanks, light activated materials, and microwave cured materials. Heat activated denture base resin is commonly used and involves processing the resin in a water bath at temperatures ranging from 74°C to 100°C to induce polymerization. Chemically activated resin polymerizes at room temperature and is often used for temporary or repair work. Processing errors can occur with shrinkage, porosity, crazing or creep depending on the
A complete denture is a removable dental prosthesis that replaces the entire dentition and associated structures of the maxilla and mandible. It is composed of artificial teeth attached to a denture base, which is typically made of heat-cured or chemically-cured denture base resin. Heat-cured resin requires processing using a polymerization cycle involving water baths at different temperatures, while chemically-cured resin polymerizes at room temperature. Both resin types are biocompatible but heat-cured resin tends to be stronger with less porosity and distortion compared to chemically-cured resin.
Recent advances in dental composites include materials with improved properties such as reduced polymerization shrinkage, increased strength and wear resistance, enhanced aesthetics, and additional therapeutic benefits. New composite formulations incorporate multi-methacrylate monomers, ultrarapid mono-methacrylates, and acidic monomers to address shrinkage. Novel polymerization mechanisms like polymerization-induced phase separation, thiol-ene photopolymerization, and hybrid/ring-opening polymerization aim to reduce shrinkage stress. Improved fillers and surface treatments enhance mechanical properties. New composite types have been introduced, including flowables, bulk-fill, packables, and gingival-shaded materials. Overall, ongoing research focuses on developing dental compos
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This paper aims to submit the report the aesthetic correction in a disharmonious smile and unsatisfactory composite restorations in anterior teeth who were treated with direct aesthetic restorative procedure. The results show the use of this technique to allows an immediate aesthetic quality, directly and inexpensively restoring the natural features of the smile.
Key Words: Composite Resin,Class IV, Aesthetic.
Biodentine™ with Active Biosilicate Technology™ was announced by dental materials manufacturer
Septodont in September of 2010, and made available in January of 2011. According to the research and
development department of said manufacturer, “a new class of dental material which could conciliate high
mechanical properties with excellent biocompatibility, as well as bioactive behaviour” (Septodont
Biodentine™ scientific file, 2010) had been produced. According to the manufacturer, the material can be
used as a “dentine replacement material whenever original dentine is damaged
IRJET-Mechanical Properties of Self Curing Concrete Incorporating Polyethylen...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the properties of self-curing concrete made with the addition of polyethylene glycol-600 (PEG-600). PEG-600 is used as a self-curing agent to provide internal curing and moisture retention within the concrete. Concrete specimens were cast containing 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% PEG by weight of cement. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity of the PEG concrete were tested and compared to conventionally cured concrete without PEG. The results aimed to determine the optimum percentage of PEG addition for improved mechanical properties of self-curing concrete.
This document discusses advancements in resin composites used in dentistry. It describes the components and properties of various types of resin composites, including methacrylate and silorane monomers in the resin matrix, and different sizes and mixtures of filler particles in hybrid, microfilled, and nanocomposite materials. The document also covers topics like polymerization shrinkage, mechanical properties, depth of cure, wear resistance, color stability, biocompatibility, and clinical applications of different resin composites.
Effect of aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide in photoreactor withAmeer Al-Ameedee
The study performed to assess the effect of titanium dioxide using (Photoreactor) with the source of radiation on the color change of the
three contemporary dental fillings by composite resin material. The resins were divided into three groups head of considering the type of
charge and each group of which is composed of five discs and each disc thickness of 2 mm and diameter of 5 mm and manufactured by
the mold of Teflon material and then been refined and soften the disc surface and stored in distilled water for one week at 37 °C in order
to complete the polymerization. After the completion of the first week is staining the surface of disks and putting it in a solution of iodine
mouth wash (AVALON pharma
®
) at 37 °C for a period of just one week after the completion of this week has been directed drive and put
it in aqueous suspension consisting of titanium dioxide in Photoreactor Radiation with 355 NM periods of time 0, 5, 10, 15 and 30
seconds. Colorimetric readings were taken of the tablets based on, before staining substance iodine solution, after staining discs textured
iodine solution and after treatment disks Palmalq water for titanium dioxide. In addition, the absorbance was measured after each period
of time and put the disks. Palmalq watery results were analyzed statistically. There were significant effects on pay chromatography and the
palace of color where are different for each group from the other and come the second group of the most influential change chromatography
and minors chromatography and then finished second the third set. Finally, comes the first group, as well as influenced by absorbance
time in extrusive and different for each group of the three groups of disk attributed to their chemical composition
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BIO-SELF CURED MARBLE POWDER BASED WITH M25 GRADE CONCRETEANUJVERMA142
This document presents an experimental study on bio-self cured marble powder based M25 grade concrete. The objectives are to study the compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths of concrete mixes with 10% marble powder and different internal curing agents like Spinacea Oleracea, Calotropis Gigantea, and Polyethylene Glycol. The methodology involves mix design and casting specimens to test the strengths at 7 and 28 days. The results show that the mix with 10% marble powder and 0.6% Spinacea Oleracea has the highest compressive strength at 28 days, around 9.63% more than conventional mix. The mix with 10% marble powder and 1% Polyethylene
Dental composite /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
study on comparison of self curing of concrete by using normal coarse aggreg...Ijripublishers Ijri
Curing is the name given to the procedure used for promoting the hydration of the cement and consist a control of temperature
and moisture movement from the concrete. Curing allows continuous hydration of cement and consequently
continuous gain in the strength, once curing stops strength gain of the concrete also stops. Proper moisture conditions
are critical because the hydration of the cement virtually ceases when the relative humidity within the capillaries drops
below 80%. Proper curing of concrete structures is important to meet performance and durability requirements. In conventional
curing this is achieved by external curing applied after mixing, placing and finishing. Self-curing or internal
curing is a technique that can be used to provide additional moisture in concrete for more effective hydration of cement
and reduced self-desiccation. When concrete is exposed to the environment evaporation of water takes place and loss of
moisture will reduce the initial water cement ratio which will result in the incomplete hydration of the cement and hence
lowering the quality of the concrete.
This document provides an overview of dental composites, including their chemistry, materials, filler types, bonding agents, curing methods, classifications, and clinical applications and techniques. Key points include:
- Dental composites consist of a resin matrix and filler materials, along with coupling agents to bond resin to fillers. They are polymerized through heat, chemical, or photochemical initiation.
- Fillers improve physical properties but characteristics depend on filler type, size, shape, and load. Larger and smaller filler particles reduce shrinkage.
- Bonding agents like silanes chemically coat fillers to improve strength, but can degrade with moisture.
- Composites are classified by initiation method
This document discusses the constituents and classification of composite restorative materials. It is composed of principal and diluent monomers, inorganic fillers, silane coupling agents, polymerization inhibitors, initiators, ultraviolet stabilizers, and optical modifiers. The inorganic fillers improve mechanical properties, reduce shrinkage, and provide aesthetics and radiopacity. Composites are classified based on filler particle size, from traditional macrofill composites containing large 8-12 micron particles to microfilled and hybrid composites with smaller particles.
Composite resins1/ rotary endodontic courses by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Amalgam is a combination of mercury with other metals and has been used as a tooth filling material since early in the 19th century.
Alternative tooth-coloured materials are increasingly used because they look better and require less intervention.
How safe are different tooth filling materials? Are they equally effective in ensuring dental health?
This document summarizes a review article on indirect resin composites. It discusses the development of indirect composites from first-generation to second-generation materials. First-generation composites had compositions similar to direct composites and showed poor clinical performance due to deficient bonding between organic matrix and inorganic fillers. Second-generation composites showed improvements in structure and composition through increased filler content and reduced filler size, improvements in polymerization techniques such as heat, vacuum and nitrogen curing, and the addition of fiber reinforcement to improve mechanical properties. The review examines the properties, advantages and disadvantages of different generations of indirect composites.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
GSK Consumer Healthcare presentation at InnoCosmetics EuropeKGS Global
This document discusses optimizing product performance through innovative formulations and cutting-edge technology. It provides examples using Pronamel toothpaste and mouthwash, which maximize available fluoride levels through careful ingredient selection like sodium fluoride and polymers. New technologies like DSIMS and light interferometry were used to study fluoride penetration into enamel and reduce erosion. Together, innovative formulations and technologies allow creating high performing products that deliver targeted benefits like reducing dental erosion.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses denture base resins used in fabricating complete dentures and other prosthodontic appliances. It defines a complete denture as a removable prosthesis replacing the entire maxilla and mandibular dentition. Denture base resins can be heat-polymerized, autopolymerized, thermoplastic blanks, light-activated, or microwave cured. Heat-polymerized resins are most commonly used for denture fabrication due to their strength, dimensional stability and color stability compared to autopolymerized resins. The document outlines the composition, processing techniques and potential errors for different denture base resins.
A complete denture replaces the entire dentition and associated structures of the maxilla and mandible. It consists of artificial teeth attached to a denture base, which is composed of denture base resin. There are several types of denture base resins including heat polymerizable, autopolymerizable, thermoplastic blanks, light activated materials, and microwave cured materials. Heat activated denture base resin is commonly used and involves processing the resin in a water bath at temperatures ranging from 74°C to 100°C to induce polymerization. Chemically activated resin polymerizes at room temperature and is often used for temporary or repair work. Processing errors can occur with shrinkage, porosity, crazing or creep depending on the
A complete denture is a removable dental prosthesis that replaces the entire dentition and associated structures of the maxilla and mandible. It is composed of artificial teeth attached to a denture base, which is typically made of heat-cured or chemically-cured denture base resin. Heat-cured resin requires processing using a polymerization cycle involving water baths at different temperatures, while chemically-cured resin polymerizes at room temperature. Both resin types are biocompatible but heat-cured resin tends to be stronger with less porosity and distortion compared to chemically-cured resin.
Recent advances in dental composites include materials with improved properties such as reduced polymerization shrinkage, increased strength and wear resistance, enhanced aesthetics, and additional therapeutic benefits. New composite formulations incorporate multi-methacrylate monomers, ultrarapid mono-methacrylates, and acidic monomers to address shrinkage. Novel polymerization mechanisms like polymerization-induced phase separation, thiol-ene photopolymerization, and hybrid/ring-opening polymerization aim to reduce shrinkage stress. Improved fillers and surface treatments enhance mechanical properties. New composite types have been introduced, including flowables, bulk-fill, packables, and gingival-shaded materials. Overall, ongoing research focuses on developing dental compos
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This paper aims to submit the report the aesthetic correction in a disharmonious smile and unsatisfactory composite restorations in anterior teeth who were treated with direct aesthetic restorative procedure. The results show the use of this technique to allows an immediate aesthetic quality, directly and inexpensively restoring the natural features of the smile.
Key Words: Composite Resin,Class IV, Aesthetic.
Biodentine™ with Active Biosilicate Technology™ was announced by dental materials manufacturer
Septodont in September of 2010, and made available in January of 2011. According to the research and
development department of said manufacturer, “a new class of dental material which could conciliate high
mechanical properties with excellent biocompatibility, as well as bioactive behaviour” (Septodont
Biodentine™ scientific file, 2010) had been produced. According to the manufacturer, the material can be
used as a “dentine replacement material whenever original dentine is damaged
IRJET-Mechanical Properties of Self Curing Concrete Incorporating Polyethylen...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the properties of self-curing concrete made with the addition of polyethylene glycol-600 (PEG-600). PEG-600 is used as a self-curing agent to provide internal curing and moisture retention within the concrete. Concrete specimens were cast containing 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% PEG by weight of cement. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity of the PEG concrete were tested and compared to conventionally cured concrete without PEG. The results aimed to determine the optimum percentage of PEG addition for improved mechanical properties of self-curing concrete.
This document discusses advancements in resin composites used in dentistry. It describes the components and properties of various types of resin composites, including methacrylate and silorane monomers in the resin matrix, and different sizes and mixtures of filler particles in hybrid, microfilled, and nanocomposite materials. The document also covers topics like polymerization shrinkage, mechanical properties, depth of cure, wear resistance, color stability, biocompatibility, and clinical applications of different resin composites.
Effect of aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide in photoreactor withAmeer Al-Ameedee
The study performed to assess the effect of titanium dioxide using (Photoreactor) with the source of radiation on the color change of the
three contemporary dental fillings by composite resin material. The resins were divided into three groups head of considering the type of
charge and each group of which is composed of five discs and each disc thickness of 2 mm and diameter of 5 mm and manufactured by
the mold of Teflon material and then been refined and soften the disc surface and stored in distilled water for one week at 37 °C in order
to complete the polymerization. After the completion of the first week is staining the surface of disks and putting it in a solution of iodine
mouth wash (AVALON pharma
®
) at 37 °C for a period of just one week after the completion of this week has been directed drive and put
it in aqueous suspension consisting of titanium dioxide in Photoreactor Radiation with 355 NM periods of time 0, 5, 10, 15 and 30
seconds. Colorimetric readings were taken of the tablets based on, before staining substance iodine solution, after staining discs textured
iodine solution and after treatment disks Palmalq water for titanium dioxide. In addition, the absorbance was measured after each period
of time and put the disks. Palmalq watery results were analyzed statistically. There were significant effects on pay chromatography and the
palace of color where are different for each group from the other and come the second group of the most influential change chromatography
and minors chromatography and then finished second the third set. Finally, comes the first group, as well as influenced by absorbance
time in extrusive and different for each group of the three groups of disk attributed to their chemical composition
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BIO-SELF CURED MARBLE POWDER BASED WITH M25 GRADE CONCRETEANUJVERMA142
This document presents an experimental study on bio-self cured marble powder based M25 grade concrete. The objectives are to study the compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths of concrete mixes with 10% marble powder and different internal curing agents like Spinacea Oleracea, Calotropis Gigantea, and Polyethylene Glycol. The methodology involves mix design and casting specimens to test the strengths at 7 and 28 days. The results show that the mix with 10% marble powder and 0.6% Spinacea Oleracea has the highest compressive strength at 28 days, around 9.63% more than conventional mix. The mix with 10% marble powder and 1% Polyethylene
Dental composite /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
study on comparison of self curing of concrete by using normal coarse aggreg...Ijripublishers Ijri
Curing is the name given to the procedure used for promoting the hydration of the cement and consist a control of temperature
and moisture movement from the concrete. Curing allows continuous hydration of cement and consequently
continuous gain in the strength, once curing stops strength gain of the concrete also stops. Proper moisture conditions
are critical because the hydration of the cement virtually ceases when the relative humidity within the capillaries drops
below 80%. Proper curing of concrete structures is important to meet performance and durability requirements. In conventional
curing this is achieved by external curing applied after mixing, placing and finishing. Self-curing or internal
curing is a technique that can be used to provide additional moisture in concrete for more effective hydration of cement
and reduced self-desiccation. When concrete is exposed to the environment evaporation of water takes place and loss of
moisture will reduce the initial water cement ratio which will result in the incomplete hydration of the cement and hence
lowering the quality of the concrete.
This document provides an overview of dental composites, including their chemistry, materials, filler types, bonding agents, curing methods, classifications, and clinical applications and techniques. Key points include:
- Dental composites consist of a resin matrix and filler materials, along with coupling agents to bond resin to fillers. They are polymerized through heat, chemical, or photochemical initiation.
- Fillers improve physical properties but characteristics depend on filler type, size, shape, and load. Larger and smaller filler particles reduce shrinkage.
- Bonding agents like silanes chemically coat fillers to improve strength, but can degrade with moisture.
- Composites are classified by initiation method
This document discusses the constituents and classification of composite restorative materials. It is composed of principal and diluent monomers, inorganic fillers, silane coupling agents, polymerization inhibitors, initiators, ultraviolet stabilizers, and optical modifiers. The inorganic fillers improve mechanical properties, reduce shrinkage, and provide aesthetics and radiopacity. Composites are classified based on filler particle size, from traditional macrofill composites containing large 8-12 micron particles to microfilled and hybrid composites with smaller particles.
Composite resins1/ rotary endodontic courses by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Amalgam is a combination of mercury with other metals and has been used as a tooth filling material since early in the 19th century.
Alternative tooth-coloured materials are increasingly used because they look better and require less intervention.
How safe are different tooth filling materials? Are they equally effective in ensuring dental health?
This document summarizes a review article on indirect resin composites. It discusses the development of indirect composites from first-generation to second-generation materials. First-generation composites had compositions similar to direct composites and showed poor clinical performance due to deficient bonding between organic matrix and inorganic fillers. Second-generation composites showed improvements in structure and composition through increased filler content and reduced filler size, improvements in polymerization techniques such as heat, vacuum and nitrogen curing, and the addition of fiber reinforcement to improve mechanical properties. The review examines the properties, advantages and disadvantages of different generations of indirect composites.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
GSK Consumer Healthcare presentation at InnoCosmetics EuropeKGS Global
This document discusses optimizing product performance through innovative formulations and cutting-edge technology. It provides examples using Pronamel toothpaste and mouthwash, which maximize available fluoride levels through careful ingredient selection like sodium fluoride and polymers. New technologies like DSIMS and light interferometry were used to study fluoride penetration into enamel and reduce erosion. Together, innovative formulations and technologies allow creating high performing products that deliver targeted benefits like reducing dental erosion.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Glass ionomer cement is a dental restorative material used for fillings and cementing. Earlier versions had issues with setting time, opacity, and sensitivity to moisture during setting. Newer generations have faster setting and reduced hydration problems. Resin-modified glass ionomers set partly through acid-base reaction and partly through resin polymerization. They have improved aesthetics, strength, and reduced sensitivity to moisture. Compomers were intended to combine properties of glass ionomers and composites but do not achieve the full properties of either. Giomers use pre-reacted glass ionomer fillers in a resin matrix to provide benefits of composites with fluoride release and recharge of glass ionomers.
Art And Science Behind Modified Starch Edible Films And Coatings A ReviewJim Jimenez
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major advantages and unique features as well as its ability to overcome the disadvantages of other materials, biodentine has great potential to revolutionize the different aspects of managing both primary and permanent in endodontics as well as operative dentistry.
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1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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11015
1. Original Article:
Compressive Strength, Fluoride Release and Recharge of Giomer
*S. M. Abdul Quader1
, M. Shamsul Alam2
, A K M Bashar3
, Abdul Gafur4
, M A Al-Mansur5
1
Assistant Professor, Dept. Of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Update Dental College & Hospital, Dhaka
2
Professor & Chairman, Dept. Of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, BSM Medical University, Dhaka.
3
Assistant Professor, Dept. Of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, BSM Medical University, Dhaka.
4
Sr Scientific Officer, Pilot Plant & Process Development Centre, Bangladesh Council of Scientific & Industrial Research Laboratories,Dhaka.
5
Senior Scientific Officer, Analytical Research Division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific & Industrial Research Laboratories, Dhaka.
ARTICLE INFO
Article history:
Received: 11 May 2012
Accepted: 17 September 2012
Key words:
Giomer. Fluoride release and
recharge, Compressive strength
Abstract:
Current restorative materials with high fluoride release generally
have lower mechanical properties. Therefore they may not be as
durable clinically as lower fluoride release materials, particularly in
load bearing areas. The aim of the present study is to explore the
fluoride release and recharging ability as well as its compressive
strength of the newly developed material called Giomer. The name
Giomer is a hybrid of the words Glass Ionomer and Composite.
Giomer contain a revolutionary PRG (Pre Reacted Glass) filler
technology. They have properties of both conventional Glass
Ionomer (fluoride release and recharge) and resin Composite
(excellent esthetics, easy polishability and biocompatibility).
MATERIALS & METHODS: Seven disk specimens of Giomer,
Compomer and Glass Ionomer restorative materials were prepared
for measurement of fluoride release and recharge using Ion
Chromatography (IC) anion analyzer machine. Another seven disk
specimens of Giomer, Compomer and Composite restorative
materials were prepared for measurement of compressive strength
using Universal Testing Machine (UTM). RESULTS: The value of
compressive strength of Giomer is greater than that of Composite
and Compomer but the fluoride release capability of Giomer
becomes low in comparison to Glass Ionomer but not significant in
comparison to compomer.CONCLUSIONS: Giomer have high
compressive strength (271 Mpa) and an initial fluoride (1.41 ppm)
release. It also exhibit fluoride recharge capabilities. So, Giomer to
be a better restorative material other than any fluoride releasing
materials.
Address of Correspondence:
Dr. S. M. Abdul Quader,
Assistant Professor
Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
Update Dental College & Hospital
Aichi Nagar, Khairtek, Turag, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Telephone: +880 1911384858
Email: smilezonedental@yahoo.com
28
Updat Dent. Coll .j 2012; 2(2):28-37
2. Introduction:
New materials are being introduced to address
the need for restoring both carious and non
carious (caused by a combination of abrasion,
erosion and abfraction) lesions. In an era when
more and more patients are retaining their
natural dentition, the need for this restoration is
increasing. The ideal material should be
adhesive, tooth-colored and abrasion resistant1
.
During the last decade, resin-based composite
materials have been used widely to restore
peosterior teeth2, 3, 4
. Occlusal and proximal wear
have been identified as possible limitations of
resin-based composite materials in posterior
restorations. Other areas of concern include
marginal leakage, discolouration, polymerization
shrinkage and post operative sensitivity5
. Some
of these clinical characteristics have improved
over time as the adhesive technology has
advanced and additional features, such as
fluorides, have been added to the materials6, 7, 8
.
One feature that has enhanced resin-based
restorative materials is fluoride release; several
fluoride containing materials have been
developed, such as resin-modified glass-
ionomer, compomer and fluoride-containing
resin based composite9
. A new class of fluoride
releasing resin materials with “Pre Reacted
Glass” or PRG has been introduced with claims
of good color matching and decreased micro
leakage and increased fluoride release as
compared with other resin materials.
The addition of Pre Reacted Glass (PRG) filler
to the resin matrix has been the latest trend for
the giomer materials. The PRG filler allows the
material to release fluoride and be recharged
with fluoride which is an excellent characteristic
for long term fluoride release10
.
In continuing quest for improved glass-ionomer
like restoratives, manufacturers have developed
and introduced a new class of materials called
“Giomer”. These are a relatively new type of
restorative material. The name Giomer is a
hybrid of the words “glass-ionomer” and
“composite”. Their manufacturer’s claimed they
have properties of both glass-ionomers (fluoride
release, fluoride recharge) and resin composites
(excellent esthetics, easy polishability and
biocompatibility)
Giomer ia a tooth colored restorative material
that uses a resin base and PRG technology. The
PRG filler is made by reacting the acid-reactive
glass containing the fluoride with polyalkenoic
acid in water before being in corporate into the
resin materials. This technology is different from
that used in compomers, in which dehydrated
polyalkenoic acid acid is part of the resin matrix,
and the reaction between the glass and the acid
does not occur until water is taken up by the
restorative material. Two types of PRG filler are
available: Surface reacted PRG filler (S-PRG)
technology and Fully reacted PRG filler (F-
PRG) technology. The restorative material used
in this study is composed of the S-PRG filler.
Properties of S-PRG technologies includes,
maintaining the property of multifunctional
glass, high level of radio opacity, fluoride
release and recharge, biocompatible, long term
clinical study, resistance to wear of posterior
tooth and anti plaque effect11
.
Fluoride is well documented as an anti
cariogenic agent. Fluoride-releasing restorative
materials may be able to reduce the recurrent
caries at the restoration margins12, 13, 14, 15, 16
.
Recurrent caries is the most frequent cause foe
the failure of dental restorations7, 17
. A variety of
mechanism are involved in the anticariogenic
effects of fluoride, including the formation of
fluoroapatite that has lower solubility than the
original carbonated apatite, the enhancement of
remineralization, interference of ionic bonding
during pellicle and plaque formation, and the
inhibition of microbial growth and metabolism
18, 19
. Fluoride released from restorative
materials can inhibit caries through all these
mechanisms although it seems likely that the
enhancement of remineralization is the major
mechanisms by which fluoride released from
restorative materials is effective18
. These
anticariogenic and bacteriostatic effects vary
widely among different materials and largely
depend upon the amount of fluoride the material
releases.
As Giomer is a new product having cross linked
polymer matrices, the compressive strength and
toughness of the material also seems to be higher
than the gel network formed by acid-base
reaction in glass-ionomers. Generally, it is found
that the materials having high fluoride release
property has low compressive strength.
However, from clinical demand a material that
has high fluoride release and recharge ability as
29
Compressive Strength Fluoride Release and Recharge of Giomer SMA Quder et al.
3. well as high compressive strength is considered
a better restorative material. As Giomer is resin
based PRG fillers, its compressive strength is
expected to be comparable to any other resin-
based material.
The present study is therefore intended to
explore its compressive strength along with its
fluoride release and recharge in comparison to
glass-ionomer, compomr and resin composites.
Test Specimens
Seven disk samples of glass-ionomer, compomer
and giomer restorative materials were prepared
for measurement of fluoride release and recharge
and another seven disk samples of compomer,
giomer and composite restorative materials were
prepared for measurement of compressive
strength. The nature and composition of these
Table 1: Materials used in this study
Materials & Methods
materials are given in Table 1. Composite
(Quixfil, Caulk, Dentsply, Germany) contained a
fluoro-alumino-silicate glass, which has no
glass-ionomer hydrogel component, in a resin
matrix. Compomer (Dyrect Extra, Dentsply
DeTrey, Germany) contained a strontium-fluoro-
silicate glass in which a limited glass-ionomer
hydrogel formation will be possible through a
delayed acid base reaction. Giomer (Beautifil II,
Shofu Inc. Japan) in which the fluoridated glass
filler will be fully reacted with acid to form an
extensive glass-ionomer hydrogel layer before
blending with a resin. Glass-Ionomer (Fiji IX,
GC America) product which contained a
calcium-fluoro-alumino silicate glass filler will
be fully reacted with acid to form an extensive
glass-ionomer hydrogel layer.
Type Manufacturer Resin or Liquid
composition
Filler composition Materials
Trade name
Glass-Ionomer GC, America PAA, H2O Ca-Al-F silicate Glass Fuji IX
Compomer Dentsply, Caulk,
Germany
TCB, UDMA Sr-F-Silicate Glass, SrF2 Dyract Extra
Giomer Shofu, Japan Bis-GMA &
TEGDMA
SPR Fluoroboro-Al-Silicate
Glass filler, Nano Filler, Multi
Fluoroboro-Al-Silicate glass
filler
Beautifil II
Composite Dentsply, Caulk,
Germany
Urethane-modified
Bis GMA
Ba-Al-F-Silicate glass, TiO2,
Fumed SiO2
Quixfil
Sample Preparation for Fluoride Release and
Recharge:
Seven disk specimens of each material were
prepared for measurement of fluoride release.
Freshly mixed materials were applied in
cylindrical Teflon moulds (10 mm diameter and
4 mm height) according to manufacturer’s
directions. The materials were infused into the
Teflon moulds and press between two
microscope glass slides. Except for self cure
glass-ionomer, all specimens were light cured
through the glass slides for 40 sec top and
bottom surfaces. Then the specimens were taken
out from the mould and again light curing for 40
sec on each cylindrical side surface. The self
curing specimens were allowed to set in the
mould between the glass slides. A visible light
unit (Selector, Taiwan) was used throughout the
study. After polymerization, all specimens were
ground with a dry 800 grit silicon carbide paper
and their diameter and thickness were measured.
The dimensions were used to calculate precisely
the cross section area and surface area.
Fluoride Release Experiment Procedure:
The test specimens were immersed and stored in
individual plastic containers with 5 ml distilled
or deionised water at 370
c for 24hr. After that,
each specimen were removed from its container
and placed in a new container with 5 ml distilled
or deionised water. This was repeated every day
30
Update Dental College Journal Vol 2 Issue 2, October 2012
4. for 6 days. The fluoride concentration of the
storage water were measured by using an ISE
(ION Selective Electrode) and IC (Ion
Chromatography) and the result of fluoride
release was calculated as the amount of fluoride
release per unit surface area of specimen
(µg/cm2
) in Parts Per Million (PPM) or mg/lit.
Fluoride Recharge and Rerelease Experiment
Procedure:
Following the determination of initial fluoride
release, specimens were stored in distilled or
deionised water (5 ml), which was charged
daily, until 13 days. On the days 6 specimens
will be soaked for a period of 1 hr in an aqueous
Sodium Fluoride solution (250 PPM F). After
this recharging, specimens were rinsed with
copious amounts of distilled or deionised water,
shake dry and were returned to a new container
with 5 ml distilled or deionised water. The daily
fluoride release for 1 day before recharging and
3 days after recharging and at 13 days was
determined using both ISE (ION Selective
Electrode) and IC (Ion Chromatography). The
amount of fluoride release per unit surface area
of specimen (µg/cm2
) in PPM was calculated at
each time and the amount of fluoride recharge
was indicated by the difference of fluoride
release during the 24 hr period before and after
recharging.
Sample Preparation for Compressive Strength
Experiment:
For compressive strength measurement, a Teflon
mould was constructed, 4mm in diameter and 6
mm in depth. The assembled mould was filled
with materials, any excessive materials were
squeezed out and two microscope glass slides
were placed over both ends of the mould. All
specimens were light cured through the glass
slides for 40 sec top and bottom surfaces. Then
the specimens were taken out from the mould
and again light curing for 40 sec on each
cylindrical side surface. A visible light unit
(Selector, Taiwan) was used throughout the
study. After polymerization, all specimens were
removed from the moulds and then stored for 24
hrs at 37o
c in dry condition. The specimens were
ground with a dry 800 grit silicon carbide paper
and their diameter and thickness was measured.
Compressive Strength Experiment Procedure:
After measurement of all the surfaces of the
samples, the specimens were placed into a
compressive strength tester (Testometric AX,
Universal Testing Machine) and were loaded
(Cross-head speed 1.0 mm/min) to the fracture
of the sample. The compressive strength for each
specimen was determined from Eq.
CS =
Where CS is Compressive Strength in MPa, P is
the load at fracture and r is the radius of the
specimen.
Study Parameters:
The parameters of the study were the fluoride
release and recharge in respect of days. The
amount of fluoride release during the initial 6
days, after recharging with 250 ppm fluoride,
then re-release of fluoride in 7th
day and
following 13 days. The compressive strength of
resin based restorative materials at cross head
speed 1.0 mm/min was also the parameter of the
study.
Statistical Analysis:
Data were processed and analyzed with the help
of computer software SPSS (Statistical Package
for Social Science) version 11.5. The test
statistics used to analyze the data were ANOVA
and data were presented as mean ±SD (Standard
Deviation). The level of significance was set at
0.05 and p-value less than 0.05 was considered
significant. The significant data were testing for
multiple comparisons by Bonferroni multiple
comparison tests.
Results:
Results of this study are shown in suitable tables
and graphs. Important observations and results
are described below:
P
Π x r2
31
Compressive Strength Fluoride Release and Recharge of Giomer SMA Quder et al.
5. For Compressive Strength:
Table-2. Compressive strength of giomer, compomer and composite
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Compressive strength
(MPA)
─────────────────────────────────
Material n Range Mean ±SD P value
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Giomer 7 246.113-305.752 271.356 ±19.653
Compomer 7 151.943-327.488 203.444 ±59.345 >0.05ns
Composite 7 146.265-302.234 238.598 ±57.338
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
ANOVA, ns = Not significant
Table-2 shows the highest mean compressive strength was found in giomer and lowest mean compressive strength
was found in compomer
The mean difference in compressive strength between giomer and compomer, giomer and composite,
compomer and composite was statistically not significant (P > 0.05)
Fig. 1. Compressive strength of giomer, compomer and composite.
Fluoride Release (Before Recharge)
On Day One:
Table-3. Fluoride release by giomer, compomer and glass ionomer on day 1 (before recharge)
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Fluoride release (ppm)
──────────────────────────
Material n Range Mean±SD P valuea
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Giomer 7 1.080-1.413 1.288±0.126
Compomer 7 1.997-2.439 2.111±0.162 <0.001***
Glass ionomer 7 6.460-10.562 8.538±1.282
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Comparison P valueb
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Giomer vs Compomer >0.10ns
Giomer vs Glass ionomer <0.001***
Compomer vs Glass ionomer <0.001***
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
a
ANOVA, b
Bonferroni multiple comparison
ns = Not significant, *** = Significant
Table-3 shows the highest mean fluoride release in glass-ionomer and lowest mean fluoride release in giomer.
32
Update Dental College Journal Vol 2 Issue 2, October 2012
6. There was no significant difference in fluoride release between giomer and compomer (P > 0.10)
The mean difference in fluoride release on day one between giomer and glass-ionomer (P < 0.001) and compomer
and glass-ionomer (P < 0.001) were statistically significant.
Fig.2. Fluoride release by giomer, compomer and glass ionomer on day 1 (before recharge)
On Day Six (Before Recharge)
Table-4. Fluoride release by giomer, compomer and glass ionomer on day 6 (before recharge)
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Fluoride release (ppm)
──────────────────────────
Material n Range Mean±SD P valuea
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Giomer 7 0.164-0.373 0.246±0.064
Compomer 7 0.419-0.522 0.473±0.037 <0.001***
Glass ionomer 7 0.950-1.174 1.040±0.073
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Comparison
P valueb
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Giomer vs Compomer <0.001***
Giomer vs Glass ionomer <0.001***
Compomer vs Glass ionomer <0.001***
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
a
ANOVA, b
Bonferroni multiple comparison
*** = Significant
On day six before recharging Table.4. shows the highest mean fluoride release was found in glass-
ionomer and lowest mean fluoride release was found in giomer.
The mean difference in fluoride release on day six between giomer and glass-ionomer; giomer and
compomer; compomer and glass-ionomer were statistically significant (P<0.001)
Fluoride Release (After Recharge)
On Day 7
Table-5. Fluoride release by giomer, compomer and glass ionomer on day 7 (after recharge)
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Fluoride release (ppm)
──────────────────────────
Material n Range Mean±SD P valuea
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Giomer 7 0.190-0.418 0.313±0.073
Compomer 7 0.434-0.581 0.497±0.044 <0.001***
Glass ionomer 7 1.279-1.508 1.371±0.082
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
33
Compressive Strength Fluoride Release and Recharge of Giomer SMA Quder et al.
7. Comparison P valueb
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Giomer vs Compomer <0.001***
Giomer vs Glass ionomer <0.001***
Compomer vs Glass ionomer <0.001***
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
a
ANOVA, b
Bonferroni multiple comparison
*** = Significant
On day seven after fluoride recharge the highest mean fluoride release was found in glass-ionomer and
lowest mean fluoride release was found in giomer.
The mean difference of fluoride release (after fluoride recharge) on day seven between giomer and glass-
ionomer; giomer and compomer; compomer and glass-ionomer were statistically significant (P<0.001).
On Day Thirteen ( After Recharge)
Table-6. Fluoride release by giomer, compomer and glass ionomer on day 13 (after recharge)
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Fluoride release (ppm)
──────────────────────────
Material n Range Mean±SD P valuea
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Giomer 7 0.089-0.193 0.147±0.032
Compomer 7 0.353-0.426 0.393±0.026 <0.001***
Glass ionomer 7 0.826-0.988 0.904±0.060
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Comparison P valueb
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Giomer vs Compomer <0.001***
Giomer vs Glass ionomer <0.001***
Compomer vs Glass ionomer <0.001***
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
a
ANOVA, b
Bonferroni multiple comparison
*** = Significant
On day thirteen the highest mean fluoride release was found in glass-ionomer and lowest mean fluoride
release was found in giomer.
The mean difference opf fluoride release on day thirteen between giomer and glass-ionomer; giomer and
compomer; compomer and glass-ionomer were statistically significant (P<0.001).
Fig.3. Fluoride release by giomer, compomer and glass
ionomer (before and after recharge)
34
Update Dental College Journal Vol 2 Issue 2, October 2012
8. Discussion:
The mean ±SD compressive strength of giomer
was 271.356 ± 19.653 MPa. Regarding
compressive strength of giomer comparison
could not be shown due to lack of data from
other study.
Xu et al. (2003) found the mean compressive
strength of compomer 262 MPa. This finding is
higher than the present study finding. The
difference may be due to small sample size,
defect in storage of sample or due to
manufacturers problem20
.
The value of compressive strength of giomer is
greater than that of compomer and composite.
The content of fluoride in restorative materials
should, however, be as high as possible without
adverse effects on physic mechanical properties
and the release also should be as great as
possible without undue degradation of the
filling.
Forsten (1998) stated that an initial fluoride
burst effect is desirable, as it will reduce the
viability of bacteria that may have been left in
the inner carious dentin and induce enamel/
dentin remineralisation. High level of fluoride
release on the day 1st
day may be caused by the
initial superficial rinsing effect, while the
constant fluoride release during the following
days occurs because of fluoride ability to diffuse
through cement pores21
.
Xu et al. (2003) observed that glass-ionomer
have an initially high (40 µg/cm2
/day or 8 ppm)
fluoride release but it declines rapidly after the
first 3 days. After that, the fluoride release
sustains at a lower level for a long time. It also
exhibit higher fluoride recharge capabilities.
This result supports the present result20
.
Xu et al. (2003) also observed that compomer
initially release a low level of fluoride (less than
10 µg/cm2
/day or 2 ppm) and sustain this release
at the similar level for a long time. It is
important to consider that different methodology
used in the studies, including specimen size,
media used to measure fluoride release and
uptake, quantity of media used to measure
fluoride and different method to measure
fluoride release are responsible for the high
numerical differences found among studies20
.
According to Bell et al (2000), Creanor et al
(1994), Attar and Turgut (2003), fluoride release
during first 24 hour from glass-ionomer was
nearly 15ppm which is higher to the findings of
the present study22, 23, 24
.
Attar and Onen (2002) stated that fluoride
release of compomer during first day was 1 to
2.4 ppm which is quite similar with the present
finding24
.
In the present study fluoride release of giomer
during first day was 1.288 ppm which is quite
similar with the findings from Itota et al.
(2003)25
. Despite the fact that previous studies
have not been consistent in demonstrating long
term fluoride release from giomer restorative
materials.
All the materials tested in this study could
uptake fluoride by applied recharging agent i.e.
250 ppm fluoride solution.
In present study, after recharge (on day 7) re-
release of fluoride from giomer and compomer
were 0.313 ppm and 0.497 ppm but Itota et al
found them 0.224 ppm and 0.112 ppm
respectively.
Fluoride release increases substantially 1 day
after recharge but declines rapidly to the base
line level after 2 to 3 days. This indicates that
only a superficial part of the sample has been
recharged due to a short recharge tine (1 hour).
This finding is similar to that of the present
study.
Mousavinasab S. M. And Meyers I. (2009)
showed in his study that the amount of total and
free fluoride release from giomer was higher
than compomer and also showed that giomers
and compomers do not have the initial fluoride
burst effect associated with glass-ionomer. This
findings coincides with the present study26
.
Finally, a low release of fluoride from dental
materials may have clinical implications in vivo .
Fluoride release from glass ionomer restorations
increases the fluoride concentration in saliva and
in adjacent hard dental tissues. Thus, continuous
small amounts of fluoride surrounding the teeth
decreases demineralization of the tooth tissues
although, it is not proven by prospective clinical
studies whether the incidence of secondary
caries can be significantly reduced by the
fluoride release of restorative materials27
. Dentin
demineralization was inhibited in a clinically
relevant percentage only at fluoride levels above
1 ppm28
. Near optimum fluoride effects can be
achieved with quite low concentrations in a daily
fluoride rinse29
. The effect of a very low amount
35
Compressive Strength Fluoride Release and Recharge of Giomer SMA Quder et al.
9. of continuous fluoride release from giomers and
compomers on dental hard tissues is needed to
be further studied.
Conclusions:
Conventional glass-ionomer seem to offer the
best balance of fluoride release and recharge for
the high caries risk patients although giomer
restorative materials continue to develop and
have increased fluoride release and mechanical
properties. Further investigations will be
necessary according to fluoride release of
giomer in different methodology. Materials that
have high fluoride release, high recharge
capability, excellent mechanical properties and
bonding properties are highly desiarable and will
be the targets of future development and giomer
to be a better restorative material other than any
fluoride releasing restorative materials.
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